The document summarizes key information about cells, including: 1. It describes the cell theory which states that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. 2. It defines the cell as the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and describes common structures of plant and animal cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. 3. It explains the functions of various organelles like the mitochondria which produces energy, ribosomes which produce proteins, and chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis in plant cells.

1. Cells:
The Basic Units of Life
Mrs.Seema Bisht
Department of Biochemistry
SRMS IMS Bareilly

3. The Cell Theory
1. All organisms are made of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all
living things.
3. All cells come from existing cells.
THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT SHOWS THAT
ALL LIVING THINGS SHARE A SIMILAR
STRUCTURE

4. Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable
of performing life functions.
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell that controls
movement in and out of the cell
• Double layer

5. Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells

6. Two Types of Cells
All cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have
some common features

7. Prokaryotic Cells:
• Have no membrane
covered nucleus
• Have no membrane
- covered organelles
• Have circular DNA

8. Eukaryotic Cells:
• Have a nucleus
• Have a membrane -
covered organelles
• Have linear DNA
• Are all other cells

10. Organelles
Organelles are structures that enable
the cell to live, grow and reproduce.

11. Cell Membrane
• Outer layer of cell
• Allows nutrients
into the cell and
wastes outside of
the cell
Cell Membrane
“Gate into the
city”

12. Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm a jelly-
like fluid contained
in the cell that holds
the organelles.
• Surrounded by cell
membrane
• Contains hereditary
material

13. The Nucleus
• The control center of
the cell
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from
cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic
material - DNA
DNA
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
“Mayor’s office”

14. The Nucleus Think of the nucleus as the cell’s
control center.
Two meters of
human DNA fits
into a nucleus
that’s 0.000005
meters across.

15. Mitochondria
• Power center of cell
• Provides the energy the cell
needs to move, divide, etc.
Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell.
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
“Electric company of
the cell”

16. Mitochondrial Diseases

17. Mitochondria and Health

18. Ribosomes
• Site where proteins
are made
• Cell parts are made
of proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating
throughout the cell “Factories of the
cell”

19. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic
Reticulum

20. Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics

21. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Transportation system of cell
• Rough ER- ribosome's
attached
• Smooth ER- no ribosome's
• Moves materials around in cell
• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
• Rough type : ribosomes
embedded in surface
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Roadways of the cell”

22. Golgi Complex
• Packaging house of cell
• Packages, processes, and
ships out the stuff the cell
makes
• Protein 'packaging plant'
• Move materials within the cell
• Move materials out of the cell
“UPS of the cell”

23. Lysosomes
• Digests food particles and cell
parts
– “Garbage men”
• Protects cell by digesting
foreign invaders
• Transports undigested material to
cell membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if lysosome
explodes
– “Police men

24. Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction

25. Vacuole
• Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
• Stores water, food &
wastes
Vacuole
Vacuole is largest
organelle in plant
cell

26. Cells In a Leaf

27. Cell Wall
• Found only in plant
cells
• Protects and
supports the cell

28. A Consequence of Cell
Walls – the Great Strength
of Woody Plants

29. Chloroplasts
• Found only in plant
cells
• Contains chlorophyll
(makes plants
green)
• Where
photosynthesis
takes place

30. The Chloroplast
Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell.
Only plants have chloroplasts, but animals reap the benefits too.

31. Cystic Fibrosis

32. The name is misleading.
The cytoskeleton is the
skeleton of the cell, but it’s
also like the muscular
system, able to change
the shape of cells in a
flash.
The Cytoskeleton
An animal cell cytoskeleton

33. A Cytoskeleton Gallery

34. A white
blood cell
using the
cytoskeleto
n to “reach
out” for a
hapless
bacterium.
The
Cytoskeleto
n in Action

35. The Cytoskeleton in Action
Cilia on a protozoan Beating sperm tail at fertilization
Smoker’s cough is due to destruction of cilia linking the airways.

37. Fractionation of
cellular components.

38. (a) Homogenisation.
(b) Differential sedimentation.

39. (c) Density gradient centrifugation.

40. Plant or Animal Cell?
Found in Plant and Animal cells: Found only in Plant Cells:
• Nucleus
• Golgi Complex
• Mitochondrion
• Lyosomes
• Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Cell Membrane
• Ribosomes
• Vacuoles
• Chloroplasts
• Cell Wall

41. https://youtu.be/d4TJ4NY1IA0?s
i=D-oziGDlK1nknnbY