Causes of the french revolution
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The French Revolution was caused by several factors: 1. International conflicts drained France's resources and led to fiscal crisis. 2. Political conflicts between the monarchy and nobility over tax reforms led to paralysis and bankruptcy of the government. 3. Enlightenment ideas intensified political conflicts and introduced new concepts of good governance and popular sovereignty that challenged the existing regime.
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![Causes of the French Revolution
1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources
of the state
2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the
“reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.
3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces
traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out
in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good
government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s
Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by
the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of
public opinion.
4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the
bourgeoisie
5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI
6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates
popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
7.Debt /taxation/failure of reforms
8.Famine
Outcomes of the French Revolution, 1789-1799(1815)
1. Representative government vs. authoritarianism (the Terror, Napoleon): two
different new models of government
2. Stronger, further centralized state with a larger, more effective and more
intrusive administration.
3. Abolition of special fiscal privileges, seigneurial dues owed by peasants to
lords, internal tariffs, and the establishment of uniform tax system based in
principle on one’s income.
4. Creation and extension of new civil rights:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/causesofthefrenchrevolution-140331073633-phpapp02/85/Causes-of-the-french-revolution-1-320.jpg)
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The document summarizes the key events and consequences of both the French Revolution and the American Revolution. The French Revolution was caused by political and social conflicts between the monarchy, nobility, and the rising middle class over tax reforms and leadership. It led to the establishment of a representative government and new civil rights like equality and merit-based careers. The American Revolution was sparked by British taxation and laws imposed on the colonies, leading to protests. It resulted in the colonies declaring independence and forming a new republic with decentralized power and resentment of taxes. Both revolutions significantly weakened central government power and established more democratic systems.
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The spread of revolutionary ideas across the Atlantic world in the second half of the eighteenth century followed the trail of Enlightenment ideas (in a way, the product of the new scientific method based on reason in action):
“All men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains” – Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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As Enlightenment ideals spread, certain groups in the colonies began seeking a new relationship with their respective motherlands. More sought involvement in politics and claimed to serve the interests of the “people.” Ideas like independence, freedom, and equality had power and prompted political revolts in the Americas and Europe. Since then revolution has been a powerful force.
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Dissatisfied with their exclusion from power and wealth, politically aware people began organizing in hopes that a new or reformed system would provide freedom to trade and representation in government. Initially unwilling to revolt, these reformers found powerful resistance among the aristocracy. Arguing for popular sovereignty and free trade, they denounced trade monopolies and aristocratic domination of politics. New identities and concepts of “nation” arose. The question of how much freedom and to whom, however, generally meant for white males only.
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2. The storming of the Bastille and the Great Fear in 1789 marked the start of the Revolution. Peasant revolts broke out across the countryside.
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Causes of the french revolution
- 1. Causes of the French Revolution 1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state 2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy. 3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion. 4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie 5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI 6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages. 7.Debt /taxation/failure of reforms 8.Famine Outcomes of the French Revolution, 1789-1799(1815) 1. Representative government vs. authoritarianism (the Terror, Napoleon): two different new models of government 2. Stronger, further centralized state with a larger, more effective and more intrusive administration. 3. Abolition of special fiscal privileges, seigneurial dues owed by peasants to lords, internal tariffs, and the establishment of uniform tax system based in principle on one’s income. 4. Creation and extension of new civil rights:
- 2. a. equality before the law b. careers open to talent c. participation in elections or certain government positions based on property qualifications 5. Socio-economic changes a. single commercial code b. abolition of guilds, i.e., workers right to organize in “unions” c. business becomes an honorable profession d. (wealthier) peasants acquire land and more peasants become independent proprietors e. increase in the size and influence of the bourgeoisie, through the acquisition of church lands, greater wealth, and offices as political representatives and government officials 6. Changes in ideas and political culture: a. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity ; popular sovereignty : sovereignty rested with the “people” not in the king, or any narrower group such as the aristocracy; democratic republicanism b. Nationalism - c. decline in religiosity, in the influence and authority of the church - d. formation of a revolutionary tradition centered on the belief that revolution was a means for bringing progressive change and further extension of popular participation and popular sovereignty.