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Causal research
Design
Concept of Causality
Ordinary meaning Scientific Meaning
X is the only cause of Y X is only one of a number of possible
causes of Y
X must always lead to Y The occurrence of X makes the
occurrence of Y
It is possible to prove that X is a cause
of Y
We can never prove that X is a cause
of Y. At best, we can infer that X is a
cause of Y
Conditions for Causality
• Concomitant Variation
• Time order of occurrence of variables
• Elimination of other possible causal factors
Concepts
• Independent variables/ treatments
• Test Units
• Dependent variable
• Extraneous variable
• Experiment
• Experimental design
Classification of Experimental
Design
Experimental
design
Pre
experiment
al
One short
case study
One group
pre test
post test
Static
Group
True
experiment
al
Pre-post
control
group
Post test
only
control
group
Quasi
experiment
al
Time series
Multiple
time series
Statistical
Randomize
d
Factorial

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Causal research Design research methodology