Case 1Shane Dawson, a male homosexual, worked for Entek Inte.docx
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Case 1 Shane Dawson, a male homosexual, worked for Entek International. Some of Dawson’s co-workers, including his supervisor, made derogatory comments about his sexual orientation. Dawson’s work deteriorated. He filed a complaint with Entek’s human resources department. Two days later, he was fired. State law made it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against an individual based on sexual orientation. [Dawson v. Entek International, 630 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 2011)] (See Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.) (523, Miller) Could Dawson establish a claim for retaliation? Explain. Should homosexuals be a protected class under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act? Discuss the arguments for and against amending federal law to prohibit employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. .
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![Case 1
Shane Dawson, a male homosexual, worked for Entek
International. Some of Dawson’s co-workers, including his
supervisor, made derogatory comments about his sexual
orientation. Dawson’s work deteriorated. He filed a complaint
with Entek’s human resources department. Two days later, he
was fired. State law made it unlawful for an employer to
discriminate against an individual based on sexual orientation.
[Dawson v. Entek International, 630 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 2011)]
(See Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.) (523, Miller)
Could Dawson establish a claim for retaliation? Explain.
Should homosexuals be a protected class under Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act? Discuss the arguments for and against
amending federal law to prohibit employment discrimination
based on sexual orientation.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/case1shanedawsonamalehomosexualworkedforentekinte-230108120928-d32bc1ee/85/Case-1Shane-Dawson-a-male-homosexual-worked-for-Entek-Inte-docx-1-320.jpg)
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CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docx
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docx
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
Case 9 Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)Rita was a.docx
Case 9: Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)
Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt as if he had died. A period of psychotherapy helped ease her grief and her adjustment following this tragedy, and eventually she was able to move on with her life and to resume dating again. However, serious relationships eluded her. Rita knew that she was a moody person—she judged people harshly and displayed irrita.
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59Must the a.docx
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59
“Must the agony of Bosnia-Herzegovina be regarded, with whatever regrets, as somebody else’s trouble?
We don’t think so, but the arguments on behalf of that view deserve an answer. Among them are the
following:
The Balkan conflict is a civil war and unlikely to spread beyond the borders of the former
Yugoslavia. Wrong. Belgrade has missiles trained on Vienna. Tito’s Yugoslavia claimed, by way of
Macedonia, that northern Greece as far south as Thessaloniki belonged under its sovereignty. Those
claims may return. ‘Civil’ war pitting non-Slavic Albanians against Serbs could spread to Albania,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.
The United States has no strategic interest in the Balkans. Wrong. No peace, no peace dividend.
Unless the West can impose the view that ethnic purity can no longer be the basis for national
sovereignty, then endless national wars will replace the Cold War. This threat has appeared in
genocidal form in Bosnia. If it cannot be contained here, it will erupt elsewhere, and the Clinton
administration’s domestic agenda will be an early casualty.
If the West intervenes on behalf of the Bosnians, the Russians will do so on behalf of the Serbs, and
the Cold War will be reborn. Wrong. The Russians have more to fear from ‘ethnic cleansing’ than
any people on Earth. Nothing would reassure them better than a new, post-Cold War Western
policy of massive, early response against the persecution of national minorities, including the
Russian minorities found in every post-Soviet republic. The Russian right may favor the Serbs, but
Russian self-interest lies elsewhere.
The Serbs also have their grievances. Wrong. They do, but their way of responding to these
grievances, according to the State Department’s annual human rights report, issued this past week,
‘dwarfs anything seen in Europe since Nazi times.’ Via the Genocide Convention, armed
intervention is legal as well as justified.
The UN peace plan is the only alternative. Wrong. Incredibly, the plan proposes the reorganization
of Bosnia-Herzegovina followed by a cease-fire. A better first step would be a UN declaration that
any nation or ethnic group proceeding to statehood on the principle of ethnic purity is an outlaw
state and will be treated as such. As now drafted, the UN peace plan, with a map of provinces that
not one party to the conflict accepts, is really a plan for continued ‘ethnic cleansing.’”
Case 8.2 Images, Arguments, and the Second Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990–
1991
The analysis of policy arguments can be employed to investigate the ways that policymakers represent or
structure problems (Chapter 3). We can thereby identify the images, or problem representations, that
shape processes of making and justifying decisions. For example, during times of crisis, the images which
United States policymakers have of another country affect deliberations about the use of peacekeeping
and negotiation, the imposition of economic sanctions, o.
CASE 5Business Performance Evaluation Approaches for Thoughtf.docx
CASE 5
Business Performance Evaluation: Approaches for Thoughtful Forecasting
Every day, fortunes are won and lost on the backs of business performance assessments and forecasts. Because of the uncertainty surrounding business performance, the man-ager should appreciate that forecasting is not the same as fortune-telling; unanticipated events have a way of making certain that specific forecasts are never exactly correct. This note purports, however, that thoughtful forecasts greatly aid managers in under-standing the implications of various outcomes (including the most probable outcome) and identify the key bets associated with a forecast. Such forecasts provide the manager with an appreciation of the odds of business success. This note examines principles in the art and science of thoughtful financial fore-casting for the business manager. In particular, it reviews the importance of (1) under-standing the financial relationships of a business enterprise, (2) grounding business forecasts in the reality of the industry and macroenvironment, (3) modeling a forecast that embeds the implications of business strategy, and (4) recognizing the potential for cognitive bias in the forecasting process. The note closes with a detailed example of financial forecasting based on the example of the Swiss food and nutrition com-pany Nestle.
Understanding the Financial Relationships of the Business Enterprise
Financial statements provide information on the financial activities of an enterprise. Much like the performance statistics from an athletic contest, financial statements provide an array of identifying data on various historical strengths and weaknesses
This technical note was prepared by Professor Michael J. Schill. Special thanks go to Vladimir Kolcin for data-collection assistance and to Lee Ann Long-Tyler and Ray Nedzel for technical assistance. Copyright © 2015 by the University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To order copies, send an e-mail to [email protected] No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of the Darden School Foundation.
Part TwoFinancial Analysis and Forecasting
across a broad spectrum of business activities. The income statement (also known as the profit-and-loss statement) measures flows of costs, revenue, and profits over a defined period of time, such as a year. The balance sheet provides a snapshot of business invest-ment and financing at a particular point in time, such as the end of a year. Both state-ments combine to provide a rich picture of a business’s financial performance. The analysis of financial statements is one important way of understanding the mechanics of the systems that make up business operations. Interpreting Financial Ratios Financial ratios provide a useful way to id.
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last La.docx
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh!
In August 2009, Facebook turned down job applicant Brian Acton, an experienced engineer who had previously worked at Yahoo and Apple. More than 4 years later, Facebook paid him $3 billion to acquire his 20% stake of WhatsApp, a start-up he had cofounded immediately after Facebook rejected his job application.(1) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, instant-messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that use the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages, as well as their location using integrated mapping features.(2) How could Facebook, a highly successful firm, have made such a drastic mistake?
Back in 2009, Brian Acton was a software engineer who was out of work for what seemed like a very long time. He believed he had what it took to make a difference in the industry, but his career did not work out as planned. Even though he spent years at Apple and Yahoo, he got rejected many times by Twitter and Facebook.(3) Acton described the details of the interview process that he failed to do well in as follows:
First of all, interviewing a person for a job that requires technical skills is difficult for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Facebook is a highly desirable firm to work for and requires the best skills and talents from all of their potential employees. It is therefore not surprising that the selection process rivals, if not tops, any company in the industry. The process starts with an email or a phone call from a recruiter in response to an online application or [to] a recommendation from a friend who may work for Facebook. Sometimes, in the initial chat online, timed software coding challenges are set to find the best performers. If this chat goes well, an applicant will go on to the next level—an initial in-person interview or phone screening.(4)
In this next hurdle, the applicant will have a 45-minute chat with a fellow engineer/potential coworker, [with] whom he or she shares the same area of expertise. They will tell you about their job and what their role is in Facebook; then they ask about the applicant’s résumé, motivation, and interests. Additionally, the applicant will be tested about his or her technical skills, coding exercises, and programming abilities.(5)
If successful, the applicant will be invited for back-to-back interviews. This part of the process is very grueling and stressful since all the interviews take place throughout a single day. The candidate will also be asked to manually write a program on a whiteboard to make sure that the applicant is knowledgeable about program writing. The goal in this final step is to see how one approaches a problem and comes up with a solution [that] is simple enough to solve in 10–30 minutes and can be easily explained.(6)
As a potential coworker, the applicant will be te.
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing SalespersonEd Markham.docx
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing Salesperson
Ed Markham, the African American sales manager at WCTV, is considering how to handle a problem with one of his salespersons, Jane Folsom, who is White. Ed was promoted to sales manager three months ago after working at WCTV for 2 years. He earned his promotion by exceeding sales goals every month after his first on the job. He developed a research report using secondary data like MRI and the Lifestyle Market Analyst to analyze the market. His former boss praised the report, gave a copy to all salespersons, and included a summary of it in the rate card. When his former boss left for a new job in a larger market, he recommended Ed as his replacement.
Jane has been a salesperson at WCTV for 2 years. For most of that time, she has exceeded sales quotas about as much as Ed had. For the past 3 months, she has not met sales quotas. After his second month as sales manager, Ed talked to Jane about her performance. She attributed her below-average performance to the closing of a major advertiser, Anthony’s Fashions. This local clothing store closed because several major retailers, including JC Penney and Dillard’s, had opened at the local mall.
Ed listened to Jane’s explanation and then suggested ways to obtain new clients. He asked Jane whether she had set personal sales goals, set up a prospect file of new and inactive advertisers as well as existing businesses that were potential clients, come up with research and data on the market to use in presentations and reports to clients, come up with new ideas or opportunities to advertise for clients, or asked her clients about their needs and goals (Shaver, 1995). Jane said no, she simply telephoned or visited her clients regularly to see if they wanted to run ads.
Ed also asked Jane why several of her clients had not paid their bills. He explained that a salesperson must check out a client’s ability to pay before running a schedule. Jane replied that she was not aware of that fact and that no one had ever trained her to sell. She had sold time for a radio station before, but that was all the training she had. Ed’s predecessor had just hired her and cut her loose.
Ed gave Jane a memo after their first meeting a month ago asking her to focus on sales training for the next month. First, she should read Shaver’s (1995) Making the Sale! How to Sell Media With Marketing. He gave her a copy, told her to read it, and asked her to contact him if she had any questions. After reading the book, he told her that she should establish written personal sales goals, begin to develop a prospect file (with two new and two inactive clients), and develop three ideas for new advertising opportunities for existing clients. In the memo, Ed told Jane that he would not hold her to sales performance standards that month. He wanted Jane to focus on doing the background work he assigned to help her improve her future sales performance.
At the meeting a month later, Ed discovered.
Case 5.6Kelo v City of New London545 U.S. 469 (2005)Ye.docx
Case 5.6
Kelo v City of New London
545 U.S. 469 (2005)
Yes, Actually, They Can Take That Away From You
Facts
In 1978, the city of New London, Connecticut, undertook a redevelopment plan for purposes of creating a redeveloped area in and around the existing park at Fort Trumbull. The plan sought to develop the related ambience a state park should have, including the absence of pink cottages and other architecturally eclectic homes. Part of the redevelopment plan was the city’s deal with Pfizer Corporation for the location of its research facility in the area. The preface to the city’s development plan included the following statement of goals and purpose:
To create a development that would complement the facility that Pfizer was planning to build, create jobs, increase tax and other revenues, encourage public access to and use of the city’s waterfront, and eventually “build momentum” for the revitalization of the rest of the city, including its downtown area.
The affected property owners, including Susette Kelo, live in homes and cottages (15 total) located in and around other existing structures that would be permitted to stay in the area designated for the proposed new structures (under the city’s economic development plan) that would be placed there primarily by private land developers and corporations. The city was assisted by a private, nonprofit corporation, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC), in the development of the economic plan and piloting it through the various governmental processes, including that of city council approval. The central focus of the plan was getting Pfizer to the Fort Trumbull area (where the homeowners and their properties were located) with the hope of a resulting economic boost that such a major corporate employer can bring to an area.
Kelo and the other landowners whose homes would be razed to make room for Pfizer and the accompanying and resulting economic development plan filed suit challenging New London’s legal authority to take their homes. The trial court issued an injunction preventing New London from taking certain of the properties but allowing others to be taken. The appellate court found for New London on all the claims, and the landowners (petitioners) appealed.
Judicial Opinion
STEVENS, Justice Two polar propositions are perfectly clear. On the one hand, it has long been accepted that the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation. On the other hand, it is equally clear that a State may transfer property from one private party to another if future “use by the public” is the purpose of the taking; the condemnation of land for a railroad with common-carrier duties is a familiar example. Neither of these propositions, however, determines the disposition of this case.
The disposition of this case therefore turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a “public purpos.
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CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docx
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docx
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
Case 9 Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)Rita was a.docx
Case 9: Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)
Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt as if he had died. A period of psychotherapy helped ease her grief and her adjustment following this tragedy, and eventually she was able to move on with her life and to resume dating again. However, serious relationships eluded her. Rita knew that she was a moody person—she judged people harshly and displayed irrita.
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59Must the a.docx
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59
“Must the agony of Bosnia-Herzegovina be regarded, with whatever regrets, as somebody else’s trouble?
We don’t think so, but the arguments on behalf of that view deserve an answer. Among them are the
following:
The Balkan conflict is a civil war and unlikely to spread beyond the borders of the former
Yugoslavia. Wrong. Belgrade has missiles trained on Vienna. Tito’s Yugoslavia claimed, by way of
Macedonia, that northern Greece as far south as Thessaloniki belonged under its sovereignty. Those
claims may return. ‘Civil’ war pitting non-Slavic Albanians against Serbs could spread to Albania,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.
The United States has no strategic interest in the Balkans. Wrong. No peace, no peace dividend.
Unless the West can impose the view that ethnic purity can no longer be the basis for national
sovereignty, then endless national wars will replace the Cold War. This threat has appeared in
genocidal form in Bosnia. If it cannot be contained here, it will erupt elsewhere, and the Clinton
administration’s domestic agenda will be an early casualty.
If the West intervenes on behalf of the Bosnians, the Russians will do so on behalf of the Serbs, and
the Cold War will be reborn. Wrong. The Russians have more to fear from ‘ethnic cleansing’ than
any people on Earth. Nothing would reassure them better than a new, post-Cold War Western
policy of massive, early response against the persecution of national minorities, including the
Russian minorities found in every post-Soviet republic. The Russian right may favor the Serbs, but
Russian self-interest lies elsewhere.
The Serbs also have their grievances. Wrong. They do, but their way of responding to these
grievances, according to the State Department’s annual human rights report, issued this past week,
‘dwarfs anything seen in Europe since Nazi times.’ Via the Genocide Convention, armed
intervention is legal as well as justified.
The UN peace plan is the only alternative. Wrong. Incredibly, the plan proposes the reorganization
of Bosnia-Herzegovina followed by a cease-fire. A better first step would be a UN declaration that
any nation or ethnic group proceeding to statehood on the principle of ethnic purity is an outlaw
state and will be treated as such. As now drafted, the UN peace plan, with a map of provinces that
not one party to the conflict accepts, is really a plan for continued ‘ethnic cleansing.’”
Case 8.2 Images, Arguments, and the Second Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990–
1991
The analysis of policy arguments can be employed to investigate the ways that policymakers represent or
structure problems (Chapter 3). We can thereby identify the images, or problem representations, that
shape processes of making and justifying decisions. For example, during times of crisis, the images which
United States policymakers have of another country affect deliberations about the use of peacekeeping
and negotiation, the imposition of economic sanctions, o.
CASE 5Business Performance Evaluation Approaches for Thoughtf.docx
CASE 5
Business Performance Evaluation: Approaches for Thoughtful Forecasting
Every day, fortunes are won and lost on the backs of business performance assessments and forecasts. Because of the uncertainty surrounding business performance, the man-ager should appreciate that forecasting is not the same as fortune-telling; unanticipated events have a way of making certain that specific forecasts are never exactly correct. This note purports, however, that thoughtful forecasts greatly aid managers in under-standing the implications of various outcomes (including the most probable outcome) and identify the key bets associated with a forecast. Such forecasts provide the manager with an appreciation of the odds of business success. This note examines principles in the art and science of thoughtful financial fore-casting for the business manager. In particular, it reviews the importance of (1) under-standing the financial relationships of a business enterprise, (2) grounding business forecasts in the reality of the industry and macroenvironment, (3) modeling a forecast that embeds the implications of business strategy, and (4) recognizing the potential for cognitive bias in the forecasting process. The note closes with a detailed example of financial forecasting based on the example of the Swiss food and nutrition com-pany Nestle.
Understanding the Financial Relationships of the Business Enterprise
Financial statements provide information on the financial activities of an enterprise. Much like the performance statistics from an athletic contest, financial statements provide an array of identifying data on various historical strengths and weaknesses
This technical note was prepared by Professor Michael J. Schill. Special thanks go to Vladimir Kolcin for data-collection assistance and to Lee Ann Long-Tyler and Ray Nedzel for technical assistance. Copyright © 2015 by the University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To order copies, send an e-mail to [email protected] No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of the Darden School Foundation.
Part TwoFinancial Analysis and Forecasting
across a broad spectrum of business activities. The income statement (also known as the profit-and-loss statement) measures flows of costs, revenue, and profits over a defined period of time, such as a year. The balance sheet provides a snapshot of business invest-ment and financing at a particular point in time, such as the end of a year. Both state-ments combine to provide a rich picture of a business’s financial performance. The analysis of financial statements is one important way of understanding the mechanics of the systems that make up business operations. Interpreting Financial Ratios Financial ratios provide a useful way to id.
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last La.docx
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh!
In August 2009, Facebook turned down job applicant Brian Acton, an experienced engineer who had previously worked at Yahoo and Apple. More than 4 years later, Facebook paid him $3 billion to acquire his 20% stake of WhatsApp, a start-up he had cofounded immediately after Facebook rejected his job application.(1) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, instant-messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that use the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages, as well as their location using integrated mapping features.(2) How could Facebook, a highly successful firm, have made such a drastic mistake?
Back in 2009, Brian Acton was a software engineer who was out of work for what seemed like a very long time. He believed he had what it took to make a difference in the industry, but his career did not work out as planned. Even though he spent years at Apple and Yahoo, he got rejected many times by Twitter and Facebook.(3) Acton described the details of the interview process that he failed to do well in as follows:
First of all, interviewing a person for a job that requires technical skills is difficult for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Facebook is a highly desirable firm to work for and requires the best skills and talents from all of their potential employees. It is therefore not surprising that the selection process rivals, if not tops, any company in the industry. The process starts with an email or a phone call from a recruiter in response to an online application or [to] a recommendation from a friend who may work for Facebook. Sometimes, in the initial chat online, timed software coding challenges are set to find the best performers. If this chat goes well, an applicant will go on to the next level—an initial in-person interview or phone screening.(4)
In this next hurdle, the applicant will have a 45-minute chat with a fellow engineer/potential coworker, [with] whom he or she shares the same area of expertise. They will tell you about their job and what their role is in Facebook; then they ask about the applicant’s résumé, motivation, and interests. Additionally, the applicant will be tested about his or her technical skills, coding exercises, and programming abilities.(5)
If successful, the applicant will be invited for back-to-back interviews. This part of the process is very grueling and stressful since all the interviews take place throughout a single day. The candidate will also be asked to manually write a program on a whiteboard to make sure that the applicant is knowledgeable about program writing. The goal in this final step is to see how one approaches a problem and comes up with a solution [that] is simple enough to solve in 10–30 minutes and can be easily explained.(6)
As a potential coworker, the applicant will be te.
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing SalespersonEd Markham.docx
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing Salesperson
Ed Markham, the African American sales manager at WCTV, is considering how to handle a problem with one of his salespersons, Jane Folsom, who is White. Ed was promoted to sales manager three months ago after working at WCTV for 2 years. He earned his promotion by exceeding sales goals every month after his first on the job. He developed a research report using secondary data like MRI and the Lifestyle Market Analyst to analyze the market. His former boss praised the report, gave a copy to all salespersons, and included a summary of it in the rate card. When his former boss left for a new job in a larger market, he recommended Ed as his replacement.
Jane has been a salesperson at WCTV for 2 years. For most of that time, she has exceeded sales quotas about as much as Ed had. For the past 3 months, she has not met sales quotas. After his second month as sales manager, Ed talked to Jane about her performance. She attributed her below-average performance to the closing of a major advertiser, Anthony’s Fashions. This local clothing store closed because several major retailers, including JC Penney and Dillard’s, had opened at the local mall.
Ed listened to Jane’s explanation and then suggested ways to obtain new clients. He asked Jane whether she had set personal sales goals, set up a prospect file of new and inactive advertisers as well as existing businesses that were potential clients, come up with research and data on the market to use in presentations and reports to clients, come up with new ideas or opportunities to advertise for clients, or asked her clients about their needs and goals (Shaver, 1995). Jane said no, she simply telephoned or visited her clients regularly to see if they wanted to run ads.
Ed also asked Jane why several of her clients had not paid their bills. He explained that a salesperson must check out a client’s ability to pay before running a schedule. Jane replied that she was not aware of that fact and that no one had ever trained her to sell. She had sold time for a radio station before, but that was all the training she had. Ed’s predecessor had just hired her and cut her loose.
Ed gave Jane a memo after their first meeting a month ago asking her to focus on sales training for the next month. First, she should read Shaver’s (1995) Making the Sale! How to Sell Media With Marketing. He gave her a copy, told her to read it, and asked her to contact him if she had any questions. After reading the book, he told her that she should establish written personal sales goals, begin to develop a prospect file (with two new and two inactive clients), and develop three ideas for new advertising opportunities for existing clients. In the memo, Ed told Jane that he would not hold her to sales performance standards that month. He wanted Jane to focus on doing the background work he assigned to help her improve her future sales performance.
At the meeting a month later, Ed discovered.
Case 5.6Kelo v City of New London545 U.S. 469 (2005)Ye.docx
Case 5.6
Kelo v City of New London
545 U.S. 469 (2005)
Yes, Actually, They Can Take That Away From You
Facts
In 1978, the city of New London, Connecticut, undertook a redevelopment plan for purposes of creating a redeveloped area in and around the existing park at Fort Trumbull. The plan sought to develop the related ambience a state park should have, including the absence of pink cottages and other architecturally eclectic homes. Part of the redevelopment plan was the city’s deal with Pfizer Corporation for the location of its research facility in the area. The preface to the city’s development plan included the following statement of goals and purpose:
To create a development that would complement the facility that Pfizer was planning to build, create jobs, increase tax and other revenues, encourage public access to and use of the city’s waterfront, and eventually “build momentum” for the revitalization of the rest of the city, including its downtown area.
The affected property owners, including Susette Kelo, live in homes and cottages (15 total) located in and around other existing structures that would be permitted to stay in the area designated for the proposed new structures (under the city’s economic development plan) that would be placed there primarily by private land developers and corporations. The city was assisted by a private, nonprofit corporation, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC), in the development of the economic plan and piloting it through the various governmental processes, including that of city council approval. The central focus of the plan was getting Pfizer to the Fort Trumbull area (where the homeowners and their properties were located) with the hope of a resulting economic boost that such a major corporate employer can bring to an area.
Kelo and the other landowners whose homes would be razed to make room for Pfizer and the accompanying and resulting economic development plan filed suit challenging New London’s legal authority to take their homes. The trial court issued an injunction preventing New London from taking certain of the properties but allowing others to be taken. The appellate court found for New London on all the claims, and the landowners (petitioners) appealed.
Judicial Opinion
STEVENS, Justice Two polar propositions are perfectly clear. On the one hand, it has long been accepted that the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation. On the other hand, it is equally clear that a State may transfer property from one private party to another if future “use by the public” is the purpose of the taking; the condemnation of land for a railroad with common-carrier duties is a familiar example. Neither of these propositions, however, determines the disposition of this case.
The disposition of this case therefore turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a “public purpos.
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF.docx
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
[After receiving union proposals for contract revisions for the benefit of the maintenance workers at the company’s Emeryville, California, plant, the company advised the union that negotiations for a new contract would be pointless because it had definitely decided to contract out the work performed by the employees covered by the agreement upon the expiration of the agreement. The company planned to replace these employees with an independent contractor’s employees and expected that substantial savings would be effected by this contracting-out of the work. The Board ordered the company to reinstate the maintenance operation with the union employees, reinstate the employees with back pay, and fulfill its statutory bargaining obligation. The court of appeals granted the Board’s enforcement petition, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.]
WARREN, C. J.... I. Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees.” Collective bar- gaining is defined in Section 8(d)
as the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
“Read together, these provisions establish the obligation of the employer and the representative of its employees to bargain with each other in good faith with respect to ‘wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment....’ The duty is limited to those subjects, and within that area neither is legally obligated to yield. Labor Board v. American Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395. As to other matters, however, each party is free to bargain or not to bargain....” Labor Board v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 349. Because of the limited grant of certiorari, we are concerned here only with whether the subject upon which the employer allegedly refused to bargain— contracting out of plant maintenance work previously performed by employees in the bargaining unit, which the employees were capable of continuing to perform—is covered by the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” within the meaning of Section 8(d).
The subject matter of the present dispute is well within the literal meaning of the phrase “terms and conditions of employment.”
As the Court of Appeals pointed out, it is not necessary that it be likely or probable that the union will yield or supply a feasible solution but rather that the union be afforded an opportunity to meet management’s legitimate complaints that its maintenance was unduly costly.
We are thus not expanding the scope of mandatory bargaining to hold, as we do now, that the type of “contracting out” involved in this case—the replacement of employees in the exi.
Case 4 The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal1. What we.docx
Case 4:
The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal
1. What were the root causes for Husi’s misbehavior?
2. What are the major challenges faced by the multinationals such as McDonald’s in supply chain management in China?
3. Should McDonald’s be held responsible for the scandal? How could McDonald’s avoid similar situations from happening again?
4. Should OSI be held responsible for the scandal? What should OSI do to prevent similar situations from happening again?
.
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and.docx
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and Psychological Well-Being
Neesha Wilson, a 10-year-old African American girl, was referred for assessment to the school psychologist as a result of a child study team meeting held at the school in May. Presenting problems included poor school progress and escalating behavioral concerns. It was the school’s impression that Neesha might qualify for special education assistance as a child with an emotional disorder. Currently, Neesha has an older brother, Tyrone, who is attending an alternate school program for children and youth with severe emotional disturbance.
Developmental History/Family Background
The school social worker completed Neesha’s initial work-up just prior to the end of the academic term; intake information is summarized as follows:
Neesha lives with her 15-year-old brother, Tyrone, and her mother in a two-bedroom apartment. The social worker described the apartment as tiny but very well kept. Neesha has her own bedroom, and Tyrone sleeps on the couch, which folds out into a bed. The social worker noted that it was difficult to book an appointment with Mrs. Wilson, who was reportedly working two jobs: cleaning offices and working as a hairstylist. Mrs. Wilson graduated from hairstylist classes last year. Although her career as a hairstylist has a lot of potential, she is only beginning to develop clientele. She also works part time cleaning offices. Despite the lack of financial resources, the children were clean, well dressed, and did not miss any meals. The children were on the free-lunch program at the schools. According to Mrs. Wilson, Neesha’s early history was unremarkable and motor and language milestones developed on schedule.
An immediate concern of the social worker’s centered on who cared for the children when their mother, Tanya, had to work evenings cleaning offices. Tanya stated that it was not a problem for her because she would either send the children to her sister’s apartment a few blocks away, or have a cousin who lived in the building check in on the kids. Also, Tyrone was 15, so he was capable of watching his sister, although she preferred to have an adult nearby, given Tyrone’s behavior problems.
Neesha’s mother described her as an easy baby and said that she never really had any problems with her. She added that it was Tyrone who was giving her all the problems, not Neesha. The family had struggled since her husband, Walt, left the family about 3 years ago, when Neesha was in Grade 1. In the past two years, Walt has had virtually no contact with the children. He moved in with his girlfriend and their one-year-old baby and recently moved to another state. Neesha was very upset with the marriage breakdown and misses her father very much. Neesha visited with her dad and his new family, initially, but was very disappointed that the visits were neither consistent nor more frequent. Neesha did not like Walt’s girlfriend and felt that her father wa.
Case 48 Sun Microsystems Done by Nour Abdulaziz Maryam .docx
Case 48: Sun Microsystems
Done by: Nour Abdulaziz
Maryam Barifah
Shrouq Al-Jaadi
Balqees Mekhalfi
Yara El-Feki
Introduction
•In 2009, Oracle was planning to acquire Sun Microsystems.
•This acquisition would allow Oracle;
•to further diversify their brand, customers and acquire various new platforms that would be added to their portfolio such as MySQL, Solaris and Java.
•Oracle originally placed an offer of $9.50 per share price which is considerably higher than Sun Microsystem’s price that is $6.69.
•This will cut the production costs and make the company more efficient throughout all the value chain.
•Oracle aimed to capitalize on Sun Microsystem’s decline by getting particular assets or the whole company at the deflated price.
Is Sun Microsystems a good strategic fit for Oracle? Should Oracle acquire Sun Microsystems?
- as it will allow them to achieve their vision of becoming the Apple of the software industry.
- it will allow the company to deliver high-quality customer products by combining both hardware and software components, hence reducing the consumer setup process.
Continue
It will provide Oracle with the needed expansion.
-This acquisition fits Oracle’s overall strategy which is to improve through acquiring and effectively integrating other companies
Worth of Sun Microsystems and Valuation Approaches
To know how much Sun Microsystems worth, we must find the Stand Alone Value of the company.
The Stand Alone value represents the present value of Sun Microsystem individually before factoring the synergy that would be created when Oracle acquires Sun.
Another method is the value of Sun Microsystem with synergies, which after being acquired by Oracle, must be found. This is done to see whether or not the acquisition was a proper strategic decision or not
Another method of valuing the Sun Microsystem is through the comparative company analysis (CCA). That is done through the thorough assessment of rival and peer businesses of similar size and industry.
Finally, the acquisition price, which is the price that is paid to the target when it is first acquired, is also used as a separate method of valuation. The value of the acquisition price ranges between the values of the stand-alone and the synergies.
USING THE DCF
To be able to find the values of both, the Stand Alone and the synergies, we have decided the best way to do so is by calculating the discounted cash flow (DCF) by using the multiples and the perpetuity growth methods and finding the average of both.
DCF Using Multiples MethodDCF Using Perpetuity Growth MethodIt does not consider long-term growth rate or the economics of business.This method seems inaccurate as the company assumes a certain growth rate will remains the same 2014 onwards (forever) which is unrealistic.It is considered a challenging method to use as it is very difficult to identify truly comparable companies.
USING THE WACC
The weig.
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis The immune response turns agai.docx
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis
The immune response turns against the host.
The specific adaptive immune response can, in rare instances, be mounted
against self antigens and cause autoimmune disease. Injury to body tissues
can result from antibodies directed against cell-surface or extracellular-matrix
molecules, from antibodies bound to circulating molecules that deposit as
immune complexes, or from clones of T cells that react with self antigens. A
special class of autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies against cell
surface receptors (Fig. 42.1). Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis are two
well-studied examples . Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies against
the receptor on thyroid cells for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted
by the pituitary gland. In this disease, autoantibody binds to the TSH recep
tor; like TSH, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
In myasthenia gravis, the opposite effect is observed: antibodies against the
acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction impede the binding of
acetylcholine and stimulate internalization of the receptor, thereby block
ing the t ransmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine (Fig. 42.2). In addi
tion, the presence of autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction initiates
complement-mediated lysis ofthe muscle endplate and damages the muscle
membrane.
Myasthenia gravis means severe (gravis) muscle (my) weakness (asthenia).
This disease was first identified as an autoimmune disease when an immun
ologist immunized rabbits with purified acetylcholine receptors to obtain
antibodies against this receptor. He noticed that the rabbits developed floppy
ears, like the droopy eyelids (ptosis) that are the most characteristic symptom
of myasthenia gravis in humans. Subsequently, patients with this disease
were found to have antibodies against the acetycholine receptor. In addition,
pregnant women with myasthenia gravis transfer the disease to their newborn
infants. As IgG is the only maternal serum protein that crosses the placenta
fro m mother to fetus, neonatal myasthenia gravis is clear evidence that
myasthenia gravis is caused by an anti-IgG antibody. More recently, patients
with myasthenia gravis have been identified who have autoantibodies against
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) rather than the acetylcholine receptor.
MUSK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in clustering acetylcholine
receptors; therefore, these autoantibodies also inhibit signaling through the
neuromuscular junction.
Topics bearing on
this case:
Humoral autoimmunity
Transfer of maternal
antibodies
Mechanisms for
breaking tolerance
This case was prepared by RaifGeha , MD, in collaboration with Janet Chou, MD.
~ Case 42: Myasthenia Gravis
Fig. 42.1 Autoimmune diseases caused
by antibody against surface or matrix
antigens. These are known as type II
autoimmune diseases. Damage by
IgE-mediated responses (type I) does no.
Case 4 JetBlue Delighting Customers Through Happy JettingIn the.docx
Case 4 JetBlue: Delighting Customers Through Happy Jetting
In the early years, JetBlue was a thriving young airline with a strong reputation for outstanding service. In fact, the low-fare airline referred to itself as a customer service company that just happened to fly planes. But on a Valentine’s Day, JetBlue was hit by the perfect storm, literally, of events that led to an operational meltdown. One of the most severe storms of the decade covered JetBlue’s main hub at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport with a thick layer of snow and ice. JetBlue did not have the infrastructure to deal with such a crisis. The severity of the storm, coupled with a series of poor management decisions, left JetBlue passengers stranded in planes on the runway for up to 11 hours. Worse still, the ripple effect of the storm created major JetBlue flight disruptions for six more days. Understandably, customers were livid. JetBlue’s efforts to clean up the mess following the six-day Valentine’s Day nightmare cost over $30 million in overtime, flight refunds, vouchers for future travel, and other expenses. But the blow to the company’s previously stellar customer-service reputation stung far more than the financial fallout. JetBlue became the butt of jokes by late night talk show hosts. Some industry observers even predicted that this would be the end
of JetBlue. But just three years later, the company is not only still flying, it is growing, profitable, and hotter than ever. During a serious economic downturn competing airlines were cut routes, retiring aircraft, laying off employees, and lost money. JetBlue added planes, expanded into new cities, hired thousands of new employees, and turning profits.
Truly Customer Focused What’s the secret to JetBlue’s success? Quite simply, it’s an obsession with making sure that every customer experience lives up to the company slogan, “Happy Jetting.” Lots of companies say they focus on customers. But at JetBlue, customer well-being is ingrained in the culture. From the beginning, JetBlue set out to provide features that would delight customers. For example, most air travelers expect to be squashed when flying coach. But JetBlue has configured its seats with three more inches of legroom than the average airline seat. That may not sound like much. But those three inches allow six-foot three-inch Arianne Cohen, author of The Tall Book: A Celebration of Life from on High, to stretch out and even cross her legs. If that’s not enough, for as little as $10 per flight, travelers can reserve one of JetBlue’s “Even More Legroom” seats, which offer even more space and a flatter recline position. Add the fact that every JetBlue seat is well padded and covered in leather, and you already have an air travel experience that rivals first-class accommodations (something JetBlue doesn’t offer). Food and beverage is another perk that JetBlue customers enjoy. The airline doesn’t serve meals, but it offers the best selection of free.
Case 4-2 Hardee TransportationThe Assignment Answer the four .docx
Case 4-2 Hardee Transportation
The Assignment: Answer the four (4) questions at the end of Case 4-2
Resources: Course Textbook, Appendix 4B, Table 4B-1, Attached worksheet (Word or Excel format)
Acceptable Length:
Show your work for solution to questions 1 and 2
. Well-written responses to question 3 and 4.
Formatting Requirements:
Enter your name and date
Provide well-structured solutions/answers- incomplete answers will receive partial credit
Show your work
2. Answer case questions,
using the attached word template or excel document
. Complete assignment and submit as an attachment using the assignment link when finished.
.
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!1. Descri.docx
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!
1. Describe the inadequacies in the corporate governance system at Halliburton.
2. Consider the role of KPMG in the case with respect to the accounting and auditing issues. How did the firms’ actions relate to the ethical and professional expectations for CPAs by the accounting profession?
3. The Halliburton case took place before the Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Act was adopted by Congress. Assume Dodd-Frank had been in effect and Menendez decided to inform the SEC under Dodd-Frank rather than SOX because it had been more than 180 days since the accounting violation had occurred. Given the facts of the case would Menendez have qualified for whistleblower protection? Explain.
4. Some critics claim that while Menendez’s actions may have been courageous, he harmed others along the way. His family was in limbo for many years and had to deal with the agony of being labeled a whistleblower and disloyal to Halliburton. The company’s overall revenue did not change; a small amount was merely shifted to an earlier period. Halliburton didn't steal any money, they didn't cheat the IRS, they didn't cheat their customers or their employees. In fact, they lessened their cash flows by paying out taxes earlier than they should have under the rules. How do you respond to these criticisms?
.
CASE 3.2 A Shift for Lieutenant Colonel AdamsEAM 751 Chapter.docx
CASE 3.2 A Shift for Lieutenant Colonel Adams
EAM 751 Chapter 3
Working with a partner complete CASE 3.2
Answer the 3 questions at the end of the chapter and submit.
Marketing Management
Fifteenth Edition
Chapter 16
Developing
Pricing Strategies
and Programs
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
16.1 How do consumers process and
evaluate prices?
16.2 How should a company set prices
initially for products or services?
16.3 How should a company adapt prices
to meet varying circumstances and
opportunities?
16.4 When and how should a company
initiate a price change?
16.5 How should a company respond to a
competitor’s price change?
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Setting the Price
Table 16.2 Steps in Setting a Pricing Policy
1. Selecting the Pricing Objective
2. Determining Demand
3. Estimating Costs
4. Analyzing Competitors’ Costs, Prices, and Offers
5. Selecting a Pricing Method
6. Selecting the Final Price
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Step 1: Selecting the Pricing Objective
• Survival
• Maximum current profit
• Other objectives
• Maximum market share
• Product-quality leadership
• Maximum market skimming
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Step 2: Determining Demand
• Price sensitivity
• Estimating demand curves
– Surveys, price experiments,
& statistical analysis
• Price elasticity of demand
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 16.1 Inelastic And Elastic
Demand
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Price Sensitivity
Table 16.3 Factors That Reduce Price Sensitivity
• The product is more distinctive.
• Buyers are less aware of substitutes.
• Buyers cannot easily compare the quality of substitutes.
• The expenditure is a smaller part of the buyer’s total income.
• The expenditure is small compared to the total cost of the end product.
• Part of the cost is borne by another party.
• The product is used in conjunction with assets previously bought.
• The product is assumed to have more quality, prestige, or exclusiveness.
• Buyers cannot store the product.
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Step 3: Estimating Costs (1 of 3)
• Types of costs and levels of
production
– Fixed vs. variable costs
– Total costs
– Average cost
Figure 16.2 Cost per Unit at Different
Levels of Production per Period
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Step 3: Estimating Costs (2 of 3)
• Accumulated production
– Experience/learning curve
Figure 16.3 Cost per Unit as a Function of Accumulated Production: The
Experience Curve
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Educati.
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docx
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017John D. Var.docx
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017
John D. Varlaro
Johnson & Wales University
John E. Gamble
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Locally produced or regional craft beers caused a seismic shift in the U.S. beer industry during the early 2010s with the gains of the small, regional newcomers coming at the expense of such well-known brands as Budweiser, Miller, Coors, and Bud Light. Craft breweries, which by definition sold fewer than 6 million barrels (bbls) per year, expanded rapidly with the deregulation of intrastate alcohol distribution and retail laws and a change in consumer preferences toward unique and high-quality beers. The growing popularity of craft beers allowed the total beer industry in the United States to increase by 6.7 percent annually between 2011 and 2016 to reach $39.5 billion. The production of U.S. craft breweries more than doubled from 11.5 million bbls per year to about 24.6 million bbls per year during that time. In addition, production by microbreweries and brewpubs accounted for 90 percent of craft brewer growth in 2016.1
The industry had begun to show signs of a slowdown going into 2017, with Boston Beer Company, the second largest craft brewery in the United States and known for its Samuel Adams brand, experiencing a 4 percent sales decline in 2016 that erased two years of of growth. The annual revenues of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA, whose portfolio included global brands Budweiser, Corona, and Stella Artois and numerous international and local brands, remained relatively consistent from 2014 to 2016. However, the sales volume of Anheuser-Busch’s flagship brands and its newly acquired and international brands such as Corona, Goose Island, Shock Top, Beck’s, and St. Pauli Girl allowed it to control 45.8 percent of the U.S. market for beer in 2016.2
Industry competition was increasing as grain price fluctuations affected cost structures and growing consolidation within the beer industry—led most notably by AB InBev’s acquisition of several craft breweries, Grupo Modelo, and its pending $104 billion acquisition of SABMiller—created a battle for market share. While the market for specialty beer was expected to gradually plateau by 2020, it appeared that the slowing growth had arrived by 2017. Nevertheless, craft breweries and microbreweries were expected to expand in number and in terms of market share as consumers sought out new pale ales, stouts, wheat beers, pilsners, and lagers with regional or local flairs.The Beer Market
The total economic impact of the beer market was estimated to be 2.0 percent of the total U.S. GDP in 2016 when variables such as jobs within beer production, sales, and distribution were included.3Exhibit 1 presents annual beer production statistics for the United States between 2006 and 2016.
Year
Barrels Produced (in millions)*
2006
198
2007
200
2008
200
2009
197
2010
195
2011
193
2012
196
2013
192
2014
193
2015
191
2016
189
*Rounded to the nearest million. .
CASE 3.2 Ethics, Schmethics-Enrons Code of EthicsIn Jul.docx
CASE 3.2 "Ethics, Schmethics"-Enron's Code of Ethics
In July 2000, Enron Corporation published an internal code of ethics docu-
ment that ran 64 pages in length (see the Appendix 1).Page 12 of the document
proudly announced the company's position on business ethics:
Employees of Enron Corp., its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies
(collectively the "Company") are charged with conducting their business
affairs in accordance with the highest ethical standards. An employee
shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indi-
rectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in
a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately
derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Com-
pany. Moral as well as legal obligations will be fulfilled openly, promptly,
and in a manner which will reflect pride on the Company's name.
Products and services of the Company will be of the highest quality and
as represented. Advertising and promotion will be truthful, not exagger-
ated or misleading.
Agreements, whether contractual or verbal, will be honored. No bribes,
bonuses, kickbacks, lavish entertainment, or gifts will be given or received
. in exchange for special position, price or privilege . . . Relations with
the Company's many publics-customers, stockholders, governments,
employees, suppliers, press, and bankers-will be conducted in honesty,
candor, and fairness." .- ~ ~ ~ -
Subsequent investigations into the inner workings of Enron Corp. revealed that
the only time this code of ethics received formal attention (other than, presum-
ably,when it was created and formally accepted) was when the board of directors
voted to waive key provisions of the code in order to allow the off-balance-sheet
partnerships that Chief Financial Officer Andy Fastow ultimately used to hide
over half a billion dollars of debt from analysts and investors.
A more realistic picture of the apparent flexibility of Enron's ethical culture
can be found in the extreme conflict of interest represented in its relationship
with Arthur Andersen. Andersen provided both consulting and auditing ser-
vices for fees running into millions of dollars-money that became so critical to
Andersen's continued growth that its employees were encouraged to sign off on
off-balance-sheet transactions-transactions that were not shown on Enron's
publicly-reported balance sheet-that stretched the limits of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) to their furthest edges. In addition, Enron hired
former Andersen employees to manage the affairs of their former colleagues,
which further strengthened the conflict of interest in a relationship that was
supposed, at the very least, to be at arm's length, and, at best, above reproach.
1. What is the purpose of a code of ethics?
2. Do you think the employees of Enron Corp. were told about the vote to put
aside key elements of the code of ethics? If not, why not? If they had .
CASE 3-1 International Marketing Research at the Mayo Clinic.docx
CASE 3-1 International Marketing Research at
the Mayo Clinic
In recent years, however, it has begun to study the international
patient population in particular and the international marketplace
in general. These studies fall into a few categories and grow in
number in proportion to the organization’s understanding (or per-
haps greater understanding of how much it does not know) of the
international marketplace.
First, the Mayo Clinic tracks international patient trends rather
carefully, which seems like an obvious place to start. But as in
most data tracking, the value of the concept is significantly more
straightforward than the logistics of acquiring consistently reliable
data. Internal data systems must be coordinated—a significant un-
dertaking for any institution, and particularly hard when dealing
with a large and complicated infrastructure. To give a simple ex-
ample, data fields must be made uniform—not just on one data
system, but on all of them. Rather than a free-text field, for ex-
ample, that allows a registrant to enter Venzuela, or Venosuela, or
Vensuala, or maybe even Venezuela, the Mayo Clinic pushes for a
predefined field that provides standardized information.
The Clinic monitors international data by the quarter, care-
fully watching trends over time by country or region, tracking sig-
nificant changes in volume, hospitalization rates, and percentage
of new patients out of any given market. For example, it knows
it has between 9,000 and 10,000 patients, depending on the year,
from more than 160 different countries annually. Some are third-
generation patients—maybe their grandfather was cured there in
the 1930s—and others are brand new. Some are neighbors from
Ontario or Monterrey; others come all the way from Indonesia.
Some markets are significantly less predictable than others, and
some countries deliver more “new” patients than others. The Mayo
Clinic probes further to figure out why.
Second, it conducts research with internal salespeople—the
physicians and their support staff who deliver care to international
patients. Through carefully moderated focus groups, the Clinic
identifies the things that are going smoothly, as well as the barri-
ers to providing excellent care. And where appropriate, it makes
recommendations for change.
Third, just as with U.S.-based patients, the healthcare in-
stitute conducts both quantitative and qualitative research in
the international marketplace, including research with patients,
international physicians, and international healthcare consum-
ers, designed to help it understand why people choose to leave
their own communities for healthcare, why some of them come
to Mayo Clinic, and why others do not. It works hard to un-
derstand how healthcare decisions are made so it can better
assist decision makers, physicians, and their staff in providing
care. The Clinic positions itself to offer counsel on where to
best expend valuable institutio.
CASE 27 McDonald’s and Obesitythat use celebrities to mar.docx
CASE 27 McDonald’s and Obesity
that use celebrities to market high-calorie foods. According to
USA Today , one study found that the average American child sees
10,000 food ads a year, mostly for high-fat or sugary foods and
drinks.
Traditionally, in developing countries, the poorest people
have been the thinnest, a consequence of hard physical labor
and the consumption of small amounts of traditional foods.
But when these people in poor countries migrate to cities, obe-
sity rates rise fastest among those in the lowest socioeconomic
group.
Even as food companies’ battle U.S. lawsuits and legislators
who blame them for inducing childhood obesity, they’re being at-
tacked on another front—Europe—which is threatening, among
other things, to ban advertising icons such Tony the Tiger and
Ronald McDonald. “I would like to see the industry not advertis-
ing directly to children,” said one European health commissioner.
“If this doesn’t produce satisfactory results, we will proceed to
legislation.” The European Health Commission has called for the
food industry to set its own regulations to curb so-called junk-food
advertising aimed at the European Union’s 450 million citizens—
or face bans similar to the tobacco industry.
The ominous comparison to cigarettes is increasingly being
made in the United States as well. Commenting on a McDonald’s
plan to send Ronald McDonald to schools to preach about nutri-
tion, an aide to a U.S. senator said, “No matter what Ronald is
doing, they are still using this cartoon character to sell fatty ham-
burgers to kids. Once upon a time, tobacco companies had Joe
Camel and they didn’t get it either.”
Also under fi re is TV advertising of kids’ foods, as calls for
curbs or bans rise around the world. “If the rise in [the] child obe-
sity trend continues, within fi ve years we’ll be in the same situation
as America is today,” said a senior child nutritionist at the Univer-
sity of Copenhagen who sits on the board of Denmark’s National
Board of Nutritional Science. “Banning TV ads that are targeting
kids is an important strategy to adopt.” But there is an argument
that those measures won’t help. “In Sweden, Norway and Quebec,
where food ads are banned from kids’ TV, there’s no evidence that
obesity rates have fallen.”
A new law in France will force food marketers to choose be-
tween adding a health message to commercials or paying a 1.5
percent tax on their ad budgets to fund healthy-eating messages.
Other measures under consideration in Europe include banning
celebrities and cartoon characters from food ads aimed at children
and preventing food marketers from using cell phone jingles to
reach kids.
Ireland bans celebrities from food and beverage ads aimed at
children and requires confectionery and soft-drink spots broad-
cast in programs where half the audience is younger than 18 years
of age to carry a visual or voice-over warning that snacking on
sugary foods and dr.
Case 3 AppleDue OCT-15Page 624-633 1. History.docx
Case 3 Apple
Due OCT-15
Page 624-633
1. History of the company, development and growth through time
2. Identify internal strengths and weakness
3. External environment analysis (Porter model)
4. SWOT analysis.
5. Identify and explain the corporate strategy used
6. Business strategy used by the company
7. Organizational structure and control system. How they get adjusted to match company’s strategy
8. Recommendations
About 4 to 6 pages
.
CASE 25 MCDONALD’S McDonald’s announced on January 28, 2015, that.docx
CASE 25 MCDONALD’S* McDonald’s announced on January 28, 2015, that Don Thompson would retire as president and chief executive at the end of February. He would be replaced by Steve Easterbrook, the firm’s chief branding officer. The abrupt exit came after the world’s largest restaurant chain posted one of its worst financial performances in years (see Exhib- its 1 and 2). Revenue in the last quarter, through December, fell 7 percent to $6.6 billion. Earnings, however, dropped by 21 percent to $1.1 billion from $1.4 billion in the same period a year earlier. “People have seen results go from the best in the industry to one of the worst in the course of three years,” said Will Slabaugh, an analyst.1 Days before his retirement, Thompson acknowledged that McDonald’s results had fallen short of expectations, * Case prepared by Jamal Shamsie, Michigan State University, with the assistance of Professor Alan B. Eisner, Pace University. Material has been drawn from published sources to be used for purposes of class discussion. Copyright © 2015 Jamal Shamsie and Alan B. Eisner. but he noted that the firm had suffered partly because of events beyond his control. Sales in Asia and the Middle East had fallen sharply because of food safety concerns with a Chinese meat supplier. McDonald’s also had to face shortages of French fries in several markets because of a slowdown at the port in Los Angeles. Finally, some Russian outlets were temporarily closed by food inspectors, appar- ently in retaliation for Western sanctions against Russia over its military intervention in Ukraine (see Exhibit 3). However, McDonald’s faced its biggest challenge in the United States, its largest market, where it had 14,200 of its 35,000 mostly franchised restaurants. It had lost a lot of ground with consumers, especially millennials, who were defecting to traditional competitors like Burger King and Wendy’s as well as to new designer burger out- lets such as Five Guys and Shake Shack. Changing tastes were responsible for the loss of customers who were lin- ing up at fast-casual chains such as Chipotle Mexican
Grill and Panera Bread, which offered customized order- ing and fresh ingredients (see Exhibit 4). McDonald’s response to this growing competition was to expand its menu with snacks, salads, and new drinks. From 33 basic items that the chain offered in 1990, the menu grew to 121 items by 2014. The greatly expanded menu led to a significant increase in costs and longer preparation times. This forced the firm to increase the prices of many of its items and to take more time to serve customers, moving it away from the attributes that it had built its reputation on. “McDonald’s stands for value, consistency and convenience,” said Darren Tristano, a restaurant industry consultant.2
The fast food chain had gone through a similar crisis before. Back in 2002–2003, McDonald’s had experienced a decline in performance because of quality problems as a result of rapid expansion.
Case 2Jamie Paliath worked as a real estate agent for Home T.docx
Case 2
Jamie Paliath worked as a real estate agent for Home Town Realty of Vandalia, LLC (the principal, a real estate broker). Torri Auer, a California resident, relied on Paliath’s advice and assistance to buy three rental properties in Ohio. Before the sales, Paliath represented that each property was worth approximately twice as much as what Auer would pay and that there was a waiting list of prospective tenants. Paliath also stated that all of the property needed work and agreed to do the work for a specified price. Nearly a year later, substantial work was still needed, and only a few of the units had been rented. Auer sued Paliath and Home Town Realty for fraudulent misrepresentation. [Auer v. Paliath, 140 Ohio St.3d 276, 17 N.E. 3d 561, 2014 -Ohio- 3632 (2014)] (See Liability in Agency Relationships.) (488, Miller)
Were Paliath’s representations to Auer within the scope of her employment? Explain. Will the court hold the principal (Home Town Realty) liable for the misrepresentations of the agent (Paliath)?
What is the ethical basis for imposing vicarious liability on a principal for an agent’s tort?
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
.
Case 24-7United States v. Microsoft CorporationUnited States Cou.docx
Case 24-7United States v. Microsoft Corporation
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 253 F.3d 34 (2001) The authors recommend a close reading of the facts of United States v. Microsoft set out earlier in this chapter.
Section 2 of the Sherman Act makes it unlawful for a firm to “monopolize.” The offense of monopolization has two elements: (1) the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market and (2) the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.
The district court found that Microsoft possessed monopoly power in the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems. Focusing primarily on Microsoft’s efforts to suppress Netscape Navigator’s threat to its operating systems monopoly, the court also found that Microsoft maintained its power not through competition on the merits, but through unlawful means. Microsoft challenged both conclusions on appeal.
Per Curiam (by the Whole Court of Appeals) We begin by considering whether Microsoft possesses monopoly power and finding that it does, we turn to the question [of] whether it maintained this power through anticompetitive means. Agreeing with the District Court that the company behaved anticompetitively and that these actions contributed to the maintenance of its monopoly power, we affirm the court’s finding of liability for monopolization.
Monopoly Power
While merely possessing monopoly power is not itself an antitrust violation, it is a necessary element of a monopolization charge. The Supreme Court has defined monopoly power as the power to control prices or exclude competition. More precisely, a firm is a monopolist if it can profitably raise prices substantially above the competitive level[;] where [there is] evidence that a firm has in fact probably done so, the existence of monopoly power is clear. Because such direct proof is only rarely available, courts more typically examine market structure in search of circumstantial evidence of monopoly power. Under this structural approach monopoly power may be inferred from a firm’s possession of a dominant share of a relevant market that is protected by entry barriers.
“Entry barriers” are factors (such as certain regulatory requirements) that prevent new rivals from timely responding to an increase in price above the competitive level.
The District Court considered these structural factors and concluded that Microsoft possesses monopoly power in a relevant market. Defining the market as Intel-compatible PC operating systems, the District Court found that Microsoft has a greater than 95 percent share. It also found the company’s market position protected by a substantial entry barrier.
Microsoft argues that the District Court incorrectly defined the relevant market. It also claims that there is no barrier to entry in that market. Alternatively, Microsoft argues that because the.
Case 2Marcella Lashmett was engaged in farming in Illinois. .docx
Case 2
Marcella Lashmett was engaged in farming in Illinois. She had two daughters, Christine Montgomery and Cheryl Thomas. Christine was also a farmer. She often borrowed Marcella’s farm equipment. More than once, Christine used the equipment as a trade-in on the purchase of new equipment titled in Christine’s name alone. After each transaction, Christine paid Marcella an agreed-to amount, and Marcella filed a gift tax return. Marcella died on December 19, 1999. Her heirs included Christine and Cheryl. Marcella’s will gave whatever farm equipment remained on her death to Christine. If Christine chose to sell or trade any of the items, however, the proceeds were to be split equally with Cheryl. The will named Christine to handle the disposition of the estate, but she did nothing. Eventually, Cheryl filed a petition with an Illinois state court, which appointed her to administer the will. Cheryl then filed a suit against her sister to discover what assets their mother had owned. [In re Estate of Lashmett, 369 Ill.App.3d 1013, 874 N.E.2d 65 (4 Dist. 2007)] (See Acquiring Ownership of Personal Property.) (655, Miller)
Cheryl learned that three months before Marcella’s death, Christine had used Marcella’s tractor as a trade-in on the purchase of a new tractor. The trade-in credit had been $55,296.28. Marcella had been paid nothing, and no gift tax return had been filed. Christine claimed, among other things, that the old tractor had been a gift. What is a “gift”? What are the elements of a gift? What do the facts suggest on this claim? Discuss.
Christine also claimed that she had tried to pay Marcella $20,000 on the trade-in of the tractor but that her mother had refused to accept it. Christine showed a check made out to Marcella for that amount and marked “void.” Would you rule in Christine’s favor on this claim? Why or why not?
.
Case 21 ZOUs Fencing ControlsHandout 1Page 1Copyr.docx
Case 21: ZOU's Fencing Controls
Handout 1
Page 1
Copyright 2011 Deloitte Development LLC
All Rights Reserved.
ZOU Fencing Inc.
Account Scoping and Risk Assessment
Account Balance and Disclosure: Revenue
Class of Transaction: Recording Sales
Identification of risk of material misstatement All orders shipped are not recorded as revenue.
Relevant assertion Completeness.
Significant risk? No.
Risk of material misstatement because of
fraud?
No.
Control activity that addresses risk of material
misstatement
Control #1: Sales are automatically recorded and invoices are automatically generated upon the release of the
order in the Warehouse K-Series System. Orders are not released until the goods have been confirmed for shipping
in the system (which occurs when the goods are scanned as they are loaded in the shipping area).
Does the control rely on information used in
the control (or IUC)? If yes, list relevant
information
No.
Will we obtain audit evidence of the accuracy
and completeness of information used in the
control by testing controls?
N/A
Is the control automated? Yes.
Relevant application system (if we are testing
information used in the control through tests of
controls or the control is automated)
Warehouse K System, which is subject to IT controls performed by management and tested within the IT controls
workpaper.
Tests of controls: evaluation of design
On the basis of the following factors, we concluded that the control is appropriately designed to address the stated
risk of material misstatement:
1. The control is the automation of the invoicing of goods shipped as the system will automatically record revenues
when goods are shipped from the warehouse (revenue generating activity), thus resulting in no shipped goods
going unrecorded in the system that appropriately addresses the related risk of material misstatement and
assertion.
2. Automated control prevents errors from occurring as opposed to identifying them once they have occurred
(preventive control).
3. Control operates at the transaction level and, as such, is sufficiently precise to mitigate the risk.
4. Control is performed on a continual basis and thus addresses the risk directly and for the period under audit.
5. There are no historical issues with the operation of the control and the control has not been modified in the
period under audit.
Risk Associated with the Control Not Higher
Tests of controls: planned operating
effectiveness testing
Interim Procedures (test as of 9/30):
1. As this is an automated control, we will perform a test of one and follow one transaction through the system to
make sure the system is operating effectively.
2. In addition, we will verify the understanding through testing of general IT controls; i.e., program change controls
that there have been no changes to the control since the previous year.
Rollforward Procedures:
1. Make inquiries of the controller and the IT manger to determine if any events ha.
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
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CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
[After receiving union proposals for contract revisions for the benefit of the maintenance workers at the company’s Emeryville, California, plant, the company advised the union that negotiations for a new contract would be pointless because it had definitely decided to contract out the work performed by the employees covered by the agreement upon the expiration of the agreement. The company planned to replace these employees with an independent contractor’s employees and expected that substantial savings would be effected by this contracting-out of the work. The Board ordered the company to reinstate the maintenance operation with the union employees, reinstate the employees with back pay, and fulfill its statutory bargaining obligation. The court of appeals granted the Board’s enforcement petition, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.]
WARREN, C. J.... I. Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees.” Collective bar- gaining is defined in Section 8(d)
as the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
“Read together, these provisions establish the obligation of the employer and the representative of its employees to bargain with each other in good faith with respect to ‘wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment....’ The duty is limited to those subjects, and within that area neither is legally obligated to yield. Labor Board v. American Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395. As to other matters, however, each party is free to bargain or not to bargain....” Labor Board v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 349. Because of the limited grant of certiorari, we are concerned here only with whether the subject upon which the employer allegedly refused to bargain— contracting out of plant maintenance work previously performed by employees in the bargaining unit, which the employees were capable of continuing to perform—is covered by the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” within the meaning of Section 8(d).
The subject matter of the present dispute is well within the literal meaning of the phrase “terms and conditions of employment.”
As the Court of Appeals pointed out, it is not necessary that it be likely or probable that the union will yield or supply a feasible solution but rather that the union be afforded an opportunity to meet management’s legitimate complaints that its maintenance was unduly costly.
We are thus not expanding the scope of mandatory bargaining to hold, as we do now, that the type of “contracting out” involved in this case—the replacement of employees in the exi.
Case 4 The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal1. What we.docx
Case 4:
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1. What were the root causes for Husi’s misbehavior?
2. What are the major challenges faced by the multinationals such as McDonald’s in supply chain management in China?
3. Should McDonald’s be held responsible for the scandal? How could McDonald’s avoid similar situations from happening again?
4. Should OSI be held responsible for the scandal? What should OSI do to prevent similar situations from happening again?
.
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and.docx
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and Psychological Well-Being
Neesha Wilson, a 10-year-old African American girl, was referred for assessment to the school psychologist as a result of a child study team meeting held at the school in May. Presenting problems included poor school progress and escalating behavioral concerns. It was the school’s impression that Neesha might qualify for special education assistance as a child with an emotional disorder. Currently, Neesha has an older brother, Tyrone, who is attending an alternate school program for children and youth with severe emotional disturbance.
Developmental History/Family Background
The school social worker completed Neesha’s initial work-up just prior to the end of the academic term; intake information is summarized as follows:
Neesha lives with her 15-year-old brother, Tyrone, and her mother in a two-bedroom apartment. The social worker described the apartment as tiny but very well kept. Neesha has her own bedroom, and Tyrone sleeps on the couch, which folds out into a bed. The social worker noted that it was difficult to book an appointment with Mrs. Wilson, who was reportedly working two jobs: cleaning offices and working as a hairstylist. Mrs. Wilson graduated from hairstylist classes last year. Although her career as a hairstylist has a lot of potential, she is only beginning to develop clientele. She also works part time cleaning offices. Despite the lack of financial resources, the children were clean, well dressed, and did not miss any meals. The children were on the free-lunch program at the schools. According to Mrs. Wilson, Neesha’s early history was unremarkable and motor and language milestones developed on schedule.
An immediate concern of the social worker’s centered on who cared for the children when their mother, Tanya, had to work evenings cleaning offices. Tanya stated that it was not a problem for her because she would either send the children to her sister’s apartment a few blocks away, or have a cousin who lived in the building check in on the kids. Also, Tyrone was 15, so he was capable of watching his sister, although she preferred to have an adult nearby, given Tyrone’s behavior problems.
Neesha’s mother described her as an easy baby and said that she never really had any problems with her. She added that it was Tyrone who was giving her all the problems, not Neesha. The family had struggled since her husband, Walt, left the family about 3 years ago, when Neesha was in Grade 1. In the past two years, Walt has had virtually no contact with the children. He moved in with his girlfriend and their one-year-old baby and recently moved to another state. Neesha was very upset with the marriage breakdown and misses her father very much. Neesha visited with her dad and his new family, initially, but was very disappointed that the visits were neither consistent nor more frequent. Neesha did not like Walt’s girlfriend and felt that her father wa.
Case 48 Sun Microsystems Done by Nour Abdulaziz Maryam .docx
Case 48: Sun Microsystems
Done by: Nour Abdulaziz
Maryam Barifah
Shrouq Al-Jaadi
Balqees Mekhalfi
Yara El-Feki
Introduction
•In 2009, Oracle was planning to acquire Sun Microsystems.
•This acquisition would allow Oracle;
•to further diversify their brand, customers and acquire various new platforms that would be added to their portfolio such as MySQL, Solaris and Java.
•Oracle originally placed an offer of $9.50 per share price which is considerably higher than Sun Microsystem’s price that is $6.69.
•This will cut the production costs and make the company more efficient throughout all the value chain.
•Oracle aimed to capitalize on Sun Microsystem’s decline by getting particular assets or the whole company at the deflated price.
Is Sun Microsystems a good strategic fit for Oracle? Should Oracle acquire Sun Microsystems?
- as it will allow them to achieve their vision of becoming the Apple of the software industry.
- it will allow the company to deliver high-quality customer products by combining both hardware and software components, hence reducing the consumer setup process.
Continue
It will provide Oracle with the needed expansion.
-This acquisition fits Oracle’s overall strategy which is to improve through acquiring and effectively integrating other companies
Worth of Sun Microsystems and Valuation Approaches
To know how much Sun Microsystems worth, we must find the Stand Alone Value of the company.
The Stand Alone value represents the present value of Sun Microsystem individually before factoring the synergy that would be created when Oracle acquires Sun.
Another method is the value of Sun Microsystem with synergies, which after being acquired by Oracle, must be found. This is done to see whether or not the acquisition was a proper strategic decision or not
Another method of valuing the Sun Microsystem is through the comparative company analysis (CCA). That is done through the thorough assessment of rival and peer businesses of similar size and industry.
Finally, the acquisition price, which is the price that is paid to the target when it is first acquired, is also used as a separate method of valuation. The value of the acquisition price ranges between the values of the stand-alone and the synergies.
USING THE DCF
To be able to find the values of both, the Stand Alone and the synergies, we have decided the best way to do so is by calculating the discounted cash flow (DCF) by using the multiples and the perpetuity growth methods and finding the average of both.
DCF Using Multiples MethodDCF Using Perpetuity Growth MethodIt does not consider long-term growth rate or the economics of business.This method seems inaccurate as the company assumes a certain growth rate will remains the same 2014 onwards (forever) which is unrealistic.It is considered a challenging method to use as it is very difficult to identify truly comparable companies.
USING THE WACC
The weig.
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis The immune response turns agai.docx
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis
The immune response turns against the host.
The specific adaptive immune response can, in rare instances, be mounted
against self antigens and cause autoimmune disease. Injury to body tissues
can result from antibodies directed against cell-surface or extracellular-matrix
molecules, from antibodies bound to circulating molecules that deposit as
immune complexes, or from clones of T cells that react with self antigens. A
special class of autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies against cell
surface receptors (Fig. 42.1). Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis are two
well-studied examples . Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies against
the receptor on thyroid cells for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted
by the pituitary gland. In this disease, autoantibody binds to the TSH recep
tor; like TSH, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
In myasthenia gravis, the opposite effect is observed: antibodies against the
acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction impede the binding of
acetylcholine and stimulate internalization of the receptor, thereby block
ing the t ransmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine (Fig. 42.2). In addi
tion, the presence of autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction initiates
complement-mediated lysis ofthe muscle endplate and damages the muscle
membrane.
Myasthenia gravis means severe (gravis) muscle (my) weakness (asthenia).
This disease was first identified as an autoimmune disease when an immun
ologist immunized rabbits with purified acetylcholine receptors to obtain
antibodies against this receptor. He noticed that the rabbits developed floppy
ears, like the droopy eyelids (ptosis) that are the most characteristic symptom
of myasthenia gravis in humans. Subsequently, patients with this disease
were found to have antibodies against the acetycholine receptor. In addition,
pregnant women with myasthenia gravis transfer the disease to their newborn
infants. As IgG is the only maternal serum protein that crosses the placenta
fro m mother to fetus, neonatal myasthenia gravis is clear evidence that
myasthenia gravis is caused by an anti-IgG antibody. More recently, patients
with myasthenia gravis have been identified who have autoantibodies against
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) rather than the acetylcholine receptor.
MUSK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in clustering acetylcholine
receptors; therefore, these autoantibodies also inhibit signaling through the
neuromuscular junction.
Topics bearing on
this case:
Humoral autoimmunity
Transfer of maternal
antibodies
Mechanisms for
breaking tolerance
This case was prepared by RaifGeha , MD, in collaboration with Janet Chou, MD.
~ Case 42: Myasthenia Gravis
Fig. 42.1 Autoimmune diseases caused
by antibody against surface or matrix
antigens. These are known as type II
autoimmune diseases. Damage by
IgE-mediated responses (type I) does no.
Case 4 JetBlue Delighting Customers Through Happy JettingIn the.docx
Case 4 JetBlue: Delighting Customers Through Happy Jetting
In the early years, JetBlue was a thriving young airline with a strong reputation for outstanding service. In fact, the low-fare airline referred to itself as a customer service company that just happened to fly planes. But on a Valentine’s Day, JetBlue was hit by the perfect storm, literally, of events that led to an operational meltdown. One of the most severe storms of the decade covered JetBlue’s main hub at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport with a thick layer of snow and ice. JetBlue did not have the infrastructure to deal with such a crisis. The severity of the storm, coupled with a series of poor management decisions, left JetBlue passengers stranded in planes on the runway for up to 11 hours. Worse still, the ripple effect of the storm created major JetBlue flight disruptions for six more days. Understandably, customers were livid. JetBlue’s efforts to clean up the mess following the six-day Valentine’s Day nightmare cost over $30 million in overtime, flight refunds, vouchers for future travel, and other expenses. But the blow to the company’s previously stellar customer-service reputation stung far more than the financial fallout. JetBlue became the butt of jokes by late night talk show hosts. Some industry observers even predicted that this would be the end
of JetBlue. But just three years later, the company is not only still flying, it is growing, profitable, and hotter than ever. During a serious economic downturn competing airlines were cut routes, retiring aircraft, laying off employees, and lost money. JetBlue added planes, expanded into new cities, hired thousands of new employees, and turning profits.
Truly Customer Focused What’s the secret to JetBlue’s success? Quite simply, it’s an obsession with making sure that every customer experience lives up to the company slogan, “Happy Jetting.” Lots of companies say they focus on customers. But at JetBlue, customer well-being is ingrained in the culture. From the beginning, JetBlue set out to provide features that would delight customers. For example, most air travelers expect to be squashed when flying coach. But JetBlue has configured its seats with three more inches of legroom than the average airline seat. That may not sound like much. But those three inches allow six-foot three-inch Arianne Cohen, author of The Tall Book: A Celebration of Life from on High, to stretch out and even cross her legs. If that’s not enough, for as little as $10 per flight, travelers can reserve one of JetBlue’s “Even More Legroom” seats, which offer even more space and a flatter recline position. Add the fact that every JetBlue seat is well padded and covered in leather, and you already have an air travel experience that rivals first-class accommodations (something JetBlue doesn’t offer). Food and beverage is another perk that JetBlue customers enjoy. The airline doesn’t serve meals, but it offers the best selection of free.
Case 4-2 Hardee TransportationThe Assignment Answer the four .docx
Case 4-2 Hardee Transportation
The Assignment: Answer the four (4) questions at the end of Case 4-2
Resources: Course Textbook, Appendix 4B, Table 4B-1, Attached worksheet (Word or Excel format)
Acceptable Length:
Show your work for solution to questions 1 and 2
. Well-written responses to question 3 and 4.
Formatting Requirements:
Enter your name and date
Provide well-structured solutions/answers- incomplete answers will receive partial credit
Show your work
2. Answer case questions,
using the attached word template or excel document
. Complete assignment and submit as an attachment using the assignment link when finished.
.
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!1. Descri.docx
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!
1. Describe the inadequacies in the corporate governance system at Halliburton.
2. Consider the role of KPMG in the case with respect to the accounting and auditing issues. How did the firms’ actions relate to the ethical and professional expectations for CPAs by the accounting profession?
3. The Halliburton case took place before the Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Act was adopted by Congress. Assume Dodd-Frank had been in effect and Menendez decided to inform the SEC under Dodd-Frank rather than SOX because it had been more than 180 days since the accounting violation had occurred. Given the facts of the case would Menendez have qualified for whistleblower protection? Explain.
4. Some critics claim that while Menendez’s actions may have been courageous, he harmed others along the way. His family was in limbo for many years and had to deal with the agony of being labeled a whistleblower and disloyal to Halliburton. The company’s overall revenue did not change; a small amount was merely shifted to an earlier period. Halliburton didn't steal any money, they didn't cheat the IRS, they didn't cheat their customers or their employees. In fact, they lessened their cash flows by paying out taxes earlier than they should have under the rules. How do you respond to these criticisms?
.
CASE 3.2 A Shift for Lieutenant Colonel AdamsEAM 751 Chapter.docx
CASE 3.2 A Shift for Lieutenant Colonel Adams
EAM 751 Chapter 3
Working with a partner complete CASE 3.2
Answer the 3 questions at the end of the chapter and submit.
Marketing Management
Fifteenth Edition
Chapter 16
Developing
Pricing Strategies
and Programs
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
16.1 How do consumers process and
evaluate prices?
16.2 How should a company set prices
initially for products or services?
16.3 How should a company adapt prices
to meet varying circumstances and
opportunities?
16.4 When and how should a company
initiate a price change?
16.5 How should a company respond to a
competitor’s price change?
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Setting the Price
Table 16.2 Steps in Setting a Pricing Policy
1. Selecting the Pricing Objective
2. Determining Demand
3. Estimating Costs
4. Analyzing Competitors’ Costs, Prices, and Offers
5. Selecting a Pricing Method
6. Selecting the Final Price
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Step 1: Selecting the Pricing Objective
• Survival
• Maximum current profit
• Other objectives
• Maximum market share
• Product-quality leadership
• Maximum market skimming
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Step 2: Determining Demand
• Price sensitivity
• Estimating demand curves
– Surveys, price experiments,
& statistical analysis
• Price elasticity of demand
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 16.1 Inelastic And Elastic
Demand
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Price Sensitivity
Table 16.3 Factors That Reduce Price Sensitivity
• The product is more distinctive.
• Buyers are less aware of substitutes.
• Buyers cannot easily compare the quality of substitutes.
• The expenditure is a smaller part of the buyer’s total income.
• The expenditure is small compared to the total cost of the end product.
• Part of the cost is borne by another party.
• The product is used in conjunction with assets previously bought.
• The product is assumed to have more quality, prestige, or exclusiveness.
• Buyers cannot store the product.
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Step 3: Estimating Costs (1 of 3)
• Types of costs and levels of
production
– Fixed vs. variable costs
– Total costs
– Average cost
Figure 16.2 Cost per Unit at Different
Levels of Production per Period
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Step 3: Estimating Costs (2 of 3)
• Accumulated production
– Experience/learning curve
Figure 16.3 Cost per Unit as a Function of Accumulated Production: The
Experience Curve
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Educati.
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docx
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017John D. Var.docx
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017
John D. Varlaro
Johnson & Wales University
John E. Gamble
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Locally produced or regional craft beers caused a seismic shift in the U.S. beer industry during the early 2010s with the gains of the small, regional newcomers coming at the expense of such well-known brands as Budweiser, Miller, Coors, and Bud Light. Craft breweries, which by definition sold fewer than 6 million barrels (bbls) per year, expanded rapidly with the deregulation of intrastate alcohol distribution and retail laws and a change in consumer preferences toward unique and high-quality beers. The growing popularity of craft beers allowed the total beer industry in the United States to increase by 6.7 percent annually between 2011 and 2016 to reach $39.5 billion. The production of U.S. craft breweries more than doubled from 11.5 million bbls per year to about 24.6 million bbls per year during that time. In addition, production by microbreweries and brewpubs accounted for 90 percent of craft brewer growth in 2016.1
The industry had begun to show signs of a slowdown going into 2017, with Boston Beer Company, the second largest craft brewery in the United States and known for its Samuel Adams brand, experiencing a 4 percent sales decline in 2016 that erased two years of of growth. The annual revenues of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA, whose portfolio included global brands Budweiser, Corona, and Stella Artois and numerous international and local brands, remained relatively consistent from 2014 to 2016. However, the sales volume of Anheuser-Busch’s flagship brands and its newly acquired and international brands such as Corona, Goose Island, Shock Top, Beck’s, and St. Pauli Girl allowed it to control 45.8 percent of the U.S. market for beer in 2016.2
Industry competition was increasing as grain price fluctuations affected cost structures and growing consolidation within the beer industry—led most notably by AB InBev’s acquisition of several craft breweries, Grupo Modelo, and its pending $104 billion acquisition of SABMiller—created a battle for market share. While the market for specialty beer was expected to gradually plateau by 2020, it appeared that the slowing growth had arrived by 2017. Nevertheless, craft breweries and microbreweries were expected to expand in number and in terms of market share as consumers sought out new pale ales, stouts, wheat beers, pilsners, and lagers with regional or local flairs.The Beer Market
The total economic impact of the beer market was estimated to be 2.0 percent of the total U.S. GDP in 2016 when variables such as jobs within beer production, sales, and distribution were included.3Exhibit 1 presents annual beer production statistics for the United States between 2006 and 2016.
Year
Barrels Produced (in millions)*
2006
198
2007
200
2008
200
2009
197
2010
195
2011
193
2012
196
2013
192
2014
193
2015
191
2016
189
*Rounded to the nearest million. .
CASE 3.2 Ethics, Schmethics-Enrons Code of EthicsIn Jul.docx
CASE 3.2 "Ethics, Schmethics"-Enron's Code of Ethics
In July 2000, Enron Corporation published an internal code of ethics docu-
ment that ran 64 pages in length (see the Appendix 1).Page 12 of the document
proudly announced the company's position on business ethics:
Employees of Enron Corp., its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies
(collectively the "Company") are charged with conducting their business
affairs in accordance with the highest ethical standards. An employee
shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indi-
rectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in
a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately
derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Com-
pany. Moral as well as legal obligations will be fulfilled openly, promptly,
and in a manner which will reflect pride on the Company's name.
Products and services of the Company will be of the highest quality and
as represented. Advertising and promotion will be truthful, not exagger-
ated or misleading.
Agreements, whether contractual or verbal, will be honored. No bribes,
bonuses, kickbacks, lavish entertainment, or gifts will be given or received
. in exchange for special position, price or privilege . . . Relations with
the Company's many publics-customers, stockholders, governments,
employees, suppliers, press, and bankers-will be conducted in honesty,
candor, and fairness." .- ~ ~ ~ -
Subsequent investigations into the inner workings of Enron Corp. revealed that
the only time this code of ethics received formal attention (other than, presum-
ably,when it was created and formally accepted) was when the board of directors
voted to waive key provisions of the code in order to allow the off-balance-sheet
partnerships that Chief Financial Officer Andy Fastow ultimately used to hide
over half a billion dollars of debt from analysts and investors.
A more realistic picture of the apparent flexibility of Enron's ethical culture
can be found in the extreme conflict of interest represented in its relationship
with Arthur Andersen. Andersen provided both consulting and auditing ser-
vices for fees running into millions of dollars-money that became so critical to
Andersen's continued growth that its employees were encouraged to sign off on
off-balance-sheet transactions-transactions that were not shown on Enron's
publicly-reported balance sheet-that stretched the limits of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) to their furthest edges. In addition, Enron hired
former Andersen employees to manage the affairs of their former colleagues,
which further strengthened the conflict of interest in a relationship that was
supposed, at the very least, to be at arm's length, and, at best, above reproach.
1. What is the purpose of a code of ethics?
2. Do you think the employees of Enron Corp. were told about the vote to put
aside key elements of the code of ethics? If not, why not? If they had .
CASE 3-1 International Marketing Research at the Mayo Clinic.docx
CASE 3-1 International Marketing Research at
the Mayo Clinic
In recent years, however, it has begun to study the international
patient population in particular and the international marketplace
in general. These studies fall into a few categories and grow in
number in proportion to the organization’s understanding (or per-
haps greater understanding of how much it does not know) of the
international marketplace.
First, the Mayo Clinic tracks international patient trends rather
carefully, which seems like an obvious place to start. But as in
most data tracking, the value of the concept is significantly more
straightforward than the logistics of acquiring consistently reliable
data. Internal data systems must be coordinated—a significant un-
dertaking for any institution, and particularly hard when dealing
with a large and complicated infrastructure. To give a simple ex-
ample, data fields must be made uniform—not just on one data
system, but on all of them. Rather than a free-text field, for ex-
ample, that allows a registrant to enter Venzuela, or Venosuela, or
Vensuala, or maybe even Venezuela, the Mayo Clinic pushes for a
predefined field that provides standardized information.
The Clinic monitors international data by the quarter, care-
fully watching trends over time by country or region, tracking sig-
nificant changes in volume, hospitalization rates, and percentage
of new patients out of any given market. For example, it knows
it has between 9,000 and 10,000 patients, depending on the year,
from more than 160 different countries annually. Some are third-
generation patients—maybe their grandfather was cured there in
the 1930s—and others are brand new. Some are neighbors from
Ontario or Monterrey; others come all the way from Indonesia.
Some markets are significantly less predictable than others, and
some countries deliver more “new” patients than others. The Mayo
Clinic probes further to figure out why.
Second, it conducts research with internal salespeople—the
physicians and their support staff who deliver care to international
patients. Through carefully moderated focus groups, the Clinic
identifies the things that are going smoothly, as well as the barri-
ers to providing excellent care. And where appropriate, it makes
recommendations for change.
Third, just as with U.S.-based patients, the healthcare in-
stitute conducts both quantitative and qualitative research in
the international marketplace, including research with patients,
international physicians, and international healthcare consum-
ers, designed to help it understand why people choose to leave
their own communities for healthcare, why some of them come
to Mayo Clinic, and why others do not. It works hard to un-
derstand how healthcare decisions are made so it can better
assist decision makers, physicians, and their staff in providing
care. The Clinic positions itself to offer counsel on where to
best expend valuable institutio.
CASE 27 McDonald’s and Obesitythat use celebrities to mar.docx
CASE 27 McDonald’s and Obesity
that use celebrities to market high-calorie foods. According to
USA Today , one study found that the average American child sees
10,000 food ads a year, mostly for high-fat or sugary foods and
drinks.
Traditionally, in developing countries, the poorest people
have been the thinnest, a consequence of hard physical labor
and the consumption of small amounts of traditional foods.
But when these people in poor countries migrate to cities, obe-
sity rates rise fastest among those in the lowest socioeconomic
group.
Even as food companies’ battle U.S. lawsuits and legislators
who blame them for inducing childhood obesity, they’re being at-
tacked on another front—Europe—which is threatening, among
other things, to ban advertising icons such Tony the Tiger and
Ronald McDonald. “I would like to see the industry not advertis-
ing directly to children,” said one European health commissioner.
“If this doesn’t produce satisfactory results, we will proceed to
legislation.” The European Health Commission has called for the
food industry to set its own regulations to curb so-called junk-food
advertising aimed at the European Union’s 450 million citizens—
or face bans similar to the tobacco industry.
The ominous comparison to cigarettes is increasingly being
made in the United States as well. Commenting on a McDonald’s
plan to send Ronald McDonald to schools to preach about nutri-
tion, an aide to a U.S. senator said, “No matter what Ronald is
doing, they are still using this cartoon character to sell fatty ham-
burgers to kids. Once upon a time, tobacco companies had Joe
Camel and they didn’t get it either.”
Also under fi re is TV advertising of kids’ foods, as calls for
curbs or bans rise around the world. “If the rise in [the] child obe-
sity trend continues, within fi ve years we’ll be in the same situation
as America is today,” said a senior child nutritionist at the Univer-
sity of Copenhagen who sits on the board of Denmark’s National
Board of Nutritional Science. “Banning TV ads that are targeting
kids is an important strategy to adopt.” But there is an argument
that those measures won’t help. “In Sweden, Norway and Quebec,
where food ads are banned from kids’ TV, there’s no evidence that
obesity rates have fallen.”
A new law in France will force food marketers to choose be-
tween adding a health message to commercials or paying a 1.5
percent tax on their ad budgets to fund healthy-eating messages.
Other measures under consideration in Europe include banning
celebrities and cartoon characters from food ads aimed at children
and preventing food marketers from using cell phone jingles to
reach kids.
Ireland bans celebrities from food and beverage ads aimed at
children and requires confectionery and soft-drink spots broad-
cast in programs where half the audience is younger than 18 years
of age to carry a visual or voice-over warning that snacking on
sugary foods and dr.
Case 3 AppleDue OCT-15Page 624-633 1. History.docx
Case 3 Apple
Due OCT-15
Page 624-633
1. History of the company, development and growth through time
2. Identify internal strengths and weakness
3. External environment analysis (Porter model)
4. SWOT analysis.
5. Identify and explain the corporate strategy used
6. Business strategy used by the company
7. Organizational structure and control system. How they get adjusted to match company’s strategy
8. Recommendations
About 4 to 6 pages
.
CASE 25 MCDONALD’S McDonald’s announced on January 28, 2015, that.docx
CASE 25 MCDONALD’S* McDonald’s announced on January 28, 2015, that Don Thompson would retire as president and chief executive at the end of February. He would be replaced by Steve Easterbrook, the firm’s chief branding officer. The abrupt exit came after the world’s largest restaurant chain posted one of its worst financial performances in years (see Exhib- its 1 and 2). Revenue in the last quarter, through December, fell 7 percent to $6.6 billion. Earnings, however, dropped by 21 percent to $1.1 billion from $1.4 billion in the same period a year earlier. “People have seen results go from the best in the industry to one of the worst in the course of three years,” said Will Slabaugh, an analyst.1 Days before his retirement, Thompson acknowledged that McDonald’s results had fallen short of expectations, * Case prepared by Jamal Shamsie, Michigan State University, with the assistance of Professor Alan B. Eisner, Pace University. Material has been drawn from published sources to be used for purposes of class discussion. Copyright © 2015 Jamal Shamsie and Alan B. Eisner. but he noted that the firm had suffered partly because of events beyond his control. Sales in Asia and the Middle East had fallen sharply because of food safety concerns with a Chinese meat supplier. McDonald’s also had to face shortages of French fries in several markets because of a slowdown at the port in Los Angeles. Finally, some Russian outlets were temporarily closed by food inspectors, appar- ently in retaliation for Western sanctions against Russia over its military intervention in Ukraine (see Exhibit 3). However, McDonald’s faced its biggest challenge in the United States, its largest market, where it had 14,200 of its 35,000 mostly franchised restaurants. It had lost a lot of ground with consumers, especially millennials, who were defecting to traditional competitors like Burger King and Wendy’s as well as to new designer burger out- lets such as Five Guys and Shake Shack. Changing tastes were responsible for the loss of customers who were lin- ing up at fast-casual chains such as Chipotle Mexican
Grill and Panera Bread, which offered customized order- ing and fresh ingredients (see Exhibit 4). McDonald’s response to this growing competition was to expand its menu with snacks, salads, and new drinks. From 33 basic items that the chain offered in 1990, the menu grew to 121 items by 2014. The greatly expanded menu led to a significant increase in costs and longer preparation times. This forced the firm to increase the prices of many of its items and to take more time to serve customers, moving it away from the attributes that it had built its reputation on. “McDonald’s stands for value, consistency and convenience,” said Darren Tristano, a restaurant industry consultant.2
The fast food chain had gone through a similar crisis before. Back in 2002–2003, McDonald’s had experienced a decline in performance because of quality problems as a result of rapid expansion.
Case 2Jamie Paliath worked as a real estate agent for Home T.docx
Case 2
Jamie Paliath worked as a real estate agent for Home Town Realty of Vandalia, LLC (the principal, a real estate broker). Torri Auer, a California resident, relied on Paliath’s advice and assistance to buy three rental properties in Ohio. Before the sales, Paliath represented that each property was worth approximately twice as much as what Auer would pay and that there was a waiting list of prospective tenants. Paliath also stated that all of the property needed work and agreed to do the work for a specified price. Nearly a year later, substantial work was still needed, and only a few of the units had been rented. Auer sued Paliath and Home Town Realty for fraudulent misrepresentation. [Auer v. Paliath, 140 Ohio St.3d 276, 17 N.E. 3d 561, 2014 -Ohio- 3632 (2014)] (See Liability in Agency Relationships.) (488, Miller)
Were Paliath’s representations to Auer within the scope of her employment? Explain. Will the court hold the principal (Home Town Realty) liable for the misrepresentations of the agent (Paliath)?
What is the ethical basis for imposing vicarious liability on a principal for an agent’s tort?
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
.
Case 24-7United States v. Microsoft CorporationUnited States Cou.docx
Case 24-7United States v. Microsoft Corporation
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 253 F.3d 34 (2001) The authors recommend a close reading of the facts of United States v. Microsoft set out earlier in this chapter.
Section 2 of the Sherman Act makes it unlawful for a firm to “monopolize.” The offense of monopolization has two elements: (1) the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market and (2) the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.
The district court found that Microsoft possessed monopoly power in the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems. Focusing primarily on Microsoft’s efforts to suppress Netscape Navigator’s threat to its operating systems monopoly, the court also found that Microsoft maintained its power not through competition on the merits, but through unlawful means. Microsoft challenged both conclusions on appeal.
Per Curiam (by the Whole Court of Appeals) We begin by considering whether Microsoft possesses monopoly power and finding that it does, we turn to the question [of] whether it maintained this power through anticompetitive means. Agreeing with the District Court that the company behaved anticompetitively and that these actions contributed to the maintenance of its monopoly power, we affirm the court’s finding of liability for monopolization.
Monopoly Power
While merely possessing monopoly power is not itself an antitrust violation, it is a necessary element of a monopolization charge. The Supreme Court has defined monopoly power as the power to control prices or exclude competition. More precisely, a firm is a monopolist if it can profitably raise prices substantially above the competitive level[;] where [there is] evidence that a firm has in fact probably done so, the existence of monopoly power is clear. Because such direct proof is only rarely available, courts more typically examine market structure in search of circumstantial evidence of monopoly power. Under this structural approach monopoly power may be inferred from a firm’s possession of a dominant share of a relevant market that is protected by entry barriers.
“Entry barriers” are factors (such as certain regulatory requirements) that prevent new rivals from timely responding to an increase in price above the competitive level.
The District Court considered these structural factors and concluded that Microsoft possesses monopoly power in a relevant market. Defining the market as Intel-compatible PC operating systems, the District Court found that Microsoft has a greater than 95 percent share. It also found the company’s market position protected by a substantial entry barrier.
Microsoft argues that the District Court incorrectly defined the relevant market. It also claims that there is no barrier to entry in that market. Alternatively, Microsoft argues that because the.
Case 2Marcella Lashmett was engaged in farming in Illinois. .docx
Case 2
Marcella Lashmett was engaged in farming in Illinois. She had two daughters, Christine Montgomery and Cheryl Thomas. Christine was also a farmer. She often borrowed Marcella’s farm equipment. More than once, Christine used the equipment as a trade-in on the purchase of new equipment titled in Christine’s name alone. After each transaction, Christine paid Marcella an agreed-to amount, and Marcella filed a gift tax return. Marcella died on December 19, 1999. Her heirs included Christine and Cheryl. Marcella’s will gave whatever farm equipment remained on her death to Christine. If Christine chose to sell or trade any of the items, however, the proceeds were to be split equally with Cheryl. The will named Christine to handle the disposition of the estate, but she did nothing. Eventually, Cheryl filed a petition with an Illinois state court, which appointed her to administer the will. Cheryl then filed a suit against her sister to discover what assets their mother had owned. [In re Estate of Lashmett, 369 Ill.App.3d 1013, 874 N.E.2d 65 (4 Dist. 2007)] (See Acquiring Ownership of Personal Property.) (655, Miller)
Cheryl learned that three months before Marcella’s death, Christine had used Marcella’s tractor as a trade-in on the purchase of a new tractor. The trade-in credit had been $55,296.28. Marcella had been paid nothing, and no gift tax return had been filed. Christine claimed, among other things, that the old tractor had been a gift. What is a “gift”? What are the elements of a gift? What do the facts suggest on this claim? Discuss.
Christine also claimed that she had tried to pay Marcella $20,000 on the trade-in of the tractor but that her mother had refused to accept it. Christine showed a check made out to Marcella for that amount and marked “void.” Would you rule in Christine’s favor on this claim? Why or why not?
.
Case 21 ZOUs Fencing ControlsHandout 1Page 1Copyr.docx
Case 21: ZOU's Fencing Controls
Handout 1
Page 1
Copyright 2011 Deloitte Development LLC
All Rights Reserved.
ZOU Fencing Inc.
Account Scoping and Risk Assessment
Account Balance and Disclosure: Revenue
Class of Transaction: Recording Sales
Identification of risk of material misstatement All orders shipped are not recorded as revenue.
Relevant assertion Completeness.
Significant risk? No.
Risk of material misstatement because of
fraud?
No.
Control activity that addresses risk of material
misstatement
Control #1: Sales are automatically recorded and invoices are automatically generated upon the release of the
order in the Warehouse K-Series System. Orders are not released until the goods have been confirmed for shipping
in the system (which occurs when the goods are scanned as they are loaded in the shipping area).
Does the control rely on information used in
the control (or IUC)? If yes, list relevant
information
No.
Will we obtain audit evidence of the accuracy
and completeness of information used in the
control by testing controls?
N/A
Is the control automated? Yes.
Relevant application system (if we are testing
information used in the control through tests of
controls or the control is automated)
Warehouse K System, which is subject to IT controls performed by management and tested within the IT controls
workpaper.
Tests of controls: evaluation of design
On the basis of the following factors, we concluded that the control is appropriately designed to address the stated
risk of material misstatement:
1. The control is the automation of the invoicing of goods shipped as the system will automatically record revenues
when goods are shipped from the warehouse (revenue generating activity), thus resulting in no shipped goods
going unrecorded in the system that appropriately addresses the related risk of material misstatement and
assertion.
2. Automated control prevents errors from occurring as opposed to identifying them once they have occurred
(preventive control).
3. Control operates at the transaction level and, as such, is sufficiently precise to mitigate the risk.
4. Control is performed on a continual basis and thus addresses the risk directly and for the period under audit.
5. There are no historical issues with the operation of the control and the control has not been modified in the
period under audit.
Risk Associated with the Control Not Higher
Tests of controls: planned operating
effectiveness testing
Interim Procedures (test as of 9/30):
1. As this is an automated control, we will perform a test of one and follow one transaction through the system to
make sure the system is operating effectively.
2. In addition, we will verify the understanding through testing of general IT controls; i.e., program change controls
that there have been no changes to the control since the previous year.
Rollforward Procedures:
1. Make inquiries of the controller and the IT manger to determine if any events ha.
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