Carl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician born in 1777. He made important contributions to many areas of mathematics including number theory, modular arithmetic, and constructing regular polygons with compass and straightedge. Some of his most important discoveries were proving the quadratic reciprocity law and formulating the prime number theorem which provides insight into the distribution of prime numbers. He worked in other fields as well such as physics and astronomy. Gauss died in 1855 of a heart attack and is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.