Carbaugh10e Ch08
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The document discusses different types of regional trade agreements including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic/monetary unions. It provides examples like NAFTA and the EU. Reasons for regional trade agreements include economic growth from larger markets and non-economic goals like managing immigration. The EU is analyzed in depth, covering its creation, economic integration including a common currency, and enlargement to new members. NAFTA's benefits and impacts are also summarized.
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The document discusses trade agreements and regional trade agreements. It provides examples of major regional trade agreements like the EU, NAFTA, and ASEAN. It also explains different levels of economic integration between countries, from free trade areas to customs unions and single markets. A customs union like the EU abolishes tariffs between members but sets a common external tariff. It can lead to both trade creation and trade diversion effects.
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The document discusses different levels of economic integration between countries, ranging from free trade areas to economic unions. It examines the costs and benefits of integration, including trade creation and diversion. The European Union represents the highest level of integration, with free movement of goods, services, capital and people. Other regions like North America and Latin America have also pursued various economic agreements to boost trade and investment. International businesses must consider the opportunities and challenges presented by increasing economic integration between countries.
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2. Problems in EU • Too much top-down • Lack of democratic control • Too much power with too many people Lobbyists’ paradise
3. TTIP: Treaty against civilians • Lobbyists behind closed doors • Protects interests multinationals • Commission: ‘TTIP = ACTA through backdoor’ • At the expense of: – Civil rights – Environment – Democracy
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2. Problems in EU • Too much top-down • Lack of democratic control • Too much power with too many people Lobbyists’ paradise
3. TTIP: Treaty against civilians • Lobbyists behind closed doors • Protects interests multinationals • Commission: ‘TTIP = ACTA through backdoor’ • At the expense of: – Civil rights – Environment – Democracy
4. ‘Market Harmonization’ EU-US • Less restrictions on fracking • Less restrictions on GMO’s • Makes turning back privatizations impossible • Stricter copyright laws • Stricter patent laws
5. Economic Costs/Benefits TTIP • Most positive scenario EU: 0,48% economic growth in 2027 – > not even 0,05% per year!! • Costs according to OFSE report: 47 billion – Reduction trade barrier tariffs: 30 billion – Changes labour market: 10 billion – Less taxes: 7 billion
6. Capaldo (UN Global Policy Model)
7. Race to the bottom
8. Trading away our democracy • Germany: Phasing out nuclear energy (3,7bn) • Canada: Prohibition shale gas winnings (250m) • Philip Morris in Uruguay (2bn) – BBP Uruguay: 60 miljard >3%!! • Civilians pay through tax • Tribunal puts trade above everything Also above human rights and environment
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11. Thanks! • @Matthijs85 • Matthijs Pontier • matthijs@piratenpartij.nl
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- In the US, billions in aid for domestic automakers and suppliers could negatively affect foreign firms. The 'Buy American' policy is problematic and hinders some international firms from participating in government projects.
- While the WTO regulates tariffs, it offers few options for challenging protectionist subsidies or local preference policies, and stimulus measures risk retaliation or delaying needed reforms.
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- The economic stimulus packages passed by major countries contain subsidies and buy-local provisions that could seriously distort competition and harm international trade.
- Within the EU, state aid to large companies, especially automakers, is a source of tension among member states who don't want their domestic firms to fall behind.
- In the US, billions in aid for domestic automakers and suppliers could negatively affect foreign firms. The 'Buy American' policy is problematic and hinders some international firms from participating in government projects.
- While the WTO regulates tariffs, it offers few options for challenging protectionist subsidies or local preference policies, and stimulus measures risk retaliation or delaying needed reforms.
Trade barriers
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between nations through exports (goods and services sold abroad) and imports (goods and services bought from foreign producers). Nations can trade freely without barriers or impose trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, and embargoes. Free trade provides benefits like increased specialization and competition that drives down prices. However, free trade also brings costs like job losses from increased import competition. Trade barriers protect domestic industries and jobs but also increase prices for consumers.
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This presentation addresses the following four solutions which result in improved foreign currency management:
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· Foreign currency account consolidation.
· Making efficient cross border payments.
· Cross currency cash pools.
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- Other examples discussed include customs unions like COMESA in Africa and common markets like ASEAN in Southeast Asia
Regional trade agreement
Regional trade agreements represent an alternative to multilateral trade through the WTO. They involve preferential treatment between member countries that discriminates against non-members. The document outlines different types of regional agreements from preferential trade areas to common markets. It discusses how regionalism can create trade but also divert trade away from more efficient non-member producers. Examples analyzed are the European Union and NAFTA.
Regional trade agreement
This document discusses regional trade agreements and provides examples of various types of agreements. It begins by defining regionalism and multilateralism in international trade. It then describes the types of regional trade agreements from preferential trade areas to common markets. Examples of regional agreements include the European Union, NAFTA, and Mercosur. The economic effects of regional agreements like trade creation and trade diversion are also analyzed using Brazil, Argentina, and Venezuela as an example. Key issues with agreements like NAFTA on wages and the environment are also summarized.
International Business Management: Regional Economic Entegration
Regional Economic Integration is one of the major emphasis topics under international business management. I highlight the meaning REI, its types, modes, and the importance of REI in facilitating International business.
Regional economic integration
egional economic integration
,
levels of economic integration
,
free trade area b) customs union c) common marke
,
the political case for regional integration
,
the economic case for regional integration
,
mercosur
,
regional economic integration in europe
,
evolution of the european union
,
impediments to integration
,
the case against regional integration
,
the andean community
,
classroom performance system
,
the north american free trade agreement
,
asia-pacific economic cooperation
,
regional economic integration elsewhere
,
regional trade blocs in africa
,
political structure of the european union
,
enlargement of the european union
,
the single european act
,
the establishment of the euro
,
central american common market and caricom
Regional Economic Integration
The document discusses various forms and examples of regional economic integration agreements between groups of countries. It outlines different levels of integration from free trade areas to economic unions. Regional integration aims to reduce trade barriers and stimulate economic growth. However, it can also lead to trade diversion and costs from adjusting to more open markets. The EU and NAFTA are two prominent examples of regional integration discussed in the document.
Chapter 8 Regional economic integration
Regional economic integration refers to agreements between countries in a geographic region to reduce trade barriers and promote free trade. There are different levels of economic integration ranging from free trade areas to political unions. The European Union is an example of an imperfect economic union with open trade and partially harmonized policies. NAFTA created a free trade area between the US, Canada, and Mexico. Other regional trade blocs discussed in the chapter include ASEAN, APEC, MERCOSUR, and proposals for further integration in the Americas and Africa. Regional integration presents both opportunities and threats for international businesses to consider.
Regional economic integration (2)
The document discusses different levels of economic integration between countries including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, economic unions, and political unions. It provides examples of economic integrations in different regions: the European Union integrating most of Western Europe, NAFTA integrating Canada, Mexico, and the US, Mercosur integrating South American countries, ASEAN and APEC in Asia, and economic communities in Africa. The goals are generally to reduce barriers to trade and movement of goods, services, and factors of production to promote regional economic cooperation and growth.
International coperation
The document discusses various forms of cross-national cooperation and trade agreements. It describes how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) positively impacted Walmart's success in Mexico by reducing tariffs, improving transportation infrastructure, and allowing foreign investment. NAFTA encouraged lower costs for Walmart in Mexico through cheaper labor and imports. The document also provides overviews of other trade organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and regional economic groups around the world.
International Business Chapter 08
Learning Objectives
To review types of economic integration among countries
To examine the costs and benefits of integrative arrangements
To understand the structure of the European Union and its implications for firms within and outside Europe
To explore the emergence of other integration agreements, especially in the Americas and Asia
To suggest corporate response to advancing economic integration
Eu as common market
The document discusses the evolution of the European Union from a customs union to a common market. It outlines some key EU institutions and policies around agriculture, regional development, competition, taxation, and social policy. It then discusses the removal of non-tariff barriers through the Single European Act of 1987 to create a true common market. Potential benefits included reduced costs through greater specialization and economies of scale, while critics argued it could exacerbate economic inequality and corporate power within Europe.
3.10.2
According to the McDonald's Corporation website as of January 30, 2007, McDonald's had more than 30,000 local restaurants serving nearly 50 million people in more than 119 countries each day, demonstrating the global spread of transnational corporations. Transnational corporations have expanded globally due to factors such as technological advances in transportation and communication, access to new markets and resources, and the pursuit of profits. While transnational corporations can provide some benefits to less economically developed countries, they may also negatively impact local industries and communities.
Preferential trade agreement
Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are trade pacts that reduce tariffs for member countries. PTAs are the first stage of economic integration, reducing trade barriers between participating nations. While they lower tariffs among members, external tariffs remain. PTAs can have benefits like trade creation, but also costs like trade diversion if members shift imports away from more efficient non-member producers. The proliferation of Asia-Pacific PTAs increases potential for both regional trade growth and trade diversion given some countries' high dispersed external tariffs.
Economic intigration and free trade
This document compares free trade areas (FTAs) and customs unions (CUs) as forms of economic integration between countries.
FTAs eliminate tariffs between member countries but each country maintains its own external tariff. This requires rules of origin to determine which goods receive duty-free treatment. Rules of origin add complexity and costs. CUs establish a common external tariff for all member countries, eliminating the need for rules of origin and promoting efficiency. However, CUs require closer cooperation on revenue sharing.
Overall, the economic benefits of a CU outweigh those of an FTA due to reduced complexity from eliminating rules of origin and promoting efficient production and trade. A CU may be a desirable next step for economic
0324585942_131627 (3).ppt
This document provides an overview of global and regional economic integration. It discusses the evolution of the GATT and WTO in promoting global integration through reducing trade barriers. It also describes different levels of regional integration like free trade areas, customs unions, and economic unions. Examples of regional integration efforts in Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Australia/New Zealand, and Africa are outlined. Potential debates around regional integration being building blocks or stumbling blocks to global integration, and the effectiveness of the WTO, are also mentioned.
Daniels08 im
This chapter discusses cross-national cooperation and agreements. It profiles the World Trade Organization and its role in determining global trade rules. It then examines different forms of regional economic integration like free trade agreements and customs unions. It analyzes the potential static and dynamic effects of integration, including trade creation and diversion. Major regional trading blocs like the European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement are then described in detail, including their historical development, organizational structure, and challenges.
Presentation integration
The document discusses economic integration, including its various forms and levels. It defines preferential trade agreements, free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It also outlines some benefits of economic integration like increased trade and foreign investment. Examples of economic unions discussed include the European Union, NAFTA, EFTA, and APEC. Potential problems with integration are also noted, such as costs of a single currency and differences between member economies.
Wto 1 Nitin
The document discusses the history and evolution of international trade agreements from GATT to the modern WTO. It outlines key events like the Bretton Woods conference that led to GATT, various trade negotiation rounds that reduced tariffs, the formation of the WTO in 1995, and principles of the rules-based global trading system like non-discrimination and transparency. It also summarizes roles of different WTO bodies and topics of ongoing negotiation like agriculture subsidies and special provisions for developing countries.
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Dr Sam Ruturi 2018 Chapter 3 Customs and Regional Trade Regional Integration
Dr Sam Ruturi 2018 Chapter 3 Customs and Regional Trade Regional Integration
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Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to businesses being responsible for their impact on stakeholders and contributing to economic development while improving lives. CSR components include complying with laws, considering environmental and ethical issues, and respecting people. CSR responsibilities include shareholders, employees, consumers, and communities. Businesses benefit from CSR through reputation, relationships, employee satisfaction, and risk reduction.
Emergence Of New India
The document discusses the emergence of new India and the opportunities and challenges it faces. It outlines India's economic history from the first wave of agriculture to the current third wave of knowledge-based development. Major economic reforms since 1991 have shifted India from a socialist planned economy to a more free market system, privatizing sectors and dismantling licenses, permits, and quotas. Upcoming strategic implications include the declining role of government and rise of private firms, MNCs, and economic globalization.
Fera To Fema
The document discusses the history and objectives of foreign exchange regulation in India. It describes how the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) was replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) in 1998 to liberalize foreign exchange policies as India opened its economy. FERA aimed to prevent capital outflows and regulate transactions involving foreign exchange, while FEMA relaxed some restrictions and moved toward full currency convertibility.
Fdi Of India
The document discusses India as an attractive investment destination for foreign direct investment. It notes that India has pursued economic reforms to liberalize and open its economy. Key points highlighted include India being the second largest emerging market, having political stability and consensus on reforms, and offering a large skilled workforce and competitive advantage for long-term growth. Several studies are cited finding India a promising place for investment in sectors like infrastructure, telecom, and manufacturing.
Commercial Banks
Commercial banks are the oldest and largest financial intermediaries. They are important repositories of public savings and major sources of financing. Banks can create money through the process of credit creation based on their excess reserves. As deposits increase, required reserves also increase, allowing banks to loan out the excess and generate more deposits, multiplying the money supply. Over time, commercial banking has grown in importance to the Indian economy, with banks accounting for over 70% of financial assets and deposits by the early 2000s.
Business Ethics
Business ethics refers to codes of conduct that guide individuals in their dealings with others regarding what is right and wrong. While ethics are not enforced by law, they are important for both internal and external reasons. Organizations that comply with ethical standards and treat stakeholders like employees and customers with fairness, honesty and respect will be more successful in the long run. Managing ethics involves implementing techniques like codes of conduct, ethics committees and training programs to encourage ethical behavior throughout a company.
Business Charateristic And Goal
The document discusses business environment and its key factors. It defines business environment as the sum of all external factors including economic, political, social, cultural, and international factors that influence a business at the macro and micro level. It also outlines some characteristics of business like change, vastness, diversification, globalization, role of science, information, and government interference. The document emphasizes that corporate managers must account for the nature and business environment when formulating policies and strategies.
Indian Financial System
The financial system of India consists of a variety of specialized and non-specialized financial institutions, organized and unorganized financial markets, as well as financial instruments and services. It includes banking institutions like the Reserve Bank of India and commercial banks, non-banking institutions like insurance companies and mutual funds, and special development institutions focused on sectors like industry, agriculture, and exports. Financial markets in India include money markets, capital markets, government security markets, and foreign security markets. The financial system provides important services to facilitate activities like lending, borrowing, trading, and investment which are essential to the economic development of the country.
Final Unemployment
Unemployment can be categorized into different types:
- Frictional unemployment occurs during the period taken for job vacancies and job seekers to match appropriately.
- Structural unemployment results when job seekers lack the right skills or live in areas with few opportunities, creating a mismatch.
- Seasonal unemployment occurs in industries affected by weather or calendar cycles like construction or tourism.
Haley Powe Point[1]
The document discusses China's use of subsidies to support its economic planning and key industries. It notes that China lacks transparency in its subsidy programs and economic data, making it difficult to analyze the true efficiency and productivity of industries and gauge compliance with WTO agreements. The country's 11th Five-Year Plan indicates subsidies will continue flowing to strategic emerging sectors like renewable energy and to traditional industries competing with Western companies. While some foreign multinationals have found success in China, overall profit margins there tend to be lower than in other markets due to challenges around unreliable economic data provided by China.
India Fastes Growing Economy
India has experienced very rapid economic growth and is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. It is well integrated into the global economy and projected to become the third largest economy by 2032. India has leveraged factors like a young population and continued development to achieve high growth rates. Several Indian companies have become leaders in their industries and many multinational corporations are taking advantage of India's skilled workforce and market opportunities.
Indian Fiscal System
The fiscal system of India is based on the constitution and envisages two levels of government - central and state. The constitution distributes legislative powers and taxes across Union, State and Concurrent lists. The central government's tax revenues come from taxes like income tax, customs duties, and excise duties which are either retained by the center or shared with states. Expenditure consists of revenue expenditure on general, social and economic services and capital expenditure. The fiscal deficit is the excess of total expenditure over total receipts and represents the government's total borrowing requirement.
Industrial Policy
The document outlines India's industrial policies from the First Five Year Plan in 1951 to recent changes in the early 2000s. It discusses the rationale for industrial policies, including balancing development, efficient use of resources, and preventing monopolies. Key aspects of industrial policies over the decades included the public, private, and joint sectors, licensing, foreign investment rules, and the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act. Major changes in the 1990s included deregulation, liberalization, allowing higher foreign investment, and reducing the number of reserved industries.
Instrument Of Trade Policy(M)
The document discusses various trade policy instruments and their economic effects. It analyzes how tariffs, export subsidies, import quotas, and voluntary export restraints impact prices and trade volumes in importing and exporting countries. Tariffs reduce trade volume but generate government revenue, while quotas and export restraints reduce welfare by conferring quota rents on foreign producers. Local content rules pass higher costs onto domestic consumers.
Malasiyan Planning
The document summarizes Malaysia's economic development approach which emphasizes public-private collaboration. It discusses how Malaysia transformed from an agriculture-based to an industrial economy through strategic policies and initiatives like industrial clusters. The Economic Planning Unit plays a key role in facilitating long-term development planning in partnership with the private sector to achieve economic and social goals. Privatization of sectors and public-private partnerships were important approaches in development.
Money Supply In India
1. Money supply in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India through monetary policy to achieve objectives like price stability, full employment, and economic growth.
2. There is no single measure of money supply - it is measured using aggregates M1, M2, M3, and M4 which include currency in circulation and various types of bank deposits.
3. The growth in money supply must be higher than the growth in real national income to accommodate demand for money from income growth and a shrinking non-monetized sector of the economy.
Presentation Page 232 233
The document outlines guidelines for balancing and diversifying industries, directing scarce resources to priority investment areas, conserving resources, empowering government regulation of private industry, demarcating public, private, and joint sectors as well as industry sizes, using fiscal and monetary policies to prevent monopolies and wealth concentration, and providing guidelines for importing foreign capital.
Public And Private Sector In India
The document discusses public and private sectors in India. It outlines that the public sector aims to promote economic development, income redistribution, employment, and regional balance. Public sector organizations include ministries, statutory corporations, and government companies. Pricing practices vary from administrative prices to cost-plus prices. The private sector grew through privatization efforts aimed at increasing efficiency and competition. Recent reasons for privatization include strengthening competition and improving public finances. Key obstacles to privatization include lack of political commitment and transparency in the process. The document also outlines India's disinvestment process and yearly targets versus actual receipts from disinvestment efforts.
Rbi
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central bank. It was established in 1935 under the RBI Act and was nationalized in 1949. RBI regulates monetary policy and banking operations in India through various quantitative and qualitative methods. It acts as a bank for the government and commercial banks and manages foreign exchange reserves and monetary policy tools like bank rate, open market operations, and cash reserve ratio to regulate money supply.
Regulatory Frame Work
The document discusses the regulatory framework for industry in India and the government's role in intervention and regulation. It outlines the various stages of industry formation and highlights the many laws and government agencies that businesses must interact with. While some level of government intervention is necessary, the document argues that a shift towards more quality-focused and catalytic intervention is needed to reduce red tape and promote entrepreneurship. Reforming government administration and mindsets is key to improving the business environment.
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Carbaugh10e Ch08
- 1. International Economics Regional Trading Arrangements
- 5. Static effects of a customs union Carbaugh, Chap. 8 Regional trade agreements
- 11. CAP: variable levies and export subsidies Carbaugh, Chap. 8 Regional trade agreements: case studies
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