1. Capstone PAD 4878
School Bus Routing Problem In
The Lee County Public School
District
Submitted by: James Rosa
Professor: Dr. Richard H.
Worch, Jr.
Date: August 4th , 2013

2. The best method to, provide adequate bus route pick
up locations and transportation to and from designated
schools for students in Lee County, in order for them to
safely reach their destination in a cost effective and
timely manner.

3. Description of history of the organizations
problem and scope of its’ effect.

4. • Lee County Public Schools
• 9th largest district
• 40th largest in the U.S.
• 82,000 students
• 10,000 full and part employees
• 1.328 billion for a budget

5. WHY DOES THE SITUATION
YOU MENTIONED IN YOUR
PROBLEM STATEMENT NEED
IMPROVEMENT?
• Keep students safe
• 59% ride the bus
• 152 bus routes longer
than 30 minutes
• Effect mental and
physical state
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF NO
CHANGES WERE MADE AS
YOU PROPOSE IN YOUR
PROBLEM STATEMENT?
• Problem remains
• Population grows
• More reports
• Lead to injury or
death

6. IS SOLVING THIS PROBLEM WORTH THE TIME, MONEY, AND
RESOURCES THAT WILL NEED TO BE EXPENDED?
•Worth time, money resources
•Safety of students
•Time spent on a bus = money
spent by taxpayers
•Help save resources

7. WHAT IS THIS PROBLEM’S HISTORY IN THIS ORGANIZATION?
• Began in 1964
• NAACP filed lawsuit
• Rosalind Blalock
• Dunbar High School
• Students were bused

8. WHAT ARE THE ROOT CAUSES TO THIS PROBLEM IN THIS
ORGANIZATION?
• desegregation started the issue
• Implementation of school choice
• students may be bused anyways.

9. WHO ARE THE
STAKEHOLDERS EFFECTED
BY THIS PROBLEM?
• Students
• Parents of the
students
• Transportation
director
• Employees
• Teachers
• Residents
WHAT INTEREST DO THESE
STAKEHOLDERS HAVE IN A
SOLUTION TO THIS
PROBLEM?
• Most interested
• Biggest voice
• Dealing with angry
parents and media
• Have class on time
• Safety required

10. Other places that had similar problems and
how they handled it.

11. • Solving School Bus Routing Problems
Through Integer Programming.
• School bus routing problem in
Ankara, Turkey.
• Saved about 28.6%
• More buses, increased the number of
student per stop.
Bektas, T., & Elmastas, S. (2007). Solving school bus routing problems through integer
programming. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 58(12), 1599-1604.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602305

12. • The School Bus Routing Problem: A Case
Study
• School bus routing problem in Hong Kong,
China.
• Saved about 29 % in travel time.
• Used a experimental computer program.
Li, L., & Fu, Z. (2002). The school bus routing problem: A case study. The Journal of the Operational
Research Society, 53(5), 552-558. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/231398396?accountid=10674

13. • A Computerized Approach To The New
York City School Bus Routing Problem.
• School bus routing problem in Manhattan,
New York.
• Use computer program called (CATS)
Computer Assisted Transportation System
Braca, J., Bramel, J., Posner, B., & Levi, D. S. Department of Information Systems, Fund for the City of
New York (1994). A computerized approach to the new york city school bus routing
problem. Retrieved from Information Systems, Fund of the City of New York website:
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.44.5468..

14. Scholarly articles related to problem.

15. • The Estimated Cost Impact Of Privatizing
Student Transportation In Minnesota
School Districts.
• School bus transportation system in
Minneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota area
• Six year study
• Saved an average of 15.8 %
Thompson, O. (2011). The estimated cost impact of privatizing student transportation in Minnesota
school districts. Public Choice, 146(3-4), 319-339. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9592-

16. • Why Parents Drive Children to School:
Implications For Safe Routes to School
Programs.
• 75% of parents drive kids to school with
less than 2 miles. (save)
• 50% of parents say no adult supervision.
McDonald, N. C., & Aalborg, A. K. (2009). Why parents drive children to school: Implications for safe
routes to school programs. American Planning Association. Journal of the American
Planning Association, 75(3), 331-342. Retrieved from

17. • A set partitioning reformulation of a school
bus scheduling problem.
• Germany used a numerical program
model.
• Students are biggest users for
transportation.
• Use different start time for different
schools.

18. • Decision-Aiding Methodology for the
School Bus Routing and Scheduling
Problem.
• school bus routing and scheduling in the
country of Switzerland.
• School-based approach
• Home-based approach.
Spada, M., Bierlaire, M., & Liebling, T. M. (2005). Decision-aiding methodology for the school bus
routing and scheduling problem. Transportation Science, 39(4), 477-490. Retrieved from

19. • Heuristic Solutions to the Problem of
Routing School Buses with Multiple
Objective.
• School bus routing problem in Spain.
• Minimizing the number of buses.
• Minimizing the time spend on the bus.
Corberán, A., & Fernández, E., & Laguna, M., & Martí, R. (2002). Heuristic Solutions to the Problem of
Routing School Buses with Multiple Objective. The Journal of the Operational Research
SocietyVol. 53, No. 4 (Apr., 2002), pp. 427-435 http://www.jstor.org/stable/822826

20. Alternatives to solving the problem.

21. INCREASING THE NUMBER OF
SCHOOL BUSES IN LEE COUNTY
AND/OR UTILIZING MORE OF THE
DOWN BUSES.

22. CHANGING SCHOOL START TIMES
WITH LEE COUNTY SCHOOLS

23. IMPLEMENTATION HIGH TECH
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR USE
WITH BUS ROUTING

24. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SAFE
ROUTE TO SCHOOL PROGRAM

25. Alternatives are analyzed based on legal,
financial, organizational, and political
factors.

26. • comparative analysis - you must begin with
a basis for comparison, which is the ARP’s
problem statement.
• Quantitative analysis, ―contains the word
―quantity‖—something that can be counted.
• includes any research methods that
produce hard numbers which can be
turned into statistics.

27. • Alternative 1 – score 51
• Alternative 2 – score 41
• Alternative 3 – score 48
• Alternative 4 – score 45

28. • Alternative 1 – score 41
• Alternative 2 – score 53
• Alternative 3 – score 44
• Alternative 4 – score 41

29. • Alternative 1 – score 48
• Alternative 2 – score 45
• Alternative 3 – score 52
• Alternative 4 – score 46

30. • Alternative 1 – score 48
• Alternative 2 – score 47
• Alternative 3 – score 46
• Alternative 4 – score 46

31. This is an example spreadsheet for the that
is completed with each of the alternatives.

32. 1 An examination of the organization’s three-year goals, including
the next year implementation plan for these goals, in relation to
this selected possible alternative. L1 F1 O1 P1
2 An examination of any proposed public policy changes to the
organization and its relationship to this selected possible
alternative.
L2 F2 O2 P2
3 An examination of the organization’s budget regarding its impact
on this selected possible alternative. L3 F3 O3 P3
4 An examination of the organization’s organizational chart and its
rationale for the organizational structure in relation to this
selected possible alternative.
L4 F4 O4 P4
5 An examination of the organization’s employee performance
evaluation system in relation to this selected possible alternative. L5 F5 O5 P5
6 A review of the organization’s existing policies and your problem
statement in relation to relevant state and federal employment
laws.
L6 F6 O6 P6
7 A review of the organization’s collective bargaining agreement
regarding this selected possible alternative. L7 F7 O7 P7
8 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s)
addressing mitigation and response, including threats, to this
selected possible alternative. L8 F8 O8 P8
9 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s)
addressing mitigation and response to natural disasters
regarding this selected possible alternative. L9 F9 O9 P9
10 An examination of the organization’s human resource policy
regarding proper staffing, to include the negative impact of job-
related stresses, regarding this selected possible alternative. L10 F10 O10 P10

33. This spread sheet shows the results of the
legal, financial, organizational, and political
costs of this alternative.

34. L F O P
1 An examination of the organization’s three-year goals, including the next year implementation plan for these
goals, in relation to this selected possible alternative.
4 4 4 3
2 An examination of any proposed public policy changes to the organization and its relationship to this
selected possible alternative. 5 4 5 4
3 An examination of the organization’s budget regarding its impact on this selected possible alternative.
4 2 2 2
4 An examination of the organization’s organizational chart and its rationale for the organizational structure in
relation to this selected possible alternative. 4 4 3 5
5 An examination of the organization’s employee performance evaluation system in relation to this selected
possible alternative. 5 5 5 5
6 A review of the organization’s existing policies and your problem statement in relation to relevant state and
federal employment laws. 5 5 5 5
7 A review of the organization’s collective bargaining agreement regarding this selected possible alternative.
4 3 4 4
8 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s) addressing mitigation and response,
including threats, to this selected possible alternative.
5 4 5 5
9 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s) addressing mitigation and response to
natural disasters regarding this selected possible alternative.
5 4 5 5
10 An examination of the organization’s human resource policy regarding proper staffing, to include the negative
impact of job-related stresses, regarding this selected possible alternative.
5 2 5 5
11 An examination of the ethical issues common to this organization in relation to this selected possible
alternative. 5 4 5 5
Category Points 51 41 48 48
Total Points 188

35. This spread sheet shows the results of the
legal, financial, organizational, and political
costs of this alternative.

36. L F O P
1 An examination of the organization’s three-year goals, including the next year implementation plan
for these goals, in relation to this selected possible alternative.
1 5 3 3
2 An examination of any proposed public policy changes to the organization and its relationship to this
selected possible alternative. 5 5 3 3
3 An examination of the organization’s budget regarding its impact on this selected possible
alternative. 4 5 3 5
4 An examination of the organization’s organizational chart and its rationale for the organizational
structure in relation to this selected possible alternative. 2 5 5 5
5 An examination of the organization’s employee performance evaluation system in relation to this
selected possible alternative. 5 5 5 5
6 A review of the organization’s existing policies and your problem statement in relation to relevant
state and federal employment laws. 3 4 4 4
7 A review of the organization’s collective bargaining agreement regarding this selected possible
alternative. 2 4 4 4
8 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s) addressing mitigation and
response, including threats, to this selected possible alternative.
5 5 5 5
9 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s) addressing mitigation and
response to natural disasters regarding this selected possible alternative.
5 5 5 5
10 An examination of the organization’s human resource policy regarding proper staffing, to include the
negative impact of job-related stresses, regarding this selected possible alternative.
5 5 4 4
11 An examination of the ethical issues common to this organization in relation to this selected
possible alternative. 4 5 4 4
Category Points 41 53 45 47
Total Points 186

37. This spread sheet shows the results of the
legal, financial, organizational, and political
costs of this alternative.

38. L F O P
1 An examination of the organization’s three-year goals, including the next year implementation plan
for these goals, in relation to this selected possible alternative.
4 4 4 4
2 An examination of any proposed public policy changes to the organization and its relationship to
this selected possible alternative. 5 4 5 4
3 An examination of the organization’s budget regarding its impact on this selected possible
alternative. 4 1 4 4
4 An examination of the organization’s organizational chart and its rationale for the organizational
structure in relation to this selected possible alternative. 4 4 5 4
5 An examination of the organization’s employee performance evaluation system in relation to this
selected possible alternative. 4 4 4 4
6 A review of the organization’s existing policies and your problem statement in relation to relevant
state and federal employment laws. 5 4 5 4
7 A review of the organization’s collective bargaining agreement regarding this selected possible
alternative. 4 4 5 4
8 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s) addressing mitigation and
response, including threats, to this selected possible alternative.
5 5 5 5
9 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s) addressing mitigation and
response to natural disasters regarding this selected possible alternative.
5 5 5 5
10 An examination of the organization’s human resource policy regarding proper staffing, to include
the negative impact of job-related stresses, regarding this selected possible alternative.
4 4 5 4
11 An examination of the ethical issues common to this organization in relation to this selected
possible alternative. 4 5 5 4
Category Points 48 44 52 46
Total Points 190

39. This spread sheet shows the results of the
legal, financial, organizational, and political
costs of this alternative.

40. L F O P
1 An examination of the organization’s three-year goals, including the next year implementation plan
for these goals, in relation to this selected possible alternative.
3 3 4 4
2 An examination of any proposed public policy changes to the organization and its relationship to
this selected possible alternative. 5 4 4 4
3 An examination of the organization’s budget regarding its impact on this selected possible
alternative. 3 2 4 4
4 An examination of the organization’s organizational chart and its rationale for the organizational
structure in relation to this selected possible alternative. 4 4 4 4
5 An examination of the organization’s employee performance evaluation system in relation to this
selected possible alternative. 4 4 4 4
6 A review of the organization’s existing policies and your problem statement in relation to relevant
state and federal employment laws. 3 4 4 4
7 A review of the organization’s collective bargaining agreement regarding this selected possible
alternative. 5 4 4 4
8 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s) addressing mitigation and
response, including threats, to this selected possible alternative.
5 4 5 5
9 A review of the organization’s emergency and/or strategic plan(s) addressing mitigation and
response to natural disasters regarding this selected possible alternative.
5 4 5 5
10 An examination of the organization’s human resource policy regarding proper staffing, to include
the negative impact of job-related stresses, regarding this selected possible alternative.
4 4 4 4
11 An examination of the ethical issues common to this organization in relation to this selected
possible alternative. 4 4 4 4
Category Points 45 41 46 46
Total Points 178

41. Alternative 3:
Implementation high tech computer program
for use with bus routing. Scored 190
Alternative 1: scored 188
Alternative 2: scored 186
Alternative 4: scored 178

42. How we will go about implementing the best
alternative into the organization.

43. • Must do research on computer program
• School personnel need to obtain 3 quotes.
• Looking for best price, quality, availability.
• Proposal written up for board approval for
next fiscal year.
• Present to the public, and changes to the
budget.

44. • First step - add training and educational
requirements, qualifications and union
contracts.
• Second step - set up training schedule for
the proper personnel to be trained on this
program.
• Last step - have a start time for the
program to go into effect.

45. How we will go about evaluating the
effectiveness of this alternative once it has
been implemented.

46. • Should be evaluated for at least 2 years.
• Records Department will keep track of
surveys.
• Surveys broken down by: parents,
students and employees.
• Separated by positive, negative and
undecided comments.
• Kept for each school year.

47. • Surveys will have a series of questions.
• Make suggestions on the survey
• Will be confidential.
• Sent out at the beginning of school year
• Collected at the end of the school year.
• Adjustments should be made.

48. • Performance evaluations on employees.
• School board members will look at overall
results.
• Will get public opinion on alternative.
• School board members will address if
alternative is a success or look for another
source.

49. • I would like thank Dr. Richard Worch and
Edison State College staff for taking the
time to look at my ARP, PowerPoint and
Presentation.
• I would like to thank my family and friends
for their support during this school year.