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Content analysis and 
Developing taxonomies
Steps 
1 
• Identify topic 
• Identify keywords and combination of keywords 
2 
• Identify database 
• Identify journals (top tier journals in the area) 
3 
• Search databases/journals 
• Set limit (eg year, language) 
4 
• Search databases/journals 
• Set limit (eg year, language 
5 
• Download abstract 
• Check duplication 
Read and Analyse the 
content
Identify 
databases 
Identify 
keywords 
Content analysis 
Consolidation of 
analysis 
Search database 
Categories by 
themes 
Identify themes 
for analysis 
Classifications of articles process
Illustration of article content 
analysis
Journal Year 
Authou 
r(s) 
Objective( 
s)/ RQ 
Type 
of SM 
Constructs/T 
heory 
SC Dimension 
from 
Methodology 
(Country) Findings 
Limitations/ Future 
Research 
Journal of 
Computer 
-Mediated 
Communi 
cation 
2009 Sebastia 
n 
Valenzu 
ela 
Namsu 
Park 
Kerk F. 
Kee 
The 
purpose 
of this 
study was 
to explore 
whether 
college 
students’ 
use of 
Facebook 
was 
related 
with their 
stock of 
social 
capital, a 
construct 
that 
includes 
intraperso 
nal, 
interperso 
nal, and 
behavioral 
elements 
Facebo 
ok 
civic 
participation, 
political 
engagement, 
life 
satisfaction, 
and social 
trust 
Refered much 
to Putnam 
(2000) 
Quantitative. 
Using data from 
a random web 
survey of college 
students across 
Texas (US) (n = 2, 
603). 
Respondents’ 
civic and political 
participation was 
gauged using a 
reduced form 
of the Index of 
Civic and Political 
Engagement 
developed by 
CIRCLE 
(Andolina, 
Keeter, Zukin, & 
Jenkins, 2003), 
an organization 
that has 
conducted 
several national 
surveys related 
to youth 
engagement. 
contribution 
made 
by Facebook 
use to these 
two 
components of 
social capital 
(life satisfaction 
and social trust) 
was small but 
statistically 
significant. 
intensity of 
Facebook use 
was positively 
associated with 
life satisfaction 
and social trust. 
Facebook use 
had a stronger 
relationship 
with life 
satisfaction 
than with social 
Future research 
could explore the 
contribution of 
other Facebook 
applications, such as 
messaging services, 
on individuals’ 
production 
of social 
capital.other users’ 
characteristics (e.g., 
personality traits) 
that were not 
measured here could 
discriminate better 
for which groups the 
association between 
social capital by 
using the social 
network site are 
stronger and/or 
weaker.
Article Information 
• Title 
• Author 
• Journal 
• Volume 
• Year of publication
Decide the themes 
• Unit of Analysis 
• Area of study (general, individual, 
organization, disciplines) 
• Theory or Framework used in the Study 
• Methodology used 
• Data Analysis technique used 
• Origin of the Study
illustration 
• analyse articles in journals related to social media and 
subsequently to categorise them based on themes 
• six main keywords were identified: Social Media, Social 
Network, Social Networking Sites, Web 2.0, Facebook 
and Twitter. 
• In addition, in order to get a greater analysis of 
relevant articles, several combinations of the keywords 
(with the help of Boolean operands) were also used. 
Twenty combinations were used to search for the 
articles. 
• 295 articles were choose and downloaded
Journal No 
Computers in Human Behaviour 40 
Public Relations Review 22 
J. of Computer-Mediated Communications 10 
Business Horizon 7 
CAIS, J. of Adolescent Health, Computers & Education, Procedia Social & 
Behavioral Sciences, 
6 
AIS THCI, Internet & Higher Education 5 
J. of Interactive Advertising, Government Information Quarterly, Cyber 
4 
Psychology & Behavior 
MISQ, Information & Management, The Learning Organization, I.J of 
Hospitality Management, I. J. of Information Management, J. of Consumer 
Behaviour, Information, Communication & Society, Cyberpsychology, 
Behavior, and soc. networking, IJMM, DSS 
3 
List of journals where articles were published
Category 
Frequency 
* 
Unit of analysis 
Students 86 
Individuals (Youth, Employees, PR Practitioner, 
57 
Journalist, Scholars, Entrepreneurs) 
SM sites 31 
SM users 43 
Organization SM pages 12 
Organization (Key persons as respondents 
17 
representing organizations) 
Total 246
Category 
Area of study 
No. of 
studies 
Percentage 
Usage 161 55 
Social issues 113 38 
Security & Privacy 11 4 
Others 10 3 
Total 295 100%
Theories used / adopted 
Theory/Framework 
No. of 
studies 
Technology Acceptance Model 
(TAM) 
15 
Uses and Gratification Theory 14 
Social Capital Theory 8 
Five Factor Model/Big Five 
6 
Framework 
Dialogic Theory 5 
Hofstede Framework 4
Methodology used 
Category Frequency 
Mixed method 42 
Quantitative 
Survey 119 
Experiment 17 
Action Research 1 
Qualitative 
Interview/ case study/focus groups 38 
Netnography 3 
Web Content Analysis 38 
Literature Review 29 
Conceptual Paper 8 
Total 295
Dependent variables 
Category Frequency 
Usage 23 
Intention 15 
Impact 7 
User Behavior 5 
Attitude 4 
Political participation 3 
Self-disclosure 3 
Well being 2 
Life satisfaction 2 
Continuance intention 1 
Social capital 1
Origin of study 
Developing Countries Frequency 
Africa (Egypt and South Africa) 12 
America (Canada, Chile, Mexico) 10 
Western Asia (Saudi Arabia, Israel and Turkey) 11 
Southern Asia (India, Iran and Pakistan) 6 
South Easthern Asia (Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore) 10 
Easthern Asia (China, Hong Kong, Taiwan) 13 
Jamaica 1 
Total 63 
Developed Countries Frequency 
America (USA) 156 
Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Greece, Spain, 
13 
Romania, Finland, Ireland) 
20 
Australia 9 
New Zealand 3 
Japan 4 
Total 205 
Multiple Countries 26 
Total 294
Taxonomy is a form of classification 
• Taxonomies play an important role in research 
and management because the classification of 
objects helps researchers and practitioners 
understand and analyze complex domains. 
• taxonomies provide a structure and an 
organization to the knowledge of a field, thus 
enabling researchers to study the 
relationships among concepts and, therefore, 
to hypothesize about these relationships.
Theories/ 
Model/ 
Guidelines 
Authour 
/Year 
Unit of 
Analysi 
s 
I/O 
Place 
Anne Marie Warren (CHA110011) 
Constructs 
Tec 
h 
Gov 
/ 
Reg 
/ 
Pol. 
Info. 
Seek. 
Social 
Int. 
Sharin 
g 
Info/ 
Intend 
Shar 
ed 
value 
s/ 
cultu 
re 
Trust Entertai-nment Status Others 
Marketing 
Strategies : 5 
Axioms 
Berthon 
et al. 
2012 
- X X X 
U&G theory 
Social cognitive 
theories 
Lee& Ma 
2012 
I 
(uni 
stud.) 
Sing. 
X X X X X Prior social media 
sharing experience 
Social 
information 
processing 
theory 
Wester 
man et 
al. 2012 
I 
(users) 
US 
X Followers 
Follows 
Creditability (Trust) 
U.S. federal 
government 
regulatory 
framework 
Bertot et 
al. 
2012 
O (gov) 
US 
X Access and 
social inclusion; 
privacy, security, 
accuracy, and 
archiving; governing 
and 
governance 
Supporting Theories/Models/Guidelines for Social Media Usage & Factors
S. Ramnath et al. / International Journal of Forecasting 24 (2008) 34–75 
Selected Papers Addressing Questions Related to Analysts' Decision Processes 
Reference Method Key result 
Chung and Jo (1996) Archival, I/B/E/S, 1984-1987. Analyst following has a positive 
impact on firm value, and 
analysts tend to follow stocks 
of high quality firms. 
Block (1999) Questionnaire survey of 
members of AIMR. 
46% of respondents said that 
present value analysis is not part 
of their normal procedures. 
Analysts considered earnings and 
cash flow to be far more 
important than dividends and 
book value in security valuation. 
However, analysts rely more 
heavily on earnings multiples 
versus DCF in valuation, and 
growth potential and earnings 
quality are the crucial factors in 
evaluating P/E ratios.
A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems 
Robert C Nickerson, Upkar Varshney and Jan Muntermann 
Table 8. Taxonomy of mobile applications 
Applications Temporal Communication Transaction Access 
S AS INF RP INT T NT PU PR 
Mobile voice 
communication 
s 
X X X X 
Mobile 
messaging 
X X X X 
Mobile TV X X X X 
Purchasing 
location-based 
contents 
X X X X 
Mobile 
inventory 
management 
X X X X 
Product 
location and 
tracking 
X X X X 
Mobile 
advertisement 
X X X X
Problem Context Theory Model Method Time Unit (quaN. / quaL/ Mixed) 
Citation 
Old 
New/Novel/ 
Community Interest 
Single 
Multiple 
Single 
Multiple 
New 
Incremental Innovation 
Modular Innovation 
Architectural Innovation 
Radical Innovation 
Single 
Multiple 
Integrated / New 
One 
Intervals 
Series 
Individual 
Group 
Organization 
Enterprise 
Industry 
Nation 
Region 
World 
Steinfiel 
d, et al. 
[1] 
X X X X X X N 
Young 
[2] 
X X 
X X 
X 
X 
M 
Angelle 
&Rose[3 
] 
X X X X L 
Anne Marie Warren (CHA110011)
Summary On Major Literature On End-User Information Systems Satisfaction 
Reference IS Application Usage Theory Population 
Direct antecedents to user 
satisfaction 
Result 
(R.-D. Chang, Chang, 
& Paper, 2003) 
Accounting 
information 
systems N/S 
Contingency 
Theory 
125 
Manager 
from cross-industry 
in 
Taiwan 
System characteristic: 
scope 
timeliness 
aggregation 
Sig.+ 
Sig.+ 
Sig.+ 
(Negash, Ryan, & 
Igbaria, 2003) 
Web-based 
customer 
support 
systems 
N/S 
IS Success 
model 
726 
university 
students in 
USA 
Information quality 
System quality 
service quality 
Sig.+ 
Sig.+ 
Sig.+ 
(Calisir & Calisir, 
2004) 
Enterprise 
Resource 
Planning 
System 
N/S 
IS Success 
model 
20 ERP 
system end-users 
in 
Turkey 
Perceived usefulness 
Learnability 
Sig.+ 
Sig.+ 
(Chu, Hsiao, Lee, & 
Chen, 2004) 
Government 
Electronic 
Tendering 
System 
N/S 
Theory of 
Planned 
Behavior 
158 Syatem 
users in 
Taiwan 
Perceived Ease of Use 
Perceived Usefulness 
Accuracy 
N/Sig.. 
Sig.+ 
Sig.+ 
(Avlonitis & 
Panagopoulos, 2005) 
Customer 
Relationship 
Management 
N/S 
Technology 
Acceptance 
Model 
IS Success 
model 
240 sales 
managers in 
Greek 
Perceived Ease-of-use 
Perceived Usefulness 
Sig.+ 
Sig.+ 
Manal Sharabati
Social Capital Definitions Anne Marie Warren (CHA110011) 
Bourdieu and Wacquant (cited in Resnick, 
2001; Williams, 2006) 
“the sum of the resouces, acutal or virtual, 
that accrue to an individual or a gorup by 
cirtue of possessing a durable network of 
more or less institutionalized relationships of 
mutual acquaintance in recognition.” 
Shailendra C Jain Palvia; Rudy Pancaro 
(2010) 
“Social capital broadly refers to the resouces 
accumilated through the relationships among 
people.” 
Zuniga (2012) 
antecedent of behavior that is oriented 
toward the public good, either at the 
community or the political 
level.

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Developing taxonomies

  • 1. Content analysis and Developing taxonomies
  • 2. Steps 1 • Identify topic • Identify keywords and combination of keywords 2 • Identify database • Identify journals (top tier journals in the area) 3 • Search databases/journals • Set limit (eg year, language) 4 • Search databases/journals • Set limit (eg year, language 5 • Download abstract • Check duplication Read and Analyse the content
  • 3. Identify databases Identify keywords Content analysis Consolidation of analysis Search database Categories by themes Identify themes for analysis Classifications of articles process
  • 4. Illustration of article content analysis
  • 5. Journal Year Authou r(s) Objective( s)/ RQ Type of SM Constructs/T heory SC Dimension from Methodology (Country) Findings Limitations/ Future Research Journal of Computer -Mediated Communi cation 2009 Sebastia n Valenzu ela Namsu Park Kerk F. Kee The purpose of this study was to explore whether college students’ use of Facebook was related with their stock of social capital, a construct that includes intraperso nal, interperso nal, and behavioral elements Facebo ok civic participation, political engagement, life satisfaction, and social trust Refered much to Putnam (2000) Quantitative. Using data from a random web survey of college students across Texas (US) (n = 2, 603). Respondents’ civic and political participation was gauged using a reduced form of the Index of Civic and Political Engagement developed by CIRCLE (Andolina, Keeter, Zukin, & Jenkins, 2003), an organization that has conducted several national surveys related to youth engagement. contribution made by Facebook use to these two components of social capital (life satisfaction and social trust) was small but statistically significant. intensity of Facebook use was positively associated with life satisfaction and social trust. Facebook use had a stronger relationship with life satisfaction than with social Future research could explore the contribution of other Facebook applications, such as messaging services, on individuals’ production of social capital.other users’ characteristics (e.g., personality traits) that were not measured here could discriminate better for which groups the association between social capital by using the social network site are stronger and/or weaker.
  • 6. Article Information • Title • Author • Journal • Volume • Year of publication
  • 7. Decide the themes • Unit of Analysis • Area of study (general, individual, organization, disciplines) • Theory or Framework used in the Study • Methodology used • Data Analysis technique used • Origin of the Study
  • 8. illustration • analyse articles in journals related to social media and subsequently to categorise them based on themes • six main keywords were identified: Social Media, Social Network, Social Networking Sites, Web 2.0, Facebook and Twitter. • In addition, in order to get a greater analysis of relevant articles, several combinations of the keywords (with the help of Boolean operands) were also used. Twenty combinations were used to search for the articles. • 295 articles were choose and downloaded
  • 9. Journal No Computers in Human Behaviour 40 Public Relations Review 22 J. of Computer-Mediated Communications 10 Business Horizon 7 CAIS, J. of Adolescent Health, Computers & Education, Procedia Social & Behavioral Sciences, 6 AIS THCI, Internet & Higher Education 5 J. of Interactive Advertising, Government Information Quarterly, Cyber 4 Psychology & Behavior MISQ, Information & Management, The Learning Organization, I.J of Hospitality Management, I. J. of Information Management, J. of Consumer Behaviour, Information, Communication & Society, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and soc. networking, IJMM, DSS 3 List of journals where articles were published
  • 10. Category Frequency * Unit of analysis Students 86 Individuals (Youth, Employees, PR Practitioner, 57 Journalist, Scholars, Entrepreneurs) SM sites 31 SM users 43 Organization SM pages 12 Organization (Key persons as respondents 17 representing organizations) Total 246
  • 11. Category Area of study No. of studies Percentage Usage 161 55 Social issues 113 38 Security & Privacy 11 4 Others 10 3 Total 295 100%
  • 12. Theories used / adopted Theory/Framework No. of studies Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 15 Uses and Gratification Theory 14 Social Capital Theory 8 Five Factor Model/Big Five 6 Framework Dialogic Theory 5 Hofstede Framework 4
  • 13. Methodology used Category Frequency Mixed method 42 Quantitative Survey 119 Experiment 17 Action Research 1 Qualitative Interview/ case study/focus groups 38 Netnography 3 Web Content Analysis 38 Literature Review 29 Conceptual Paper 8 Total 295
  • 14. Dependent variables Category Frequency Usage 23 Intention 15 Impact 7 User Behavior 5 Attitude 4 Political participation 3 Self-disclosure 3 Well being 2 Life satisfaction 2 Continuance intention 1 Social capital 1
  • 15. Origin of study Developing Countries Frequency Africa (Egypt and South Africa) 12 America (Canada, Chile, Mexico) 10 Western Asia (Saudi Arabia, Israel and Turkey) 11 Southern Asia (India, Iran and Pakistan) 6 South Easthern Asia (Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore) 10 Easthern Asia (China, Hong Kong, Taiwan) 13 Jamaica 1 Total 63 Developed Countries Frequency America (USA) 156 Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Greece, Spain, 13 Romania, Finland, Ireland) 20 Australia 9 New Zealand 3 Japan 4 Total 205 Multiple Countries 26 Total 294
  • 16. Taxonomy is a form of classification • Taxonomies play an important role in research and management because the classification of objects helps researchers and practitioners understand and analyze complex domains. • taxonomies provide a structure and an organization to the knowledge of a field, thus enabling researchers to study the relationships among concepts and, therefore, to hypothesize about these relationships.
  • 17. Theories/ Model/ Guidelines Authour /Year Unit of Analysi s I/O Place Anne Marie Warren (CHA110011) Constructs Tec h Gov / Reg / Pol. Info. Seek. Social Int. Sharin g Info/ Intend Shar ed value s/ cultu re Trust Entertai-nment Status Others Marketing Strategies : 5 Axioms Berthon et al. 2012 - X X X U&G theory Social cognitive theories Lee& Ma 2012 I (uni stud.) Sing. X X X X X Prior social media sharing experience Social information processing theory Wester man et al. 2012 I (users) US X Followers Follows Creditability (Trust) U.S. federal government regulatory framework Bertot et al. 2012 O (gov) US X Access and social inclusion; privacy, security, accuracy, and archiving; governing and governance Supporting Theories/Models/Guidelines for Social Media Usage & Factors
  • 18. S. Ramnath et al. / International Journal of Forecasting 24 (2008) 34–75 Selected Papers Addressing Questions Related to Analysts' Decision Processes Reference Method Key result Chung and Jo (1996) Archival, I/B/E/S, 1984-1987. Analyst following has a positive impact on firm value, and analysts tend to follow stocks of high quality firms. Block (1999) Questionnaire survey of members of AIMR. 46% of respondents said that present value analysis is not part of their normal procedures. Analysts considered earnings and cash flow to be far more important than dividends and book value in security valuation. However, analysts rely more heavily on earnings multiples versus DCF in valuation, and growth potential and earnings quality are the crucial factors in evaluating P/E ratios.
  • 19. A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems Robert C Nickerson, Upkar Varshney and Jan Muntermann Table 8. Taxonomy of mobile applications Applications Temporal Communication Transaction Access S AS INF RP INT T NT PU PR Mobile voice communication s X X X X Mobile messaging X X X X Mobile TV X X X X Purchasing location-based contents X X X X Mobile inventory management X X X X Product location and tracking X X X X Mobile advertisement X X X X
  • 20. Problem Context Theory Model Method Time Unit (quaN. / quaL/ Mixed) Citation Old New/Novel/ Community Interest Single Multiple Single Multiple New Incremental Innovation Modular Innovation Architectural Innovation Radical Innovation Single Multiple Integrated / New One Intervals Series Individual Group Organization Enterprise Industry Nation Region World Steinfiel d, et al. [1] X X X X X X N Young [2] X X X X X X M Angelle &Rose[3 ] X X X X L Anne Marie Warren (CHA110011)
  • 21. Summary On Major Literature On End-User Information Systems Satisfaction Reference IS Application Usage Theory Population Direct antecedents to user satisfaction Result (R.-D. Chang, Chang, & Paper, 2003) Accounting information systems N/S Contingency Theory 125 Manager from cross-industry in Taiwan System characteristic: scope timeliness aggregation Sig.+ Sig.+ Sig.+ (Negash, Ryan, & Igbaria, 2003) Web-based customer support systems N/S IS Success model 726 university students in USA Information quality System quality service quality Sig.+ Sig.+ Sig.+ (Calisir & Calisir, 2004) Enterprise Resource Planning System N/S IS Success model 20 ERP system end-users in Turkey Perceived usefulness Learnability Sig.+ Sig.+ (Chu, Hsiao, Lee, & Chen, 2004) Government Electronic Tendering System N/S Theory of Planned Behavior 158 Syatem users in Taiwan Perceived Ease of Use Perceived Usefulness Accuracy N/Sig.. Sig.+ Sig.+ (Avlonitis & Panagopoulos, 2005) Customer Relationship Management N/S Technology Acceptance Model IS Success model 240 sales managers in Greek Perceived Ease-of-use Perceived Usefulness Sig.+ Sig.+ Manal Sharabati
  • 22. Social Capital Definitions Anne Marie Warren (CHA110011) Bourdieu and Wacquant (cited in Resnick, 2001; Williams, 2006) “the sum of the resouces, acutal or virtual, that accrue to an individual or a gorup by cirtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance in recognition.” Shailendra C Jain Palvia; Rudy Pancaro (2010) “Social capital broadly refers to the resouces accumilated through the relationships among people.” Zuniga (2012) antecedent of behavior that is oriented toward the public good, either at the community or the political level.