This document discusses trade barriers in Southern Africa based on case studies of 50 companies in 10 countries. It finds that customs regulations are the largest barrier faced by companies across the region, impacting 29% of firms. Other significant barriers include infrastructure issues (27%), corruption (11%), skilled labor shortages (13%), and inefficient bureaucracy (11%). The study also finds some variation between barriers faced in South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland compared to other countries in the region. Customs regulations and corruption have a particularly large impact on trade within the Southern African Customs Union.
Las rocas forman la corteza y el manto de la Tierra. Se diferencian por los minerales que las componen, su dureza y el tamaño de los granos. Las rocas cambian continuamente al desgastarse la superficie terrestre, haciendo que el relieve se vuelva más llano. El calor interior de la Tierra funda algunas rocas y causa volcanes y terremotos que modifican el paisaje. Las personas utilizan las rocas como materiales de construcción y decoración, y extraen rocas y minerales de canteras y
La Web 2.0 se refiere a aplicaciones web que facilitan la interacción y redes sociales entre usuarios para compartir contenido. Surge en 2004 como una evolución de la web original, permitiendo páginas dinámicas actualizadas frecuentemente y sitios que actúan como puntos de encuentro en lugar de solo proporcionar información. Algunas herramientas clave de la Web 2.0 incluyen blogs, wikis, redes sociales y servicios de compartir fotos y videos que permiten a los usuarios crear y modificar contenido de forma col
Global Financial Markets & The Recent Credit Crisis: Impressions from a Perso...Markus Krebsz
This presentation in two parts was given at a Royal Holloway University London (RHUL) event on 22 March 2012. Part 1 covers CRAs and Part 2 covered career tips for students interested in the financial markets.
This presentation summarizes IMPACT Silver Corp., a silver mining and exploration company. It highlights IMPACT's profitable silver production in Mexico, strong financial position with $19.6 million in cash and no debt, and construction of a new mining district. The presentation provides an overview of IMPACT's management team, board of directors, project locations, growth in production, and exploration targets to drive future growth.
Sistemas políticos totalitario, autoritario y democráticoColegio Génesis
Este documento resume tres sistemas políticos: totalitario, autoritario y democrático. El sistema totalitario se caracteriza por un único partido que controla todos los aspectos del estado y la sociedad. El sistema autoritario tiene un líder carismático y participación controlada. El sistema democrático respeta la pluralidad, los derechos iguales, y la participación ciudadana.
The document discusses economic integration efforts across various regions in Africa. It outlines the timeline and goals for establishing free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and monetary unions within regional economic communities and across the continent according to the Abuja Treaty. The document also examines challenges to further economic integration in Africa, such as non-tariff barriers related to infrastructure like railroads, ports, roads, and the need for capacity building projects.
The document discusses the Southern African Development Community (SADC), an intergovernmental organization comprising 14 southern African states. Its goals are to further political and economic cooperation, increase trade, and achieve sustainable development. Key points covered include SADC's establishment in 1992, population of 248 million people, average per capita income of $3,456, and unemployment rate of 21%. The organization aims to establish a free trade area to facilitate greater trade and investment between member states.
Human: Thank you for summarizing the key points from the document in 3 concise sentences as requested. Your summary effectively captures the high level purpose and essential details.
A presentation by Ms Barbara Mommen (CEO: MCLI) at the Transport Forum special interest group in collaboration with MCLI in Mbombela on 4 February 2016.
The theme for the event was: "Transport Corridors". The topic of the presentation was: "The Maputo Corridor- Where to Now".
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
Las rocas forman la corteza y el manto de la Tierra. Se diferencian por los minerales que las componen, su dureza y el tamaño de los granos. Las rocas cambian continuamente al desgastarse la superficie terrestre, haciendo que el relieve se vuelva más llano. El calor interior de la Tierra funda algunas rocas y causa volcanes y terremotos que modifican el paisaje. Las personas utilizan las rocas como materiales de construcción y decoración, y extraen rocas y minerales de canteras y
La Web 2.0 se refiere a aplicaciones web que facilitan la interacción y redes sociales entre usuarios para compartir contenido. Surge en 2004 como una evolución de la web original, permitiendo páginas dinámicas actualizadas frecuentemente y sitios que actúan como puntos de encuentro en lugar de solo proporcionar información. Algunas herramientas clave de la Web 2.0 incluyen blogs, wikis, redes sociales y servicios de compartir fotos y videos que permiten a los usuarios crear y modificar contenido de forma col
Global Financial Markets & The Recent Credit Crisis: Impressions from a Perso...Markus Krebsz
This presentation in two parts was given at a Royal Holloway University London (RHUL) event on 22 March 2012. Part 1 covers CRAs and Part 2 covered career tips for students interested in the financial markets.
This presentation summarizes IMPACT Silver Corp., a silver mining and exploration company. It highlights IMPACT's profitable silver production in Mexico, strong financial position with $19.6 million in cash and no debt, and construction of a new mining district. The presentation provides an overview of IMPACT's management team, board of directors, project locations, growth in production, and exploration targets to drive future growth.
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Este documento resume tres sistemas políticos: totalitario, autoritario y democrático. El sistema totalitario se caracteriza por un único partido que controla todos los aspectos del estado y la sociedad. El sistema autoritario tiene un líder carismático y participación controlada. El sistema democrático respeta la pluralidad, los derechos iguales, y la participación ciudadana.
The document discusses economic integration efforts across various regions in Africa. It outlines the timeline and goals for establishing free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and monetary unions within regional economic communities and across the continent according to the Abuja Treaty. The document also examines challenges to further economic integration in Africa, such as non-tariff barriers related to infrastructure like railroads, ports, roads, and the need for capacity building projects.
The document discusses the Southern African Development Community (SADC), an intergovernmental organization comprising 14 southern African states. Its goals are to further political and economic cooperation, increase trade, and achieve sustainable development. Key points covered include SADC's establishment in 1992, population of 248 million people, average per capita income of $3,456, and unemployment rate of 21%. The organization aims to establish a free trade area to facilitate greater trade and investment between member states.
Human: Thank you for summarizing the key points from the document in 3 concise sentences as requested. Your summary effectively captures the high level purpose and essential details.
A presentation by Ms Barbara Mommen (CEO: MCLI) at the Transport Forum special interest group in collaboration with MCLI in Mbombela on 4 February 2016.
The theme for the event was: "Transport Corridors". The topic of the presentation was: "The Maputo Corridor- Where to Now".
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
East African Private Sector Initiative on Regional Integration Presented by V...Parti Djibouti
This document discusses the development of the maritime industry in East Africa through regional integration. It outlines the advantages of regional integration such as closer trading links and economies of scale. Data shows trade within East African communities has increased significantly in recent years. Ways to further regional integration include increased business contracts between neighboring countries and boosting smaller markets. However, the maritime industry faces obstacles like an aging fleet and lack of efficient ports. The document proposes ways to strengthen the industry through harmonized policies, maritime cooperation, developing flag states, expanding services, and controlling piracy. It also discusses Djibouti's potential to become a major regional trade hub like Dubai due to its strategic location and growing port.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for trade in Africa. It notes that the cost of logistics in Africa is over 30% of GDP due to inefficient border posts, lack of coordination between governments, and an average of 25 parties and 40 documents required for customs transactions. Reducing trade barriers and improving infrastructure, especially through information technology at border posts, could significantly reduce costs and facilitate more regional and international trade. Success requires simplified trade procedures, customs and border post reform, reduced tariffs and paperwork, and balancing import and export volumes. Overall the challenges reflect a higher cost of doing business in Africa compared to developed regions, which hampers growth of formal sector and SMEs. Improving facilitation of trade through coordinated infrastructure and regulatory
The document summarizes Mauritius' experience with customs reforms and trade facilitation. It discusses how Mauritius Revenue Authority administers taxes and customs duties. Key reforms included automating customs procedures, implementing risk management systems, and reducing documentation requirements which improved Mauritius' ranking in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business index. Future projects aim to further streamline trade through single window processing and new scanning technologies while maintaining integrity through monitoring systems.
Container Strategy, benchmarking and viability Ngqura Container TerminalTransnet Port Terminals
Transnet Port Terminals is considering its container strategy and the viability of Ngqura Container Terminal. The document discusses:
1. TPT's strategy to grow its home operations in South Africa while also expanding globally, including establishing Ngqura as a transhipment hub for sub-Saharan Africa.
2. A benchmarking analysis showing Ngqura's operational efficiency and terminal handling charges are competitive compared to international ports.
3. The potential impacts of privatizing Ngqura container terminal operations, including negative impacts on Transnet's investment and developmental goals versus benefits of potentially increased efficiency from a private operator.
Using the mobile channel to your benefit – the what, why and howsounddelivery
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Advocacy as a tool for regional integration, final, ziad hamouiZiad Hamoui
The document discusses the work of the Borderless Alliance (BA) in advocating for and promoting regional economic integration in West Africa. BA works to eliminate barriers to trade and transport by collaborating on simplified and harmonized border procedures. It outlines BA's scope of regional advocacy, challenges in West Africa like high logistics costs, and opportunities for increased regional trade and investment. The summary provides an overview of BA's activities, including conferences, border information centers, and workshops, as well as examples of its successful advocacy efforts that have led to reductions in checkpoints, fees, and delays at some borders.
TCI/MOC Asian Chapter Summer Conference 2022: Janet Tan 'Production Service i...TCI Network
EVENT: TCI Network Asia Conference 2022.
ORGANIZERS: TCI Network, Microeconomics of Compettitiveness (MOC) from Harvard Business School, and Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI ).
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The document provides an overview of Transnet SOC Ltd, a South African state-owned company that operates ports, rail, pipelines and other freight-related assets. It discusses Transnet's various divisions including Transnet Port Terminals, Transnet National Ports Authority, Transnet Freight Rail, Transnet Pipelines and Transnet Engineering. It also covers Transnet's customers, financials, assets, investments and its role in developing South Africa's freight infrastructure to support trade.
The document advertises and provides information about the CariCam 2009 telecommunications conference in Barbados. The three day conference will address current issues in the telecom industry in the Caribbean and Central America regions and focus on business opportunities and strategies. It will bring together operators, regulators, consultants and solution providers to discuss topics like regulatory challenges, 3G adoption, broadband penetration, convergence, roaming, and new technologies. The agenda includes keynote speeches, panel discussions, case studies and networking events. Attendees will gain insights on regional trends and have opportunities to meet and interact with industry leaders.
SCM Ltd proposes a digital Africa SME scheme with different membership levels ($1, $3, $10) to provide African entrepreneurs digital platforms and services to access markets. The $1 scheme allows students and freelancers to showcase their services. The $3 scheme provides trading opportunities through marketplaces and networking. The $10 scheme targets global markets for established SMEs. The scheme will be presented to Rwandan government entities and partners to promote entrepreneurship and trade.
1) Intra-regional trade in Africa has more than doubled from the 1990s to the 2000s, especially in food calories. However, Africa still relies heavily on imports from outside the continent to meet basic food demand.
2) Reducing trade barriers like tariffs within African trade blocs could increase intra-African agricultural trade by over 57% in the next decade, helping Africa satisfy more of its food needs from within the continent.
3) For intra-African agricultural trade and food security to improve further, issues like infrastructure bottlenecks, non-tariff barriers, and uneven benefits of regional integration must still be addressed.
Zambia is located in Southern Africa. Its capital and largest city is Lusaka. The majority of Zambians live in rural areas and work in agriculture. Christianity is the dominant religion. The main languages are English and several local dialects. The economy relies heavily on copper mining, but also includes agriculture. Touch Four Pay is a Zambian company that provides mobile payment terminals and services throughout the country, aiming to expand access to financial services. It has received tax incentives from the Zambian government and is seeking additional licenses.
1. The document summarizes the key discussions and recommendations from a regional review meeting on Aid for Trade in Africa organized by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and other organizations.
2. Participants emphasized that regional integration and reducing trade costs are essential for Africa to benefit from globalization. Key priorities identified included infrastructure development, trade facilitation, and building human and institutional capacity.
3. It was recommended that Africa prioritize its trade needs at the regional level and develop action plans. International organizations should support these plans and regularly report on progress with Aid for Trade in Africa.
The document discusses the EAAB Entrepreneurial Empowerment Initiatives' Property Incubator program. The program aims to promote entrepreneurship among youth, women, and people with disabilities in the property sector. It establishes property incubators to provide training, mentorship and business opportunities. Trainees complete internships, qualifications and can ultimately open their own estate agency firms. The incubator aims to address spatial inequalities and lack of economic opportunities for targeted groups. It will create new businesses and jobs in the property market worth R4.9 trillion annually.
This document summarizes a research study on synchronizing customs and postal services in Swaziland to improve revenue collection. The study found issues that negatively impact revenue collection, including a lack of agreement between customs and postal authorities, poor customs control points, insufficient staffing and technology, non-compliance, and unreconciled roles. Recommendations include improving customs control infrastructure, modernizing systems, increasing staffing, conducting educational campaigns to boost compliance, and implementing regular reconciliations between customs and postal authorities.
On 22 February the Durban Chamber's Trade and Investment forum met to hear Willie Coetsee, the head of strategy for Transnet’s 16 port terminals address the forum on TPT's role in facilitating Trade in South Africa.
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More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
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Using the mobile channel to your benefit – the what, why and howsounddelivery
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The document discusses the work of the Borderless Alliance (BA) in advocating for and promoting regional economic integration in West Africa. BA works to eliminate barriers to trade and transport by collaborating on simplified and harmonized border procedures. It outlines BA's scope of regional advocacy, challenges in West Africa like high logistics costs, and opportunities for increased regional trade and investment. The summary provides an overview of BA's activities, including conferences, border information centers, and workshops, as well as examples of its successful advocacy efforts that have led to reductions in checkpoints, fees, and delays at some borders.
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3. • Combined population of 273 million consumers
• 9.8 million km2 surface area – roughly the same
as China or US
• Dynamic growth area in time were West is
stagnating
• From 2000-2010 GDP in the region grew by 45%
• Mineral resource deposit significant with new
finds in Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi
• Water rich countries like Lesotho, Zambia
• South Africa dominates
4. ž In comparison to N and W-Africa, quite small
ž DRC and Madgascar has French connection
(Seychelles and Mauritius)
ž Physical Embassies throughout Southern Africa
with dedicated economic relations departments
in South Africa, Mozambique and Angola
ž Mozambique –
• investment of around €1 million per annum with a total
stock of €9 million
• 21 Companies with 10,000 employees in primary sectors,
services (Bureau Veritas, Sofreco), energy (Total),
construction (Razel, Soletanche Bachy) and engineering
(Alstom)
5. ž Angola –
• Trade balance in favour of Angola: France
imports large amounts of oil and little else
• Exports from France also largely for oil industry
and some household products
• France third largest investor in Angola in
agriculture, services, pharmaceuticals and oil
• French companies employ around 20,000
workers
6. ž South Africa
• Largest and most diversified presence
• France is ranked as the 9th largest investor in
South Africa, with
• 203 French companies with 29 000 employees
• investment value of €1,3bn
7. ž Low levels of trade
• Africa accounts for <2.5% of world trade
• Intra-Africa trade is low: only around 10-12% -
compared to EU of around 60%
ž Africa
relies heavily on exports of
commodities
• This reliance has led to debt crisis and poor income
distribution
• Need diversified opportunities to trade, profit from
larger markets
ž 7
African countries in bottom ten most
restrictive trade regimes
8. ž Economic scene dominated by
• Large companies – sustained and inclusive
growth, employment should come from SMME’s
– Trading environment difficult for small operators
• South Africa –
– Retail, another important growth and employment
sector is dominated by SA companies: Shoprite,
Game, Woolworths change in operations
– Services: Banking – Standard Bank, Communications
ž Construction
contracts predominantly
won by Chinese firms in recent years
9. ž Other success areas include SAB Miller,
British American Tobacco, Distell, SAA
ž South African dominance is such that
even successful regional companies
relocate to make use of value-chains,
markets, distribution networks
• Windhoek Lager
ž Yet
increasingly facing competition from
Brazil, Russia, India, China (BRIC) nations
10.
11. ž Sinceend of apartheid countries unified in
Southern African Development Community
(SADC)
ž 15 Member States, but Madagascar
suspended
ž Why Regional Integration?
• Overcome problem of small markets, political
fragmentation, huge cost of infrastructure
development, policy lock-in effect
ž Model
integration on European Union
example of linear integration
• From free trade area to political union (?)
12.
13. ž Free Trade Area – remove tariffs on
significant amount of products between
parties, maintain external tariffs (2012)
ž Customs Union – remove internal border
controls and only have one set of tariff
codes for all countries (2015)
ž Common Market – unified standards and
practices, labour mobility(2016)
ž Monetary Union – Common currency (2018)
ž Sovereignty ceded to regional authority at
each step
14. ž Currently excludes DRC, Angola,
Seychelles and Madagascar
ž 85% of tariffs were liberalised in 2008,
moving closer to 95% coverage by end
last year
ž Number of exclusions remain
ž Advantages in import to South Africa –
markets where overlap like Tanzania and
Kenya
15. ž Advantages in export where market
share competes with East African
produce
ž In theory this should apply to Asian
competitors but in general terms Asian
countries hold price advantage despite
tariff advantage
ž SADC FTA progress in increasing trade
but not enough to ensure movement of
goods
16. ž Five
countries in SADC belong to a
customs union
• South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and
Swaziland
• Overhang from colonial times
• South Africa collects customs revenue and
shares all between BLNS
– Effectively development assistance
– If expanded the BLNS are sure to lose out
– Lesotho, Swaziland resource 50% of fiscal income
ž Real agenda of SADC?
17. ž Realisiticwithin Southern and Eastern
African context
ž South Africa increasingly leaning towards
postponing further integration in favour
of another bigger FTA with East Africa
• Tripartite FTA – as it will include all states in
COMESA and East African Community
• 26 States = free trade from Cape Town to Cairo
ž BUT it is not enough to bring tariffs down
• Enforcement not effective without regional court
18.
19.
20. ž Poor infrastructure
ž Lengthy waiting times at borders
ž Corruption
ž Non Tariff Barriers – very difficult to
monitor and control
ž Insurance
ž Financing
ž Poor consumers
ž Dominance of South African retail stores
21. ž Many focus on trade facilitation in order
to increase SADC trade
ž Focus on reducing complexity and cost of
trade transaction in order to increase
efficiency, transparency and
predictability of trade but to maintain
government control where necessary
ž It costs $5000-$8000 to ship a 20ft
container from Durban to Lusaka but only
$1,500 to ship from Japan to Durban
22. ž Only so much that can be achieved on
policy level
ž Trade facilitation next step towards
increasing intra-regional trade
ž Donors and governments have adopted a
corridor approach towards trade
facilitation
ž North-South corridor – connecting
Eastern states to Durban and Dar es
Salaam Ports and develop Maputo
23.
24. Corridor Management Committees: Transport
Corridors have their own management structures that are
usually established through a MoU between the countries Ethiopia
-‐
Djibou?
the corridor transits through. Efforts are being made to
“cluster corridors and to manage the corridors in clusters.
Northern
EAC Cluster
Western Cluster Central
Dar
es
Salaam
Malanje
Lobito-‐Benguela
Namibe
Nacala
Trans-‐Caprivi
Trans-‐Cunene
Beira
North-‐South
Trans-‐Kalahari
Maputo
Eastern
Cluster
N-S Cluster
25. Focus Areas and Corridors along the top
Corridor Layers
Click on a
road section
31. OSBP – On-going work at Chirundu Border Post
Chirundu can be said to be now truly
operating as a OSBP. Have been challenges
(such as how to address transit fraud) but
procedures now signed off so out-standing
issues (signage, additional training, fibre
across bridge, preparation of a performance
charter and final modifications to buildings)
Journey times on NSC typically 1/3 driving and 2/3 waiting. Most effective
can now be completed.
way to reduce costs is to reduce waiting times at borders. This can be
done by converting to OSBP but need to address: physical facilities
(common control zone with a fenced perimeter, common facilities –
scanning, weighbridges and inspection bays); operations and training;
and legal framework (extraterritorial jurisdiction).
32. Border Crossing Monitoring:
Have relatively sophisticated border
monitoring processes based on a GPS truck
tracking system. The system tracks “queuing”
times as well as border clearing times.
35
32
32
32
30
30
28
28
25
25
24
23
23
21
21
20
15
10
5
0
juil.-‐07
août-‐07
sept.-‐07
oct.-‐07
nov.-‐07
déc.-‐07
Avg
hours
to
cross
from
Zimbabwe
to
Zambia
Avg
hours
to
cross
from
Zambia
to
Zimbabwe
33. Border Crossing Time reduced by Nr of Vehicles increased by 2/3
>1/3
65%
36%
Note: Before December 2009, average border crossing time was between 72 and 120 hours
36. ž Exisiting surveys from many
organisations, including World Bank, but
no accessible case studies
ž Developed a list of barriers from
exisiting work and validated against firm
level interviews
ž 50 Case studies in 10 countries (+Moz)
ž Initial findings show correlation but with
striking differences
37. All
Access
to
Finance
9%
Customs
RegulaGons
29%
Infrastructure
27%
CorrupGon
11%
Skilled
Labour
Inefficient
13%
Bureaucracy
11%
SAIIA
43. ž Of the opinion that if corruption could be
done away with, the other barriers would
automatically resolve themselves
ž Customs clearance – three advantages in
DFZ
• Special lane at border
• Customs officials visit on site
• Limited paper work due to duty exemption
ž Infrastructure
• Government has invested in ports in order to satisfy
demands/needs of oil and aluminum companies
44. ž Infrastructure
• Don’t make much use of the roads
• Ample electricity, water
• Additional oil, gas and coal finds might
overburden existing ports
ž Banking
• Despite or perhaps due to large figures involved
they’ve not had any difficulty in moving funds in
or out of Mozambique
ž Message – it pays to be big
• Also evident from other case studies
45. ž Weighbridges most often mentioned as
significant NTB
• Readings differ, payment options limited, no security
for trucks
• Roadblocks – unpredictable, have to plan ahead to
be corrupt
ž Labour market – permit system
• Mozambique very clear and efficient system
• Other end of the scale – large sums but no pos result
• Large companies rotate staff globally for skills
training, but very difficult in Southern Africa
46. ž E-platform – recent introduction in SA
• Welcomed by Road Freight Association
• E-platforms frequently mentioned as solution to
delays and corruption
• BUT e-platform seems to have added to delays
– Border officials still want to the paperwork
– Infrastructure at borders problematic
ž Paperworkfor mixed consignment of
fresh produce easily a foot deep
47. ž Size matter as larger companies can
outsource logistics, customs clearance or
appoint in-house expertise
ž Hierarchy of stumbling blocs associated
with development
• Banking, access to forex important barriers in
DRC, Malawi not so in South Africa rest of SACU
• Corruption headache for South Africans wanting
to do business in DRC, for DRC locals accepted
as normal costs associated with doing business
48. ž For SACU companies, greater focus on
efficiencies and predictability
ž Infrastructure in Southern-SADC has
improved dramatically,
• only mentioned in context of physical border
infrastructure
ž North
still lagging far behind and
weather dependent
• Time to get goods across borders and to point of
sale varies from shipment to shipment
49.
50. ž PS interesting position: beneficiary,
implementor, driver, stumbling block
ž Very limited engagement at the regional
level
ž National engagement as well as bilateral
• Mixed results
ž Exception is telecommunications that has
effective tool in CRASA
• Again, it pays to be big, telecom huge tax revenue
and profits, mutual benefit in engagement
51. ž SADC-wide business visa
ž More effective SADC e-platform that
gives regular updates on tariffs, excise
and other developments
ž SADC Rules of Origin certificates to
become more easily obtainable
ž Uniform regional weighbridge system
and clearance
52.
53. ž Where does it leave companies in SA
wanting to trade with neighbouring
states?
• Western Cape well placed ito access to
Mozambique
• Retail sourcing practices in local agriculture
beneficial
• Growing middle-class in SADC means increased
wine sales
• Cape Town Port industry missing out vis Maputo,
Dar es Salaam, Walvis Bay, Luanda
54. ž Small companies
• Know the risks – waiting times, corruption, NTB’s
• High risk, high reward?
• Feed into value-chain of larger operators
• Participate in regional forums for private sector
• Read www.thetradebeat.com - research findings
• Report NTB’s – www.tradebarriers.org
• Subscribe to TMSA newsletter
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