This document summarizes information on behavioral factors related to cancer and living with chronic illness. It discusses cancer risks such as smoking, diet, genetics and environmental exposures. It also examines the impacts of specific chronic diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes, asthma and HIV/AIDS on patients and families. Living with a chronic illness requires adapting to symptoms and treatment while managing stress. Support groups and medical advances aim to help patients cope.
Epidemiology of chronic non communicable diseases.pptxRomy Markose
Epidemiology of chronic non communicable diseases is the 5th unit in community health nursing subject of 2nd year BSc Nursing students according to their curriculum. this ppt helps to understand regarding the condition, etiological factors, risk factors, signs & symptoms, management at each health care level & prevention.
Learn how the personal choices you make every day can radically influence your health and begin to develop a plan for health and wellbeing for decades to come.
The chronic health conditions are long lasting. Issues like diabetes, improper blood sugar levels, and heart issues are signs of chronic diseases. These happen due to age, heredity and unhealthy lifestyle. A regular doctor’s visit in such a condition is important. As the chronic health conditions last for lifetime, maintaining a lifestyle to not worsen the same is necessary.
Health problems in female-including abortion, infertility and menopause.pptxasmita924867
When people think of women’s health, the first topics that come to mind may be gynecological concerns, such as infertility, menopause, pregnancy and childbirth, as well as breast health.
But there’s a lot more to women’s health than that: many health issues affect women differently from men, and in ways that have an impact on diagnosis and care. For instance, a heart attack may show up with different symptoms in a woman, putting her at risk for a misdiagnosis.
Doctors are increasingly aware of how managing osteoporosis, urinary conditions, sports injuries, colorectal cancer and diabetes in female patients may call for different approaches that take into account women’s physiological differences.
In all health matters, an informed patient or caregiver can advocate more effectively. Clear communication with health care providers can help ensure that women’s unique health needs are recognized and met.
This ppt gives a basic overview of cancer and difference between cancer and tumor.
It also contains basic screening tests for various types of cancers.
this presentation will contains problem of old age, how can they affect the life of geriatric peoples, prevention and control of geriatric problems, national program for better health of old peoples, initiations done by private trusts to improve their health
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Epidemiology of chronic non communicable diseases.pptxRomy Markose
Epidemiology of chronic non communicable diseases is the 5th unit in community health nursing subject of 2nd year BSc Nursing students according to their curriculum. this ppt helps to understand regarding the condition, etiological factors, risk factors, signs & symptoms, management at each health care level & prevention.
Learn how the personal choices you make every day can radically influence your health and begin to develop a plan for health and wellbeing for decades to come.
The chronic health conditions are long lasting. Issues like diabetes, improper blood sugar levels, and heart issues are signs of chronic diseases. These happen due to age, heredity and unhealthy lifestyle. A regular doctor’s visit in such a condition is important. As the chronic health conditions last for lifetime, maintaining a lifestyle to not worsen the same is necessary.
Health problems in female-including abortion, infertility and menopause.pptxasmita924867
When people think of women’s health, the first topics that come to mind may be gynecological concerns, such as infertility, menopause, pregnancy and childbirth, as well as breast health.
But there’s a lot more to women’s health than that: many health issues affect women differently from men, and in ways that have an impact on diagnosis and care. For instance, a heart attack may show up with different symptoms in a woman, putting her at risk for a misdiagnosis.
Doctors are increasingly aware of how managing osteoporosis, urinary conditions, sports injuries, colorectal cancer and diabetes in female patients may call for different approaches that take into account women’s physiological differences.
In all health matters, an informed patient or caregiver can advocate more effectively. Clear communication with health care providers can help ensure that women’s unique health needs are recognized and met.
This ppt gives a basic overview of cancer and difference between cancer and tumor.
It also contains basic screening tests for various types of cancers.
this presentation will contains problem of old age, how can they affect the life of geriatric peoples, prevention and control of geriatric problems, national program for better health of old peoples, initiations done by private trusts to improve their health
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
1. Behavioral Factors in Cancer
and Living with Chronic illness.
By Praise Atwine
What is cancer?
2. Cancer -group of diseases characterized by the presence of new cells that
grow and spread beyond control
They’re different types of cancers: all commonly share the presence of
*Neoplastic tissue cells which may be benign or malignant
*Benign - remain localized; usually less threatening
*Malignant - spread; usually more dangerous because they can invade and
destroy surrounding tissue
3. Four main groups of malignant growths:
Carcinomas - cancers of the epithelial tissue, cells that
line the outer and inner surfaces of the body, such as skin,
stomach lining, and mucous membranes.
Sarcomas - cancers of the connective tissues (bone, muscles, cartilage)
Leukemias - cancer of the blood
Lymphoma - cancers of the lymphatic system; less common
4. Rates of cancer
Death rates for cancer declined during the 1990s
* Early detection and treatment
* Lifestyle factors (better diets, less smoking) play a large role in the lower rates of
cancer
Cancers with decreasing death rates
*Lung, breast, prostate, colon/rectum cancer rates have all declined
Rates of cancer; increasing death rates
Cancers with increasing death rates
*Liver cancer
*Melanoma (a form of skin cancer)
*Esophageal cancer (increased for men, decreased for women)
*Lung cancer (increase for women, decrease for men)
5. Cancer risk factors
Inherent Risk Factors
*Ethnic Background
African Americans have greater incidence for most cancer and greater
mortality as well
*Diagnoses for African Americans tend to come at a later stage, which
means lower survival rates
*Other ethnic minorities do not show this increased incidence even though
they do also tend to be diagnosed at latter stages of their cancer too
Environmental;
*Exposure to asbestos *Exposure to radiation
6. Cancer risk factors: Genetics
Inherent Risk Factors for Cancer
*Advancing age
Inherent Risk Factors
*Family History and Genetics
*Identification of specific genes
*Example: BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 for breast cancer
*Only 5-10% of cancers are due to specific inherited genes
7. Cancer risk factors: Smoking
Behavioral Risk Factors for Cancer
Smoking - mainly related to lung cancer but also can be the cause of stomach,
bladder, upper digestive tract, esophagus, colon, and prostate cancers
*Also increases risk for larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, sinuses, cervix,
pancreas, liver, and kidney cancers
*Those who smoke are 24.9 times more likely to die of lung cancer than
men who have never smoked (relative risk)
*Smokers may have optimistic bias, where they realize that smoking is a
health risk but believe they personally are not at risk.
8. Cancer risk factors: Diet
Behavioral Risk Factors for Cancer: Diet
*Foods that may cause cancer are called carcinogenic
*Foods that lack preservatives or foods that have certain preservatives
*Foods high in fat
*Consumption of preserved meat raises the risk for colorectal cancer
• Obesity accounts for 14-20% of all cancer-related deaths; related to esophagus, breast,
endometrial, and kidney cancers.
9. Behavioral Risk Factors for Cancer: Diet
*Foods that may prevent cancer
*Fruits and veggies
*Unclear if certain nutrients or specific vitamins can help
*Beta-carotene, selenium, and calcium may help lower risk of certain cancers
Cancer risk factors: lifestyle
Behavioral Risk Factors for Cancer
*Alcohol increases risk for mouth, esophageal, breast, and liver cancers
Alcohol abusers are more likely to die from other causes before they
develop liver cancer.
10. Living with Chronic Illness
• This chapter focuses on six basic questions:
1. What is the impact of chronic disease on patients and families?
2. What is the impact of Alzheimer’s disease?
3. What is involved in adjusting to diabetes?
4. How does asthma affect the lives of people with this disease?
5. How can HIV infection be managed?
6. What adaptations do people make to dying and grieving?
11. ● Chronic Diseases
○ Include Cardiovascular disease and cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, asthma, and AIDS
○ Causes 7 in 10 deaths in the USA
○ 60% of adults live with a chronic illness, 42% live with multiple illnesses and 25% of children
○ Chronic illnesses vary in physiology, but the emotional and physical adjustments, the disruption
of family dynamics, the need for continued medical care, and the necessity of self-management
also apply to any other chronic diseases such as arthritis, heart disease, cancer, kidney disease,
multiple sclerosis, head injury, and spinal cord injury.
12. ● Impact on the Patient
○ Patients with chronic illness need to:
■ Adjust and adapt to symptoms
■ Manage stress of treatment
■ Face the possibility of death
■ Some people find positive aspects of their chronic illness
■ Some effective mental health treatments such as psychosocial, cognitive
behavioral, and internet-based interventions
13. ●Impact on the Family
○ Illness requires adaptation from family members as well
■ Feelings of grief or loss
■ Parents of children with chronic illness may face difficulties, such as maintaining a normal routine
■ “Invisible Support” - provider reports offering but patient does not report
receiving; less effective and helpful.
In Summary; Chronic diseases bring changes that require adaptation for both the person with the disease and family
members. Chronically ill patients must manage their symptoms, seek appropriate health care, and adapt to the psychological
changes that occur in this situation. Health care professionals may neglect the social and emotional needs of chronically ill
patients, attending instead to their physical needs. Health psychologists and support groups help provide for the emotional
needs associated with chronic illness. The adaptations that occur may lead to prolonged feelings of loss and grief or to
changes that constitute personal growth.
14. ● Alzheimer’s Disease
○ Alzheimer’s Disease degenerative disease of the brain
■ Early-onset:
Occurs before 60; rare; genetic component
■ Late-onset: Occurs after 60; more common; may have genetic component but lifestyle factors may also
play a role
●Alzheimer’s Disease, Risk Factors
■ Age - by age 85, 50% of individuals show signs
■ Genetic factors - genetic component related to apolipo-protein ε, a protein involved in cholesterol
metabolism
15. ■ Environmental factors - stroke, head injury, Type 2 diabetes, and CVD all increase risk
■ Lifestyle factors - exercising, cognitive activity, low level of alcohol consumption decrease risk
● Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease
○ Memory loss
○ Paranoia/Suspicion
○ Verbal and Physical Aggression
● Alzheimer’s Disease and Depression
○ Depression is often common
○ Individuals in the early stages may be aware enough to realize what is occurring
● Alzheimer’s Disease, Coping
16. ● Alzheimer’s Disease, Coping
○ Helping people with Alzheimer’s Disease
○ No cure
○ Currently, the primary treatment is drugs to slow down progression of memory loss and retain cognitive
abilities
○ Other approaches include cognitive stimulation, improvements in communication
●Alzheimer’s Disease, Helping Family Members Cope
○ Helping family members:
■ 70% of caregivers are women
■ Caregiving is full-time usually (10+ hours a day)
■ Caregivers experience poor physical and psychological health
■ Caregivers can seek support groups in person or over the internet
17. ●Diabetes
○ Diabetes mellitus- disorder caused by insulin deficiency
■Insulin dependent (Type 1) -autoimmune disorder; occurs usually
before age of 30; cannot produce insulin; no cure; the person’s immune
system attacks the insulin-making cells in the pancreas, destroying them
■ Non-insulin dependent (Type 2)- more common, The body still produces
insulin, but it’s unable to use it effectively. Inactive and overweight
● Impacts of Diabetes
○ Physical Changes
■ diabetes increases risk of CVD, damage to retina, kidney diseases, and
pancreatic cancer
○ Behavioral/Lifestyle Changes:
■ Diabetes must test blood sugar levels at least daily
■ May affect sexual functioning
18. ●Diabetes, Helping People Cope
○ Research on diabetes
■ Stress affects glucose metabolism
■ Decreasing stress and negative emotions can help diabetes management
○Adherence to regimens
■ Social support groups may help increase diabetes management
■ Text messages reminders
○ Lifestyle changes including healthy eating and exercise
○ New strategies including testing devices for tears and infrared laser lights; still in
development
19. ●Asthma
○ Asthma -inflammatory disease that causes constriction of the bronchial tubes,
preventing air pass freely
■ 7.7% (26 million) of Americans have asthma
■ 30% of cases are children and adolescents
● Risk Factors for Asthma
○ More common in developed countries
○ More common in urban area
○ More common for African Americans
○ Sedentary lifestyle (tending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive) and obesity increase risk
20. Managing Asthma
○ Minimizing attacks is main treatment goal
○ Requires medication and learning “triggers” of attacks
○ Drugs often have side effects of weight gain and lack of energy
○ Asthmatics may rely on inhalers too often
●Asthma, Helping People Cope
○ Increase education
○ Boosting self-care and adherence
○ Developing a written action plan
21. ● HIV and AIDS
○ HIV -Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus; causes the development of AIDS; HIV-1,
which causes most AIDS cases in the United States; and HIV-2, which is
responsible for most AIDS cases in Africa
○ AIDS- acquired immune deficiency syndrome; immune system loses
effectiveness
●History and Prevalence of AIDS
○ AIDS first recognized in 1981
○ Leading cause of death in Africa
○ Death rates declining, yet
○ 36 million people are infected
■ 2.1 million news cases each year
○ Women comprise 62% of new diagnoses
○ In US, 1 in 5 HIV infections are ages 13-24
○ No cure; but medication has helped extend lives
22. ●Symptoms of HIV and AIDS
○ First symptoms: flu-like symptoms (fever, sore throat, skin rash, headache)
○ Immune system is being destroyed, CD4+ count falls
○ As CD4+ count decreases, damage to organs occurs, as well as weight loss, fatigue, and AIDS-related dementia
●Transmission of HIV
○ Person to person during sex
○ Direct contact with blood
■ Injection drug use
○ Mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding
●Transmission of HIV from sexual acts:
○ Male-male sexual contact - anal intercourse; oral sex
○ Heterosexual contact - male to female transmission more likely than female-to-male transmission
23. ●Psychologists’ Role in the HIV Epidemic
○ Primary prevention-changing behavior to decrease transmission of HIV
○ Secondary prevention-helping people live with infection
●Preventing HIV/AIDS (Primary) include;
■ Reducing unprotected sexual activities
■ Increasing perception of risk
●Preventing HIV/AIDS (Secondary) include;
■ Encouraging HIV testing
■ Coping with HIV diagnosis
■ Tailoring interventions to person’s specific situation
■ Finding meaning
■ Adhering to complex medical regime
■ Motivational interviewing
24. ● Facing Death
○ Adjusting to Terminal Illness
■ People do not respond to a diagnosis in a set pattern
■ "Dying role"
■ 3 elements: practical, relational, personal
■ Dignity Therapy
■ Reflection, recording what they want to be remembered for
● Grieving
○ People grieve generally in one of four ways:
■ Resiliency
■ Acute-recovery
■ Chronic low level of well-being
■ Improvement