The document provides a comprehensive overview of cancer, including its definition, common types, risk factors, warning signs, and global incidence, particularly in South-East Asia and Nepal. It highlights that cancer is a leading cause of death globally, with significant statistics on cases and mortality rates, and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and palliative care for improving patient outcomes. The document also outlines recommendations for cancer prevention and control from the World Health Assembly, urging enhanced political commitment and improved healthcare systems.

2. Presented By:
Sharada Devkota
Sweta Pokharel
Reecha Byanjankar
Meera Barmasha
Tara Rai

3.  What is Cancer ?
 What are the most common cancer in Male & Female?
 What are the risk factor of Cancer ?
 Different type of Cancer.
 What are the warning sign of Cancer?
 Incidence of South-East Asia
 Nepal scenario of Cancer.
 Prevention of Cancer.

6. Introduction
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth
with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the
body.

7. The most common types of cancer in males are:
 lung cancer
 prostate cancer
 colorectal cancer
 Stomach cancer.
In females, the most common types are :
 Breast cancer
 Cervical cancer
 Lung cancer
 Colorectal cancer

8. Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and was
responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Globally, nearly 1
in 6 deaths is due to cancer.
The most common causes of cancer death are cancers of:
Lung (1.69 million deaths)
Liver (788 000 deaths)
Colorectal (774 000 deaths)
Stomach (754 000 deaths)
Breast (571 000 deaths)
(WHO, 2018)

11.  Bladder cancer
 Brain cancer
 Breast cancer
 Cervical cancer
 Colorectal cancer
 Esophageal cancer
 Kidney cancer
 Leukemia
 Liver cancer

12.  Lung cancer
 Melanoma
 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
 Ovarian cancer
 Pancreatic cancer
 Prostate cancer
 Skin cancer
 Thyroid cancer
 Uterine cancer

14. Rank Cancer New cases diagnosed in 2012
1 Lung 1,825
2 Breast 1,677
3 Colorectal 1,361
4 Prostate 1,112
5 Stomach 952
6 Liver 782
7 Cervix uterus 528
8 Esophagus 456
9 Bladder 430
10 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 386
Source: Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M,
Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray, F.
GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.1, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase
No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014.

15.  One in eight deaths worldwide is due to cancer. Worldwide,
cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and
malaria combined.
 There were an estimated 14.1 million cancer cases around
the world in 2012, of these 7.4 million cases were in men
and 6.7 million in women. This number is expected to
increase to 24 million by 2035.

16.  Likewise, 70% of death due to cancer that means 5.5 million
are occurring in developing countries which is forecasted to
grow to 6.7 million in 2015 and 8.9 million in 2030.

17.  An estimated 1.1 million people are killed by cancer in the
region every year the South-East Asia Region and nearly 1.7
million new cases are reported, according to the World Health
Organization.
 WHO South Asia Region includes Nepal, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India,
Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand and
Timor-Leste.

18. According to the National Cancer Registry Programme
of the India Council of Medical Research (ICMR),
more than 1300 Indians die every day due to cancer.
Between 2012 and 2014, the mortality rate due to
cancer increased by approximately 6%. In 2012, there
are 4,78,180 deaths out of 2934,314 cases reported. In
2013 there are 465,169 death out of 3016,628 cases. In
2014, 491,598 people died in 2014 out of 2820,179
cases.
"Cancer kills 1300 Indians every day". Delhi Daily
News. Retrieved 2015-05-17

19. “Majority of cases in Pakistan are [not] diagnosed in time
because of lack of awareness and cultural taboos that drive
women to keep the disease a secret. Around 40,000 women lose
their lives every year in Pakistan due to breast cancer.
Unluckily, in Asia, Pakistan has the highest rate of breast cancer
*Published in The Newspaper's Staff Reporter, October 27,
2017

20.  In Nepal, some 30,000 new cases of cancer are diagnosed
every year in the country, reveals Dr Neupane. “Among
them only 10,000 cancer patients reach the hospital for
treatment,” says the doctor adding, “To aware remaining
20,000 patients to go to the hospital for treatment, the World
Cancer Day is celebrated in Nepal too”.

21. Among the total population, 45 per cent males and 55
per cent females are suffering from different types of
cancers here — due to ignorance, lack of personal
hygiene, birth trauma and lack of regular health check
up, especially in women,” reveals the doctor.
(*Source: Article from Himalayan Times, February 02,2016)

22. According to latest WHO data published in 2017, cancer
death rates in Nepal are:
Cancer Death rates
Lungs cancer 2,679 or 1.64 of total death
Cervical cancer 1,624 or 0.99 of total death
Breast cancer 1,065 or 0.65 of total death
Oral cancer 1,341 or 0.82 of total death
(Source: WHO, world health ranking, World Bank UNESCO)

23. Throughout the twelve hospital based cancer registries
of Nepal, a total of 29,802 cancer cases with known
age, were registered from January 1st 2010 to 2013
December 31st. The purpose of this retrospective study
is to present the incidence of all cancer sites in both
males and females for this period.

24. Over the four-year period from January 1st 2010 to
2013 December 31st the major cancer in males was
identified as follows: lung cancer (17.5%) followed by
stomach cancer (7.6 %) and larynx cancer (5.4%).
Among females, for the same four-year period, the
three common cancers were identified as cervix (18.9
%) followed by breast (15.6 %) and lung (10.2%).
(*Source: article from Nepal Journal of Epidemiology, 2017 Mar,
Hospital-Based Cancer Incidence in Nepal from 2010 to 2013)

27. Early diagnosis
When identified early, cancer is more likely to respond
to effective treatment and can result in a greater
probability of surviving, less morbidity, and less
expensive treatment. Significant improvements can be
made in the lives of cancer patients by detecting cancer
early and avoiding delays in care.

28.  Early diagnosis consists of 3 steps that must be
integrated and provided in a timely manner:
 awareness and accessing care
 clinical evaluation, diagnosis and staging
 access to treatment.

29. Screening aims to identify individuals with
abnormalities suggestive of a specific cancer or pre-
cancer who have not developed any symptoms and
refer them promptly for diagnosis and treatment.

30.  visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for cervical
cancer in low-income settings;
 HPV testing for cervical cancer;
 PAP cytology test for cervical cancer in middle- and
high-income settings; and
 Mammography screening for breast cancer in
settings with strong or relatively strong health
systems.

31. ➢ Palliative care is treatment to relieve, rather than cure,
symptoms caused by cancer and improve the quality of
life of patients and their families. Palliative care can
help people live more comfortably. It is an urgent
humanitarian need for people worldwide with cancer
and other chronic fatal diseases and particularly needed
in places with a high proportion of patients in advanced
stages of cancer where there is little chance of cure.
➢ Relief from physical, psychosocial, and spiritual
problems can be achieved in over 90% of advanced
cancer patients through palliative care.

32. In 2017, the World Health Assembly passed the
resolution Cancer Prevention and Control through an
Integrated Approach (WHA70.12), urging governments
and WHO to accelerate action to achieve the targets
specified in the Global Action Plan and 2030 UN Agenda
for Sustainable Development to reduce premature
mortality from cancer.

33.  Increase political commitment for cancer prevention and
control;
 Coordinate and conduct research on the causes of human
cancer and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis;
 Monitor the cancer burden (as part of the work of the
Global Initiative on Cancer Registries);
 Identify “best buys” and other cost-effective, priority
strategies for cancer prevention and control;

34.  Develop standards and tools to guide the planning
and implementation of interventions for prevention,
early diagnosis, screening, treatment and palliative
and survivorship care including for childhood
cancers.
 Strengthen health systems at national and local levels
to deliver cure and care for cancer patients including
improving access to cancer treatments.
 Set the agenda for cancer prevention and control in
the Global Report on Cancer.

35.  Provide global leadership as well as technical
assistance to support governments and their partners
build and sustain high-quality cervical cancer control
programs through the UN Global Joint Programme
on Cervical Prevention and Cancer.
 Provide technical assistance for rapid, effective
transfer of best practice interventions to countries.