This document discusses esophageal cancer, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Esophageal cancer is more common in men and occurs most often in the middle and lower portions of the esophagus. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma linked to smoking, alcohol use, and nutritional deficiencies and adenocarcinoma often preceded by Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy is used to diagnose esophageal cancer and determine the extent of disease. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the cancer's stage and location.