This document discusses implementing a static cone penetration test (CPT) for a geotechnical investigation during infrastructure construction. It provides background on CPT methodology, including how the test works, the parameters measured, advantages over other tests, and how results are interpreted. It then presents a case study where CPT was used to inform the design of a temporary retaining structure for a pump room excavation near a river in Greece. Test results characterized subsurface soil stratigraphy and properties, allowing selection of sheet pile walls to support the excavation. The study demonstrates how CPT can efficiently provide critical soil data to inform geotechnical design of infrastructure in complex soil conditions.
This document discusses sources of uncertainty in common in-situ geotechnical tests, including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), vane shear test, dilatometer test, and pressuremeter test. It reviews previous studies on test uncertainties and aims to quantify the overall uncertainty for each test method. The key sources of uncertainty are equipment variables, operator/procedural effects, and random measurement errors. Through analysis of prior data, it estimates coefficient of variations for test uncertainties, finding values ranging from around 15% for ideal SPT conditions to over 100% for poor SPT practices. The document provides uncertainty estimates for each test to distinguish between test variability and natural soil variability
Estimation of flow accelerated corrosion (fac) in feeder pipes using cf dd so...Alexander Decker
This article summarizes a study on estimating flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) in feeder pipes of a nuclear reactor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The study had two objectives: 1) perform CFD analysis of a modeled feeder pipe using Fluent software to estimate maximum wall thinning, and 2) design an experimental setup to study FAC at low temperatures. The CFD analysis estimated a maximum wall thinning rate of 1.1 mm/year in a feeder pipe bend. Experimental tests on mild steel coupons in water at 90°C found corrosion rates up to 1.63 g/cm2/year but no evidence of FAC below this temperature.
Preventative control measures of rock/coal bursts in underground mines. 5706671Onur Tuncay
This literature review which has been proven by laboratory and field experiments which discovered the most efficient and productive technique to drain gas and relieve stress, hydraulic fracturing.
This document summarizes a thesis that studied the seismic performance of perforated steel plate shear walls (P-SPSWs) designed according to Canadian seismic provisions. Finite element models were developed and analyzed using nonlinear time history analysis to evaluate response parameters of 4-, 8-, and 12-story P-SPSWs. Results showed that dynamic base shear was significantly higher than static design values. Dynamic storey shear in the perforated infill plates agreed reasonably well with code equations. Infill plates yielded fully at peak accelerations for some earthquakes, while boundary members remained elastic.
Finite element method in solving civil engineering problemSaniul Mahi
The applications of Finite Element Method in solving Civil Engineering problem and the merits of using a finite element procedure over the other methods.
This document provides guidance on procedures for conducting aquifer pumping tests to estimate aquifer parameters. It outlines the necessary preliminary studies, site preparation, equipment needs, data collection procedures during testing, and methods for analyzing test data either manually or using software. Key steps include conducting step drawdown tests followed by constant discharge tests while monitoring water levels in the pumping well and observation wells over time. Analysis of the water level response curves allows estimation of aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient. Proper planning and hydrogeological understanding of the site are important for ensuring high quality test results.
Modeling CO2 injection into saline aquifers, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of ...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) being conducted by Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk and his research team at the University of Alberta. Some of the major areas of research include well integrity, reservoir geomechanics processes, risk assessment, and reservoir surveillance. The document provides details on several CCS-related research projects and field tests being carried out to evaluate CO2 injection and storage at sites such as Weyburn and Penn West. Numerical modeling is a key part of the research to simulate CO2 injection and predict fluid movement, trapping mechanisms, and reservoir responses over time.
This document discusses sources of uncertainty in common in-situ geotechnical tests, including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), vane shear test, dilatometer test, and pressuremeter test. It reviews previous studies on test uncertainties and aims to quantify the overall uncertainty for each test method. The key sources of uncertainty are equipment variables, operator/procedural effects, and random measurement errors. Through analysis of prior data, it estimates coefficient of variations for test uncertainties, finding values ranging from around 15% for ideal SPT conditions to over 100% for poor SPT practices. The document provides uncertainty estimates for each test to distinguish between test variability and natural soil variability
Estimation of flow accelerated corrosion (fac) in feeder pipes using cf dd so...Alexander Decker
This article summarizes a study on estimating flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) in feeder pipes of a nuclear reactor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The study had two objectives: 1) perform CFD analysis of a modeled feeder pipe using Fluent software to estimate maximum wall thinning, and 2) design an experimental setup to study FAC at low temperatures. The CFD analysis estimated a maximum wall thinning rate of 1.1 mm/year in a feeder pipe bend. Experimental tests on mild steel coupons in water at 90°C found corrosion rates up to 1.63 g/cm2/year but no evidence of FAC below this temperature.
Preventative control measures of rock/coal bursts in underground mines. 5706671Onur Tuncay
This literature review which has been proven by laboratory and field experiments which discovered the most efficient and productive technique to drain gas and relieve stress, hydraulic fracturing.
This document summarizes a thesis that studied the seismic performance of perforated steel plate shear walls (P-SPSWs) designed according to Canadian seismic provisions. Finite element models were developed and analyzed using nonlinear time history analysis to evaluate response parameters of 4-, 8-, and 12-story P-SPSWs. Results showed that dynamic base shear was significantly higher than static design values. Dynamic storey shear in the perforated infill plates agreed reasonably well with code equations. Infill plates yielded fully at peak accelerations for some earthquakes, while boundary members remained elastic.
Finite element method in solving civil engineering problemSaniul Mahi
The applications of Finite Element Method in solving Civil Engineering problem and the merits of using a finite element procedure over the other methods.
This document provides guidance on procedures for conducting aquifer pumping tests to estimate aquifer parameters. It outlines the necessary preliminary studies, site preparation, equipment needs, data collection procedures during testing, and methods for analyzing test data either manually or using software. Key steps include conducting step drawdown tests followed by constant discharge tests while monitoring water levels in the pumping well and observation wells over time. Analysis of the water level response curves allows estimation of aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient. Proper planning and hydrogeological understanding of the site are important for ensuring high quality test results.
Modeling CO2 injection into saline aquifers, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of ...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) being conducted by Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk and his research team at the University of Alberta. Some of the major areas of research include well integrity, reservoir geomechanics processes, risk assessment, and reservoir surveillance. The document provides details on several CCS-related research projects and field tests being carried out to evaluate CO2 injection and storage at sites such as Weyburn and Penn West. Numerical modeling is a key part of the research to simulate CO2 injection and predict fluid movement, trapping mechanisms, and reservoir responses over time.
This master's thesis compares CPTU test results from different commercial actors in Stockholm/Mälardalen to analyze the quality and consistency of the results based on factors like equipment choice, operator performance, and evaluation methods. 26 CPTU tests were conducted by 5 commercial actors in a site in Hagby, Stockholm, and the results were evaluated using software programs to compare the data and identify differences between actors. The goal was to highlight potential sources of variability and uncertainties in CPTU testing.
This document provides guidance on designing and conducting aquifer pumping tests to determine the hydraulic properties of aquifers. It outlines the necessary planning steps, including developing a conceptual model of the aquifer using all available data on geology, hydrology, and existing wells. Properly designed tests that control discharge and monitor observation wells can provide accurate estimates of aquifer transmissivity, storativity, boundaries, and other properties needed to characterize groundwater flow. Conducting short pump tests or slug tests alone does not provide all the necessary information.
This project report summarizes the analysis and design of an underground drainage system for the hostel areas of SRM University in Kattankulathur, India. The report outlines the objectives, necessity, scope and methodology of the project. It involves surveying the existing drainage system, analyzing wastewater and stormwater flows, selecting appropriate pipe materials, and designing the pipe network layout, trenches, manholes and cost estimate. The aim is to provide a systematic underground sewerage system to replace the existing open channel drainage and improve sanitation, flooding prevention and environmental protection on campus.
The document provides guidelines on geotechnical investigations and rock mass classification for tunnel design and construction in India. It discusses the objectives and phases of geotechnical investigations, including preliminary studies, pre-construction planning, and construction phase investigations. It also describes several rock mass classification systems used for tunnel design, including Terzaghi's system, Rock Quality Designation (RQD), and Rock Mass Rating (RMR). The guidelines aim to help engineers properly design, construct and maintain tunnels in India.
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF SOIL AND ITS STABILITY USING NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTSIRJET Journal
This document discusses using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing (UPV) to determine the strength and stability of soil in a non-destructive manner. The study mixes black soil with different stabilizers and uses UPV to measure the pulse velocity through compacted soil samples. Higher velocities indicate denser, stronger soil. Correlations are made between pulse velocity and dry density from standard compaction tests. The study aims to evaluate how stabilizers change the engineering properties of black soil and determine if they can be used as soil stabilizers. UPV provides a quick, non-destructive alternative to conventional compaction tests for analyzing soil properties.
An Example for Borehole Seismology in Marmara SeaAli Osman Öncel
This document discusses best practices for installing downhole geophysical observatories. It describes two main types of permanent downhole monitoring installations: permanently cemented sensors behind casing, and instruments deployed inside casing or open holes using hole-locks or cement to anchor them. The document also discusses deployment systems like cable, coiled tubing, and drill pipe. Maintaining long-term stability and coupling of sensors to measure signals without surface noise is important. A case study of a new downhole observatory installation in Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault Zone is also presented.
Experimental Study to Correlate the Test Results of PBT, UCS, and CBR with Li...CSCJournals
This document presents an experimental study that correlates test results from the plate bearing test (PBT), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, and California bearing ratio (CBR) test with results from the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) test on various soils under soaked conditions. Soil samples from different locations in Gujarat, India were tested for liquid limit, plastic limit, CBR, PBT, UCS, and DCP at their maximum dry densities achieved through modified proctor compaction in a soaked state. Empirical correlations between the test results were established using linear regression to develop formulations that can be used to estimate time-consuming strength parameters from rapid DCP tests.
Dear Sir,
Greetings!!!
Please allow me to introduce myself and NAPESCO, regarding our Geotechnical & Drilling capabilities. NAPESCO provides comprehensive Drilling & Geotechnical Services to the global clients. With a core team of Geotechnical Engineers, Geoscientists, Surveyors and Technical Specialists, we typically support Oil & Gas projects annually and on a global basis. We are really interested and keenly looking forward to earning your business and establishing a lasting and mutually beneficial relationship. Should you require our assistance and expertise during any current Drilling / Geotechnical site investigation or those in the future; please contact me for further details of how we can assist.
We look forward to receiving an inquiry from you, thank you.
Sincerely,
For and on behalf of NAPESCO
This document summarizes a research project and thesis investigating the optimization of shot peening parameters. The project was sponsored by USF Vacublast and conducted by Franck Petit-Renaud at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne from 1998-1999. The thesis studied the effect of various shot peening parameters (e.g. air pressure, mass flow, impact angle, exposure time) on residual stress profiles in shot peened steel bars. Statistical analysis found the most significant parameters were air pressure, mass flow, impact angle, and exposure time, as well as interactions between some parameters. The research aimed to better understand and control the shot peening process by relating its parameters to residual stress results.
The document provides a summary of a geotechnical investigation report for a proposed check dam construction site. Three boreholes were drilled and standard penetration tests (SPT) were conducted at 1.5m intervals to determine soil properties. Laboratory tests including specific gravity, moisture content, particle size distribution, liquid limit and plastic limit tests were performed on soil samples. Subsurface exploration found soils to have SPT values ranging from 3 to 60. The report provides tables with soil properties and allowable bearing capacities for foundations of varying widths at 0.86m depth.
This document summarizes the evolution of completion designs used by Total Austral in developing shale resources in the Vaca Muerta formation in Argentina over the past decade. It began with vertical exploratory wells to characterize the formation, followed by a short horizontal appraisal well. A pilot phase involved 12 horizontal wells to validate productivity from two zones, using plug-and-perf completions. Operational challenges were addressed. Subsequent phases increased lateral lengths, implemented new technologies like 4D seismic and chemical tracers, and optimized operations to increase production and reduce costs through testing of fracture parameters and improvements to water/proppant logistics and service reliability. The historical experience helped shift to more efficient best practices for unconventional well stimulation.
The document summarizes research on using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) to characterize subsurface soil and pavement material strengths in situ. Key points:
- The DCP is an inexpensive and simple device used to measure soil/material strength by recording penetration depth of a cone tip with each drop of an 8kg hammer from 575mm.
- Testing generates a continuous profile of penetration resistance that can be correlated to parameters like CBR, strength, and modulus.
- Researchers in Minnesota have been using the DCP to evaluate pavement structures, embankments, and base material, finding it a useful supplement to traditional testing.
Numerical study of disk drive rotating flow structure in the cavityeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aim in conducting the numerical simulation of laminar flow to explore disk-driven vortical flow structure of a cubical
container subjected to a disk rotation on the roof of the container in different Reynolds numbers to observe the flow structure and
the reason of vortical flow form. For this study, finite difference method with dispersion-relation- preserving (DRP) scheme is
dispersed governing equations space term, but adopt time term with TVD Runge-Kutta method. To add accuracy of numerical,
this thesis also uses topology theory to analyze the characteristic of singular point. Three-dimensional vertical flow is observed
flow structure and move to condition. The result to obtain Reynolds numbers to increase attracting spiral nodes increasingly
approaches the floor of the cavity. We have also depicted the vertical flow structure in terms of cortex cores which provide more
details about how change of the Reynolds number
Keywords: disk-driven, finite difference method, dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP), Runge-Kutta, topology theory
This document discusses the design and management of packer testing programs for groundwater characterization at mining sites. It describes different types of packer testing methods including single vs double packer configurations, and injection, withdrawal, shut-in and falling head test types. Key considerations for designing a testing program include clearly defining data objectives, assessing data density needs, and planning the type, number and timing of tests based on drilling equipment, hole locations and other site activities. Flexibility is important as real-world constraints may influence testing approach. Overall, the document emphasizes upfront planning but also allowing for adaptive testing strategies to efficiently achieve hydrogeological characterization objectives.
This document presents the results of Screw Driving Sounding (SDS) tests conducted at two sites in Malaysia and compares the SDS data to Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Mackintosh Probe Test (MPT) data. At a site in Batu Pahat, SDS data correlated well with SPT data, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.721. At a site in Cheras, SDS data correlated well with MPT data, with an R2 of 0.851. The preliminary findings suggest SDS testing has potential for soil characterization in site investigations in Malaysia.
16 lbnl deep borehole research summary dobson lbnlleann_mays
The document summarizes research being conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) related to deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste. It discusses 6 projects: 1) modeling the geologic framework for deep boreholes, 2) measuring permeability in fractured rock cores, 3) seismic imaging of fractures, 4) modeling thermal, hydrologic, chemical processes, 5) laboratory experiments on borehole damage zones and seals, and 6) modeling seals and the disturbed zone using thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling. The research aims to further scientific understanding of deep borehole disposal concepts through field data collection, lab experiments, and computational modeling.
A laboratory based study of hydraulic simulation of leakage in water distribu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a laboratory study on hydraulic simulation of leakage in water distribution networks. The study used a small model network with pipes and instruments to measure pressure and flow at various points. Experiments were conducted with different initial water pressures, leakage volumes, and leakage locations. Pressure and flow data was collected and hydraulic modeling software was used to simulate the system and compare results. The goal was to validate an approach for detecting leakage location using pressure monitoring and hydraulic analysis.
ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCES Wastewater Pipeline Design in Accordance w...IJERA Editor
After the treatment of the wastewaters, a pipeline is used to transfer the treated water from the onshore pump station to the wastewater disposal marine environment. This technique is required for the dilution process in the marine environment instead of a secondary treatment. When the pipeline design for wastewater treatment is implemented, the stability issues of the pipelines must be considered because the pipeline design is based on factors such as currents, waves, geotechnical conditions, physical properties of the water and pipe’s material characteristics. At this point, a computer program is beneficial for the quick design of wastewater pipelines. To find a suitable design under these various design limitation and factors, the algorithm of the SUbmarine Pipeline Design (SUPLID) software was developed which is powerful tool for stability analysis of the submarine pipeline against dynamic current-wave motions and foundation characteristics. The SUPLID program provides a flexible design environment for the design engineer for dimensioning and stabilizing the pipeline system with also artificial weights. In this study, the main methodology and the structure of the SUPLID program was introduced and one of its application for a typical submarine wastewater pipeline was discussed
Sustainable stabilization of sulfate bearing soils with expansive soil-rubber...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
The beneficial use of scrap tire rubber mixed with expansive soils is of interest to civil engineering
applications since the swell percent and the swell pressure can be potentially reduced with no deleterious
effect to the shear strength of the mixture. The two main objectives of this research were (1) to propose a
new subgrade soil stabilization protocol to allow CDOT to rely upon an alternative stabilization method that
is not subject to the typical problems associated with calcium-based stabilization of sulfate-rich soils, and
(2) to develop a new database of MEPDG parameters for local soil samples obtained from CDOT and to
provide advanced testing and analysis of the stiffness degradation of these materials.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
This master's thesis compares CPTU test results from different commercial actors in Stockholm/Mälardalen to analyze the quality and consistency of the results based on factors like equipment choice, operator performance, and evaluation methods. 26 CPTU tests were conducted by 5 commercial actors in a site in Hagby, Stockholm, and the results were evaluated using software programs to compare the data and identify differences between actors. The goal was to highlight potential sources of variability and uncertainties in CPTU testing.
This document provides guidance on designing and conducting aquifer pumping tests to determine the hydraulic properties of aquifers. It outlines the necessary planning steps, including developing a conceptual model of the aquifer using all available data on geology, hydrology, and existing wells. Properly designed tests that control discharge and monitor observation wells can provide accurate estimates of aquifer transmissivity, storativity, boundaries, and other properties needed to characterize groundwater flow. Conducting short pump tests or slug tests alone does not provide all the necessary information.
This project report summarizes the analysis and design of an underground drainage system for the hostel areas of SRM University in Kattankulathur, India. The report outlines the objectives, necessity, scope and methodology of the project. It involves surveying the existing drainage system, analyzing wastewater and stormwater flows, selecting appropriate pipe materials, and designing the pipe network layout, trenches, manholes and cost estimate. The aim is to provide a systematic underground sewerage system to replace the existing open channel drainage and improve sanitation, flooding prevention and environmental protection on campus.
The document provides guidelines on geotechnical investigations and rock mass classification for tunnel design and construction in India. It discusses the objectives and phases of geotechnical investigations, including preliminary studies, pre-construction planning, and construction phase investigations. It also describes several rock mass classification systems used for tunnel design, including Terzaghi's system, Rock Quality Designation (RQD), and Rock Mass Rating (RMR). The guidelines aim to help engineers properly design, construct and maintain tunnels in India.
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF SOIL AND ITS STABILITY USING NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTSIRJET Journal
This document discusses using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing (UPV) to determine the strength and stability of soil in a non-destructive manner. The study mixes black soil with different stabilizers and uses UPV to measure the pulse velocity through compacted soil samples. Higher velocities indicate denser, stronger soil. Correlations are made between pulse velocity and dry density from standard compaction tests. The study aims to evaluate how stabilizers change the engineering properties of black soil and determine if they can be used as soil stabilizers. UPV provides a quick, non-destructive alternative to conventional compaction tests for analyzing soil properties.
An Example for Borehole Seismology in Marmara SeaAli Osman Öncel
This document discusses best practices for installing downhole geophysical observatories. It describes two main types of permanent downhole monitoring installations: permanently cemented sensors behind casing, and instruments deployed inside casing or open holes using hole-locks or cement to anchor them. The document also discusses deployment systems like cable, coiled tubing, and drill pipe. Maintaining long-term stability and coupling of sensors to measure signals without surface noise is important. A case study of a new downhole observatory installation in Turkey along the North Anatolian Fault Zone is also presented.
Experimental Study to Correlate the Test Results of PBT, UCS, and CBR with Li...CSCJournals
This document presents an experimental study that correlates test results from the plate bearing test (PBT), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, and California bearing ratio (CBR) test with results from the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) test on various soils under soaked conditions. Soil samples from different locations in Gujarat, India were tested for liquid limit, plastic limit, CBR, PBT, UCS, and DCP at their maximum dry densities achieved through modified proctor compaction in a soaked state. Empirical correlations between the test results were established using linear regression to develop formulations that can be used to estimate time-consuming strength parameters from rapid DCP tests.
Dear Sir,
Greetings!!!
Please allow me to introduce myself and NAPESCO, regarding our Geotechnical & Drilling capabilities. NAPESCO provides comprehensive Drilling & Geotechnical Services to the global clients. With a core team of Geotechnical Engineers, Geoscientists, Surveyors and Technical Specialists, we typically support Oil & Gas projects annually and on a global basis. We are really interested and keenly looking forward to earning your business and establishing a lasting and mutually beneficial relationship. Should you require our assistance and expertise during any current Drilling / Geotechnical site investigation or those in the future; please contact me for further details of how we can assist.
We look forward to receiving an inquiry from you, thank you.
Sincerely,
For and on behalf of NAPESCO
This document summarizes a research project and thesis investigating the optimization of shot peening parameters. The project was sponsored by USF Vacublast and conducted by Franck Petit-Renaud at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne from 1998-1999. The thesis studied the effect of various shot peening parameters (e.g. air pressure, mass flow, impact angle, exposure time) on residual stress profiles in shot peened steel bars. Statistical analysis found the most significant parameters were air pressure, mass flow, impact angle, and exposure time, as well as interactions between some parameters. The research aimed to better understand and control the shot peening process by relating its parameters to residual stress results.
The document provides a summary of a geotechnical investigation report for a proposed check dam construction site. Three boreholes were drilled and standard penetration tests (SPT) were conducted at 1.5m intervals to determine soil properties. Laboratory tests including specific gravity, moisture content, particle size distribution, liquid limit and plastic limit tests were performed on soil samples. Subsurface exploration found soils to have SPT values ranging from 3 to 60. The report provides tables with soil properties and allowable bearing capacities for foundations of varying widths at 0.86m depth.
This document summarizes the evolution of completion designs used by Total Austral in developing shale resources in the Vaca Muerta formation in Argentina over the past decade. It began with vertical exploratory wells to characterize the formation, followed by a short horizontal appraisal well. A pilot phase involved 12 horizontal wells to validate productivity from two zones, using plug-and-perf completions. Operational challenges were addressed. Subsequent phases increased lateral lengths, implemented new technologies like 4D seismic and chemical tracers, and optimized operations to increase production and reduce costs through testing of fracture parameters and improvements to water/proppant logistics and service reliability. The historical experience helped shift to more efficient best practices for unconventional well stimulation.
The document summarizes research on using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) to characterize subsurface soil and pavement material strengths in situ. Key points:
- The DCP is an inexpensive and simple device used to measure soil/material strength by recording penetration depth of a cone tip with each drop of an 8kg hammer from 575mm.
- Testing generates a continuous profile of penetration resistance that can be correlated to parameters like CBR, strength, and modulus.
- Researchers in Minnesota have been using the DCP to evaluate pavement structures, embankments, and base material, finding it a useful supplement to traditional testing.
Numerical study of disk drive rotating flow structure in the cavityeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aim in conducting the numerical simulation of laminar flow to explore disk-driven vortical flow structure of a cubical
container subjected to a disk rotation on the roof of the container in different Reynolds numbers to observe the flow structure and
the reason of vortical flow form. For this study, finite difference method with dispersion-relation- preserving (DRP) scheme is
dispersed governing equations space term, but adopt time term with TVD Runge-Kutta method. To add accuracy of numerical,
this thesis also uses topology theory to analyze the characteristic of singular point. Three-dimensional vertical flow is observed
flow structure and move to condition. The result to obtain Reynolds numbers to increase attracting spiral nodes increasingly
approaches the floor of the cavity. We have also depicted the vertical flow structure in terms of cortex cores which provide more
details about how change of the Reynolds number
Keywords: disk-driven, finite difference method, dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP), Runge-Kutta, topology theory
This document discusses the design and management of packer testing programs for groundwater characterization at mining sites. It describes different types of packer testing methods including single vs double packer configurations, and injection, withdrawal, shut-in and falling head test types. Key considerations for designing a testing program include clearly defining data objectives, assessing data density needs, and planning the type, number and timing of tests based on drilling equipment, hole locations and other site activities. Flexibility is important as real-world constraints may influence testing approach. Overall, the document emphasizes upfront planning but also allowing for adaptive testing strategies to efficiently achieve hydrogeological characterization objectives.
This document presents the results of Screw Driving Sounding (SDS) tests conducted at two sites in Malaysia and compares the SDS data to Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Mackintosh Probe Test (MPT) data. At a site in Batu Pahat, SDS data correlated well with SPT data, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.721. At a site in Cheras, SDS data correlated well with MPT data, with an R2 of 0.851. The preliminary findings suggest SDS testing has potential for soil characterization in site investigations in Malaysia.
16 lbnl deep borehole research summary dobson lbnlleann_mays
The document summarizes research being conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) related to deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste. It discusses 6 projects: 1) modeling the geologic framework for deep boreholes, 2) measuring permeability in fractured rock cores, 3) seismic imaging of fractures, 4) modeling thermal, hydrologic, chemical processes, 5) laboratory experiments on borehole damage zones and seals, and 6) modeling seals and the disturbed zone using thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling. The research aims to further scientific understanding of deep borehole disposal concepts through field data collection, lab experiments, and computational modeling.
A laboratory based study of hydraulic simulation of leakage in water distribu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a laboratory study on hydraulic simulation of leakage in water distribution networks. The study used a small model network with pipes and instruments to measure pressure and flow at various points. Experiments were conducted with different initial water pressures, leakage volumes, and leakage locations. Pressure and flow data was collected and hydraulic modeling software was used to simulate the system and compare results. The goal was to validate an approach for detecting leakage location using pressure monitoring and hydraulic analysis.
ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCES Wastewater Pipeline Design in Accordance w...IJERA Editor
After the treatment of the wastewaters, a pipeline is used to transfer the treated water from the onshore pump station to the wastewater disposal marine environment. This technique is required for the dilution process in the marine environment instead of a secondary treatment. When the pipeline design for wastewater treatment is implemented, the stability issues of the pipelines must be considered because the pipeline design is based on factors such as currents, waves, geotechnical conditions, physical properties of the water and pipe’s material characteristics. At this point, a computer program is beneficial for the quick design of wastewater pipelines. To find a suitable design under these various design limitation and factors, the algorithm of the SUbmarine Pipeline Design (SUPLID) software was developed which is powerful tool for stability analysis of the submarine pipeline against dynamic current-wave motions and foundation characteristics. The SUPLID program provides a flexible design environment for the design engineer for dimensioning and stabilizing the pipeline system with also artificial weights. In this study, the main methodology and the structure of the SUPLID program was introduced and one of its application for a typical submarine wastewater pipeline was discussed
Sustainable stabilization of sulfate bearing soils with expansive soil-rubber...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
The beneficial use of scrap tire rubber mixed with expansive soils is of interest to civil engineering
applications since the swell percent and the swell pressure can be potentially reduced with no deleterious
effect to the shear strength of the mixture. The two main objectives of this research were (1) to propose a
new subgrade soil stabilization protocol to allow CDOT to rely upon an alternative stabilization method that
is not subject to the typical problems associated with calcium-based stabilization of sulfate-rich soils, and
(2) to develop a new database of MEPDG parameters for local soil samples obtained from CDOT and to
provide advanced testing and analysis of the stiffness degradation of these materials.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
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IEEE Slovenia GRSS
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11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
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geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
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objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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1. Introduction
In recent years, the application of in-situ tests in geotechnical investigation is expanding due to improvement of
tools (e.g. electric cone) along with the development of new types of instruments and tests. This holds
particularly in Greece, where soil is highly heterogeneous, with various difficulties in obtaining not only
undisturbed samples but also samples that can be considered as representative of soil mass, in-situ tests [1]. The
extent of geotechnical investigation varies according to the importance of the project to be constructed, the
peculiarities of the foundation subsoil conditions and the behaviour of existing structures based on similar soils.
The development of infrastructure in Greece (transport, water, drainage, irrigation) has led to the construction of
pump rooms in close proximity to the sea, rivers or lakes. For the realization of these projects, most of which are
underground, a deep excavation is usually required, well below the ground water table. Therefore, provisions
should be made for a construction of temporary retaining walls. A design of such walls involves the execution of
a geotechnical investigation, which, in the case where the subsoil at the project site consists of soft – loose soils,
it can be conducted using the in-situ Cone Penetration Test (CPT) [2]. Its analysis is based on theoretical
considerations rather than on empirical data. The contribution to research coming from this test, concerns the
applicability of ordinary interpolation of the CPT results, as the whole soil profile is directly obtained, instead of
estimating its value at a specific depth. This study presents the methodology of geotechnical investigation
through the CPT along with the evaluation of data obtained from the corresponding results. Then follows the
geotechnical design for the temporary retaining structure, which is required for the foundation and the pump
room construction [3]. Characteristic photographs were also taken during the different stages of construction.
2. Literature review and methodology
The article is linked to bibliographic references, while advantages of the CPT method with respect to other
drilling methods and specially the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) are presented. The methodology used to
organize the necessary work is also developed in detail. In a deductive approach, researchers use theory to guide
a design and interpret the corresponding results. As researchers continue to conduct empirical research to
confirm a theory, they develop a confidence which comes as a result of the theoretical truth. Since natural soil
behaviour is complex, any classification system based on behaviour characteristics should involve multiple
measurements that are repeatable and cover different aspects of in-situ soil behaviour. For a classification
system to be effective and easy to use, it must be based on rather simple, cost-effective repeatable tests. For an
in-situ test to meet these demands, it should be simple, affordable and provide several repetitive independent
measurements. One of the most popular, modern in-situ tests that are applicable to uncemented soil is the Cone
Penetration Test. It is fast (20 mm/s), cost effective, and provides continuous and repeatable measurements of
several parameters. The basic CPT, records tip resistance (qc) and sleeve resistance (fs). The CPTu provides an
additional penetration pore pressure (u), often in the u2 location just behind the tip, combined with a measure of
the rate of pore-pressure dissipation during a pause in the penetration process, often expressed as the time
required dissipating 50% of the excess pore pressure (t50). The CPTu can also provide in-situ equilibrium pore
pressure after 100% dissipation (u0), which is helpful to define the in-situ piezometric profile at the time of the
CPTu. The seismic CPTu (SCPTu) provides the additional measurement of in-situ shear wave velocity (Vs) and,
in some conditions, in-situ compression wave velocity (Vp). Hence, the CPTu can provide up to seven
3. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2020) Volume 72, No 1, pp 214-229
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independent measurements in one cost-effective test. Ideally, a classification system should include all these
measurements to be fully effective. However, a practical classification system can still be effective based on
either two or three measurements, provided limits are placed on the range of applicable soils (e.g., restricted to
predominantly ideal soils). The cone penetration test has been gaining popularity for site investigations due to
the cost-effective, rapid, continuous, and reliable measurements. The most common CPT-based classification
system is based on behaviour characteristics and is often referred to as a soil behaviour type (SBT) classification
[4]. More specifically it has been shown by Robertson, that the SCPTu measurements have the potential to
identify soils with significant microstructure. For a geotechnical soil investigation, CPT is more popular
compared to SPT and other Geotechnical boring or drilling methods. Its main properties include increased
accuracy, speed of deployment, more continuous soil profile and reduced cost with respect to other soil testing
methods. Furthermore, an advantage of the CPT over the SPT is a more continuous profile of soil parameters,
with data recorded at intervals, typically of 20 cm, but as small as 1 cm [5]. The ability to advance additional in-
situ testing tools using the CPT direct push drilling rig, including the seismic tools described above, only serves
to accelerate this process. Though both Geotechnical Boring and CPT provide suitable options for obtaining
useful information, there are many more benefits to using CPT over Geotechnical drilling. CPT is not only a
cost-effective option, but also provides immediate electronic data for review. Most of the other in-situ methods
allow estimations of some properties, applicable at limited conditions and circumstances. Reliable results,
continuous data, irreplaceable status at certain soils, higher safety can be additional advantages of the test. Not
only is CPT a better option for a professional approach, but usually it is a lower cost solution while delivering
more data [6]. It should be mentioned that references 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 14 from the literature provide
data on the necessity of use as well as the mode of operation of the CPT method and present (mainly 4 and 6)
the advantages of this method with respect to other on-site drilling setups. Furthermore, references 3, 5 and 13
give data for the construction site of the project along with the method’s drilling regulation. Finally, references 2
and 12 present the way of choosing sheet piles, based on the results of the CPT method, as well as the method
through which the conductor duct and the pumping complex should be constructed. Concluding, this study
exhibits the methodology of a geotechnical investigation through the CPT, along with the evaluation of the data
obtained from the corresponding results. Presented next is the geotechnical design of temporary retaining
structure required for the foundation along with the pump room in a riverside area, followed by photographs
taken at different stages of construction.
3. Materials and methods
3.1. The Cone Penetration Test
The CPT may appear in two different forms, dynamic and static, briefly and schematically described below in
Figure 1.
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Figure 1: The Cone Penetration Test [7].
3.1.1. Dynamic penetration test
This is a penetration of a standard cone caused by weight impacts, free-falling from a specific height. The
results include plotting the number of impacts (for a set penetration depth) as a function of the depth. No soil
sample is taken.
3.1.2. Static penetration test
A standardized test which provides mainly charts of variation in cone resistance of the standard cone, as a
function of depth, when penetrating the ground. There are several types of cone with a choice between a
mechanical one (Dutch cone described by specification E106-80.9), and an electric cone - piezocone (while
measuring pore pressure). The above tests provide detailed information on soil stratigraphy, allow preliminary
estimates of geotechnical properties, liquefaction risk estimates and are performed in accordance with E106-86
par.9, ASTM D 3441-98. The cone penetration or CPT is a method used to determine the geotechnical
properties of soils and delineate soil stratigraphy. It was initially developed in the 1950s at the Dutch Laboratory
for Soil Mechanics in Delft to investigate soft soils. Based on this history it has also been called the "Dutch cone
test". Today, the CPT is one of the most used and accepted soil methods for soil investigation worldwide. More
specifically, static penetration testing is used to measure the undrained shear strength of soft to stiff clays and
the relative density of sand. The test is based on the continuous advancement (speed 1‐ 2 m/min) of a cone with
a 60-degree apex angle and a cross-section of 10 cm2
. During the penetration of cone, the resistance caused from
cone advancement and lateral friction on the cylindrical jacket having a surface area of 100 cm2
is measured.
The CPT is performed today with "electric cones", in which the measurements are taken by means of electrical
converters and are automatically recorded in analog or digital mode. A pressure gauge is often placed in the base
cone area to measure the pore pressure developed during the penetration of the cone [8]. Figure 2 shows a
complete cone penetration system.
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Figure 2: Hydraulic cone penetrometer system [9].
The change of resistance developed with the depth during the penetrometer's soil advancement and the variation
in the pore pressure that appears on the cone area are measured by manometer devices which lie on the
instrument console or they are built in one of the cone sensors (modern penetrometers). Sensor data are
transmitted via electrical wiring to the controller where they are automatically recorded as shown in Figures 3
and 4 [10].
Figure 3: Representation of static cone penetration test [10].
The test is carried out without sampling and consequently the stratigraphy of the soil should be deduced from
the corresponding measured results (Figure 5).
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Figure 4: Cone penetration test [11].
Figure 5: Interpretation of CPT data [10, 12].
From measurements of the cone tip resistance, qc, combined with lateral friction, fs and the developed pore
pressure, us, along with acquired experience and calibration from tests next to boreholes of the project area,
engineers extrapolate the stratigraphy and consistency/relative density of soil formations (Figure 6).
7. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2020) Volume 72, No 1, pp 214-229
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Figure 6: Cone penetration test, site exploration and characterization [11].
The main advantages of the test are the execution speed and continuous recording of soil engineering
characteristics with depth, while a drawback is that no soil samples are taken. The test cannot be used in
gravelly soils or hard clays because the cone is not able to penetrate these soil formations [8].
During the test, the following parameters can be measured by means of appropriate manipulation:
Tip resistance qc
Local, unitary lateral friction resistance fs
Friction ratio Rf = fs /qc
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Friction index Ιf = qc/fs
The advantages of the CPT method, in brief are:
The CPT method is reliable on recording the variability of in-situ density of loose sandy soils and clays
due to soil not being disturbed during its execution
It is also reliable on continuous recording of subsoil stratigraphy and soil characteristics by depth
CPT is a fast test with high execution speed and fewer operating errors compared to SPT
It can be applied for investigation in loose - medium dense sandy soils - soft to stiff clay soils
The method is widely used in-situ tests with significant reliability, immediacy, speed and relatively low
cost [7]
CPT is a test of high-quality geotechnical exploration and continuous data acquisition of subsurface
profiles
Furthermore the method offers the latest on CPT performance in geotechnical engineering, i.e., bearing
capacity, settlement, liquefaction, soil classification and shear strength prediction.
Similarly, the disadvantages are:
No soil samples are taken.
The test cannot be used on gravelly soils or hard clays dew to inability of the cone to penetrate these
soil formations.
3.1.3. Comparison between onsite CPT and SPT penetration tests
For a geotechnical soil investigation, the CPT method is more popular compared to SPT. This is because its
increased accuracy, speed of deployment, more continuous soil profile and reduced cost are important
parameters. The ability to advance additional in-situ testing tools using the CPT direct push drilling ring,
including the seismic tools, only serves to accelerate the process.
3.2. Ground investigation for selecting the appropriate type of the retaining structure
An application in using the results of cone penetration testing for the construction of both a retaining wall and a
pump room is presented. The aim of the geotechnical investigation was to determine the prevailing subsoil
conditions at the site, i.e. stratigraphy and characteristics of subsoil layers and groundwater level. On the basis
of these data, documented proposals were put forward, regarding the selection of an appropriate retaining
structure for supporting the temporary deep excavation required for the foundation of the pump room and its
aqueduct, thus preparing the geotechnical design.
3.2.1. Geological and seismological data of the wider local area
The case study of the present work refers to the construction of the pump room along with the aqueduct,
followed by the ground survey, which was done through the CPT method. The exact location of the project was
9. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2020) Volume 72, No 1, pp 214-229
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pinpointed on a geological map sheet, coming from the Geological and Mineral Exploration Institute (IGME),
were, information on the geological formations of the project area were collected. According to the geological
data of the IGME, the subsoil in this region consists of Holocene deposits "H" (fine-grained sands, clays, sandy
clays and clayey sands, as well as sediments from small and ephemeral marshes). Furthermore, the results of
geotechnical investigations carried out in the greater regional area (Kalohori, Sindos, Prefecture of Thessaloniki)
were also sought, especially those on Holocene deposit soils. It was found that these soils consisted mainly of
soft to medium cohesion clays – silty clays, as well as loose to medium dense silty clayey sands – sandsilts, with
slow water permeability, and pH ranging from 7.3 to 7.9 in alkaline soils. Finally, referring to the provisions of
the Hellenic Seismic Regulation 2000 (as amended by Government Gazette 1154B, 12-8-2003), the project area
belongs to a zone of seismic hazard I, with a peak ground acceleration α = 0.16g (where g is the gravity
acceleration) and a probability 10% of being exceeded in 50 years.
3.2.2. Geotechnical investigation
Having considered the geological formations of the area (Holocene deposits consisting of soft to medium
consistency clays – clayey silts – loose – medium dense clayey silty sands – sandsilts), the geotechnical
investigation was decided to be carried out by means of an in-situ static cone penetration test as the low
strength-density of soil formations permits the cone to penetrate at great depths. On the spot access roads were
locally found. Eventually, it was concluded that a truck weighing 20 tons, carrying the apparatus required for the
in-situ static cone penetration test (push rods, manometers, dynamometers) was able to access the project site, in
order to perform the test.
4. Geotechnical investigation results
The ground investigation at the project site was carried out through a static P-1 cone penetration test, at a depth
42.6 m from the temporary working floor of the project, which, at that time, was at a depth of 1.5 m from the
surface of natural ground, as shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Cone Penetration Test data [3]
CPT
Investigation depth
from natural ground
(m)
Investigation depth from
working level, 1.5m
deeper than natural ground
Depth of ground water
table from the natural
ground (m)
Depth of ground water
table from working floor
level (m)
P-1 44.1 42.6 2.8 1.4
Cone penetration test was carried out by a 20-ton motor penetrometer truck of the A.p.v. den Berg type, with a
cone penetration rate (speed) of 2 cm/sec. A Begemann-type Dutch cone was used during the test, which allows
for recording the force acting on the cone, the total load to push the column (cone’s tip and push rods) into the
ground, and the force necessary to push both the sleeve jacket and the cone. From the above measurements, the
following parameters are constantly derived with respect to depth: a) the tip resistance of the cone qc and b) the
local lateral friction fs between the cone’s sleeve jacket and the surrounding soil. These parameters are discussed
10. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2020) Volume 72, No 1, pp 214-229
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in detail in a subsequent paragraph. The friction ratio Rf = fs/qc, is calculated from the value of the
corresponding cone tip resistance qc and then, through empirical nomographs like the one in Figure 8, the
composition of soil layers can be estimated.
Figure 8: Nomograph for characterizing a soil formation as a function of tip resistance and friction ratio using a
static penetrometer with a Begemann Dutch cone [12].
The results of the cone penetration test are presented in detail below (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Change of tip resistance qc (MPa) with depth D (m) [12].
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The values of soil parameters for the different layers, like active angle of internal friction φ, the undrained
cohesion cu and the soil compressibility modulus Es are indirectly derived from the corresponding cone
penetration test results based on well established, worldwide-used correlations of literature, while the apparent
unit weight of soil, γ, is estimated on the basis of the macroscopic description of the layer and its estimated
density. Based on the aforementioned data and following an analytic statistical processing of the SCP test results
grouped by soil layer, a typical soil profile was composed, which was used for designing the temporary retaining
structure, necessary to support the excavation for the project’s aqueduct construction (Table 2).
Table 2: A typical soil profile [3].
Depths from natural
temporary ground (m)
Temporary working floor
(-1.50 from natural ground)
Depths from
working floor (m)
1.50 0.00
G.W.T. 2.90 Layer ―Cs‖: Clay to sandy clay – clayey silt, stiff to loose clayey
sand
qc 2.1 γ 18.5 Cv 60 c΄ 5
qc 2.4 φ΄ 30
G.W.T. 1.40
4.50 3.00
Layer ―C1‖: Medium consistency clay
qc 0.67 γ 18.0 φ΄ 29 c΄ 3
qc 0.82
5.70 4.20
Layer ―CS1‖: Medium dense clay sand
qc 2.22 γ 19.0 Cv 33 c΄ 0
qc 3.67
6.70 5.20
Layer ―C2‖: Soft clay with clayeysilty sand interlayers
qc 0.46 γ 18.0 Cv 20 Es 2.0+3.2 (2.6)
qc 0.49 φ΄ 28 c΄ 2
11.70 10.20
Layer ―CS2‖: Soft to medium consistency clay, with loose
clayeysilty sand interlayers
qc 1.55 γ 18.0 Cv 25 Es 4.4
qc 2.20 φ΄ 28 c΄ 4
13.30 11.80
Layer ―C2‖: Soft clay
qc 0.46 γ 18.0 Cv 25 Es 2.6+3.4
qc 0.48 φ΄ 28 c΄ 2
30.10 28.60
Layer ―C3‖: Medium consistency to stiff with depth clay to sandy
clay - claysilt with local loose to medium dense clayeysilty sand
interlayers
qc 1.41 γ 18.5 Cv 45 Es 6.2+8.3 (7.3)
qc 1.59
42.50 41.00
Layer ―S‖: Medium dense to dense clayeysilty sand
qc 14.6 γ 21.0 φ΄ 38 Es 50.0
qc 18.1
44.10 -΄΄- 42.60
Legend: G.W.T.: Ground water table, qc: Static penetrometer tip resistance (MPa), γ: Apparent unit weight
(kΝ/m3
), φ': Effective angle of internal friction (Deg), c': Effective cohesion (kPa), cu: Undrained shear strength
12. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2020) Volume 72, No 1, pp 214-229
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(kΡa), Εs: Compressibility modulus (MPa)
In brief:
The aim of this work is to present a case study highlighting the usefulness of the CPT method, through which
we obtain results for the internal friction angle and the bearing capacity of the soil (Table 2). Then, making use
of the Eurocode, we select the cross-section of the sheet piles that are necessary to support the excavation
ground, along with the Scale beams and the Walling – struts necessary to fix and consolidate the above sheet
piles. Therefore we can seamlessly build the pumping station (pump room), which is the ultimate goal.
4.1. Temporary excavation support for foundations
Taking into account the composition of the excavated soil (loose to medium dense sandsilty - soft clayey
subsoil), the high groundwater table level, as well as the increased depth of temporary excavation, the support
retaining structure of the slopes of the excavation was proposed to be materialized by the use of steel sheet piles.
This solution was best suited to restrict groundwater to inflow from the slopes into the excavation. The total
length of the sheet piles was chosen to be L = 8.0 m, of which 0.5 m remained above the surface (for
construction and installation reasons), while the rest, 7.5 m, was embedded in the ground prior to construction.
Additionally it was decided to place a series of steel struts and walling at a depth of 3.8 m from the surface of
the natural soil (or at a depth of 1.0 m from the final working floor which was formed at a depth of 2.8 m from
the surface of the natural soil). For the static analysis of the retaining structure, a finite element code was used
considering two-dimensional plane deformation conditions. The analysis was carried out for cases B and C in
accordance to Eurocode 7, by ―Wallap‖ computer program of ―Geosolve‖. Based on the static analysis results,
the dimensioning of the temporary retaining structure system was realised selecting St Sp 37 (S 240 GP) steel
piles with a σal = 140.000 kN/m2
and HEA 280 steel struts. This retaining structure system is shown in Figures
10 and 11.
Constraints Limitations:
As mentioned previously, the CPT method is widely used to estimate the soil properties, which in turn led to the
choice of the Sheet piles cross-section along with the Scale beams and the Walling – struts. All the above
calculations obviously refer to a granular (i.e. non coherent) soil. However, the method can be used with a
satisfactory approach in clay soils (i.e. cohesional soils).
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Figure 10: Top of the retaining system [2].
Figure 11: Section T-T1 [2].
4.2. Construction of the pump room and aqueduct
Initially the project area was formed through a general excavation at a depth of -2.8 m, after which the sheet
piles were placed, as defined in the arrangement of Figure 10. Then phase A of excavation followed, which was
carried out at the level -4.1 m, bounded by the sheet piles. Subsequently, a groundwater pumping was realized at
this level of excavation. This stage was followed by the placing of the HEA 280 steel walling struts at a depth of
-3.8 m. Then phase B of the excavation was carried out at a level of -5.5 m. A pumping and lowering of the
water level until the level of excavation floor was the next step. The completion of excavation was followed by
the placement of cobbles inside the excavation floor in order to stabilize it, and then a geotextile was placed
over the layer of the cobbles, –creating a drainage layer, on which the foundation of the pump room and the
aqueduct was concreted, as it is clearly shown in Figure 11. Various stages of the construction are depicted by
photos (Personal archive of the geotechnical engineer M.Sc, I. Baloukas).
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5. Conclusions
The whole implementation process as a useful tool for geotechnical investigation arising from this presentation
had a clear reference to the Cone Penetration Test (CPT). Therefore, the most important conclusion to be drawn
is to highlight the advantages of the CPT method that was meticulously applied in practice, thus helping greatly
in compiling the geological profile and selecting the support sheet piles which in turn lead to the construction of
a pump room and an aqueduct in the region of Aliakmonas River Delta. Therefore, the following useful
conclusions arise:
The CPT test is a reliable method for continuous recording of subsoil stratigraphy along with soil
characteristics with depth.
The most effective means for characterizing a complex site includes a thorough background
examination, followed by a well-conceived program of subsurface exploration that commonly includes
small diameter borings. Cone penetrometer soundings are being employed with increasing regularity,
especially in the evaluation of soil liquefaction potential [14].
The CPT procedure is capable of detecting discrete horizons that would normally be missed using drive
samples at specific depth intervals [14].
The CPT test was performed with great success in the relatively soft and loose soil formations in the
area of Aliakmonas project and gave results on which the best type of soil retaining structure was based
and chosen.
The materialization of the temporary retaining structures on the slopes using sheet piles was very
successful, taking into account, not only the low consistency and strength of the excavated soil but also
the high level of groundwater table along with the deep depth of temporary excavation.
The retaining structure solution reduced the inflow of groundwater into the excavation, thus making it
easier to lower the level of groundwater below the level of the excavation floor through pumping.
The provision for the installation of a series of HEA 280 struts and walling at a depth of 3.80 m below
the surface of the natural soil, proved to be particularly beneficial, since their presence aided in the
reduction of the embedded depth of the sheet piles along with a decrease on their bending stress
magnitudes, in relation to a simpler solution of cantilever sheet pile retaining structure (without struts).
It is therefore confirmed that the CPT method involves a widespread in situ test with significant reliability,
immediacy, speed and relatively low implementation costs.
6. Recommendations
It would be particularly interesting if a set of tests could be performed by the CPT method, however not in
homogeneous, but in soils whose properties present a spatially variability. Through this way, we would have a
more accurate estimate of the values corresponding to the properties of the soil, and therefore the stability
coefficient of the soil mass whether it is a slope, or the estimate of the bearing capacity of the soil when it bears
structural loads [15].
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Placement of piles. Installed pile series.
Phase A excavation. Placement of steel walling – struts.
Installed steel walling – struts. Phase B excavation.
Aqueduct floor construction. Aqueduct wall construction.
Aqueduct walls. Completed project.
Figure 12: Construction stages.