c. Identify a paraphyletic group in this phylogenetic tree and explain what characteristic(s) might
be used (in the absence of a phylogenetic tree) to incorrectly group the species into a
paraphyletic group instead of a monophyletic group.
d. Define synapomorphy and predict one you might find on this tree and which organism(s)
would have that character.
e. Explain what the difference in branch lengths of humans and mice indicates and why that is a
useful tool in phylogenetic trees..
Calculate the expected payments for- A- Office visit- new patient- det.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Calculate the expected payments for: A. Office visit, new patient, detailed history/examination,
low-complexity decision making, in Manhattan, NY B. Coronary artery graft in San Francisco,
CA C. Repair of heart vessel fistula in Columbus, OH D. Coronary artery correction in
Galveston, TX.
Calculate the Beta for Meta- Apple- Amazon- Netflix- and Alphabet for.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Calculate the Beta for Meta, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, and Alphabet for the calendar year
2020. Enter your answers in the boxes provided. Upload at least one worksheet to show
your calculations.
Calclum is essential to tree growth- In 1990- the concentration of cal.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Calclum is essential to tree growth. In 1990, the concentration of calcium in precipitation in a
certain area was 0.11 milligrams per liter ( L mg ) . A random sample of 10 precipitation dates in
2018 results in the following data table. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. (a) State the
hypotheses for determining if the mean concentration of calcium precipitation has changed since
1990..
Calculate an estimated value of a share (P0) of the stock using the Co.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Calculate an estimated value of a share (P0) of the stock using the Constant Growth Model By
using the historical rate of growth in the dividend, the assumption is that the company will
sustain its recent rate of dividend growth into the future. D 0 = $2.57 G = .02 R = .105.
Caitlin- Chris- and Molly are partners and share income and losses in.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Caitlin, Chris, and Molly are partners and share income and losses in a 3:4:3 ratio. The
partnership's capital balances are Caitlin, $129,000; Chris, $89,000; and Molly, $109,000. Paul is
admitted to the partnership on July 1 with a 20% equity and invests $169,000. The balance in
Caitlin's capital account immediately after Paul's admission is:
$169,000
$116,920
$129,940
$149,940
$108,060.
Calculate the expected payments for- A- Office visit- new patient- det.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Calculate the expected payments for: A. Office visit, new patient, detailed history/examination,
low-complexity decision making, in Manhattan, NY B. Coronary artery graft in San Francisco,
CA C. Repair of heart vessel fistula in Columbus, OH D. Coronary artery correction in
Galveston, TX.
Calculate the Beta for Meta- Apple- Amazon- Netflix- and Alphabet for.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Calculate the Beta for Meta, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, and Alphabet for the calendar year
2020. Enter your answers in the boxes provided. Upload at least one worksheet to show
your calculations.
Calclum is essential to tree growth- In 1990- the concentration of cal.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Calclum is essential to tree growth. In 1990, the concentration of calcium in precipitation in a
certain area was 0.11 milligrams per liter ( L mg ) . A random sample of 10 precipitation dates in
2018 results in the following data table. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. (a) State the
hypotheses for determining if the mean concentration of calcium precipitation has changed since
1990..
Calculate an estimated value of a share (P0) of the stock using the Co.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Calculate an estimated value of a share (P0) of the stock using the Constant Growth Model By
using the historical rate of growth in the dividend, the assumption is that the company will
sustain its recent rate of dividend growth into the future. D 0 = $2.57 G = .02 R = .105.
Caitlin- Chris- and Molly are partners and share income and losses in.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Caitlin, Chris, and Molly are partners and share income and losses in a 3:4:3 ratio. The
partnership's capital balances are Caitlin, $129,000; Chris, $89,000; and Molly, $109,000. Paul is
admitted to the partnership on July 1 with a 20% equity and invests $169,000. The balance in
Caitlin's capital account immediately after Paul's admission is:
$169,000
$116,920
$129,940
$149,940
$108,060.
Caitlyn Communications reported the following figures from its adjuste.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Caitlyn Communications reported the following figures from its adjusted trial balance for its first
year of business, which ended on July 31,2024 : (Click the icon to view the accounts and
balances.) Prepare Caitlyn Communications' multi-step income statement for the year ended July
31,2024 . (Use a minus sign or parentheses to show other expenses.) Data table.
c- What is the probability that Z is between 1-51 and 1-81- The probab.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c. What is the probability that Z is between 1.51 and 1.81 ? The probability that Z is between
1.51 and 1.81 is (Round to four decimal places as needed.).
C- Vitamin D is required for the absorption and deposition of calcium.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C. Vitamin D is required for the absorption and deposition of calcium ions. Vitamin C is required
for the synthesis of the protein collagen. Predict the effect on bone health of a diet deficient in
vitamins D and C ..
c- The login program will disallow logins of any students who enter th.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c. The login program will disallow logins of any students who enter their passwords incorrectly
three times. d. The permissions of the file containing Carol's homework will prevent Robert from
cheating and copying it. e. When World Wide Web traffic climbs to more than 80% of the
network's capacity, systems will disallow any further communications to or from Web servers. f.
Annie, a systems analyst, will be able to detect a student using a program to scan her system for
vulnerabilities. g. A program used to submit homework will turn itself off just after the due date..
C- Quantity Theory of Money In the country of Wiknam- assume that V is.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C. Quantity Theory of Money In the country of Wiknam, assume that V is constant. Real GDP M
grows by 2% per year and the money stock ( M ) grows by 7% percent per year. What is the
growth rate of the price level, P? Use the equation: M + % V = % P + % Y . ( 6 points) Show
your calculations,.
C- Picea mariana (black spruce) atsk This specimen was collected trom.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C. Picea mariana (black spruce) atsk This specimen was collected trom a ling tree (bark date A
.0.1975 locaied near Dubant late, in Nanawt, the largest and newest (1995) teriaty in Canada. (w
istront) 18. This tree indicates extremely slow growth, except for the first few years. The few
large rings are due to complacency (little or no growth stress) at youth. How many years was the
tree growing in complacency? 19. This mature black spruce tree was growing to the west of
Hudson Bay, and it was cut in 1975. The rings of the northern boreal forest are too narrow to see
without magnification, so you will have to estimate. Approximately when did this tree start to
grow? 20. Explain why a tree of this age has such small annual rings. Answer in terms of the
environment within which it grew. Realize that this tree was growing at the northernmost part of
the boreal forest, i.e., just south of the tundra..
c) Lefp and q be the pixels at coordinates (10-15) and (15-25) respect.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c) Lefp and q be the pixels at coordinates ( 10 , 15 ) and ( 15 , 25 ) respectively. Find out the
distance measure which gives minimum distance between pixels.
C- elegans are one of the most common model organisms in biology- C-.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C. elegans are one of the most common model organisms in biology. C. elegans
typically have 6 pairs of homologous chromosomes, 5 pairs of autosomes and 1
pair of sex chromosomes. C. elegans exist as two different sexes . About 99.98%
of C. elegans are self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and the other 0.02% are non-
self-fertilizing males. C. elegans hermaphrodites undergo meiosis in two different
locations, one location producing egg cells and the other producing sperm.
During fertilization, these two cell types are brought together to produce a
fertilized egg which is then laid by the animal.
What is the 2n (diploid) number of a typical C. elegans ?.
c++ The following questions are about the Memento design pattern- 6-1.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c++
The following questions are about the Memento design pattern. 6.1 Both Serializer and Memento
design patterns save states of objects and can be used to provide a roll-back facility. When would
you use Memento instead of Serializer? 6.2 What objects does Caretaker hold? 6.3 Why is
originator a friend of Memento? (2) 6.4 Assume that a state of originator is saved at some stage
using the Memento design pattern. State the sequence of actions required to roll back to the
saved state of originator. (4).
C and D are events with probabilities P(C)-0-15-P(D)-0-3- and P(C UD)-.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C and D are events with probabilities P ( C ) = 0.15 , P ( D ) = 0.3 , and P ( C U D ) = 0.35 . Find
P ( C D ) , the conditional probability that C happens, given that we know D happened..
C++ Deviation from Average (Recursion) Instructions Step 1- Write a.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C++
Deviation from Average (Recursion)
Instructions
Step 1:
Write a recursive function called Deviation which passes array A and Dev as arrays with size n
and average, a floating point, as two other parameters. The function calculates the deviation (not
standard deviation), that is the difference between an element and average, for each element and
stores the deviation in array Dev[]. Both negative and positive differences are acceptable. Use
the average function below in (Step 2) to calculate average and pass it as input for the last
parameter. The function declaration (or signature) is:
void Deviation(int A[], double Dev[], int n, double average)
Step 2:
To help the function Deviation function use or pass the average value, write a function called
average which passes an array A, the size n, the size which is constant and the accumulating sum
which is already set to 0 to begin with. The function uses tail recursion approach to calculate the
average as floating-point and returns it. You must typecast the calculation into floating-point
when calculating. The function declaration is:
double average(int A[], int n, const int size, int sum = 0)
For this algorithm, you are required to implement it recursively.
Step 3:
In the main function, use two arrays where A stores integers and B stores floating-point numbers.
Using the functions, determine the deviations of each element from the mean, then display the
differences from array B..
C++ Data Structures and Algorithms Part 1- -- Write a program to dem.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C++ Data Structures and Algorithms
Part 1.
// Write a program to demonstrate class called Room. and one object
// Room1, This program has 3 private members L (lenght), W (width), and H (hight), find
volume of this room
// Assigned values to the member of this class at the main. Display volume to the screen
Part 2.
//use previous program to demonstrate memebr access specifier (public, and private)
Part 3.
Use previous program and define your member function outside of the class..
C) Which number identifies the region responsible for understanding sp.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C) Which number identifies the region responsible for understanding spoken words ? D) Which
number identifies the region responsible for feeling an object touchin the skin?
A) Which number identifies the region that allows a person to see the figure on this page? B)
Which number identifies the region that allows a person to say the words in this question? C)
Which number identifies the region responsible for understanding spoken words? D) Which
number identifies the region responsible for feeling an object touching the skin?.
c) Every week a family visits their favourite restaurant- The restaura.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c) Every week a family visits their favourite restaurant. The restaurant has 15 tables, and on each
visit the family is seated at a table chosen uniformly at random, with all choices being
independent. Show that the probability is at least 1/2 that the family will sit at every table in the
restaurant over the course of a year..
C programming Create a program to find the largest element of an arr.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C programming
Create a program to find the largest element of an array using pointers
Create an array int num[] = {50, 14, 25, 68, 78, 3}
Assign the first element of the array to a largest variable using pointer (int large - *num)
Use a loop to access each element of the array
Compare the large number with each array element using pointer
large < *(num+i)
If value in large variable is smaller than element, assign the array value to large as large = *(num
+ i).
C programing 1- What is the type of the formal parameters in the foll.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C programing
1- What is the type of the formal parameters in the following function?
int sum(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
2- If a "switch" statement's "case" does not have a "break;" before the next "case", execution will
continue into the next "case".
TRUE
FALSE.
C program Write a loop that will prompt the user to enter characters.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C program
Write a loop that will prompt the user to enter characters and display a message as long as the
user does NOT enter a capital Q The messages are as follows: for a capital A display
"Excellent", for a capital B display "Above Average" for any other input display "input is not
recognized" Declare and initialize any variables needed.
BYou are studying a gene in C- elegans that on Chromosome III and is h.pdfNIRMALJAI08
B You are studying a gene in C. elegans that on Chromosome III and is
homozygous recessive for its allele pair. Assuming there are no mutations, would
you ever expect to get an offspring that is a genotype other than homozygous
recessive? Explain your answer using genetics terms. Draw it out if it helps..
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Caitlyn Communications reported the following figures from its adjuste.pdfNIRMALJAI08
Caitlyn Communications reported the following figures from its adjusted trial balance for its first
year of business, which ended on July 31,2024 : (Click the icon to view the accounts and
balances.) Prepare Caitlyn Communications' multi-step income statement for the year ended July
31,2024 . (Use a minus sign or parentheses to show other expenses.) Data table.
c- What is the probability that Z is between 1-51 and 1-81- The probab.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c. What is the probability that Z is between 1.51 and 1.81 ? The probability that Z is between
1.51 and 1.81 is (Round to four decimal places as needed.).
C- Vitamin D is required for the absorption and deposition of calcium.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C. Vitamin D is required for the absorption and deposition of calcium ions. Vitamin C is required
for the synthesis of the protein collagen. Predict the effect on bone health of a diet deficient in
vitamins D and C ..
c- The login program will disallow logins of any students who enter th.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c. The login program will disallow logins of any students who enter their passwords incorrectly
three times. d. The permissions of the file containing Carol's homework will prevent Robert from
cheating and copying it. e. When World Wide Web traffic climbs to more than 80% of the
network's capacity, systems will disallow any further communications to or from Web servers. f.
Annie, a systems analyst, will be able to detect a student using a program to scan her system for
vulnerabilities. g. A program used to submit homework will turn itself off just after the due date..
C- Quantity Theory of Money In the country of Wiknam- assume that V is.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C. Quantity Theory of Money In the country of Wiknam, assume that V is constant. Real GDP M
grows by 2% per year and the money stock ( M ) grows by 7% percent per year. What is the
growth rate of the price level, P? Use the equation: M + % V = % P + % Y . ( 6 points) Show
your calculations,.
C- Picea mariana (black spruce) atsk This specimen was collected trom.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C. Picea mariana (black spruce) atsk This specimen was collected trom a ling tree (bark date A
.0.1975 locaied near Dubant late, in Nanawt, the largest and newest (1995) teriaty in Canada. (w
istront) 18. This tree indicates extremely slow growth, except for the first few years. The few
large rings are due to complacency (little or no growth stress) at youth. How many years was the
tree growing in complacency? 19. This mature black spruce tree was growing to the west of
Hudson Bay, and it was cut in 1975. The rings of the northern boreal forest are too narrow to see
without magnification, so you will have to estimate. Approximately when did this tree start to
grow? 20. Explain why a tree of this age has such small annual rings. Answer in terms of the
environment within which it grew. Realize that this tree was growing at the northernmost part of
the boreal forest, i.e., just south of the tundra..
c) Lefp and q be the pixels at coordinates (10-15) and (15-25) respect.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c) Lefp and q be the pixels at coordinates ( 10 , 15 ) and ( 15 , 25 ) respectively. Find out the
distance measure which gives minimum distance between pixels.
C- elegans are one of the most common model organisms in biology- C-.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C. elegans are one of the most common model organisms in biology. C. elegans
typically have 6 pairs of homologous chromosomes, 5 pairs of autosomes and 1
pair of sex chromosomes. C. elegans exist as two different sexes . About 99.98%
of C. elegans are self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and the other 0.02% are non-
self-fertilizing males. C. elegans hermaphrodites undergo meiosis in two different
locations, one location producing egg cells and the other producing sperm.
During fertilization, these two cell types are brought together to produce a
fertilized egg which is then laid by the animal.
What is the 2n (diploid) number of a typical C. elegans ?.
c++ The following questions are about the Memento design pattern- 6-1.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c++
The following questions are about the Memento design pattern. 6.1 Both Serializer and Memento
design patterns save states of objects and can be used to provide a roll-back facility. When would
you use Memento instead of Serializer? 6.2 What objects does Caretaker hold? 6.3 Why is
originator a friend of Memento? (2) 6.4 Assume that a state of originator is saved at some stage
using the Memento design pattern. State the sequence of actions required to roll back to the
saved state of originator. (4).
C and D are events with probabilities P(C)-0-15-P(D)-0-3- and P(C UD)-.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C and D are events with probabilities P ( C ) = 0.15 , P ( D ) = 0.3 , and P ( C U D ) = 0.35 . Find
P ( C D ) , the conditional probability that C happens, given that we know D happened..
C++ Deviation from Average (Recursion) Instructions Step 1- Write a.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C++
Deviation from Average (Recursion)
Instructions
Step 1:
Write a recursive function called Deviation which passes array A and Dev as arrays with size n
and average, a floating point, as two other parameters. The function calculates the deviation (not
standard deviation), that is the difference between an element and average, for each element and
stores the deviation in array Dev[]. Both negative and positive differences are acceptable. Use
the average function below in (Step 2) to calculate average and pass it as input for the last
parameter. The function declaration (or signature) is:
void Deviation(int A[], double Dev[], int n, double average)
Step 2:
To help the function Deviation function use or pass the average value, write a function called
average which passes an array A, the size n, the size which is constant and the accumulating sum
which is already set to 0 to begin with. The function uses tail recursion approach to calculate the
average as floating-point and returns it. You must typecast the calculation into floating-point
when calculating. The function declaration is:
double average(int A[], int n, const int size, int sum = 0)
For this algorithm, you are required to implement it recursively.
Step 3:
In the main function, use two arrays where A stores integers and B stores floating-point numbers.
Using the functions, determine the deviations of each element from the mean, then display the
differences from array B..
C++ Data Structures and Algorithms Part 1- -- Write a program to dem.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C++ Data Structures and Algorithms
Part 1.
// Write a program to demonstrate class called Room. and one object
// Room1, This program has 3 private members L (lenght), W (width), and H (hight), find
volume of this room
// Assigned values to the member of this class at the main. Display volume to the screen
Part 2.
//use previous program to demonstrate memebr access specifier (public, and private)
Part 3.
Use previous program and define your member function outside of the class..
C) Which number identifies the region responsible for understanding sp.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C) Which number identifies the region responsible for understanding spoken words ? D) Which
number identifies the region responsible for feeling an object touchin the skin?
A) Which number identifies the region that allows a person to see the figure on this page? B)
Which number identifies the region that allows a person to say the words in this question? C)
Which number identifies the region responsible for understanding spoken words? D) Which
number identifies the region responsible for feeling an object touching the skin?.
c) Every week a family visits their favourite restaurant- The restaura.pdfNIRMALJAI08
c) Every week a family visits their favourite restaurant. The restaurant has 15 tables, and on each
visit the family is seated at a table chosen uniformly at random, with all choices being
independent. Show that the probability is at least 1/2 that the family will sit at every table in the
restaurant over the course of a year..
C programming Create a program to find the largest element of an arr.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C programming
Create a program to find the largest element of an array using pointers
Create an array int num[] = {50, 14, 25, 68, 78, 3}
Assign the first element of the array to a largest variable using pointer (int large - *num)
Use a loop to access each element of the array
Compare the large number with each array element using pointer
large < *(num+i)
If value in large variable is smaller than element, assign the array value to large as large = *(num
+ i).
C programing 1- What is the type of the formal parameters in the foll.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C programing
1- What is the type of the formal parameters in the following function?
int sum(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
2- If a "switch" statement's "case" does not have a "break;" before the next "case", execution will
continue into the next "case".
TRUE
FALSE.
C program Write a loop that will prompt the user to enter characters.pdfNIRMALJAI08
C program
Write a loop that will prompt the user to enter characters and display a message as long as the
user does NOT enter a capital Q The messages are as follows: for a capital A display
"Excellent", for a capital B display "Above Average" for any other input display "input is not
recognized" Declare and initialize any variables needed.
BYou are studying a gene in C- elegans that on Chromosome III and is h.pdfNIRMALJAI08
B You are studying a gene in C. elegans that on Chromosome III and is
homozygous recessive for its allele pair. Assuming there are no mutations, would
you ever expect to get an offspring that is a genotype other than homozygous
recessive? Explain your answer using genetics terms. Draw it out if it helps..
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
c- Identify a paraphyletic group in this phylogenetic tree and explain.pdf
1. c. Identify a paraphyletic group in this phylogenetic tree and explain what characteristic(s) might
be used (in the absence of a phylogenetic tree) to incorrectly group the species into a
paraphyletic group instead of a monophyletic group.
d. Define synapomorphy and predict one you might find on this tree and which organism(s)
would have that character.
e. Explain what the difference in branch lengths of humans and mice indicates and why that is a
useful tool in phylogenetic trees.
