BUSINESS STUDIES CLASS 11

5. If you wear glasses, you’re probably thankful that they help you see clearly. But what else can your glasses do for you?
Some eyewear goes above and beyond the call of clear vision, supporting and protecting your eyes and vision in innovative
ways.
1. Ultraviolet (UV) Protection
2. Polarization
Considering a new pair of shades? Ask about the benefits of polarization. In these specialized lenses, an invisible filter
is added to reduce glare. By preventing reflected light from entering the eyes, visual clarity and comfort are improved
One of the most basic and important ways glasses can help support your eyes is by providing UV protection. Without this
feature, exposure to UV rays can put you at risk for potential eye problems both in the short term as well as the long run.

6. While polarized lenses filter out reflected light in sunglasses, anti-reflective lenses offer a similar result for regular
glasses. This feature reduces distraction and eye strain.
4. Scratch-resistant coatings
Everyone who wears glasses knows it can be difficult to keep your glasses pristine so you can see your best. Whether
you knock them off accidentally, drop them on a hard surface, or they fall between the seats of your car, glasses are
prone to scratches. So, a convenient performance feature you can add to lenses is a scratch-resistant coating that
protects them in these common scenarios.
5. Impact Resistant: Polycarbonate frames and lenses
The durability of polycarbonate makes it an ideal choice for those working in hazardous job conditions. And there’s
another segment of the population who are great candidates for these frames and lenses: Your kids! Whether they’re
climbing the jungle gym or playing sports, polycarbonate is the ideal material to hold up against your child’s active
lifestyle and tendency to drop their glasses during play. For the same reason, sports goggles are often made from
polycarbonate, too
3. Anti-reflective lenses

7. Eyeglasses Care Tips
Always store them in a clean, dry place away from things that can hurt them.
Clean them with water and a nonlint cloth. That’ll keep them spot-free and help
you see clearly.
See your doctor yearly to check your prescription. Routine eye exams also help
keep your eyes healthy.
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8. Glasses are such an everyday part of modern life, that it's easy to forget that some of the elements we take for
granted didn't seem obvious to people at the time. For instance, spectacles had been around for about 450
years before London optician Edward Scarlett invented "temple spectacles", which included the arms that fit
over our ears. Prior to this, spectacles were a hand-held device: users gripped the glasses by the bridge
between the lenses and held them in place manually (example below).
A Short History of Spectacles
The earliest recorded evidence of spectacle wear is a fresco in a church in Treviso, Italy. Painted in 1352, it
depicts Cardinal Hugo of Provence working at a desk. This is about 70 years after crystal workers in Venice first
created lenses for improving eye focusing in about 1280. For over 400 years after this, glasses consisted of a
pair of lenses held in a frame of bone or wood, and held in front of the eyes as needed.

9. After Edward Scarlett's breakthrough idea of adding temples to frame fronts, spectacles could now be worn
full-time, and developments moved more quickly. Benjamin Franklin is credited with inventing (or at least
popularising) bifocal spectacles in about 1760, which allowed clear vision at both distance and near in a single
pair of glasses. Bifocal lenses which run the full width of lens (as opposed to the now more common D-shaped
reading segment), are still known as Franklin bifocals today.
Pince-nez designs, which did away with the temples and relied on a spring clip to hold glasses in place on the
nose, became popular in the 1880s. A drawback was that the springs were often very tight and uncomfortable,
sometimes enough to restrict breathing. A noted pince-nez wearer was US president Teddy Roosevelt, pictured
below:
Sunglasses were first worn by Venetian gondoliers from about 1780, to restrict glare off the water.
Unfortunately these early sunglasses did not block UV light, and probably caused more harm than good.
Dilated pupils behind a dark but non UV-blocking lens actually allow more dangerous UV rays into the eye,
increasing the risk of diseases like cataracts and macular degeneration. A surviving example is pictured
below.

10. It's interesting that distinctive male/female frame designs didn't start to appear until the 1930s. Prior to that
time, frames were small, round and unisex in design. By the 1950s, glasses for women were styled in
glamorous cats-eye shapes, and often decorated with gemstones, while male frames were stolid and square.
This video is a wonderful depiction of the frames and attitude of this era. Christian Dior was the first major
fashion label to release a branded range of eyewear in 1966. They have since, of course, been joined by
almost every fashion brand in existence.
Progressive addition lenses, essentially a no-line advancement on bifocal
lenses, were first commercially produced by French company Essilor in 1959.
The distortions in these early progressive lens designs made them
uncomfortable to wear and limited their uptake. However by the 1990s
improvements in lens design and manufacturing meant that progressive lenses
had replaced bifocals as the first choice option for wearers
Spectacles today have evolved to a fairly standard system of a frame front + 2
temples, but with plenty of style and shape options to allow for individual taste
and requirements. Spectacle frames are now being 3D printed by innovative
companies like Monoquool, or manufactured out of lightweight and
non-allergenic materials like titanium. Computer-controlled "Freeform"
generators have allowed spectacle lenses to be more individualised,
improving wearability and performance.
Most predictions of the future include some aspect of smart technology being
incorporated into glasses. Let's hope it's more successful than Google's
failed Glass project, which never really took off, but still has to be
acknowledged for it's ambition.

17. THE BEST EYEWEAR BRANDS IN THE WORLD

35. https://www.ankuraggarwal.in/best-spectacle-brands-in-india#
https://www.ezcontacts.com/blog/2021/01/09/top-20-eyewear-brand
s-2020/