The document discusses the process and importance of sampling in research, highlighting characteristics of good sampling such as goal orientation, measurability, practicality, economy, independence, homogeneity, and adequacy. It explains the significance of sampling for cost and time efficiency, feasibility, accuracy, generalizability, ethical considerations, and data quality. The sampling process involves defining the target population, determining the sampling frame, selecting techniques, deciding sample size, and executing the sampling.

1. Submitted By:-
D. MAHESH
DARSHAN M
GANGADHAR A H
GEETHA G
YASHASWINI H A
SWATHI C S
Submitted To:-
VEENA A L

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
SAMPLEING ,PROCESS

3. INTRODUCTION:-
• Sampling is a process of selecting representative units
from an entire population of a study. Sample in not
always possible to study an entire population therefore,
the researcher draws a representative part of a
population through sampling process.

4. Meaning:-
• A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population.
Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually
collect data from in your research .
• For ex:- If you are researching the opinions of students in your
university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.
• In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the
characteristics of a population.

5. Definition:-
• Sampling is the process of selecting a small number of
elements from a larger defined target group of elements such
that the information gathered from the small group will allow
judgements to be made about the larger groups.

6. Characteristics of Good Sampling:-
Goal orientation
Measurability
Practicality
Economy
Independence
Homogeneity
Adequate

7. Goal orientation in sampling refers to the strategic approach taken in selecting
samples for research or data collection based on the specific objectives or goals of
the study. This orientation ensures that the sampling method aligns with the
desired outcomes, providing relevant, reliable, and valid data. Here's how goal
orientation can influence sampling.
.
1.Goal orientation:-
2. Measurability:-
Measurability is a crucial characteristic in the context of good
sampling and research. It refers to the ability to quantitatively or
qualitatively assess and analyse the data collected from the sampling.

8. 3.Practicality:-
Practicality in sampling refers to the feasibility and efficiency of the
sampling process. It ensures that the sampling method chosen is not
only theoretically sound but also practically implementable within the
constraints of time, resources, and accessibility.
4.Economy:-
Economy in sampling refers to the cost-effectiveness and
efficiency of the sampling process. It emphasizes achieving reliable
and accurate results without incurring unnecessary expenses or
wasting resources.

9. 5.Independence:-
Independence in sampling refers to the principle that each sample unit should be
selected independently of the others. This means that the selection of one unit should
not influence the selection of another. Independence is crucial to ensure the validity
and reliability of statistical inferences.
6.Homogeneity:-
When using stratified sampling, ensure that individuals within each
stratum are as similar as possible regarding the characteristics being
studied. This increases the efficiency and accuracy of the results.

10. 7.Adequate:-
• Adequacy in sampling refers to ensuring that the sample size is
sufficient to provide reliable and valid results. An adequate sample
size enables researchers to draw accurate conclusions about the
population and increases the statistical power of the study.

11. Importance of sampling:-
 Cost and time efficiency
 Feasibility
 Accuracy and precision
 Generalizability
 Ethical considerations
 Data quality

12. 1.Cost and time efficiency:-
Sampling significantly enhances cost and time efficiency in research. By focusing
on a subset of a larger population, researchers can gather and analyze data more
rapidly than if they attempted to study the entire group. This approach reduces the
time needed for data collection and processing, leading to quicker insights and
decision-making.
2. Feasibility:-
Sampling enhances the feasibility of research by making it practical to study large
populations. For many research projects, it is often impractical or impossible to collect
data from every individual in the target population due to constraints such as time,
cost, and accessibility. By selecting a representative sample, researchers can conduct
their studies efficiently and effectively.

13. 3. Accuracy and precision:-
Sampling plays a crucial role in achieving accuracy and precision in research.
Accuracy refers to how close the sample's results are to the true values of the entire
population.
while precision indicates the consistency and reliability of these results. A well-
designed sampling strategy ensures that the sample is representative of the
population, thereby providing accurate estimates of population parameters.
4. Generalizability:-
Generalizability is a fundamental aspect of sampling that allows researchers to
extend their findings from a sample to the broader population. By ensuring that the
sample accurately represents the larger group, researchers can make valid and
reliable inferences about the entire population.

14. 5.Ethical considerations:-
Ethical considerations in sampling refer to the principles and guidelines that
researchers follow to ensure that their sampling practices are fair, respectful, and
responsible. Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals or units from a
larger population to represent that population in research or surveys.
6. Data quality:-
The quantity of data in sampling, specifically the size of the sample selected to
represent a larger population, is crucial in research methodology. Sample size directly
impacts the reliability and generalizability of study findings. A larger sample size
generally leads to more precise estimates of population parameters, and its smaller
well managed samples often allow for higher quality data collecting and more in depth
analysis then would be possible with a full population study.

15. Process of sampling:-

16. Define the target population
Determine the sampling frame
Select the sampling techniques
Determine the sample size
Execute the sampling
process

17. 1.Define the target population:-
• Target population refers to the entire group of individuals or elements that a
researcher is interested in studying and to which they aim to generalize their
findings. This population is defined based on specific criteria relevant to the
research objectives.
2. Determine the sampling frame:-
A sampling frame is a comprehensive list or device used to define the
population of interest for a study, from which a sample can be drawn. To
determine an appropriate sampling frame, one must first clearly define the target
population, specifying relevant characteristics such as geography, age, or
occupation. Next, identify potential sources that can provide a comprehensive list
of the population, such as databases, public records, directories, or online sources.

18. 3.Select the sampling techniques:-
To select the appropriate sampling techniques for your study, consider the
nature of your research, the population, and available resources. Common
sampling techniques include simple random sampling, where every population
member has an equal chance of being selected, ideal for small populations with an
available list. Systematic sampling involves selecting every nth member from a list,
useful for homogeneous populations.
4.Determine the sample size:-
Determining the sample size for a study is a crucial step that involves several
considerations to ensure the sample is representative of the population. The
appropriate sample size depends on the desired level of precision, confidence
level, population size, and the expected variability in the data.

19. 5.Execute the sampling process:-
Executing the sampling process involves several practical steps to select the
sample from the defined population using the chosen sampling technique. First,
develop a detailed plan outlining the steps and methods, including how to access
the sampling frame, the sampling technique, and procedures for contacting
selected individuals. Next, obtain or compile the list of all members in your
population.

20. Conclusion:-
The process of sampling is a critical step in research that ensures the study's
findings are reliable and generalizable to the broader population. It involves several
key stages, including defining the target population, selecting an appropriate
sampling frame, choosing a suitable sampling technique, determining the sample
size, and executing the sampling process effectively. By carefully planning and
implementing each step, researchers can obtain a representative sample that
accurately reflects the population's characteristics. This meticulous approach
minimizes bias, enhances the validity of the results, and ultimately contributes to
the overall credibility and success of the research study.

21. THANK YOU