Open source has become an integral part of commercial software development. Whereas in the past, open source software development was considered to be driven by volunteer effort, today most of it is carried out by companies. How companies leverage open source ranges from the adoption of open source development practices, the use of open source development tools, and the integration of open source components into products to active contributions to existing open source projects, and the initiation of their own company-led open source projects. Open source furthermore enables companies to collaborate on the creation of common assets that they can jointly use in product development.
This talk will focus on open source businesses. An open source business is a business built around an open source offer. Open source is used by the business as a strategy to strengthen its business model. In this talk we will present common patterns followed by open source businesses. Patterns are proven solutions to common problems, and have been popular in the fields of architecture and software design. More recently, they have also been used to document business strategies. The patterns in this talk aim to provide entrepreneurs, managers, and students of business models with a language for creating new business models around open source, and for incorporating open source into existing business models.
I have evidence that using git and GitHub for documentation and community doc techniques can give us 300 doc changes in a month. I’ve bet my career on these methods and I want to share with you.
InnerSourcing - Worldwide enterprise development teams collaborationJulian Werba
Why companies fail
Build a worldwide development community within the company
Boost collaboration and creativity
Increase Quality, Speed and Savings
Do you wanna know how?
Business Models and Open Source Licenses in 2019: Can we all get along?Jeffrey Borek
The open source definition is over 20 years old. Cloudera and Hortonworks have completed their all-stock merger of their software companies. Major companies in the open source ecosystem are being snapped up by traditional IT companies. Seems like a good business model, yes? But Stephen would like to observe that despite these successes, there is NO open source business model.
Jeffrey would beg to differ! From data centers to the cloud, from self-driving cars to drones - open source software is everywhere. Major enterprise companies that are bottom-line driven are changing the way they participate in open source, starting to actively engage and contribute to open source projects - not just consume them as products. Having OS in your business model looks great, or does it?
Over the last year a major conflict has emerged between Cloud Platforms and VCs looking to make $$$ with open source.
I have evidence that using git and GitHub for documentation and community doc techniques can give us 300 doc changes in a month. I’ve bet my career on these methods and I want to share with you.
InnerSourcing - Worldwide enterprise development teams collaborationJulian Werba
Why companies fail
Build a worldwide development community within the company
Boost collaboration and creativity
Increase Quality, Speed and Savings
Do you wanna know how?
Business Models and Open Source Licenses in 2019: Can we all get along?Jeffrey Borek
The open source definition is over 20 years old. Cloudera and Hortonworks have completed their all-stock merger of their software companies. Major companies in the open source ecosystem are being snapped up by traditional IT companies. Seems like a good business model, yes? But Stephen would like to observe that despite these successes, there is NO open source business model.
Jeffrey would beg to differ! From data centers to the cloud, from self-driving cars to drones - open source software is everywhere. Major enterprise companies that are bottom-line driven are changing the way they participate in open source, starting to actively engage and contribute to open source projects - not just consume them as products. Having OS in your business model looks great, or does it?
Over the last year a major conflict has emerged between Cloud Platforms and VCs looking to make $$$ with open source.
OSSF 2018 - Colin Charles of GrokOpen - Community vs. enterprise how not to ...FINOS
The Developer (GrokOpen - Colin Charles)
Your popular OSS project gets corporate-backing & widespread community adoption. You create an enterprise supported version as it's easier to sell an "enterprise spin-off with support" that is better than the currently "stable" community edition. It flourishes as the money starts rolling in. Is one version better than the other? The community gets annoyed but you need resources to keep the releases coming and the code maintained. Just because it’s open source doesn’t mean it’s free. Forking happens. Rewind.
What works? What doesn’t work? How do you manage the split personality nature well to keep management as well as the community happy. Learn from other successful models as well as the many failed experiments.
Choosing the right business model and license - OW2con'19, June 12-13, 2019, ...OW2
Gilles Gravier, Director, Senior Advisor in Open source and blockchain at Wipro Technologies, presented at OW2con'19 "Choosing the right business model and license to support it for your open source project to survive".
Abstract: An open source project is really no different from any other when it comes to business models. There are no "open source business models" but there are business models that work better for open source projects, and selecting the right kind of license is one of the key elements to supporting the business model you have in mind for your project. We will examine types of business models and open source licenses and how to chose them based on the product you are developing.
What is SaaS vs Open Source | Open Source CMS (Content Management System) vs ...ClickTecs
If you are reading this, you have probably come to a crossroad while building a website or an online application. Is it better to use a SaaS platform or is it better to use an Open Source Platform? That is the question? The answer to this dilemma will hopefully be determined below.
In this post, we define ‘Platforms’, ‘CMS’, ‘SaaS’ and ‘Open Source’, and we will break down the pros and cons of Software as a Service when compared to the pros and cons of an Open Source Content Management Systems.
The .NET ecosystem has radically transformed over the past 10 years; in the distant past, Microsoft actively discouraged and dismissed the possibility and viability of OSS categorically. Now, everything is open source and Microsoft is one of the single biggest contributors of open source globally. That same trend is strongly reflected in the .NET community - large companies include banks, insurers, airlines, manufacturers, and health care giants all feel increasingly comfortable using OSS products in the core of applications that generate billions of dollars a year in capital.
In this talk, we're going to cover the scope of the sustainability crisis, how it may affect you, and how to help prevent it both as an OSS user or as a contributor.
[Workshop] Building an Integration Agile Digital Enterprise with Open Source ...WSO2
Today, transforming a conventional business into a digital one is essential to increase revenue and productivity. Integrating heterogeneous systems and building an ecosystem with integrated components is a fundamental requirement for this.
Most modern systems support integration with other systems through APIs that are exposed to well-known protocols and standards. However, it is hard to expect all existing systems of an organization to be capable of integrating with other systems. Certain legacy systems will only be replaced a few years down the line.
Therefore, the challenge is to drive all these existing systems towards integration. In this half-day workshop, we will discuss how you can use the lean, enterprise-ready, and high-performing WSO2 Integration platform to solve integration and innovation challenges that organizations face when performing brownfield integration.
Discussion topics include:
- The benefits of using open source technologies
- Managing an API lifecycle with open source technologies
- Upleveling brownfield integration with open source technologies
- Customer identity and access management with open source technologies
Want to join us at an interactive workshop? Find out where we'll be headed next - https://wso2.com/events/workshops/
There is no open source business model - only people selling complementary goods, and using an open source project as a development and distribution model.
Choisir le bon business model et la bonne licence pour la survie de son proje...Open Source Experience
Lorsque l’on démarre une activité et décide de la mener en open source, il est essentiel de savoir pourquoi on le fait et quels sont les avantages que l’on attend d’une telle démarche. Cette session va vous aider à définir et à gérer les aspects licence de votre projet ainsi qu’à déterminer un business model qui fonctionne avec l’approche open source.
The lessons I learned is that Open source quickly becomes the natural choice wherever commoditization is happening in the software stack. Thus we expect business-to-business open source, which is already a significant trend in recent history, to become an increasingly common form of open source collaboration. Companies who understand the ground rules of business-to-business open source will be better positioned to identify and take advantage of open source opportunities in the competitive spaces that they share with other companies.
So I will share why open strategy is import for the enterprise. And how to do contributions for the open source projects n today’s topic.
I gave this talk on IEEE Day (October 7, 2014). I covered Introduction to Open Source, Various Projects and Products in Open Source, What students can get from Open Source and various different aspects of Open Source during this talk.
Please feel free to download, modify and use the slides for your talks. Lets keep rocking the Free Web ! :)
This presentations covers meaning of open source, history of open source, open source software available in market, why developers and company create open source software.
Open QAtalk bei QAware, November 2019, München: Vortrag von Sebastian Baltes (Lecturer in der School of Computer Science der University of Adelaide, @s_baltes)
=== Dokument bitte herunterladen, falls unscharf! ===
Abstract: Softwareentwicklung umfasst diverse Aufgaben wie die Analyse von Anforderungen, das Implementieren neuer Features und das Beheben von Fehlern in existierender Software. Um ein Experte in einer oder mehrerer dieser Aufgaben zu sein, benötigt man diverse Fähigkeiten, Wissen und Erfahrung. Verschiedene Studien in der Psychologie und der Informatik widmeten sich einzelnen Aspekten dieses komplexen Themas, aber es existierte bisher keine allgemeine theoretische Grundlage, die Ergebnisse zur Expertise in der Softwareentwicklung bündelte. In diesem Vortrag werde ich zunächst unser Modell zur Beschreibung von Expertise in der Softwareentwicklung vorstellen, das auf Daten mehrerer Umfragen mit insgesamt 335 Softwareentwicklern und bestehenden Arbeiten aus der Psychologie und der Informatik basiert. Insbesondere werde ich auf wichtige individuelle Eigenschaften von Experten eingehen und Faktoren nennen, die unsere Studienteilnehmer als förderlich oder hinderlich zur fachlichen Entwicklung innerhalb von Teams und Unternehmen erachteten. Abschließend werde ich auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Expertise und Erfahrung und die Zuverlässigkeit von Selbsteinschätzungen eingehen.
Fundamentals of Free and Open Source SoftwareRoss Gardler
Introduction to the OSS Watch Business
and Sustainability Models Around Free and Open Source Software. this presentation doesn't deal with the business models, it introduces FOSS and the key licence types.
But we're already open source! Why would I want to bring my code to Apache?gagravarr
From ApacheCon Europe 2015 in Budapest
So, your business has already opened sourced some of its code? Great! Or you're thinking about it? That's fine! But now, someone's asking you about giving it to these Apache people? What's up with that, and why isn't just being open source enough?
In this talk, we'll look at several real world examples of where companies have chosen to contribute their existing open source code to the Apache Software Foundation. We'll see the advantages they got from it, the problems they faced along the way, why they did it, and how it helped their business. We'll also look briefly at where it may not be the right fit.
Wondering about how to take your business's open source involvement to the next level, and if contributing to projects at the Apache Software Foundation will deliver RoI, then this is the talk for you!
While everyone in the software industry knows what open source is and have benefited from some of the successful open source projects out there, for example, Java, Linux, JavaScript, and Docker, there is still lack of understanding beyond the fact that open source software is publicly available and free. This chat will provide a concise guide based on personal experience and available documentation to learn what open source is all about, why it is good for business, business models and recommendations to join the open source movement.
Presentation mainly deals with Open Source and how Os projects work? Who does it? Why they do it? Why you should contribute to Open Source? Different ways of contribution.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
OSSF 2018 - Colin Charles of GrokOpen - Community vs. enterprise how not to ...FINOS
The Developer (GrokOpen - Colin Charles)
Your popular OSS project gets corporate-backing & widespread community adoption. You create an enterprise supported version as it's easier to sell an "enterprise spin-off with support" that is better than the currently "stable" community edition. It flourishes as the money starts rolling in. Is one version better than the other? The community gets annoyed but you need resources to keep the releases coming and the code maintained. Just because it’s open source doesn’t mean it’s free. Forking happens. Rewind.
What works? What doesn’t work? How do you manage the split personality nature well to keep management as well as the community happy. Learn from other successful models as well as the many failed experiments.
Choosing the right business model and license - OW2con'19, June 12-13, 2019, ...OW2
Gilles Gravier, Director, Senior Advisor in Open source and blockchain at Wipro Technologies, presented at OW2con'19 "Choosing the right business model and license to support it for your open source project to survive".
Abstract: An open source project is really no different from any other when it comes to business models. There are no "open source business models" but there are business models that work better for open source projects, and selecting the right kind of license is one of the key elements to supporting the business model you have in mind for your project. We will examine types of business models and open source licenses and how to chose them based on the product you are developing.
What is SaaS vs Open Source | Open Source CMS (Content Management System) vs ...ClickTecs
If you are reading this, you have probably come to a crossroad while building a website or an online application. Is it better to use a SaaS platform or is it better to use an Open Source Platform? That is the question? The answer to this dilemma will hopefully be determined below.
In this post, we define ‘Platforms’, ‘CMS’, ‘SaaS’ and ‘Open Source’, and we will break down the pros and cons of Software as a Service when compared to the pros and cons of an Open Source Content Management Systems.
The .NET ecosystem has radically transformed over the past 10 years; in the distant past, Microsoft actively discouraged and dismissed the possibility and viability of OSS categorically. Now, everything is open source and Microsoft is one of the single biggest contributors of open source globally. That same trend is strongly reflected in the .NET community - large companies include banks, insurers, airlines, manufacturers, and health care giants all feel increasingly comfortable using OSS products in the core of applications that generate billions of dollars a year in capital.
In this talk, we're going to cover the scope of the sustainability crisis, how it may affect you, and how to help prevent it both as an OSS user or as a contributor.
[Workshop] Building an Integration Agile Digital Enterprise with Open Source ...WSO2
Today, transforming a conventional business into a digital one is essential to increase revenue and productivity. Integrating heterogeneous systems and building an ecosystem with integrated components is a fundamental requirement for this.
Most modern systems support integration with other systems through APIs that are exposed to well-known protocols and standards. However, it is hard to expect all existing systems of an organization to be capable of integrating with other systems. Certain legacy systems will only be replaced a few years down the line.
Therefore, the challenge is to drive all these existing systems towards integration. In this half-day workshop, we will discuss how you can use the lean, enterprise-ready, and high-performing WSO2 Integration platform to solve integration and innovation challenges that organizations face when performing brownfield integration.
Discussion topics include:
- The benefits of using open source technologies
- Managing an API lifecycle with open source technologies
- Upleveling brownfield integration with open source technologies
- Customer identity and access management with open source technologies
Want to join us at an interactive workshop? Find out where we'll be headed next - https://wso2.com/events/workshops/
There is no open source business model - only people selling complementary goods, and using an open source project as a development and distribution model.
Choisir le bon business model et la bonne licence pour la survie de son proje...Open Source Experience
Lorsque l’on démarre une activité et décide de la mener en open source, il est essentiel de savoir pourquoi on le fait et quels sont les avantages que l’on attend d’une telle démarche. Cette session va vous aider à définir et à gérer les aspects licence de votre projet ainsi qu’à déterminer un business model qui fonctionne avec l’approche open source.
The lessons I learned is that Open source quickly becomes the natural choice wherever commoditization is happening in the software stack. Thus we expect business-to-business open source, which is already a significant trend in recent history, to become an increasingly common form of open source collaboration. Companies who understand the ground rules of business-to-business open source will be better positioned to identify and take advantage of open source opportunities in the competitive spaces that they share with other companies.
So I will share why open strategy is import for the enterprise. And how to do contributions for the open source projects n today’s topic.
I gave this talk on IEEE Day (October 7, 2014). I covered Introduction to Open Source, Various Projects and Products in Open Source, What students can get from Open Source and various different aspects of Open Source during this talk.
Please feel free to download, modify and use the slides for your talks. Lets keep rocking the Free Web ! :)
This presentations covers meaning of open source, history of open source, open source software available in market, why developers and company create open source software.
Open QAtalk bei QAware, November 2019, München: Vortrag von Sebastian Baltes (Lecturer in der School of Computer Science der University of Adelaide, @s_baltes)
=== Dokument bitte herunterladen, falls unscharf! ===
Abstract: Softwareentwicklung umfasst diverse Aufgaben wie die Analyse von Anforderungen, das Implementieren neuer Features und das Beheben von Fehlern in existierender Software. Um ein Experte in einer oder mehrerer dieser Aufgaben zu sein, benötigt man diverse Fähigkeiten, Wissen und Erfahrung. Verschiedene Studien in der Psychologie und der Informatik widmeten sich einzelnen Aspekten dieses komplexen Themas, aber es existierte bisher keine allgemeine theoretische Grundlage, die Ergebnisse zur Expertise in der Softwareentwicklung bündelte. In diesem Vortrag werde ich zunächst unser Modell zur Beschreibung von Expertise in der Softwareentwicklung vorstellen, das auf Daten mehrerer Umfragen mit insgesamt 335 Softwareentwicklern und bestehenden Arbeiten aus der Psychologie und der Informatik basiert. Insbesondere werde ich auf wichtige individuelle Eigenschaften von Experten eingehen und Faktoren nennen, die unsere Studienteilnehmer als förderlich oder hinderlich zur fachlichen Entwicklung innerhalb von Teams und Unternehmen erachteten. Abschließend werde ich auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Expertise und Erfahrung und die Zuverlässigkeit von Selbsteinschätzungen eingehen.
Fundamentals of Free and Open Source SoftwareRoss Gardler
Introduction to the OSS Watch Business
and Sustainability Models Around Free and Open Source Software. this presentation doesn't deal with the business models, it introduces FOSS and the key licence types.
But we're already open source! Why would I want to bring my code to Apache?gagravarr
From ApacheCon Europe 2015 in Budapest
So, your business has already opened sourced some of its code? Great! Or you're thinking about it? That's fine! But now, someone's asking you about giving it to these Apache people? What's up with that, and why isn't just being open source enough?
In this talk, we'll look at several real world examples of where companies have chosen to contribute their existing open source code to the Apache Software Foundation. We'll see the advantages they got from it, the problems they faced along the way, why they did it, and how it helped their business. We'll also look briefly at where it may not be the right fit.
Wondering about how to take your business's open source involvement to the next level, and if contributing to projects at the Apache Software Foundation will deliver RoI, then this is the talk for you!
While everyone in the software industry knows what open source is and have benefited from some of the successful open source projects out there, for example, Java, Linux, JavaScript, and Docker, there is still lack of understanding beyond the fact that open source software is publicly available and free. This chat will provide a concise guide based on personal experience and available documentation to learn what open source is all about, why it is good for business, business models and recommendations to join the open source movement.
Presentation mainly deals with Open Source and how Os projects work? Who does it? Why they do it? Why you should contribute to Open Source? Different ways of contribution.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.Any kyc Account
Learn how to use Binance Savings to expand your bitcoin holdings. Discover how to maximize your earnings on one of the most reliable cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as how to earn interest on your cryptocurrency holdings and the various savings choices available.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...
Business of Open Source
1. The Business of Open Source
TIM Lecture Series
Dec 12, 2013
www.timprogram.ca
www.carleton.ca
Michael Weiss
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
1
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
2. Outline
★ Part I
★ Part II
• Open source business
• Stage 4 open source
businesses
• Business patterns
• Stage 1-3 open source
businesses
• Licensing
• Lessons
• Future of open source
• Architecture
• Lessons
• Next steps
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
2
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
3. Open source
• Open source (OSS) has become an integral part of
commercial software development
• In the past, open source software development was
considered to be driven by volunteer effort
• Today, most of it is carried out by companies
• For example, over 80% of changes to the Eclipse
platform are made by paid developers
• How do you build a business around open source?
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
3
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
4. Defining open source
• Free Software Foundation (FSF) defines open source
through four freedoms: freedom to i) run, ii) study and
change, iii) redistribute, and iv) distribute changes
• “Open source is a development method for software
that harnesses the power of distributed peer review and
transparency of process” (Open Source Initiative)
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
4
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
5. Not a business model
• Open source is used by the business as a strategy to
strengthen its business model (Bailetti, 2009)
• Elements of a business model and how OSS can help
Importance Community convinces customers on dimensions
of importance: eg functionality, avoid lock-in
Value Customers get eg higher quality, efficiency
Partners can spend more money on going to
market than on R&D, & can collaborate
Resources and Access to talent and customers
Processes Equal footing for small and large companies
Profit Focus on IP that differentiates them
Generates demand for paid complements
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
5
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
6. Open source business
• Uses open source to develop new products
• Builds its products/services around open source offers
• Initiates its own open source projects
• Leverages open source as a form of co-opetition (ie
cooperation between competitors)
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
6
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
7. Open source engagement model
Profit
Collaborate
Champion
Contribute
Use
Level
Modified from Carbone (2007)
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
7
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
8. Patterns
• Idea of patterns originates in architecture
• Have become popular in software (design patterns)
• A pattern is a recurring solution to a common problem
in a given context and system of forces
• Recently, patterns have been documented for other
domains than software, eg business patterns
• Patterns are mined by domain experts, reviewed by
shepherds, and subsequently workshopped
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
8
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
9. Example: Whole Product
• You sold your first products to early adopters
• You need to sell more than a technology
• The solution needs to address the whole problem faced
by the customer in a particular market
• You may also need to provide training and integrate
your product with the customer’s existing systems
• Therefore, sell a whole product that includes
everything the customer needs
• The benefits of your technology are clear to customers,
and you can differentiate yourself from competitors
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
9
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
10. Elements of a pattern
• Name that communicates the intent of the pattern
• Context in which the pattern applies
• Problem that the pattern solves
• Forces describe the conflicts within the problem
• Solution that resolves the forces
• Consequences of applying the pattern
• Known uses provide evidence that this is a pattern
• Related patterns link to other patterns
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
10
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
11. Pattern languages
• Patterns are rarely applied in
isolation; rather they become
words in a pattern language
• Each pattern describes how it
fits into a larger whole through
links to other helpful patterns
• Patterns also describe how their
solutions create benefits; a
pattern should only be applied
when its benefits are needed
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
11
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
12. Choose your own adventure
• Pattern languages can be
navigated in different ways like
the chapters in a “Choose Your
Own Adventure” book
• Each pattern solves one problem
and introduces new problems
that can be resolved by applying
further patterns in the language
• When you follow patterns you
create a pattern sequence
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
12
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
13. In parts the patterns draw on existing research and literature. Inevitably these
patterns represent the author’s understanding and views on how companies
should go about tackling the problems identified. While there are no right
answers to these problems - indeed some out dispute the problems identified
– it is hoped that these patterns can help expand the understanding of
business strategy in the technology domain.
Business patterns
3 The Patterns
Kelly (2008, 2012)
Figure 1 - Pattern sequence
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
13
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
14. Open source business patterns
Contribute
Champion
Architecture
Licensing
Patterns for each
stage of engagement
Use
Collaborate
Cross-cutting
patterns
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
15. Use
“It costs virtually nothing to start a software business
these days.” [when you use open source]
– Jason Fried, 37signals
Champion
Architecture
Contribute
Licensing
Use
Collaborate
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
15
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
16. Bootstrap
You need to shorten
the time it takes you to
create the first version
of your product while
keeping your costs
low
Reuse existing open
source components to
develop your products
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
17. Example
• The initial version of the BigBlueButton open source
web conferencing system (www.bigbluebutton.org)
was built by combining 14 different existing open
source components, ranging from Red5, a streaming
server for managing voice and video streams, to Open
Office for converting slides from various formats
• This approach kept the cost of developing the system
low and sped up the creation of the first version
• However, bootstrapping also increased the complexity
of the software and breadth of knowledge needed
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
17
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
18. Related patterns
• Build on the Shoulders of Others
• Play by the Rules
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
18
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
19. Share of customer’s wallet
Price/
Customer
Services
Demand
curve
Price/
Customer
Demand
curve
Services
Increase
Software
Open source
software
Hardware
Hardware
Number of customers
Number of customers
Based on Riehle (2007)
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
21. Contribute
“Companies have also begun to recognise that making
money from open source software while not giving
anything back to the community or project is likely to
ultimately result in the failure of their open source
related products” – Matthew Langham, Indiginox
Champion
Architecture
Contribute
Licensing
Use
Collaborate
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
21
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
22. Contribute Back
You need to keep
aligned with the
open source projects
you use
Contribute back
resources (code,
people, money) to
these projects
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
22
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
23. Example
• Companies generally achieve three goals by
contributing back: i) build trust with the community, ii)
influence the development of the project, and iii)
demonstrate their depth of competence
• Companies like IBM and HP all contribute to the
development of the Mozilla Firefox browser. Their
contributions consist of code that makes Firefox
compatible with their Unix workstations
• Pivos is a hardware company that develops a media
player. It sponsors the XMBC open source media center
project as a member of the XMBC Foundation, and
pays developers to work on the project. It contributed
the Android port of XMBC (example of Feature Gift)
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
23
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
24. Related patterns
• Feature Gift
• Sponsor a project
• Chinese Wall
• Hire the Men Inside
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
24
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
25. Champion
“Let’s make it open source to share costs and give
others a platform to participate and contribute”
– Accenture
Champion
Architecture
Contribute
Licensing
Use
Collaborate
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
25
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
26. Credible Promise
Build a critical mass
of functionality early
in your project that
demonstrates that the
project is doable and
has merit
How do you
mobilize developers
to contribute to your
project?
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
26
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
27. Example
• BigBlueButton is an open source web conferencing
system whose functionality was sufficient for teaching
our online courses, but did not yet have the bells and
whistles of competing commercial products (eg
recording and playback or desktop sharing)
• “What both projects [Fetchmail and Linux] did have
was a handful of enthusiasts and a plausible promise.
The promise was partly technical [..] and sociological
[..]. So what's necessary for a bazaar to develop is that
it be credible that the full-blown bazaar will exist!”
– Eric Raymond
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
27
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
28. Related patterns
• Feed the Community
• Modular Architecture
• Sell Complements
• Run a Tight Ship
• Donate Code
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
28
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
29. Feed the Community
How do you build
legitimacy with your
project community?
Nurture the
community without
expecting an
immediate return
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
29
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
30. Example
• A company builds up legitimacy with the community
by i) giving to the community (code, documentation,
participation in the discussion forum), ii) a clear
licensing practice, iii) a clear process for making
contributions, iv) making decisions in the open, and v)
not treating community members as prospects
• “We take the perspective that, if we consciously
commit a portion of our resources to assisting others
on the mailing list, then as their adoption of
BigBlueButton grows so does the pool of potential
customers that may approach us later on”
– Fred Dixon
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
31. Community funnel
• A community has three types of participants: i) users
who use the technology internally, ii) adopters who
integrate the technology into product or services, and
iii) contributors who advance the project technology
Users
Adopters
Contributors
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
31
Installed base
Complements
Evangelism
Technology
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
32. Related patterns
• Create Pull
• Prepare for Release
• Approved Open Source License
• Permissive License
• Self-Service
• Community as Supplier
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
32
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
33. Sell Complements
How do you
monetize an open
source product?
Sell products or
services (eg hardware
or support) that
complement the open
source product
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
33
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
34. Example
• IBM has made Linux the operating system of choice for
its servers and has ported most of its applications
• IBM’s support for Linux drives demand for its servers.
Example of a network effect: complements become the
more valuable the larger the installed base
• The creators of the BigBlueButton web conferencing
system sold add-on modules such as desktop sharing to
business users. These add-ons or Paid Features met the
needs of users willing to pay for them
• PostgreSQL Experts (PGX) is a core contributor to the
PostgreSQL project and sells a range of services
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
34
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
36. Related patterns
• Derivative Product
• Services
• Paid Feature
• Support
• Distributor
• Ancillary Product
• Dual License
• Dual Product
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
36
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
37. Run a Tight Ship
How do you keep
control of the
project’s direction?
Maintain full
ownership of the
code
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
37
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
38. Example
• OpenOffice started as a closed source product
(StarOffice) that was bought by Sun and later released
as open source. When Sun was acquired by Oracle,
the project was again put under tight control in order
to sell a commercial version
• After receiving push back from the open source
community, Oracle again released control over the
project by Donating Code to Apache, but not before
the project was forked as the LibreOffice project
• Moodle, an open source e-learning platform, is
centrally developed by Moodle HQ and a network of
partners. Non-core contributors can author plugins
(https://moodle.org/dev/contributions.php)
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
38
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
39. Related patterns
• Dual License
• Dual Product (Open Core)
• IP Modularity
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
39
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
40. Dual Product (Open Core)
How do you
entice commercial
users to pay for an
OSS product?
Sell a commercial
version of the open
source product with
exclusive features
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
41. Example
• PhoneGap (a popular mobile application development
framework) is an Adobe-led Apache project
• PhoneGap was donated by Adobe in 2011: PhoneGap
is the brand, Apache Cordova the project
• Adobe sells a cloud-based service PhoneGap Build
• A similar service is offered by Icenium
PhoneGap Build
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
Cordova
41
Icenium
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
42. Example
• PhoneGap (a popular mobile application development
framework) is an Adobe-led Apache project
• PhoneGap was donated by Adobe in 2011: PhoneGap
is the brand, Apache Cordova the project
• Adobe sells a cloud-based service PhoneGap Build
• A similar service is offered by Icenium
PhoneGap Build
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
Cordova
41
Icenium
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
43. Related patterns
• IP Modularity
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
42
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
44. Pattern Map – Champion
Credible Promise
Donate Code
Feed Community
Pool
Resources
Create Pull
Foundation
Sell Complements
Support
Service
Distributor
Derivative
Product
Ancillary
Product
Paid Feature
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
Self-Service
Modular Architecture
Community as
Supplier
Manage
Complements
Dual Product
Run a Tight Ship
43
Dual License
IP Modularity
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
Embedded
Open Source
47. Collaborate
• Collectives are “used to achieve results that no single
member can achieve on its own”
– Bailetti et al. (2013)
Champion
Architecture
Contribute
Licensing
Use
Collaborate
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
46
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
48. Pool Resources
Pool resources with
other companies to
jointly develop a
common stack of open
source assets that the
companies can all
build on to develop
their individual
products
How do you
optimize the use of
your resources?
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
47
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
49. Example
• The members of the Eclipse project develop common
assets (such as GUI components and code generation
tools) that each of them requires, but that, on their
own, do not create value for their customers
• “[The Linux kernel development team adds] 11,000
lines, remove[s] 5,500 lines, and modif[ies] 2,200 lines
[of code] every single day. [...] It's something that no
one company can keep up with” (Assay, 2009)
• On the other hand, developing such assets requires
them to dedicate resources. All members win by
sharing those development costs with other members,
and focus on areas of differentiation
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
48
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
51. Foundation
How do you attract
other companies to
contribute to your
source project?
Transfer
ownership of the
code to an
independent
foundation
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
50
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
52. Example
• When Eclipse was spun out of IBM, a foundation was
put in place to manage the project
• While IBM still contributes many of the developers,
IBM does not own the project, and many of its
competitors, including Oracle and SAP contribute to
and build many of their products on top of Eclipse
• A foundation creates an arms-length relationship
between the project creator and the project
• It centralizes common functions that all members can
access (eg legal, marketing, project management)
• Creating a foundation builds trust and facilitates
collaboration among the contributors
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
51
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
53. Related Patterns
• Shepherd
• Incubation Process
• Whole Product
• Project Champion
• Permissive License
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
52
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
54. Collectives
• Projects play a central role in a collective: their role is
to reduce gaps and advance technology
Foundation
Governance
Projects
Resources
Collective
R
A
C
Contributions
Access
Platform
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
55. Economics of a collective
Time
• Time to market
• Coordination
1, 2
Level of
contribution
4, 5
• Core asset base
• Product
6
Number of
members
3
8
7
Diversity of use
9
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
Quality
54
Cost
• Organization
• Core asset base
• Reuse
• Unique
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
56. Propositions
• P1. (Early bird) Improved alignment between contributed assets
and contributor’s needs
T
• P2. (Track record) Increased trust between members
T
• P3. (Fit for use) Highest benefit from assets to main contributors
C
• P4. (80/20 rule) Members can focus on value-added
T
• P5. (Too many cooks) Each member added to a team adds
overhead not spent productively
T
• P6. (Many eyes) Increased feedback from members
Q
• P7. (Sharing the load) Increased resources
C
• P8. (Many faces) Each new context of use hardens assets
Q
• P9. (Multiple perspectives) Low diversity, collective benefits from
multiple perspectives; high, collective appears less cohesive
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
55
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
C
57. Licensing
• “To succeed, companies need to find ways to use
outside innovations and to become part of a distributed
fabric of innovation through a combination of licensing
and well-chosen gifts...This is what open source is all
about: harnessing engines of innovation in software”
– Goldman & Gabriel (2005)
Champion
Architecture
Contribute
Licensing
Use
Collaborate
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
56
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
58. Play by the Rules
Link (2010)
Ensure license
compliance for open
source components
that are combined
How do you prevent
licensing problems
after your product is
released?
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
59. Example
• Components licensed under the GPL and the EPL are
not compatible. When the Mercurial Eclipse plugin
(EPL) uses Mercurial (GPL) it calls it as an external
executable to avoid license conflicts
• Closed binary-only loadable modules can be
combined with the Linux kernel as long as they use a
restricted interface and are marked as such
• Compliance can be difficult to test – creates an
opportunity for compliance checking tools
• Eg compliance also requires you to check the license
compatibility across a chain of dependencies
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
60. Related patterns
• Due Diligence
• Contributor Agreement
• Prepare for Release
• Contribute Back Derivatives
• Shims and Friends
• Open Architecture
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
61. Dual License
Link (2012)
How do you
entice commercial
users to pay for an
OSS product?
Offer the same product
under an open source and
a commercial license
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
62. Example
• “You can make sure you own the copyrights by either
writing all your own code or obtaining third-party
licenses. In fact at SleepyCat and MySQL, all code
development is done in-house” (Albert, 2004)
• The MySQL database is licensed under an open source
license (GPL) as well as a commercial license
• Buyers of the commercial license are released from
some of the obligations of the open source license
• Eg, the GPL license, a reciprocal license, requires
anyone who integrates the software with their software
to license their software under the same terms
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
61
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
64. IP Modularity
How do you
manage open
source and
proprietary
versions of a dual
product?
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
Align
intellectual
property with
product
architecture
63
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
65. Example
• SugarCRM’s business model is enabled by a modular
architecture that separates IP elements
• IP modularity facilitates development of complements,
and thus increases the platform’s attractiveness
Open source edition
DB access module
MySQL
Proprietary code tree
Platform
core
Accounts
module
DB access module
Oracle
MySQL
Build
Extension
modules
Reporting
module
Accounts
module
Commercial editions
DB access module
Oracle
Reporting
module
IP for commercial editions
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
MySQL
Accounts
module
IP for open source edition
64
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
Waltl et al. (2012)
67. Architecture
• “There is a need to create an ‘architecture for
participation’ that promotes ease of understanding by
limiting module size and ease of contribution by
minimizing the propagation of design changes”
– MacCormack (2006)
Champion
Architecture
Contribute
Licensing
Use
Collaborate
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
66
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
68. Modular Architecture
How do you enable
external contributors to add
to the codebase without
requiring them to have
deep knowledge of it?
Partition the codebase so
that different parts (or
modules) can be worked
on and managed
independently.
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
67
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
69. Example
• Examples of systems using a modular architecture are
OSGi-based runtime frameworks like Apache Felix and
Equinox OSGi, as well as Eclipse, an integrated
development environment and rich client platform
• “GNU/Linux is known for being a modular complex
artifact and its successful development, accomplished
by a distributed community of hackers, largely
benefited from that. Therefore, it may be surprising that
its core component, the so called kernel, was initially
conceived as a highly integrated product and that
eventually acquired a modular structure” (Rossi, 2003)
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
68
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
70. Related patterns
• Stable Core
• Create Options
• Refactor the Code
• Tuning (Mix and Match)
• Conway’s Law
• Manage Complements
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
69
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
71. Manage Complements
How do you
manage the quality
of complements?
Establish a governance
model and provide
regulatory tools to
manage complement
development
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
70
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
72. Example
• Eclipse had created a three-tier community where
external contributions can be made by anyone, but
developers who want to contribute to the Stable Core
need to follow a thorough incubation process with
“gates” at which their quality is assessed. Apache,
OpenOffice, and SpringSource are set up similarly
• Complements can be either internal (deployed with the
core), or external (added by users)
• Owner of the core controls the interaction of network
members through governance structure (hierarchical or
flat), openness (open or closed), and regulatory tools
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
71
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
73. Governance model: Eclipse
Project: Eclipse
Governance model:
Hybrid control
Community tiers: Core,
internal, and external
Openness:
Who can
participate?
Governance structure:
Who proposes complements?
Who selects complements?
Hierarchical Hierarchical
/Flat
Open
Closed
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
Internal
Flat
External
Core
Commercial
72
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
74. Related Patterns
• IP Modularity
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
73
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
75. Quo vadis, open source?
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
74
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
76. Beyond the desktop and servers
• “FOSS has had a significant impact not only on
traditional desktop and server software, but also on
mobile computing, embedded, and cloud platforms,
making it a significant factor in software adoption and
use for the foreseeable future”
– Wasserman (2013)
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
77. Open source in the Internet of Things
• “Open source software and collaborative development
have been proven to accelerate technology innovation
in markets where major transformation is underway.
Nowhere is this more evident today than in the
consumer, industrial and embedded industries where
connected devices, systems and services are generating
a new level of intelligence in the way we and our
systems interact. The AllSeen Alliance represents an
unprecedented opportunity to advance the Internet of
Everything for both home and industry. We are very
happy to host and help guide this work”
– Jim Zemlin, Linux Foundation
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
76
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
78. Open beyond software
• Open hardware
• Open data
• Open content
New business
opportunities
• Open knowledge
• Open APIs
New patterns ;-)
• Open access
• Open science
• ...
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
77
Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
81. References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bailetti, T. (2009), How open source strengthens business models, TIM Review, http://
timreview.ca/article/226
Bailetti, T., et al. (2013), Developing an innovation engine to make Canada a global
leader in cybersecurity, TIM Review, http://timreview.ca/article/711
Carbone, P. (2007), Competitive open source, TIM Review, http://timreview.ca/article/
93
Dixon, F. (2011), Lessons from an open source business, TIM Review, http://
timreview.ca/article/441
Goldman, R., & Gabriel, D. (2006), Innovation Happens Elsewhere: Open Source as
Business Strategy, Morgan Kaufmann
Link, C. (2010), Patterns for the commercial use of Open Source: Legal and licensing
aspects, EuroPLoP
Link, C. (2011), Patterns for the commercial use of Open Source: License patterns,
EuroPLoP
Link, C. (2012), Patterns for the commercial use of Open Source: Economic aspects
and case studies, EuroPLoP
MacCormack, A., et al. (2006), Exploring the structure of complex software designs: An
empirical study of open source and proprietary code, Management Science, 52(7)
Muegge S. Business Ecosystems as Institutions of Participation: A Systems Perspective
on Community-Developed Platforms. Technology Innovation Management Review.
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
82. References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Noori, N., & Weiss, M. (2013), Going open: Does it mean giving away control, TIM
Review, http://timreview.ca/article/647
Riehle, D. (2007), The economic motivation of open source software: Stakeholder
perspectives, Computer, April
Riehle, D. (2012), The single-vendor commercial open source business model,
Information Systems and e-Business Management, 10(1)
Rossi, A. and Narduzzo, A., (2003), Modularity in Action. GNU/Linux and free/Open
source software development model unleashed, Quaderni DISA, 78, Trento
Skerrett, I. (2011), Best practices in multi-vendor open source communities, TIM
Review, http://timreview.ca/article/409
Waltl, J., Henkel, J., & Baldwin, C. (2012), IP Modularity in Software Ecosystems: How
SugarCRM’s IP and Business Model Shape Its Product Architecture, ICSOB
Wasserman, T. (2013), Community and commercial strategies in open source software,
Information Technology, 55(5)
Weiss, M. (2009), Performance of open source projects, EuroPLoP
Weiss, M. (2010), Profiting from open source, EuroPLoP
Weiss, M. (2011), Profiting even more from open source, EuroPLoP
Weiss, M. (2011), Economics of software product line economics, TIM Review, http://
timreview.ca/article/488
Weiss, M. (2013), Enabling contributions in open source projects, EuroPLoP
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license
83. Image credits
• Unless noted, images were sourced from Wikimedia
Commons and Flickr under a CC license
weiss@sce.carleton.ca
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Licensed under a CC BY-SA license