Hans-Erik Ericsson is founder and Chairman of Open Training Magnus. Penker is CEO of Open Training. In order to keep up and be competitive, all companies and enterprises must assess the quality of their products and the efficiency of their services.
Introduction to Enterprise Architecture Leo Shuster
Enterprise architecture is a discipline for proactively managing organizational change and complexity by aligning business strategy, goals, and processes with information technology solutions. It provides a framework for governing technology decisions and guiding the organization from its current to future state. Benefits include improved business-IT alignment, increased agility, standardization, and cost savings. Enterprise architecture frameworks like TOGAF provide common vocabulary, models, and processes to develop the current and target architecture states and transition plans.
Design Thinking and Public Sector Innovation Ben Weinlick
Ben Weinlick of Think Jar Collective gave a keynote for the Canada Conference Board Public Sector Innovation conference on how human centered design thinking can be a game changer for service and system innovation in the public and social sectors.
This document proposes an approach to developing data warehouse structures from business process models. It begins by discussing common challenges with data warehouse projects, such as failing to consider business goals and strategies. The document then reviews existing development approaches like user-oriented and operational-oriented methods. It introduces business process modeling using the Semantic Object Model technique and argues this provides a formal description of user information needs. The paper proposes deriving data warehouse structures from business process models to address limitations of other approaches. It provides an example using a student management system to illustrate connecting business processes to data warehouse schemas.
This document discusses systems integration and architectural approaches for combining independent systems within an organization. It notes that systems should be designed with an architectural view to avoid failures in interoperability as organizations grow larger. The key aspects covered include:
- The need for systems integration to ensure flexibility, speed, cost effectiveness, standardization, data integrity, reliability and robustness across departments within large organizations.
- Theories of systems integration including processes, approaches, drivers, tools, techniques, critical success factors and best practices.
- Methods for integrating legacy systems, new systems, business-to-business systems, and commercial off-the-shelf products.
The document discusses a business analysis project for Lowmill Corporation where the maintenance department needs reorganization from a physical and systematic level as they are unable to provide data on failing production equipment. A new system is needed to understand high failure production areas so the engineering department can improve equipment uptime and maximize manufacturing capacity. The paper will analyze the business process related to Lowmill's maintenance department issues.
Process perspective is valuable, but far too much time is wasted in detailed process modelling with too little benefit. Presents an approach that delivers high benefits for less effort.
Introduction to Enterprise Architecture Leo Shuster
Enterprise architecture is a discipline for proactively managing organizational change and complexity by aligning business strategy, goals, and processes with information technology solutions. It provides a framework for governing technology decisions and guiding the organization from its current to future state. Benefits include improved business-IT alignment, increased agility, standardization, and cost savings. Enterprise architecture frameworks like TOGAF provide common vocabulary, models, and processes to develop the current and target architecture states and transition plans.
Design Thinking and Public Sector Innovation Ben Weinlick
Ben Weinlick of Think Jar Collective gave a keynote for the Canada Conference Board Public Sector Innovation conference on how human centered design thinking can be a game changer for service and system innovation in the public and social sectors.
This document proposes an approach to developing data warehouse structures from business process models. It begins by discussing common challenges with data warehouse projects, such as failing to consider business goals and strategies. The document then reviews existing development approaches like user-oriented and operational-oriented methods. It introduces business process modeling using the Semantic Object Model technique and argues this provides a formal description of user information needs. The paper proposes deriving data warehouse structures from business process models to address limitations of other approaches. It provides an example using a student management system to illustrate connecting business processes to data warehouse schemas.
This document discusses systems integration and architectural approaches for combining independent systems within an organization. It notes that systems should be designed with an architectural view to avoid failures in interoperability as organizations grow larger. The key aspects covered include:
- The need for systems integration to ensure flexibility, speed, cost effectiveness, standardization, data integrity, reliability and robustness across departments within large organizations.
- Theories of systems integration including processes, approaches, drivers, tools, techniques, critical success factors and best practices.
- Methods for integrating legacy systems, new systems, business-to-business systems, and commercial off-the-shelf products.
The document discusses a business analysis project for Lowmill Corporation where the maintenance department needs reorganization from a physical and systematic level as they are unable to provide data on failing production equipment. A new system is needed to understand high failure production areas so the engineering department can improve equipment uptime and maximize manufacturing capacity. The paper will analyze the business process related to Lowmill's maintenance department issues.
Process perspective is valuable, but far too much time is wasted in detailed process modelling with too little benefit. Presents an approach that delivers high benefits for less effort.
Enterprise Representation An Analysis Of+Standards Issueslegal2
This document discusses issues related to standardizing enterprise modeling and integration. It addresses:
1) The need for standards to define key components of enterprise models in order to facilitate information sharing and integration between enterprises. However, enterprises also require freedom to define their own processes and products.
2) The characteristics of effective enterprise models, including using consistent views and modeling processes and components in a standardized way to allow for interoperability.
3) The role of an enterprise reference architecture in providing a framework and guidelines for enterprise representation and modeling to achieve integration goals. However, completely standardizing enterprise structures may not be practical or desirable.
Enterprise architecture represents a conceptual blueprint that defines the structure and operations of an organization. It provides a common view of the people, processes, and technology that integrate across the organization. Developing an enterprise architecture for the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles would help align IT initiatives with business goals and strategies. It would identify redundant or inefficient processes, optimize resource use, and guide the transformation of systems to meet current and future needs.
This document discusses different types of business models and their uses. It describes strategy models like the business model canvas that show the overall business. Process models depict how work is done through tasks and flows. Organization models illustrate structure using charts. Information models represent business rules and data relationships. The document explains that models reduce complexity, support communication, analysis, requirements, testing, training, compliance, and knowledge management. They provide a powerful tool for understanding businesses and enabling change.
Here are the key points about reconciliation based on the information provided:
- Reconciliation refers to changing or repairing a relationship after some conflict or factor has damaged it. It can apply to relationships just beginning or those being rebuilt.
- When discussing reconciliation, the focus is often more on the steps needed to achieve it, rather than reconciliation itself. People may resist these steps and thus reconciliation.
- Reconciliation processes can happen at various levels, from individuals to communities to societies. At the local community level, reconciliation may involve neighbors from different backgrounds cooperating on common issues like safety.
- For reconciliation to occur at the community level, people must be willing to work together in spaces that were once divided. This challenges them
All sorts of custom home designs from beginning to end. Also additions and renovations. All work is completed online. Construction-ready architectural drawings for forwarding to permits & contractors.
BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINNERING MODULE 4POOJA UDAYAN
Business process reengineering (BPR) plays an important role in enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementations. There are two options for organizations implementing ERP systems - reengineer business processes before implementation or implement the ERP system with minimal changes and conform processes to the new system. ERP-driven BPR makes it easier to design process changes and leads to better implementation performance compared to not involving BPR. Key aspects of BPR in ERP implementations include developing an implementation plan, addressing employee training needs, and coordinating cross-functional changes.
The use of_reference_models_in_business_process_renovationemedin
This document discusses the use of reference models in business process renovation when implementing ERP systems. It proposes using a reference model based on Microsoft Dynamics NAV to help companies select ERP systems that best fit their needs and renovate business processes. The reference model is designed using an upgraded version of BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) with additional business objects to provide more detailed descriptions. Reference models can formalize ERP system capabilities and allow companies to compare their business needs to select the most appropriate ERP package and approach for process adaptation.
This document introduces the Three Layered Enterprise Architecture Model (TLEAM) as the main tool in the author's enterprise change and transformation toolbox. TLEAM partitions enterprise architecture models into three layers - the business-centric layer, specification-centric layer, and implementation-centric layer. Within each layer are behavioral, information/data, and auxiliary models. The document provides an overview of some of the key models and techniques that make up TLEAM, including the operating model, business capabilities model, and Unified Modeling Language. The goal of TLEAM is to provide a robust yet affordable approach to translating business vision and strategy into effective enterprise change through the use of aligned business and technology models and validation of models within contexts
The document discusses criteria for assessing traditional design methods (TDMs) for information system design. Five key criteria are identified: 1) User involvement, 2) Change/process analysis and data modeling, 3) Test-running, 4) Post-implementation review and maintenance, and 5) Interconnectivity between design stages. Each criterion is then discussed in detail with explanations of why it is important and how it relates to developing a quality information system that meets user needs.
A business analyst helps bridge the gap between business needs and technical solutions. They analyze an organization's structure, business models, processes and requirements. This includes strategic planning, process design, and interpreting business rules for technical systems. The business analyst ensures the technical solution meets the business goals. Key deliverables include business requirements, functional specifications, user needs documents, and traceability matrices to track requirements throughout the project. Having a business analyst involved in software projects helps clearly define needs and prevents miscommunication between stakeholders and developers.
The document discusses business modeling and how modeling systems can help businesses redesign processes to cut costs. It states that a business model must be adaptable to changing customer needs and priorities. The modeling system allows businesses to link IT systems to organizational information and processes in a relational way to facilitate redesigning processes.
The document discusses approaches for structuring difficult-to-automate business processes that are human-centric and unstructured. It notes that traditional process automation approaches can be inflexible and require exceptions to be explicitly catered to. The document proposes taking an object-oriented approach to impose structure on such processes in a way that is not inflexible. It suggests modeling business processes and activities as objects with classes, inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism to provide consistency while allowing for flexibility. The document argues this approach can provide needed structure for auditability, decision-making and efficiency metrics without requiring the business process to strictly conform to the constraints of a system.
The document provides information about an enterprise systems and modelling course, including its goals, schedule, literature, teachers, and examination requirements. The overall goal of the course is for students to understand analysis, design, and use of intra- and inter-organizational enterprise information systems through enterprise modeling. Key activities include lectures, lessons, and a group project to design an information system for a startup home healthcare company using enterprise modeling techniques. Assessment includes a written exam, project assignment, and paper evaluation.
1. The document discusses business use cases, their importance, and provides examples. It explains that use cases help refine requirements, understand processes simply, and avoid misuse of existing models.
2. It gives the example of an e-commerce website search bar to illustrate how use cases can track user requirements to introduce better search algorithms. Advanced search is described as a use case that allows users to refine results.
3. Recruitment is provided as another example where use cases can help understand the simplified process of matching candidates to jobs using big data. This allows recruiters to automate and speed up placements while getting detailed candidate information.
Table of ContentsIntroduction. 2Summary of the busines.docxjohniemcm5zt
Table of Contents
Introduction
.
2
Summary of the business
.
3
Benefits and disadvantages of Business Analytics
.
3
Challenges that the organization may face using business analytics.
5
Business Analytic Techniques That the organization Can Use
.
6
The Implementation Plan
.
7
Backup plan
.
8
Conclusion
.
8
References
.
9
Introduction
Analytics refers to discovering, interpreting and communicating important patterns in collected data. Analytics has been used in organizations since exercises in managements were put into place by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th century.
Today, with the introduction of computers in day to day running of businesses, organizations and most of the institutions, the use of analytics has been brought to a whole new level. These consequential patterns can help in decision making in different scenarios.
Business analytics refers to the proficient use of technologies in continuously exploring and investigating past business performance so as to make inferences and help in business planning and decisions. Predictive modeling and statistical methods are extensively utilized to help the management in making this decision.
Business analytics are applicable in a wide range of business and organization scenarios to help in making management decisions. Business analytics has been changed the way businesses look at their key indicators of performance.
The business analyst has responsibilities in the following areas:
They help in identifying the technical actions that would address a certain situations, also supports in delivering the business strategies.
They help in defining procedures they will use in organizations.
They help in supporting the implementations and operations of strategic plans.
They refine the techniques once they have implemented in order to tolerate changes while ensuring continued alignment with the business strategy.
Business Description
The firm is involved in the design. Design firms make designs to clients to meet their (clients) needs.
The business analytics can use different methods analytical techniques. For example, the orders for particular graphic designs vary seasonally due to upcoming promotions and holiday season. The firm should use business analytics to know when in the past they experience different designing orders. The firm should use business analytics to analyze data so that it can be able to make informed decisions.
The organization possesses technological equipment’s but they do have any integrated system. The business should use analytics to connect its databases for easy access and efficiency of information flow.
The firm should also use business analytics to predict how the business would perform in a new environment it wishes to venture into. It would analyse all the factors that would seemingly impact its operations and success in the new environment.
Benefits and disadvantages of Business Analytics
Benefits
Business analytics creates a better .
BUSINESS RULE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE WEB SERVICES ijwscjournal
Making a business rule extraction more dynamic is an open issue, and we think it is feasible if we decompose the business process structure in a set of rules, each of them representing a transition of the business process. As a consequence the business process engine can be realized by reusing and integrating an existing Rule Engine. We are proposing a way for extracting the business rules and then to modify it at the runtime. Business rules specifies the constraints that affect the behaviors and also specifies the derivation of conditions that affect the execution flow. The rules can be extracted from use
cases, specifications or system code. But since not many enterprises capture their business rules in a structured, explicit form like documents or implicit software codes, they need to be identified first, before being captured and managed. These rules change more often than the processes themselves, but changing and managing business rules is a complex task beyond the abilities of most business analysts. The capturing process focuses on the identification of the potential business rules sources. As business logic requirements change, business analysts can update the business logic without enlisting the aid of the IT staff. The new logic is immediately available to all client applications. In current trend the rules are modified or changed in the static time phase. But this paper provides to change the rules at the run time. Here the rules are extracted from the services and can be a changed dynamically. The existing
rules are modified and attached to source code without hindering service to the end user which can be achieved with source control systems. When the rules are revised, it provides a path in budding new business logic. This new business logic can be adopted for the efficient software development.
BUSINESS RULE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE WEB SERVICESijwscjournal
Making a business rule extraction more dynamic is an open issue, and we think it is feasible if we decompose the business process structure in a set of rules, each of them representing a transition of the business process. As a consequence the business process engine can be realized by reusing and integrating an existing Rule Engine. We are proposing a way for extracting the business rules and then to modify it at the runtime. Business rules specifies the constraints that affect the behaviors and also specifies the derivation of conditions that affect the execution flow. The rules can be extracted from use cases, specifications or system code. But since not many enterprises capture their business rules in a structured, explicit form like documents or implicit software codes, they need to be identified first, before being captured and managed. These rules change more often than the processes themselves, but changing and managing business rules is a complex task beyond the abilities of most business analysts. The capturing process focuses on the identification of the potential business rules sources. As business logic requirements change, business analysts can update the business logic without enlisting the aid of the IT staff. The new logic is immediately available to all client applications. In current trend the rules are modified or changed in the static time phase. But this paper provides to change the rules at the run time. Here the rules are extracted from the services and can be a changed dynamically. The existing rules are modified and attached to source code without hindering service to the end user which can be achieved with source control systems. When the rules are revised, it provides a path in budding new business logic. This new business logic can be adopted for the efficient software development.
BUSINESS RULE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE WEB SERVICESijwscjournal
The document discusses a proposed business rule management framework for managing business rules in enterprise web services. It aims to allow business rules to be extracted from services and modified dynamically at runtime. The framework would use the JESS rule engine language to enable dynamic rule changes without disrupting services to end users. The framework is meant to address issues with current approaches that only allow static rule modifications.
BUSINESS RULE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE WEB SERVICESijwscjournal
Making a business rule extraction more dynamic is an open issue, and we think it is feasible if we decompose the business process structure in a set of rules, each of them representing a transition of the business process. As a consequence the business process engine can be realized by reusing and integrating an existing Rule Engine. We are proposing a way for extracting the business rules and then to modify it at the runtime. Business rules specifies the constraints that affect the behaviors and also specifies the derivation of conditions that affect the execution flow. The rules can be extracted from use cases, specifications or system code. But since not many enterprises capture their business rules in a structured, explicit form like documents or implicit software codes, they need to be identified first, before being captured and managed. These rules change more often than the processes themselves, but changing and managing business rules is a complex task beyond the abilities of most business analysts. The capturing process focuses on the identification of the potential business rules sources. As business logic requirements change, business analysts can update the business logic without enlisting the aid of the IT staff. The new logic is immediately available to all client applications. In current trend the rules are modified or changed in the static time phase. But this paper provides to change the rules at the run time. Here the rules are extracted from the services and can be a changed dynamically. The existing rules are modified and attached to source code without hindering service to the end user which can be achieved with source control systems. When the rules are revised, it provides a path in budding new business logic. This new business logic can be adopted for the efficient software development.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Guide on the use of Artificial Intelligence-based tools by lawyers and law fi...Massimo Talia
This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
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Enterprise Representation An Analysis Of+Standards Issueslegal2
This document discusses issues related to standardizing enterprise modeling and integration. It addresses:
1) The need for standards to define key components of enterprise models in order to facilitate information sharing and integration between enterprises. However, enterprises also require freedom to define their own processes and products.
2) The characteristics of effective enterprise models, including using consistent views and modeling processes and components in a standardized way to allow for interoperability.
3) The role of an enterprise reference architecture in providing a framework and guidelines for enterprise representation and modeling to achieve integration goals. However, completely standardizing enterprise structures may not be practical or desirable.
Enterprise architecture represents a conceptual blueprint that defines the structure and operations of an organization. It provides a common view of the people, processes, and technology that integrate across the organization. Developing an enterprise architecture for the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles would help align IT initiatives with business goals and strategies. It would identify redundant or inefficient processes, optimize resource use, and guide the transformation of systems to meet current and future needs.
This document discusses different types of business models and their uses. It describes strategy models like the business model canvas that show the overall business. Process models depict how work is done through tasks and flows. Organization models illustrate structure using charts. Information models represent business rules and data relationships. The document explains that models reduce complexity, support communication, analysis, requirements, testing, training, compliance, and knowledge management. They provide a powerful tool for understanding businesses and enabling change.
Here are the key points about reconciliation based on the information provided:
- Reconciliation refers to changing or repairing a relationship after some conflict or factor has damaged it. It can apply to relationships just beginning or those being rebuilt.
- When discussing reconciliation, the focus is often more on the steps needed to achieve it, rather than reconciliation itself. People may resist these steps and thus reconciliation.
- Reconciliation processes can happen at various levels, from individuals to communities to societies. At the local community level, reconciliation may involve neighbors from different backgrounds cooperating on common issues like safety.
- For reconciliation to occur at the community level, people must be willing to work together in spaces that were once divided. This challenges them
All sorts of custom home designs from beginning to end. Also additions and renovations. All work is completed online. Construction-ready architectural drawings for forwarding to permits & contractors.
BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINNERING MODULE 4POOJA UDAYAN
Business process reengineering (BPR) plays an important role in enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementations. There are two options for organizations implementing ERP systems - reengineer business processes before implementation or implement the ERP system with minimal changes and conform processes to the new system. ERP-driven BPR makes it easier to design process changes and leads to better implementation performance compared to not involving BPR. Key aspects of BPR in ERP implementations include developing an implementation plan, addressing employee training needs, and coordinating cross-functional changes.
The use of_reference_models_in_business_process_renovationemedin
This document discusses the use of reference models in business process renovation when implementing ERP systems. It proposes using a reference model based on Microsoft Dynamics NAV to help companies select ERP systems that best fit their needs and renovate business processes. The reference model is designed using an upgraded version of BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) with additional business objects to provide more detailed descriptions. Reference models can formalize ERP system capabilities and allow companies to compare their business needs to select the most appropriate ERP package and approach for process adaptation.
This document introduces the Three Layered Enterprise Architecture Model (TLEAM) as the main tool in the author's enterprise change and transformation toolbox. TLEAM partitions enterprise architecture models into three layers - the business-centric layer, specification-centric layer, and implementation-centric layer. Within each layer are behavioral, information/data, and auxiliary models. The document provides an overview of some of the key models and techniques that make up TLEAM, including the operating model, business capabilities model, and Unified Modeling Language. The goal of TLEAM is to provide a robust yet affordable approach to translating business vision and strategy into effective enterprise change through the use of aligned business and technology models and validation of models within contexts
The document discusses criteria for assessing traditional design methods (TDMs) for information system design. Five key criteria are identified: 1) User involvement, 2) Change/process analysis and data modeling, 3) Test-running, 4) Post-implementation review and maintenance, and 5) Interconnectivity between design stages. Each criterion is then discussed in detail with explanations of why it is important and how it relates to developing a quality information system that meets user needs.
A business analyst helps bridge the gap between business needs and technical solutions. They analyze an organization's structure, business models, processes and requirements. This includes strategic planning, process design, and interpreting business rules for technical systems. The business analyst ensures the technical solution meets the business goals. Key deliverables include business requirements, functional specifications, user needs documents, and traceability matrices to track requirements throughout the project. Having a business analyst involved in software projects helps clearly define needs and prevents miscommunication between stakeholders and developers.
The document discusses business modeling and how modeling systems can help businesses redesign processes to cut costs. It states that a business model must be adaptable to changing customer needs and priorities. The modeling system allows businesses to link IT systems to organizational information and processes in a relational way to facilitate redesigning processes.
The document discusses approaches for structuring difficult-to-automate business processes that are human-centric and unstructured. It notes that traditional process automation approaches can be inflexible and require exceptions to be explicitly catered to. The document proposes taking an object-oriented approach to impose structure on such processes in a way that is not inflexible. It suggests modeling business processes and activities as objects with classes, inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism to provide consistency while allowing for flexibility. The document argues this approach can provide needed structure for auditability, decision-making and efficiency metrics without requiring the business process to strictly conform to the constraints of a system.
The document provides information about an enterprise systems and modelling course, including its goals, schedule, literature, teachers, and examination requirements. The overall goal of the course is for students to understand analysis, design, and use of intra- and inter-organizational enterprise information systems through enterprise modeling. Key activities include lectures, lessons, and a group project to design an information system for a startup home healthcare company using enterprise modeling techniques. Assessment includes a written exam, project assignment, and paper evaluation.
1. The document discusses business use cases, their importance, and provides examples. It explains that use cases help refine requirements, understand processes simply, and avoid misuse of existing models.
2. It gives the example of an e-commerce website search bar to illustrate how use cases can track user requirements to introduce better search algorithms. Advanced search is described as a use case that allows users to refine results.
3. Recruitment is provided as another example where use cases can help understand the simplified process of matching candidates to jobs using big data. This allows recruiters to automate and speed up placements while getting detailed candidate information.
Table of ContentsIntroduction. 2Summary of the busines.docxjohniemcm5zt
Table of Contents
Introduction
.
2
Summary of the business
.
3
Benefits and disadvantages of Business Analytics
.
3
Challenges that the organization may face using business analytics.
5
Business Analytic Techniques That the organization Can Use
.
6
The Implementation Plan
.
7
Backup plan
.
8
Conclusion
.
8
References
.
9
Introduction
Analytics refers to discovering, interpreting and communicating important patterns in collected data. Analytics has been used in organizations since exercises in managements were put into place by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th century.
Today, with the introduction of computers in day to day running of businesses, organizations and most of the institutions, the use of analytics has been brought to a whole new level. These consequential patterns can help in decision making in different scenarios.
Business analytics refers to the proficient use of technologies in continuously exploring and investigating past business performance so as to make inferences and help in business planning and decisions. Predictive modeling and statistical methods are extensively utilized to help the management in making this decision.
Business analytics are applicable in a wide range of business and organization scenarios to help in making management decisions. Business analytics has been changed the way businesses look at their key indicators of performance.
The business analyst has responsibilities in the following areas:
They help in identifying the technical actions that would address a certain situations, also supports in delivering the business strategies.
They help in defining procedures they will use in organizations.
They help in supporting the implementations and operations of strategic plans.
They refine the techniques once they have implemented in order to tolerate changes while ensuring continued alignment with the business strategy.
Business Description
The firm is involved in the design. Design firms make designs to clients to meet their (clients) needs.
The business analytics can use different methods analytical techniques. For example, the orders for particular graphic designs vary seasonally due to upcoming promotions and holiday season. The firm should use business analytics to know when in the past they experience different designing orders. The firm should use business analytics to analyze data so that it can be able to make informed decisions.
The organization possesses technological equipment’s but they do have any integrated system. The business should use analytics to connect its databases for easy access and efficiency of information flow.
The firm should also use business analytics to predict how the business would perform in a new environment it wishes to venture into. It would analyse all the factors that would seemingly impact its operations and success in the new environment.
Benefits and disadvantages of Business Analytics
Benefits
Business analytics creates a better .
BUSINESS RULE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE WEB SERVICES ijwscjournal
Making a business rule extraction more dynamic is an open issue, and we think it is feasible if we decompose the business process structure in a set of rules, each of them representing a transition of the business process. As a consequence the business process engine can be realized by reusing and integrating an existing Rule Engine. We are proposing a way for extracting the business rules and then to modify it at the runtime. Business rules specifies the constraints that affect the behaviors and also specifies the derivation of conditions that affect the execution flow. The rules can be extracted from use
cases, specifications or system code. But since not many enterprises capture their business rules in a structured, explicit form like documents or implicit software codes, they need to be identified first, before being captured and managed. These rules change more often than the processes themselves, but changing and managing business rules is a complex task beyond the abilities of most business analysts. The capturing process focuses on the identification of the potential business rules sources. As business logic requirements change, business analysts can update the business logic without enlisting the aid of the IT staff. The new logic is immediately available to all client applications. In current trend the rules are modified or changed in the static time phase. But this paper provides to change the rules at the run time. Here the rules are extracted from the services and can be a changed dynamically. The existing
rules are modified and attached to source code without hindering service to the end user which can be achieved with source control systems. When the rules are revised, it provides a path in budding new business logic. This new business logic can be adopted for the efficient software development.
BUSINESS RULE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE WEB SERVICESijwscjournal
Making a business rule extraction more dynamic is an open issue, and we think it is feasible if we decompose the business process structure in a set of rules, each of them representing a transition of the business process. As a consequence the business process engine can be realized by reusing and integrating an existing Rule Engine. We are proposing a way for extracting the business rules and then to modify it at the runtime. Business rules specifies the constraints that affect the behaviors and also specifies the derivation of conditions that affect the execution flow. The rules can be extracted from use cases, specifications or system code. But since not many enterprises capture their business rules in a structured, explicit form like documents or implicit software codes, they need to be identified first, before being captured and managed. These rules change more often than the processes themselves, but changing and managing business rules is a complex task beyond the abilities of most business analysts. The capturing process focuses on the identification of the potential business rules sources. As business logic requirements change, business analysts can update the business logic without enlisting the aid of the IT staff. The new logic is immediately available to all client applications. In current trend the rules are modified or changed in the static time phase. But this paper provides to change the rules at the run time. Here the rules are extracted from the services and can be a changed dynamically. The existing rules are modified and attached to source code without hindering service to the end user which can be achieved with source control systems. When the rules are revised, it provides a path in budding new business logic. This new business logic can be adopted for the efficient software development.
BUSINESS RULE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE WEB SERVICESijwscjournal
The document discusses a proposed business rule management framework for managing business rules in enterprise web services. It aims to allow business rules to be extracted from services and modified dynamically at runtime. The framework would use the JESS rule engine language to enable dynamic rule changes without disrupting services to end users. The framework is meant to address issues with current approaches that only allow static rule modifications.
BUSINESS RULE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE WEB SERVICESijwscjournal
Making a business rule extraction more dynamic is an open issue, and we think it is feasible if we decompose the business process structure in a set of rules, each of them representing a transition of the business process. As a consequence the business process engine can be realized by reusing and integrating an existing Rule Engine. We are proposing a way for extracting the business rules and then to modify it at the runtime. Business rules specifies the constraints that affect the behaviors and also specifies the derivation of conditions that affect the execution flow. The rules can be extracted from use cases, specifications or system code. But since not many enterprises capture their business rules in a structured, explicit form like documents or implicit software codes, they need to be identified first, before being captured and managed. These rules change more often than the processes themselves, but changing and managing business rules is a complex task beyond the abilities of most business analysts. The capturing process focuses on the identification of the potential business rules sources. As business logic requirements change, business analysts can update the business logic without enlisting the aid of the IT staff. The new logic is immediately available to all client applications. In current trend the rules are modified or changed in the static time phase. But this paper provides to change the rules at the run time. Here the rules are extracted from the services and can be a changed dynamically. The existing rules are modified and attached to source code without hindering service to the end user which can be achieved with source control systems. When the rules are revised, it provides a path in budding new business logic. This new business logic can be adopted for the efficient software development.
Similar to Business modeling with UML Eriksson-Penker Notation (20)
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
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HI-3220 ARINC 429 DATA MANAGEMENT ENGINE
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Business modeling with UML Eriksson-Penker Notation
1. Business Modeling with UML
Hans-Erik Eriksson and Magnus Penker, Open Training
Hans-Erik
Ericsson is
found and
Chairman of
Open
Training
Magnus
Penker is
CEO of
Open
Training.
In order to keep up and be competitive, all companies
and enterprises must assess the quality of their
products and the efficiency of their services. In doing
so, they must consider what is happening in the world
around them, and they must also take an introspective
look at their products or services. Is their internal
operation working smoothly? Can they improve their
product or service? Is their production running as
efficiently as possible? Can they expand their product or
service portfolios to reach new markets and customers?
In addition to products and services, today's businesses must
also evaluate their information systems. Do the information
systems effectively support their way of working? Do the
systems adapt easily to change? Is information used as an
important strategic resource in the business? Is the
information adequate and correct? In many of today's
businesses, information systems no longer merely support the
business. Increasingly, they are becoming an integral part of
it. All businesses make some use of information technology,
and it is important that their systems are really built to
support the businesses of which they are an integrated part.
The business is what ultimately defines the requirements on
the information systems, and creating software without a
proper understanding of the context in which that software is
to operate is a dangerous adventure.
In order to get such an understanding, it is essential to make
a model of the business. A model is a simplified view of a
complex reality. It is a means to creating abstraction, allowing
you to eliminate irrelevant details and focus on one or more
important aspects at a time. Effective models also facilitate
discussions among different stakeholders in the business,
allowing them to agree on the key fundamentals and to work
towards common goals. Finally, a business model can be the
basis for other models, such as models for different
information systems that support the business. Modeling (e.g.,
with UML) has been accepted and established as a means of
analyzing and designing software. In order to create the best
software, the businesses in which the software systems
operate must also be modeled, understood, and sometimes
improved. The business model is the center for conducting
business or improving how the business is operated. The
evolving models also help the developers structure and focus
their thinking. Working with the models increases their
understanding of the business and, hopefully, also their
awareness of new opportunities for improving business.
Many development processes that use UML advocate that the
system development should start with use case modeling to
define the functional requirements on the system. A use case
describes a specific usage of the system by one or more
2. actors. An actor is a role that a user or another system has.
The objective of use case modeling is to identify and describe
all the use cases that the actors require from the system. The
use case descriptions then are used to analyze and design a
robust system architecture that realizes the use cases (this is
what is referred to as "use case driven" development). But
how do you know that all of the use cases, or even the correct
use cases that best support the business in which the system
operates, are identified? To answer such questions you need
to model and understand the system's surroundings.
Modeling a business's surroundings involves answering such
questions as:
• How do the different actors interact?
• What activities are part of their work?
• What are the ultimate goals of their work?
• What other people, systems, or resources are involved
that do not show up as actors to this specific system?
• What rules govern their activities and structures?
• Are there ways actors could perform more efficiently?
The answers to these questions come from tackling the entire
business and looking beyond the functions of the information
system currently being built (and using techniques other than
use case modeling). The ultimate objective of all software
systems is to give correct and extensive support to the
business of which it is a part. However, when modeling the
surroundings of the information system, you are no longer
modeling software. Enter the world of business modeling.
There can be many reasons for doing business modeling:
• To better understand the key mechanisms of an
existing business. The models can be used to train
people by providing a clear picture of their role and
tasks in the overall organization.
• To act as the basis for creating suitable
information systems that support the business.
The descriptions of the business are used to identify
necessary information system support. The models are
also used as a basis for specifying the key
requirements on those systems. Ideally large parts of
the business model can be mapped directly onto
software objects. As more and more infrastructure
software systems are bought, there is a potential for
the systems that are developed to become more
business driven where the developers can concentrate
more on functionality that supports the business rather
than solving technical incompatibilities or problems.
• To act as the basis for improving the current
business structure and operation. The models
identify changes in the current business that are
necessary to implement the improved business model.
• To show the structure of an innovated business.
The model becomes the basis for the action plan.
Innovation suggests that radical change, rather than
incremental changes, have been made to the business
3. processes.
• To experiment with a new business concept, or to
copy or study a concept used by a competitive
company (e.g., benchmarking on the model
level). The developed model becomes a sketch of a
possible development for the business. The model can
be a new idea, inspired by modeling other businesses,
or taking advantage of new technologies, such as the
Internet.
• To identify outsourcing opportunities. Parts of the
business that are not considered the "core business"
are delegated to outside suppliers. The models are
used as the specification for the suppliers.
Business Modeling with UML
UML has quickly been adopted as the standard modeling
language for modeling software systems. This article (and the
book from which it is an extract) discusses how UML also can
be used for business modeling and thus demonstrate that the
same modeling language can be used for the business models
as for the software models.
UML was defined to model the architecture of software
systems. Even though there are similarities between software
and business systems, there are also some differences.
Business systems have many concepts that are never
intended or suitable to execute in a program, such as the
people working in the business, manufacturing production
equipment, and rules and goals that drive the business
processes. UML was initially designed to describe aspects of a
software system. Because of this, UML needed to be extended
in order to more clearly identify and visualize the important
concepts of processes, goals, resources, and rules of a
business system. To address this issue, we have created a set
of extensions based on the existing model elements of UML.
These extensions are called Eriksson-Penker Business
Extensions and provide symbols for modeling the processes,
resources, rules, and goals of a business system. These
extensions form a basic framework for business extensions to
UML (rather than a definitive set of business extensions) to
which a business architect can add stereotypes or properties
suitable to his or her line of business.
The standard extension mechanisms in UML that allow you to
adapt UML to accommodate new concepts are:
Stereotypes. An extension of the vocabulary of the UML,
which allows you to create new building blocks from existing
ones but specific to your problem [Booch, 1998]. Stereotypes
may have their own visual icons that replace the icon which
the existing UML element uses.
Tagged values (properties). An extension of the properties
of a UML element, which allows you to create new information
in that element's specification [Booch,1998].
Constraints. An extension of the semantics of a UML
element, allowing you to add new rules or modify existing
ones [Booch, 1998].
4. Although different businesses have different goals and internal
structures they use similar concepts to describe their structure
and operation, and it is to represent these concepts the
extension mechanisms in UML have been used for this
purpose. The primary concepts used when defining the
business system are (a complete meta-model describing these
concepts and their relationships is available in the book):
• Resources. The objects within the business, such as
people, material, information, and products, that are
used or produced in the business. The resources are
arranged in structures and have relationships with each
other. Resources are manipulated (used, consumed,
refined, or produced) through processes. Resources
can be categorized into physical, abstract, and
informational (each having their own stereotype).
• Processes. The activities performed within the
business in which the state of business resources
changes. Processes describe how the work is done
within the business. Processes are governed by rules.
• Goals. The purpose of the business, or the outcome
the business as a whole is trying to achieve. Goals can
be broken down into sub-goals and allocated to
individual parts of the business, such as processes or
objects. Goals express the desired states of resources
and are achieved by processes. Goals can be expressed
as one or more rules.
• Rules. A statement that defines or constrains some
aspect of the business, and represents business
knowledge. It governs how the business should be run
(i.e., how the processes should execute) or how
resources may be structured and related to each other.
Rules can be enforced on the business from the outside
by regulations or laws, or they can be defined within
the business to achieve the goals of the business.
Business rules are defined using the Object Constraint
Language (OCL) which is a part of the UML standard.
Activity Diagram
The most important UML diagram for doing business modeling
is the activity diagram, now supported in Rational Rose.
Activity diagrams are often used in software development
projects to document program flow, e.g., to show the
algorithm used to implement a specific operation. Activity
diagrams have a wide-range of uses, in that they can show
activities (sequential and in parallel), the objects consumed,
used, or produced by an activity, who is responsible for an
activity, and the relationships and dependencies between
activities. All of this is essential in business modeling.
The business processes are the active part of the business.
They describe the functions of the business, and involve
resources that are used, transformed, or produced. A common
definition of business process is (Davenport 1993):
A process is simply a structured set of activities designed to
produce a specified output for a particular customer or
5. market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done
within an organization, in contrast to a product's focus on
what. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities
across time and place, with a beginning, an end, and clearly
identified inputs and outputs: a structure for action.
A process could in simple terms be described as a number of
activites. Eriksson-Penker Business Extensions represent a
process in an UML class diagram with the process symbol
shown for Process A in Figure 1. In formal UML, the symbol is
a stereotyped activity (an action state) from an activity
diagram. A process, that is an activity stereotyped to process,
takes input resources from its left-hand side and indicates its
output resources on its right-hand side (shown as
dependencies to and from the process, according to standard
UML syntax). For instance, in a telesales process, the input
resources could be prospects of potential customers and the
output could be actual orders. The goal of the process is either
illustrated as a goal object above the process symbol, or more
informally specified in the tagged value goal of the process
(the tagged value is not visible in the diagram but is available
in a tool). A goal of a telesales process could be a specific
number of orders per week. Resource objects used or involved
as part of the process are shown below the process symbol.
Resources that are used or needed by the process have their
dependency stereotyped to "supply" and a resource that
controls the process has its dependency stereotyped to
"control". Resources in the telesales process could be
salespersons (supplying resource) and telesales manager
(controlling resource).
Business Views
A complete business model is shown in a number of views,
similar to how a software system is modeled in a number of
views (Kruchten 1995). Each view is expressed in one or more
diagrams. The diagrams can be of different types, dependent
upon the specific structure or situation in the business that it
is depicting. Diagrams capture the processes, rules, goals, and
objects in the business, and their relationships and
interactions with each other. The Eriksson-Penker Business
Extensions use four different views of a business, and they
are:
• Business Vision View. The overall vision of the
business. This view describes a goal structure for the
company, and illustrates problems that must be solved
in order to reach those goals.
• Business Process View. The business processes that
represent the activities and value created in the
business. This view illustrates the interaction between
the processes and resources in order to achieve the
goal of each process, as well as the interaction between
different processes.
• Business Structural View. The structures among the
resources in the business, such as the organization of
the business or the structure of the products created.
6. • Business Behavioral View. The individual behavior of
each important resource and process in the business
model and how they interact with each other.
The views are not separate models; they are different
perspectives on one or more specific aspect of the business.
Combined, the views create a complete model of the business.
Business Rules, defined in the OCL language, can be applied in
all of the views.
Business Vision View
The Business Vision View depicts the company's goals. It is an
image of where the company is headed. This view sets up the
overall strategy for the business, defines the goals of the
business, and acts as a guide for modeling the other views.
The ultimate result of the Business Vision View is a definition
of the desired future state of the company, and how that state
can be reached. The primary result is expressed in a vision
statement, one or more goal/problem models, and sometimes
also a conceptual model. A vision statement is a short text
document that outlines the vision of the company some years
into the future. The goal/problem model is a UML object
diagram that breaks down the major goals of the business into
sub-goals, and indicates the problems that stand in the way of
achieving those goals. The conceptual model is a UML class
diagram that defines important concepts and relationships in
the business to create a common set of terminology. Figure 2
shows a goal-problem diagram in which a high-level goal has
been broken down into more concrete goals, goals that in turn
can be allocated to business processes. With the goals are
shown problems which hinder the achievement of that goal,
and this typically leads to the identification of further sub-
goals.
Business Process View
The Business Process View is at the center of business
modeling. As previously discussed, the processes show the
activities to achieve an explicit goal and their relationships
with the resources participating in the process. Resources
include people, material, energy, information, and technology,
and can be consumed, refined, created, or used (i.e., act as a
catalyst) during the process. There are relationships between
a process and its resources, between different processes that
interact, and there is a coupling of processes to goals. A
process diagram (based on a UML activity diagram) can also
show how business events are generated or received between
different processes, (i.e., as a means to interact or
communicate between processes).
Figure 3 shows a process diagram (again based on an activity
diagram with stereotypes from the business extensions) where
the relationships between different processes are shown. This
diagram also makes use of swimlanes, which are used to show
the organizational habitat of the process (it can also be used
to show who is responsible for the process).
There is a variant of the process diagram, called the assembly
line diagram, in the Eriksson-Penker Business Extensions. As
7. with the process diagram, it is based to a large extent on the
UML activity diagram. The assembly line diagram (introduced
in the Astrakan method) has been used successfully for
process modeling, particularly when the purpose of modeling
is the production of information systems that support the
processes. The diagram shows how the processes write or
read different objects placed in a package (called the
"assembly line" because it looks like an assembly line below
the process diagram). The process communicates with objects
in the package and requests different services, or reads or
writes information from it. The assembly line package typically
represents an entire information system or a subsystem in a
information system. The diagram shows the requirements that
the process has on the information system through the
interface it has to it.
This interface is normally described through use cases in
object-oriented modeling, and a set of references in an
assembly line diagram typically become a use case that the
information system has to provide. This is very important,
because it maps the business process to use cases that
describe the functional requirements on an information
system, and it also identifies the proper actors to the use
cases (the roles played by the resources in the process that
uses the assembly lines). Assembly line diagrams provide the
connection between business modeling and software system
requirements modeling with use cases. A common question
when modeling use cases on a software system is "How do I
know I have defined the right use cases in terms of the
business?" The assembly line diagram, which is fully
demonstrated and elaborated upon in the book, is a good
technique for this.
Business Structural View
The Business Structural View (Figure 4) shows the structures
of the resources, the products, or the services, and the
information in the business, including the traditional
organization of the company (divisions, departments, sections,
business units, etc.). Traditional organizational charts and
descriptions, and descriptions of the products and services the
company provides are the basis for the Business Structural
View. The information from the Process View is also used since
it shows what resources are used. Note that typically these
two views are modeled in parallel, since they contribute to
each other and must be consistent. The view shows the
structures of resources, of information and of the business
organization.
Business Behavioral View
The Business Behavioral View illustrates both the individual
behaviors of resources and processes in the business as well
as the interaction between several different resources and
processes. The behavior of the resource objects is governed
by the Business Process View, which shows the overall main
control flow of the work performed. However, the Business
Behavioral View looks into each of the involved objects in
8. more detail: their state, their behavior in each state, and
possible state transitions. The Behavioral View also shows the
interaction between different processes, such as how they are
synchronized with each other. By doing so, the Behavioral
View is an important tool to use when allocating the exact
responsibility for different activities, and when defining the
exact behavior of each resource that takes part in each
process.
The Behavioral view makes use of state chart diagrams,
sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams. Process
diagrams can also be used to show interaction between
processes.
From Business Model to Software
A common use of business models is to use them as the basis
for identifying functional and non-functional requirements on
one or more information systems. As previously discussed,
business modeling is the way to actually know if the use cases
defined for a system are the "right" or "optimal" requirements
on that system. There are also other uses of the business
model, because many of the objects and relationships found in
the business model will also be objects and relationships in the
information system model. It is important to realize that it is
not a one-to-one mapping though, a critical analysis must be
made of the business model to see what is applicable for a
specific information system.
Figure 5 shows an overview of the relationships between the
business modeling process and the information system
development process.
The ultimate goal is of course to create the software system(s)
that best supports and fits into the business. The business
model is used in software modeling to:
• Identify the information systems that best
support the operation of the business. The systems
can be new systems, standard systems, or legacy
systems.
• Find functional requirements. The business model is
used as a basis to identify the correct set of functions
or use cases that the system should supply to the
business processes.
• Find non-functional requirements. These
requirements, such as robustness, security, availability,
and performance, typically span and involve the entire
system. They are often generic and not attached to a
specific use case.
• Act as a basis for analysis and design of the
system. For example, information about resources in
the business model can be used to identify classes in
the system. However, it is not possible to directly
transfer the classes in the business model to the
software model.
• Identify suitable components. Modern software
development makes use of components: autonomous
packages of functionality that are not specific to a
9. certain system but can be used in several systems.
Most of component technology has concentrated on
technical components, but there has been an
increasing interest in defining business components
that encapsulate a specific and reusable area of
business functionality. Business models are a good way
to identify areas of functionality and to define the
appropriate set of services.
References:
1. Eriksson, Hans-Erik and Penker, Magnus: "Business
Modeling with UML: Business Patterns at work", Wiley & Sons,
Fall 1999.
2. Eriksson, Hans-Erik and Penker, Magnus: "UML Toolkit",
Wiley & Sons 1998.
3. Booch, Grady, Jacobson, Ivar and Rumbaugh,James: "The
Unified Modeling Language Users Guide", Addison Wesley
1998.
4. Kruchten, Philippe: "The 4+1 View Model of Architecture",
IEEE Software, IEEE, November 1995.
5. Davenport, Thomas: "Process Innovation: Reengineering
work through Information Technology", Harvard Business
School 1992.
6. Harrington, James: "Business Process Improvement",
Mcgraw-Hill 1991
7. Marca, David and McGowan, Clement: "IDEF0/SADT:
Business Process and Enterprise Modeling", Eclectic Solutions
1993.
About the Authors
Hans-Erik Eriksson (hanserik.eriksson@opentraining.com) is
Founder and pfChairman of Open Training - a company
specialized in advanced online learning solutions and e-
Training. He has over 10 years experience in object-oriented
technology.
Magnus Penker (magnus.penker@opentraining.com) is CEO of
Open Training, and a former senior management consultant
specializing in process modeling and object-oriented modeling.
Hans-Erik and Magnus are the authors of UML Toolkit, one of
the early books on UML and in October their new book, on
which this article is based, Business Modeling with UML:
Business Patterns at Work (Wiley), will be released. More
information about the book can be found at
http://www.opentraining.com.
10. Figure 1: Activity diagram with stereotypes for a process and for objects involved in the
process.
Figure 2: A goal-problem diagram based on a UML object diagram.
11. Figure 3: A process diagram based on an activity diagram with swimlanes.
Figure 4: An organization diagram based on UML class and object diagrams. Note the use
of the UML construct powertype, in which objects of a class are used to represent types.
12. Figure 5: A process diagram showing a simplified view of the relationships between
business modeling and information system development.