This document provides an overview of how depictions of Jesus Christ have evolved over the past two millennia across different cultures and time periods. It begins with the lack of primary examples from Jesus's life and how early Christian art was influenced by Jewish, Hellenistic, and Roman artistic traditions. The document then highlights various artistic depictions of Jesus from the 2nd century through the 21st century, showing the diversity of representations across Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and different eras.
This presentation summarizes the evolution of paintings depicting the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus from the 14th to 16th centuries in Europe. It begins in Italy with Cimabue's large tempera painting from 1280 showing the early style with some depth but lacking realism. It progresses to a Flemish oil painting from 1455-60 by Dieric Bouts displaying more profound depth and affection. Giovanni Bellini's 1478 Venetian version used oil paint to create an illusion of depth through a tunnel. The exhibition ends with Parmigianino's Mannerist 1534-40 painting showing a shift to exaggerated proportions and unusual poses.
The Catholic Counter Reformation saw the emergence of Baroque art and architecture, characterized by dramatic lighting, compositions, and realism. Key artists included Caravaggio, who used tenebrism and painted biblical scenes with intense realism, influencing the Caravaggisti movement. One follower was Artemisia Gentileschi, one of the first female painters, who imitated Caravaggio's style but added her own perspective, as seen in her emotionally charged painting "Judith and Holofernes." Baroque art aimed to elicit strong emotional reactions from viewers through drama, action, and special effects.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art from the late 16th to early 18th centuries. It discusses key artists and styles that emerged in Italy, the Habsburg lands, Flanders/Netherlands, and France during this period. In Italy, Bernini and Borromini pioneered dramatic Baroque sculpture and architecture, while Caravaggio introduced tenebrism in painting. The Dutch Golden Age saw the rise of portrait and genre paintings by artists like Rembrandt and Vermeer. Under the "Sun King" Louis XIV, France emerged as the new center of European art and culture in the 17th century.
The document discusses the rise of Neoclassicism during the Enlightenment period. Neoclassicism rejected the ornate styles that came before it in favor of a simpler, more rational style inspired by classical antiquity. Artists like Jacques-Louis David created works depicting stories of virtue from Greek and Roman history that promoted Enlightenment ideals of patriotism and civic duty. While Neoclassicism intended to educate through moral examples, the French Revolution it helped inspire descended into violence and terror rather than the noble republic envisioned in its classical references.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art in Holland and Flanders between the 16th and 17th centuries. It discusses the historical context of the Dutch gaining independence from Spain in 1648. It then profiles several prominent Dutch Baroque artists from the period, including Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck, Jan Bruegel the Elder, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer. For each artist, it provides brief biographical information and images to highlight characteristics of their work.
1) The document discusses the rise and characteristics of Neoclassicism in art and architecture between 1775-1815 throughout Europe and the United States.
2) Key aspects of Neoclassicism included a turn away from Rococo styles toward clarity of line, isolated color, and noble simplicity inspired by classical antiquity.
3) Major artists discussed include David, Canova, Kauffmann, and Copley, as well as architects like Boyle, Kent, Wood, and Jefferson, whose works embodied Neoclassical ideals of order, balance, and rationality.
The document discusses the High Renaissance period from 1490-1527 and the development of chiaroscuro technique. It then focuses on Michelangelo Caravaggio's use of tenebrism, a dramatic form of chiaroscuro using deep shadows. Caravaggio lived from 1571-1610 and is known for bringing about techniques that influenced the Baroque period through his realistic religious works featuring tenebrism. The document concludes by mentioning Caravaggio's followers, the Caravaggisiti.
This document discusses the history of painting from the Renaissance period to the 20th century. It covers Leonardo da Vinci and his famous works like the Mona Lisa and La Pieta. Michelangelo is also mentioned as an influential Renaissance artist. The document notes that modern painting in the 20th century built upon the work of post-Impressionist painters like Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gauguin, Seurat, and Toulouse-Lautrec. It concludes by providing a link to download more parts of the painting history presentation.
This presentation summarizes the evolution of paintings depicting the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus from the 14th to 16th centuries in Europe. It begins in Italy with Cimabue's large tempera painting from 1280 showing the early style with some depth but lacking realism. It progresses to a Flemish oil painting from 1455-60 by Dieric Bouts displaying more profound depth and affection. Giovanni Bellini's 1478 Venetian version used oil paint to create an illusion of depth through a tunnel. The exhibition ends with Parmigianino's Mannerist 1534-40 painting showing a shift to exaggerated proportions and unusual poses.
The Catholic Counter Reformation saw the emergence of Baroque art and architecture, characterized by dramatic lighting, compositions, and realism. Key artists included Caravaggio, who used tenebrism and painted biblical scenes with intense realism, influencing the Caravaggisti movement. One follower was Artemisia Gentileschi, one of the first female painters, who imitated Caravaggio's style but added her own perspective, as seen in her emotionally charged painting "Judith and Holofernes." Baroque art aimed to elicit strong emotional reactions from viewers through drama, action, and special effects.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art from the late 16th to early 18th centuries. It discusses key artists and styles that emerged in Italy, the Habsburg lands, Flanders/Netherlands, and France during this period. In Italy, Bernini and Borromini pioneered dramatic Baroque sculpture and architecture, while Caravaggio introduced tenebrism in painting. The Dutch Golden Age saw the rise of portrait and genre paintings by artists like Rembrandt and Vermeer. Under the "Sun King" Louis XIV, France emerged as the new center of European art and culture in the 17th century.
The document discusses the rise of Neoclassicism during the Enlightenment period. Neoclassicism rejected the ornate styles that came before it in favor of a simpler, more rational style inspired by classical antiquity. Artists like Jacques-Louis David created works depicting stories of virtue from Greek and Roman history that promoted Enlightenment ideals of patriotism and civic duty. While Neoclassicism intended to educate through moral examples, the French Revolution it helped inspire descended into violence and terror rather than the noble republic envisioned in its classical references.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art in Holland and Flanders between the 16th and 17th centuries. It discusses the historical context of the Dutch gaining independence from Spain in 1648. It then profiles several prominent Dutch Baroque artists from the period, including Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck, Jan Bruegel the Elder, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer. For each artist, it provides brief biographical information and images to highlight characteristics of their work.
1) The document discusses the rise and characteristics of Neoclassicism in art and architecture between 1775-1815 throughout Europe and the United States.
2) Key aspects of Neoclassicism included a turn away from Rococo styles toward clarity of line, isolated color, and noble simplicity inspired by classical antiquity.
3) Major artists discussed include David, Canova, Kauffmann, and Copley, as well as architects like Boyle, Kent, Wood, and Jefferson, whose works embodied Neoclassical ideals of order, balance, and rationality.
The document discusses the High Renaissance period from 1490-1527 and the development of chiaroscuro technique. It then focuses on Michelangelo Caravaggio's use of tenebrism, a dramatic form of chiaroscuro using deep shadows. Caravaggio lived from 1571-1610 and is known for bringing about techniques that influenced the Baroque period through his realistic religious works featuring tenebrism. The document concludes by mentioning Caravaggio's followers, the Caravaggisiti.
This document discusses the history of painting from the Renaissance period to the 20th century. It covers Leonardo da Vinci and his famous works like the Mona Lisa and La Pieta. Michelangelo is also mentioned as an influential Renaissance artist. The document notes that modern painting in the 20th century built upon the work of post-Impressionist painters like Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gauguin, Seurat, and Toulouse-Lautrec. It concludes by providing a link to download more parts of the painting history presentation.
The document discusses the Italian Renaissance period and some of its greatest artists. It describes how Italy flourished with cultural achievements in literature, architecture, and art. Three masters of the time were mentioned - Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Raphael. Their works demonstrated true creativity and advanced techniques compared to the medieval period. Some of their most famous works highlighted include Michelangelo's Statue of David and paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and Raphael's La Fornarnia and Sistine Madonna.
The Baroque style in France, Spain, and Flanders was characterized by grandiose architecture and elaborate artistic works commissioned by royalty and the Catholic church. In France, Louis XIV transformed Paris into a cultural center under his 72-year reign and built the extravagant Palace of Versailles. In Spain, Velázquez painted realistic portraits that blurred lines between reality and illusion, like his masterpiece Las Meninas. Rubens embodied the Flemish Baroque style through his vibrant colors, dynamic compositions, and blending of northern realism with Italian classicism.
Jan Van Eyck (1385-1441) was a Flemish painter who served as court painter to the Count of Holland. Some of his most famous works include the Ghent Altarpiece and the Arnolfini Portrait. He was influential as one of the first Western artists to use oil-based pigments in his paintings and the first to sign his name on a portrait. Modern theorists have proposed that Van Eyck's realistic style was achieved through using convex mirrors to trace projected forms, though this claim is disputed. The document provides biographical information about Jan Van Eyck and discusses his artistic accomplishments and innovative techniques.
Rococo & Neoclassicism In Early 18th CenturyAndrea Fuentes
The document provides an overview of Rococo and Neoclassicism in 18th century Europe. It discusses the political context and shifts in power from French royalty to aristocrats. Rococo began as an architectural style featuring undulating forms and spread to painting and sculpture. Neoclassicism emerged in response to Enlightenment ideals and was inspired by the ruins of Pompeii. It featured simpler, more structured compositions with references to Greek and Roman antiquity. The document summarizes key works of Rococo artists like Fragonard and Boucher and Neoclassical artists like David, West, and Ingres.
Neoclassicism was an artistic movement between 1750-1850 that revived styles from antiquity inspired by Classical Greece and Rome. It featured a severe, unemotional style that was a reaction against Rococo and Baroque emotionalism. Notable Neoclassical artists include Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and Nicolas Poussin. The movement emphasized line, contour, and simplicity over color and was inspired by Greek/Roman mythology, aesthetics, and artifacts. Neoclassicism dominated European and American art and architecture in the late 18th century.
Neoclassical art flourished in Europe and North America from the mid to late 18th century. It sought to replace the frivolity of Rococo with a more logical and solemn style, and became the official art of the revolutions. In architecture, it took inspiration from ancient Rome, Greece, and new archaeological finds. Notable architects included Ledoux, Percier and Fontaine, Robert Adam, and Bulfinch. In sculpture, works avoided dramatic poses and used white marble, with Canova and Thorvaldsen as leading figures. Painting centered in Rome, taking inspiration from mythology and Greek vase painting, with Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres among the
Art Appreciation Topic VI: Rococo and NeoclassicismThomas C.
The document summarizes Rococo and Neoclassicism in European art between 1710-1810. It describes Rococo art as emphasizing elegance, frivolity and decorative charm. Neoclassicism was inspired by classical Greek and Roman art and emphasized order, clarity and noble simplicity. It reacted against the frivolity of Rococo art. The document also discusses how colonial American art was influenced by these European styles and how the new American nation stimulated portraiture and history painting of political heroes like George Washington.
The document provides an overview of the Baroque period in art from 1600-1750. It discusses the origins and characteristics of Baroque art, noting three main tendencies: religious tensions in Christianity, the rise of absolute monarchies and middle class, and new interests in science and nature. The Baroque period saw developments in painting, sculpture, architecture, music, literature and other mediums. Important artists of the period included Caravaggio, Bernini, Velazquez, Zurbaran, van Dyck, Rubens, and Vermeer. Their works reflected the dramatic and emotional styles that came to define Baroque art.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art, architecture, music, and jewelry from the 17th century. It describes how Baroque style developed in response to the Protestant Reformation as part of the Counter Reformation led by the Catholic Church. Baroque aimed to use dramatic artistic forms to communicate religious themes in a way that would appeal to audiences emotionally. The document discusses characteristics of Baroque architecture, sculpture, painting, and music, noting the emphasis on movement, drama, and exaggerated decorative motifs. Famous Baroque artists mentioned include Bernini as well as developments in faceted gemstones and naturalistic jewelry designs.
Domenikos Theotokopoulos before El GrecoMaria Rellia
1. Domenikos Theotokopoulos, later known as El Greco, was born in 1540 in Crete and came from a middle-class family background.
2. As a well-respected artist in Crete, it would have been difficult for Theotokopoulos to pursue his intellectual and artistic ambitions on the island due to its small client circle and narrow painting tradition.
3. In the late 1560s, Theotokopoulos departed Crete, never to return, in order to advance his career and unique style of work, which combined Byzantine and Western artistic traditions.
The document summarizes an interview with a Byzantine art professor about the evolution and characteristics of Byzantine painting (iconography). It discusses four main stages of evolution: 1) Early Christian art until Emperor Justinian, 2) Justinian to the fall of Constantinople, 3) post-Byzantine until the 1821 revolution, and 4) from 1821 to today. It also describes how Byzantine painting was closely tied to the Orthodox Church for teaching religious concepts, commemorating historical events, and gaining political/financial support from aristocratic sponsors. Key differences from Western painting include Byzantine art being less naturalistic/anthropocentric and aiming to serve as a mediator between viewers and religious figures rather than simply being admired
This document discusses late medieval Europe in the 14th century following the Black Plague pandemic. It was a time of upheaval with famine, war, and plague wiping out almost half the population. However, the arts began to gradually flourish again with the rise of the middle class and growing interest in humanism and classical works. Notable artists mentioned include Giotto, whose more naturalistic and realistic style marked an important shift away from Byzantine traditions and laid the groundwork for the Renaissance in Italy.
The late 14th century in Europe saw immense hardship and instability due to factors like the Black Death plague, famine, and the Hundred Years War. This period known as the "Four Horsemen" devastated the population. However, the arts began to gradually flourish with the rise of the middle class who had more wealth and education. Artworks from this period like Giotto's paintings showed more realistic and natural figures, laying the foundations for developments in realism and humanism that would characterize the Renaissance. This late Gothic period is sometimes called the Proto-Renaissance, as it set the stage for the artistic transformations that would follow.
Michelangelo was one of the most famous artists of the Italian Renaissance. He was born in 1475 in Caprese, Italy and apprenticed as a painter before studying sculpture. Michelangelo had a remarkable career creating famous works such as the David statue, Pieta, and paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel including The Creation of Adam and The Last Judgment. Throughout his life he worked in sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry, living most of his career in Rome where he died in 1564 at the age of 88.
Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni Pisano were sculptors in 13th-14th century Italy whose work showed classical influences from their familiarity with ancient Roman sarcophagi, as seen in their renowned pulpits for the Baptistery and Cathedral of Pisa. The Florentine painter Giotto in this era developed a style of painting that was unprecedentedly realistic and three-dimensional compared to his contemporaries like Cimabue, as seen in his masterpiece fresco cycle of the Life of Christ in the Arena Chapel in Padua, and he is seen as helping to rescue Italian art from the prevailing Byzantine style of the 13th century.
The document summarizes Byzantine art from the Byzantine Empire between the 4th and 15th centuries. Some key points:
- Byzantine art was influenced by both classical Roman art and Eastern influences, taking on a more abstract, symbolic style compared to classical naturalism.
- Major art forms included mosaics, like those in Hagia Sophia; illuminated manuscripts; and icons which were venerated religious images.
- Wealth was concentrated in the church and imperial court, who commissioned most large art works on religious and imperial themes.
- Smaller arts like ivory carving and enamel work were also important luxury goods exported throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.
The document summarizes aspects of the Renaissance period from 1400-1600 CE. It describes how the Renaissance began in Italy and spread across Europe, marking a period of revival of classical art, architecture, and learning. Some key developments it notes include the growth of opera, new inventions and discoveries like those of Columbus, and influential artists like Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and William Byrd. It also mentions several wars that ravaged Europe during this time period.
The document provides an overview of Enlightenment philosophy and Neoclassicism in the 18th century, including key events like the American and French Revolutions. It discusses elements of Neoclassical art like narratives of patriotism and civic virtue, as well as examples of works by artists like David, Reynolds, and Piranesi that embodied Neoclassical style and messaging.
Neoclassicism,arti,painting,sculpture and architectureNick Cruz
This document summarizes Neoclassicism from 1780-1840. Some key points:
- Neoclassicism was inspired by classical antiquity, coinciding with the Age of Enlightenment.
- Characteristics include portrayals of Roman history with formal compositions and use of diagonals/lighting for emotion. Prominent artists included David and Canova.
- Common architectural styles were Temple style like the Pantheon, Palladian style like the White House, and Classical block style like the Paris Opera House.
- The quiz identifies artists like David and architectural styles like Temple from examples given.
RIO 2.0 was a demo alley event focused on building technologies for social impact. Dennis M. Israelski, the President and CEO of InSTEDD and a Clinical Professor of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine, presented on February 2, 2011 about InSTEDD's work on real time malaria reporting.
The document discusses a workshop aimed at helping instructors improve their introductory geoscience courses. The conveners explain why they are focused on improving intro courses, noting challenges like low student skills and recruiting majors. Participants are asked why they are attending, with most wanting relevance, engagement, and active learning strategies. Goals for the workshop include analyzing courses, sharing strategies, and developing action plans. The document discusses literature on teaching methods and how to engage students through active learning, formative assessment, and conceptual frameworks. Participants are encouraged to apply this research to analyze their courses and develop objectives and next steps.
The document discusses the Italian Renaissance period and some of its greatest artists. It describes how Italy flourished with cultural achievements in literature, architecture, and art. Three masters of the time were mentioned - Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Raphael. Their works demonstrated true creativity and advanced techniques compared to the medieval period. Some of their most famous works highlighted include Michelangelo's Statue of David and paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and Raphael's La Fornarnia and Sistine Madonna.
The Baroque style in France, Spain, and Flanders was characterized by grandiose architecture and elaborate artistic works commissioned by royalty and the Catholic church. In France, Louis XIV transformed Paris into a cultural center under his 72-year reign and built the extravagant Palace of Versailles. In Spain, Velázquez painted realistic portraits that blurred lines between reality and illusion, like his masterpiece Las Meninas. Rubens embodied the Flemish Baroque style through his vibrant colors, dynamic compositions, and blending of northern realism with Italian classicism.
Jan Van Eyck (1385-1441) was a Flemish painter who served as court painter to the Count of Holland. Some of his most famous works include the Ghent Altarpiece and the Arnolfini Portrait. He was influential as one of the first Western artists to use oil-based pigments in his paintings and the first to sign his name on a portrait. Modern theorists have proposed that Van Eyck's realistic style was achieved through using convex mirrors to trace projected forms, though this claim is disputed. The document provides biographical information about Jan Van Eyck and discusses his artistic accomplishments and innovative techniques.
Rococo & Neoclassicism In Early 18th CenturyAndrea Fuentes
The document provides an overview of Rococo and Neoclassicism in 18th century Europe. It discusses the political context and shifts in power from French royalty to aristocrats. Rococo began as an architectural style featuring undulating forms and spread to painting and sculpture. Neoclassicism emerged in response to Enlightenment ideals and was inspired by the ruins of Pompeii. It featured simpler, more structured compositions with references to Greek and Roman antiquity. The document summarizes key works of Rococo artists like Fragonard and Boucher and Neoclassical artists like David, West, and Ingres.
Neoclassicism was an artistic movement between 1750-1850 that revived styles from antiquity inspired by Classical Greece and Rome. It featured a severe, unemotional style that was a reaction against Rococo and Baroque emotionalism. Notable Neoclassical artists include Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and Nicolas Poussin. The movement emphasized line, contour, and simplicity over color and was inspired by Greek/Roman mythology, aesthetics, and artifacts. Neoclassicism dominated European and American art and architecture in the late 18th century.
Neoclassical art flourished in Europe and North America from the mid to late 18th century. It sought to replace the frivolity of Rococo with a more logical and solemn style, and became the official art of the revolutions. In architecture, it took inspiration from ancient Rome, Greece, and new archaeological finds. Notable architects included Ledoux, Percier and Fontaine, Robert Adam, and Bulfinch. In sculpture, works avoided dramatic poses and used white marble, with Canova and Thorvaldsen as leading figures. Painting centered in Rome, taking inspiration from mythology and Greek vase painting, with Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres among the
Art Appreciation Topic VI: Rococo and NeoclassicismThomas C.
The document summarizes Rococo and Neoclassicism in European art between 1710-1810. It describes Rococo art as emphasizing elegance, frivolity and decorative charm. Neoclassicism was inspired by classical Greek and Roman art and emphasized order, clarity and noble simplicity. It reacted against the frivolity of Rococo art. The document also discusses how colonial American art was influenced by these European styles and how the new American nation stimulated portraiture and history painting of political heroes like George Washington.
The document provides an overview of the Baroque period in art from 1600-1750. It discusses the origins and characteristics of Baroque art, noting three main tendencies: religious tensions in Christianity, the rise of absolute monarchies and middle class, and new interests in science and nature. The Baroque period saw developments in painting, sculpture, architecture, music, literature and other mediums. Important artists of the period included Caravaggio, Bernini, Velazquez, Zurbaran, van Dyck, Rubens, and Vermeer. Their works reflected the dramatic and emotional styles that came to define Baroque art.
The document provides an overview of Baroque art, architecture, music, and jewelry from the 17th century. It describes how Baroque style developed in response to the Protestant Reformation as part of the Counter Reformation led by the Catholic Church. Baroque aimed to use dramatic artistic forms to communicate religious themes in a way that would appeal to audiences emotionally. The document discusses characteristics of Baroque architecture, sculpture, painting, and music, noting the emphasis on movement, drama, and exaggerated decorative motifs. Famous Baroque artists mentioned include Bernini as well as developments in faceted gemstones and naturalistic jewelry designs.
Domenikos Theotokopoulos before El GrecoMaria Rellia
1. Domenikos Theotokopoulos, later known as El Greco, was born in 1540 in Crete and came from a middle-class family background.
2. As a well-respected artist in Crete, it would have been difficult for Theotokopoulos to pursue his intellectual and artistic ambitions on the island due to its small client circle and narrow painting tradition.
3. In the late 1560s, Theotokopoulos departed Crete, never to return, in order to advance his career and unique style of work, which combined Byzantine and Western artistic traditions.
The document summarizes an interview with a Byzantine art professor about the evolution and characteristics of Byzantine painting (iconography). It discusses four main stages of evolution: 1) Early Christian art until Emperor Justinian, 2) Justinian to the fall of Constantinople, 3) post-Byzantine until the 1821 revolution, and 4) from 1821 to today. It also describes how Byzantine painting was closely tied to the Orthodox Church for teaching religious concepts, commemorating historical events, and gaining political/financial support from aristocratic sponsors. Key differences from Western painting include Byzantine art being less naturalistic/anthropocentric and aiming to serve as a mediator between viewers and religious figures rather than simply being admired
This document discusses late medieval Europe in the 14th century following the Black Plague pandemic. It was a time of upheaval with famine, war, and plague wiping out almost half the population. However, the arts began to gradually flourish again with the rise of the middle class and growing interest in humanism and classical works. Notable artists mentioned include Giotto, whose more naturalistic and realistic style marked an important shift away from Byzantine traditions and laid the groundwork for the Renaissance in Italy.
The late 14th century in Europe saw immense hardship and instability due to factors like the Black Death plague, famine, and the Hundred Years War. This period known as the "Four Horsemen" devastated the population. However, the arts began to gradually flourish with the rise of the middle class who had more wealth and education. Artworks from this period like Giotto's paintings showed more realistic and natural figures, laying the foundations for developments in realism and humanism that would characterize the Renaissance. This late Gothic period is sometimes called the Proto-Renaissance, as it set the stage for the artistic transformations that would follow.
Michelangelo was one of the most famous artists of the Italian Renaissance. He was born in 1475 in Caprese, Italy and apprenticed as a painter before studying sculpture. Michelangelo had a remarkable career creating famous works such as the David statue, Pieta, and paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel including The Creation of Adam and The Last Judgment. Throughout his life he worked in sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry, living most of his career in Rome where he died in 1564 at the age of 88.
Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni Pisano were sculptors in 13th-14th century Italy whose work showed classical influences from their familiarity with ancient Roman sarcophagi, as seen in their renowned pulpits for the Baptistery and Cathedral of Pisa. The Florentine painter Giotto in this era developed a style of painting that was unprecedentedly realistic and three-dimensional compared to his contemporaries like Cimabue, as seen in his masterpiece fresco cycle of the Life of Christ in the Arena Chapel in Padua, and he is seen as helping to rescue Italian art from the prevailing Byzantine style of the 13th century.
The document summarizes Byzantine art from the Byzantine Empire between the 4th and 15th centuries. Some key points:
- Byzantine art was influenced by both classical Roman art and Eastern influences, taking on a more abstract, symbolic style compared to classical naturalism.
- Major art forms included mosaics, like those in Hagia Sophia; illuminated manuscripts; and icons which were venerated religious images.
- Wealth was concentrated in the church and imperial court, who commissioned most large art works on religious and imperial themes.
- Smaller arts like ivory carving and enamel work were also important luxury goods exported throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.
The document summarizes aspects of the Renaissance period from 1400-1600 CE. It describes how the Renaissance began in Italy and spread across Europe, marking a period of revival of classical art, architecture, and learning. Some key developments it notes include the growth of opera, new inventions and discoveries like those of Columbus, and influential artists like Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and William Byrd. It also mentions several wars that ravaged Europe during this time period.
The document provides an overview of Enlightenment philosophy and Neoclassicism in the 18th century, including key events like the American and French Revolutions. It discusses elements of Neoclassical art like narratives of patriotism and civic virtue, as well as examples of works by artists like David, Reynolds, and Piranesi that embodied Neoclassical style and messaging.
Neoclassicism,arti,painting,sculpture and architectureNick Cruz
This document summarizes Neoclassicism from 1780-1840. Some key points:
- Neoclassicism was inspired by classical antiquity, coinciding with the Age of Enlightenment.
- Characteristics include portrayals of Roman history with formal compositions and use of diagonals/lighting for emotion. Prominent artists included David and Canova.
- Common architectural styles were Temple style like the Pantheon, Palladian style like the White House, and Classical block style like the Paris Opera House.
- The quiz identifies artists like David and architectural styles like Temple from examples given.
RIO 2.0 was a demo alley event focused on building technologies for social impact. Dennis M. Israelski, the President and CEO of InSTEDD and a Clinical Professor of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine, presented on February 2, 2011 about InSTEDD's work on real time malaria reporting.
The document discusses a workshop aimed at helping instructors improve their introductory geoscience courses. The conveners explain why they are focused on improving intro courses, noting challenges like low student skills and recruiting majors. Participants are asked why they are attending, with most wanting relevance, engagement, and active learning strategies. Goals for the workshop include analyzing courses, sharing strategies, and developing action plans. The document discusses literature on teaching methods and how to engage students through active learning, formative assessment, and conceptual frameworks. Participants are encouraged to apply this research to analyze their courses and develop objectives and next steps.
KTGurumurthy is Founder of Many Fertility Hospitals in India.
Best Fertility treatment and Egg donor, Sperm Donor facility in his Fertility Medical Research Center
Azure tip detectando el ambiente de configuraciónVíctor Moreno
El documento explica cómo usar la clase RoleEnvironment en Azure para determinar si una aplicación se está ejecutando localmente o en la nube. La clase RoleEnvironment proporciona esta información de configuración y también ayuda a determinar otros aspectos de un servicio en la nube. El documento recomienda consultar MSDN y varios blogs y canales en línea para obtener más información sobre Azure.
El documento describe 4 proyectos realizados por estudiantes del grado 10.01 para mejorar su institución educativa. El primer proyecto involucró el reciclaje de botellas para construir sillas. El segundo proyecto consistió en crear fichas sobre señales de tránsito para promover la seguridad vial. El tercer proyecto dividió a los estudiantes para cuidar jardines de la escuela. El cuarto proyecto asignó a los estudiantes tareas de mantenimiento en la escuela durante los descansos.
This document contains information about Adam Beasley from Huntsville, AL who is studying marketing. It outlines his family which includes a younger brother and loving parents. It describes his strengths such as being an achiever, responsible, futuristic, and focus. In his free time he enjoys going to concerts, hiking, working out. His passions are people, TCU, and business. He shares his social media accounts and prefers an interactive learning style through leading discussions. His professional ambitions are to make an impact through changing lives and finding success and enjoyment in his career, ideally as a self-employed entrepreneur focused on innovation and technology.
Este documento resume un pasaje del Evangelio de Mateo en el que Jesús revela las enseñanzas del Reino de Dios a la gente sencilla en lugar de a los sabios y poderosos. Jesús invita a todos los que están cansados y agobiados a acudir a él para encontrar descanso, ya que su yugo es ligero. El documento explica que la gente sencilla, como los pobres y humildes de corazón, son quienes mejor comprenden los misterios del Reino debido a la sencillez y pureza de sus cor
Proyecto final tecnología y química en tu día a díaClaudia Minetti
Trabajo evaluativo final como proyecto de investigación. Usando como red social colaborativa en grupos "secretos" dentro del FACEBOOK. Utilizado esta vez como herramienta TIC en el aprendizaje constructivista/ conectivista.
El documento describe las cualidades de un emprendedor exitoso, incluyendo la pasión, visión, liderazgo, persistencia, confianza, audacia, organización, determinación y trabajo en equipo. También explica que un emprendedor es alguien que asume riesgos para innovar y crear nuevas empresas que impulsan el desarrollo económico y social. El objetivo del programa es formar emprendedores para que puedan crear startups exitosas en el entorno digital.
Ute – angela maria cedeño r.-docente gonzalo remache-tema Plan de investigaci...140660
El documento presenta un mapa conceptual creado por la estudiante Angela Maria Cedeño Rodriguez para su curso de Sistema de Educación a Distancia en la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, bajo la tutoría del Dr. Gonzalo Remache B en el séptimo nivel.
El cronograma de actividades para el primer semestre de los grados 7° y 9° incluye 30 actividades programadas para las semanas de enero a junio. Las actividades se enfocan en temas como aseo de talleres, conformación de equipos de trabajo, desarrollo de habilidades lógico-matemáticas, uso de herramientas tecnológicas y estrategias de pensamiento. Cada actividad tiene asignados responsables y se indica si fue planeada, ejecutada o ambas.
This document discusses an app that helps parents organize photos of their children, record milestones, and easily create photo albums. It notes common problems like misplacing photos, losing phones, running out of storage, and forgetting important dates. The app provides a solution to these issues by allowing users to easily relive moments, show their child curated photos when they're older, and start a family tradition of documenting memories for future generations.
This document provides statistics about an online forum including the number of topics and posts in several categories of the forum such as Baby Caring, Pregnant, and Daily News. It also shows the gender and location breakdown of the forum's users, with 61% of users being female and located in Ha Noi, Vietnam.
This document provides a status report on Wings 2014, which is a report on the world of girls in India published by Save the Children. Some key points:
- Save the Children works to protect children's rights in 120 countries including 16 states in India. Their goal is to inspire changes in how the world treats children and achieve lasting improvements to children's lives.
- The report aims to provide an in-depth look at the complex world that India's 225 million girls grow up in, which is shaped by both tradition and rapid modernization.
- While girls' aspirations have increased with greater access to education and media, societal responses have not kept pace. Issues like abuse, sex-selective abortion, and
Its collection is primarily makeup of 16C and 17C Italian Baroque paintings with a noticeable Dutch pcollection, but it does cover a range of European printings before the 19C. If you are in Rome and only have time to visit one painting gallery in Rome then I would recommend you to visit this one. The Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica or National Gallery of Ancient Art has two sites in Rome - Barberini Gallery and the Corsini Gallery. The Barberini’s collection is more comprehensive and much larger than the Corsini Gallery, which more like an annex to Barberini.
The document provides information about the Isenheim Altarpiece painted c. 1510 by Mathis Gothardt Neithardt, also known as Mathias Grünewald. It was a large and elaborate triptych altarpiece commissioned for the hospital chapel of St. Anthony's Monastery. The exterior depicted the crucifixion of Christ and portraits of saints. When opened, the interior featured paintings of biblical scenes. Some art historians believe the portraits may have been self-portraits of the artist or depictions of contemporary figures, possibly even the royal donors themselves. The highly detailed work exemplified the somber style of Northern Renaissance art.
The document provides an overview of art during the Medieval period and Renaissance period in Italy. It describes key differences in artistic styles, including a shift from religious-focused artwork with limited realism during Medieval times to more realistic and secular artwork during the Renaissance that featured techniques like linear perspective. Prominent Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are discussed, along with their famous works showcasing new Renaissance ideals and techniques.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Western Civilization, including its origins, influences, themes, and developments in art and architecture. Key influences included the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman knowledge brought back by Crusaders, the invention of printing, and wealthy patrons commissioning art. Notable Renaissance artists discussed include Giotto, Masaccio, Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Renaissance architecture featured symmetry, domes, decorated ceilings, and clear glass windows.
The Italian Renaissance began in the 14th century and lasted for about 250 years, sparking a rebirth of art and culture. It started in Italy for several reasons, including remnants of Roman culture, wealthy city-states, and a middle class that could patronize the arts. During this period, major advances occurred in many areas of art and science. The Renaissance is best known for its developments in art, which were heavily influenced by the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman artistic principles and humanist philosophy. Famous Renaissance artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Masaccio, who developed new techniques like linear perspective to create highly realistic paintings and sculptures.
A personal selection of artists in the western tradition. This project was designed to be a visual reminder of the great artists that have gone before and their enduring legacy.
The document provides an overview of major periods in art history from prehistoric times to the modern era. It discusses characteristics and examples of art from periods including Paleolithic, Classical, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, and Pop Art. It also includes short biographies and works from prominent artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Pablo Picasso, and Andy Warhol.
The Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy began construction in 1560 as offices for the Florentine magistrates under Cosimo I de' Medici. It was designed by Giorgio Vasari and others to house administrative functions, which is how it got its name meaning "offices." Over the centuries, the Uffizi became one of the most prominent art museums in the world, housing famous works from the Renaissance like Botticelli's Birth of Venus. Today it contains 45 rooms of sculptures and paintings ranging from the 14th to 18th centuries.
Titian was the most important painter of the 16th century Venetian school. He was equally skilled in portraits, landscapes, and mythological and religious subjects. Over his long career, Titian's style changed dramatically from the vivid colors of his early works to looser brushwork and subtle polychromatic modulations in his later pieces. Titian was recognized as one of the greatest painters of his time, on par with Raphael, Michelangelo, and later Rubens. He excelled at portraits and was a masterful painter of mythological and religious subjects. Titian had an unrivaled position in Venetian painting for sixty years until his death from the plague in 1576 at the age of
The document provides an overview of the High Renaissance period in Italy from 1500-1524. It discusses important artists of the time like Leonardo da Vinci, Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bellini, Giorgione and Titian. Their works embodied classical ideals of balance, symmetry, and ideal proportions. Key locations included Rome, which saw a revitalization under Pope Julius II, and Venice, where artists used oil paint and canvas to create colorful works with sensuous forms.
Visual Arts in the Classroom. Painting and Drawing, by Angela Clarke. Submitted as part of a Postgraduate Masters in Art & Design Education at NCAD, Dublin, Ireland
The document provides information about the Renaissance period in Europe. It began in Italy in the late middle ages and later spread to other parts of Europe. Key aspects included:
- Renaissance means "rebirth" and represented a cultural and artistic rebirth between the 14th to 17th centuries.
- It began in Florence, Italy and developed techniques like linear perspective in art.
- The movement eventually spread to Northern Europe, France, Germany and other regions through trade and the printing press.
- Areas of focus included humanism, art, science, religion, and increased self-awareness.
- Important figures included Leonardo da Vinci, who produced works like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance era renowned for his expertise in multiple fields including painting, sculpture, science and invention. Considered one of the greatest painters of all time, some of his most famous works are the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet also of the High Renaissance who exerted great influence on the development of Western art. His iconic works include David and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Raphael was another renowned Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance known for his mastery of form and composition, with some of his most famous works being The School of Athens and the Sistine Mad
This document provides an overview of major art periods from prehistoric times to the present. It begins with Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic art from over 10,000 BC featuring cave paintings and stone structures. Classical art of Greece and Rome from 500 BC focused on naturalistic sculptures honoring gods. Medieval art from 476 AD centered around Christian religious themes. The Renaissance starting in the 15th century revived interest in realism and human subjects. Major modern movements discussed include Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, and Pop Art. Key artists like Leonardo da Vinci
This document provides information about Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, two famous Renaissance artists. It summarizes several of Leonardo's early works painted in Verrocchio's workshop in Florence in the 1470s, including Tobias and the Angel and The Baptism of Christ, which shows Leonardo's influence. It also describes some of Michelangelo's early relief sculptures from age 16 and his first large sculpture Bacchus produced in Rome in 1496-98 after studying classical statues. Finally, it discusses in detail several of Leonardo's famous later works like the Last Supper, Virgin of the Rocks and The Vitruvian Man as well as Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes
KCC Art 211 Ch 16 Renaissance, Mannerism, BaroqueKelly Parker
This document provides an overview of key figures and developments during the Italian Renaissance and Baroque periods in Europe. It summarizes the artistic innovations of early Renaissance artists like Giotto, Brunelleschi, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, and Donatello. It also discusses the patronage of the Medici family in Florence and their support of artists including Michelangelo, da Vinci, and Raphael. Key points about da Vinci's paintings, drawings, and notebooks are summarized at the end.
The document provides an overview of different art styles from Byzantine to Impressionism, summarizing their key characteristics and providing examples of famous works representing each style. Byzantine art is characterized by rich colors including gold and flat figures depicting religious stories. Gothic art pays attention to detail and symbolism as seen in works like the Merode Altarpiece. The Early Renaissance saw a rebirth of Greek/Roman ideals and perspective, as in works by Mantegna. The High Renaissance used perspective like never before, as in paintings by Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. The Northern Renaissance focused on landscapes, portraits and scenes of everyday life. Baroque art used emotion, movement and dramatic lighting as seen in works by Car
The document provides an overview of major periods and developments in Italian Renaissance art from the 14th to 16th centuries. It begins with precursors like Giotto in the 14th century who moved away from stiff Byzantine styles towards more realistic figures and emotions. Major 15th century Early Renaissance artists mentioned include Brunelleschi, Donatello, Masaccio and Botticelli who revived classical ideals. The High Renaissance of the late 15th-early 16th centuries saw masters like Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian mastering techniques like perspective and human form. Mannerism in the mid-late 16th century featured elongated figures and asymmetrical compositions by artists such as Pontormo,
Michelangelo undertook painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel during the High Renaissance, depicting scenes from Genesis including God's creation of Earth and man. The frescoes combined Catholic and classical elements, showing the religious motivations of patron Pope Julius II while also representing the humanist interests of the period through figures and architecture. As a religious leader, Julius II would be interested in including tenets of the Catholic church, and other elements like pagan symbols represented the humanist values prominent during the Renaissance.
During the Renaissance, art was commissioned by powerful groups and individuals to glorify themselves and promote particular religious doctrines. Subject matter became more secular over time, depicting myths and portraits that displayed wealth and physical uniqueness. Artists gained more social status and signed their works, seeing themselves as divine creators on par with God. The culture of the Renaissance mainly affected the educated elite and mercantile class.
Shrewd managers or predatory lending re-reading a difficult text - talk ou...anoigmatic
This document provides an in-depth analysis of the parable of the Unjust Steward found in Luke 16:1-9. It examines the context, characters, and possible interpretations of the parable. The author argues that Jesus used the parable to challenge listeners to understand how unjust systems work against their interests, and to make amends through repentance and restitution. The document also discusses how different historical interpretations have understood the parable, and questions what lessons it may have for addressing issues like debt in modern contexts.
Don t walk the extra mile slides for a talk on matthew 5anoigmatic
This document discusses Jesus' instruction in Matthew 5:41 to "go the extra mile" when forced to do so. It provides historical context about life under Roman occupation, including practices like forced labor called "angareia." Romans could force locals to carry equipment for a mile, but Jesus teaches his followers to go two miles instead of resisting. The document examines how Jesus' tactics of non-violence and goodwill toward oppressors may have impacted his original audience and what lessons it provides for dealing with adversaries today.
The document discusses various spiritual practices for daily prayer throughout Christian history. It describes the daily prayer traditions of the earliest Church, monastic orders like Benedictine monks, Jewish daily prayer, practices in the New Testament, recommendations from the Didache, and the evolution of practices in the Anglican Church including Morning and Evening Prayer. It also briefly mentions Evangelical, Quaker, Celtic, and Charismatic traditions of daily spiritual practice.
This document discusses rethinking the mission, witness, and identity of the church. It presents brief biographies of seven important religious figures from history, such as Miguel Servetus, John Calvin, and Pope Celestine I. It also provides several potential seven-word summaries of the church and poses questions for discussion, including whether the truth is worth killing for and what the Christian approach should be to worldly powers.
The document discusses leadership in the church and contrasts biblical concepts of leadership with modern practices. It notes that while the New Testament Greek word "archon" referred to rulers and leaders in positions of authority, this word is never used in the NT to refer to church leaders. Instead, the NT uses words like "bishop," "elder," and "deacon" which emphasize service and care over authority. The document questions why modern church titles like "pastor" and "minister" seem to emphasize authority and power more than service, and argues that Christian leaders should follow Christ's example of humility and service rather than seeking honor and control.
Slavery existed in the Church of England through the Codrington Plantation in Jersey from 1710 to 1833. William Wilberforce worked to abolish slavery in Britain from 1759 to 1833. Several Bible passages from Titus, Colossians, and 1 Peter are cited that are used to argue slaves should obey their earthly masters, which helped support the institution of slavery.
Paul radically reinterprets passages from the Hebrew Scriptures in his letter to the Romans. Where Psalms and Deuteronomy speak of divine vengeance against enemies, Paul recasts these passages to include Gentiles praising God and finding hope in Christ. Paul no longer reads Scripture with an insider view that separates Jews from outsiders, but with a post-conversion understanding that sees God's promises extending to all nations through Jesus. His interpretive method exemplifies reading Scripture through the lens of Christ's teachings of love rather than sanctioning religious violence or exclusion.
This document provides an overview and schedule for the CHOW ministry platform. It discusses the format, content, and style of the weekly CHOW meetings, which are held on Wednesdays at lunchtime and aim to strike a balance between various topics. The document also notes that CHOW seeks to bring together people from different Christian traditions and backgrounds. Finally, it outlines the specific session topics planned for CHOW from October through March, covering subjects like public morality, motivation, the gospel, Christianity and the media, and interpretations of Jesus.
The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
My ritual will not only stop separation and divorce, but rebuild a strong bond between you and your partner that is based on truth, honesty, and unconditional love. For an even stronger effect, you may want to consider using the Eternal Love Bond spell to ensure your relationship and love will last through all tests of time. If you have not yet determined if your partner is considering separation or divorce, but are aware of rifts in the relationship, try the Love Spells to remove problems in a relationship or marriage. Keep in mind that all my love spells are 100% customized and that you'll only need 1 spell to address all problems/wishes.
Save your marriage from divorce & make your relationship stronger using anti divorce spells to make him or her fall back in love with you. End your marriage if you are no longer in love with your husband or wife. Permanently end your marriage using divorce spells that work fast. Protect your marriage from divorce using love spells to boost commitment, love & bind your hearts together for a stronger marriage that will last. Get your ex lover who has remarried using divorce spells to break up a couple & make your ex lost lover come back to you permanently.
Visit https://www.profbalaj.com/love-spells-loves-spells-that-work/
Call/WhatsApp +27836633417 for more info.
The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
2. Imagining the Invisible
What did Jesus look like?
Lack of primary examples.
Images of NT and OT figures.
Jewish sacred art tradition.
Hellenic and Roman customs in sacred art.
Why is this important?
97. Isaiah 53:2
53 Who has believed our message
and to whom has the arm of the LORD been
revealed?
2 He grew up before him like a tender shoot,
and like a root out of dry ground.
He had no beauty or majesty to attract us to
him,
nothing in his appearance that we should
desire him
Colossiabn 1:15 – he is the Eikon of the invisible God.East window of St Ouen’s Parish Church Jersey
Hebrews 1: 1-3a “In the past God spoke to our ancestors through the prophets at many times and in various ways, 2 but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, and through whom also he made the universe. 3 The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful wordWhat did Jesus look like? No paintings, drawings, statues or even written description exist from the first two centuries.From NT times we have images of Herod the Great, Pontius Pilate, Emperors Augustus and Tiberius and from OT times we know what Nebuchadnezzar, Darius, Xerxes and Rameses II.Jewish sacred art tended not to depict the human form, and definitely would not portray the Divine in visual art or sculpture – that would be idolatry.As the gospel reached Greek and Roman culture, which featured a much greater emphasis on the visual and depictive, so the Church began to create art which portrayed Jesus.Importance – we follow Jesus by seeking to live in his Way – a tenet of Christian theology is that Jesus’ life is the closest we’ll know to what God is like. Hebrews 1:3. We take this to mean that Jesus’ character, motivations and actions show us what God is like, but visual art is a way of showing character, motivation and action. Jesus is our model, example and teacher – the Holy Spirit enables us to become like Jesus.
Another catacomb image, this time from the Catacomb of Callixtus or San Callisto, which is the burial place of some 16 popes.Sited along the Appian way, these catacombs were built after AD 150, In a nearby cubiculum are some of the most ancient burials, after AD 175, with Roman frescoes of (on the ceiling) the Good Shepherd and on the far wall two fish with a basket of loaves behind it, a symbol of the Eucharist.
This may be the earliest example of a depiction of Jesus dated to around 250 AD. It is found in the Catacomb of Priscilla near Rome. This catacomb was used from the late 2nd century.Good Shepherd from the Catacomb of Priscilla, 250-300. They contain a number of wall paintings of saints and early Christian symbols. Christian symbols such as the painting reproduced in Giovanni Gaetano Bottari's folio of 1754, where the Good Shepherd is depicted as feeding the lambs, with a crowing cock on His right and left hand.The catacomb of Priscilla, mentioned in all the ancient liturgical and topographic sources, has its modern entrance on the Via Salaria through the cloister of the monastery of the Benedictines of Priscilla.
Roman catacombs, 300-350 Jesus heals the bleeding womanMark 5:21-43, Matthew 9:18-26, Luke 8:40-56
Via Latina, Catacomb, RomeRaising of Lazarus, Wall Painting, 350-400Note the wand Jesus uses to raise Lazarus, which is commonly attested in the non-canonical gospels.No halo, no beard
c. 565/6. Apse mosic. St Catherine's Monastery, Sinai. Beginnings of a stylised image of Christ which became standard in Byzantine and later Orthodox Christianity.Theological debates focused on the divinity of the second person of the Trinity. One of the debates at the time was whether Jesus experienced human emotions, which in Greek philosophy are incompatible with God… hence the rather blank stare which has remained a stable of Christian art for centuries. Cruciform halo - becomes a staple of Byzantine and later Orthodox depiction.One of the most common of such images is the Christ Pantocrator (or Christ Almighty), which depicts Christ, usually isolated against a golden background, with his head encircled by a halo, his left arm hugging the gospels to his chest and his right hand raised in the sign of benediction.
6th cent. Painted wooden panel. St Catherine's Monastery, Sinai. Very dry atmosphere has preserved painted colours better than anywhere else. First depiction of Jesus holding the book – may not a be Bible / Gospel, which was not yet bound in a single folio – probably representative of the Book of Life.Look at the gesture – two fingers and thumb extended third and fourth fingers closed - sign of benediction in early Christian and Byzantine art, and its use continued through the Medieval period, and into the Renaissance. It is important to note that this gesture is always made with the right hand, as this is the hand with which one blesses, according to Christian doctrine.The sign was originally derived from a symbol used in Roman art to indicate speaking, and first gained popularity as a Christian symbol shortly after Constantine's issue of the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, allowing Christians to practice their religion freely, without the threat of persecution. As Christian art evolved, symbols, including Christ's hand gestures, took on deeper significance. With the thumb opened, the three open digits came to represent the Trinity (The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), while the two closed represented the dual nature of Christ as both man and God. The Greek Orthodox church began to make use of a symbol derived from a common abbreviation of the Greek version of Christ's name. In this manifestation of the sign of blessing, the first finger is held erect, representing an 'I'; the second is bent in the shape of a 'C'; the thumb and third finger cross to form an 'X'; and the pinky, like the second finger, curves into a 'C'. Thus, the five digits together spell out "IC XC" an abbreviation of the Greek name of Jesus Christ, taken from the first and last letters of both parts of his name. The Roman Catholic Church, meanwhile, maintained the use of the three open digits and two closed (now so familiar to Westerners). The early sign, in which the thumb is closed, had by this time faded almost completely.
Baptism and apostles, c. 500-25. Dome mosaic, Baptistery of the Arians (now Sta Maria in Cosmedin), Ravenna. Also a rare depiction of the naked Christ in baptism!Note fall of Rome 410 – shift to Byzantine Empire.
San Vitale, Ravenna. Apse mosaic.Jesus Lord of all – holds a crown, sits astride the world.
Christ and Emperor Leo VI, late 9th cent. Narthex mosaic, St Sophia, Istanbul. Emperor Leo VI, the wise, the philosopher reigned over Byzantine Empire from 886 to 912Circled figures – possibly BVM and Justinian I
Basil II & Constantine VIII 976-1025 AD. Basil II Byzantine Emperorwho reigned from 10 January 976 to 15 December 1025. Nicknamed by "the Bulgar-slayer" - defeated Bulgars and also Khazars (modern day Jews) in a reign of war that expanded the once weakened Byzantine Empire.Constantine VIIIwas reigning Byzantine Emperor from 15 December 1025 until his death on 11 November 1028. He was the theyounger brother of the eminent Basil II, who died childless. Constantine VIII had been crowned with his brother by their father from 962; he was then only 2. However, for some 63 out of the 68 years of his life he was eclipsed by other emperors, including Nikephoros II Phokas, John I Tzimiskes, and Basil II. Even when his elder brother became senior emperor, Constantine was perfectly content to enjoy all the privileges of Imperial status without concerning himself with state affairs. On occasion Constantine participated in his brother's campaigns against rebels. Otherwise he spent his life in the search of pleasure and entertainment, including spectator sports at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, or amusing himself with riding and hunting. Physically Constantine was tall and graceful, where Basil had been short and stocky. He was a superb horseman. By the time he became emperor, he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. His reign was a disaster because he lacked courage and political savvy. He reacted to every challenge with impulsive cruelty, persecuting uppity nobles and allegedly ordering the execution or mutilation of hundreds of innocent men. Constantine carried on as he always had: hunting, feasting, and enjoying life – and avoided state business as much as possible. He was poor at appointing officials.
Compare tenth Century Byzantine coinage with Fourth century Roman.Emperor Constantine shares his coin with Sol Invictus - the crowned Sun God.
Christ with Constantine IX and Zoe, 1042-55. Mosaic. St Sophia, Istanbul.Zoe was the second daughter of Constantine VIII, succeeded her uncles in 1028 until her death in 1050 Banished her sister Theodora to a monastery after accusing her of a plot.Killed her first husband, her cousin Romanos III – poisoned, then strangled, then drowned.Married her courtier Michael IV that same day.Her second husband’s brother excluded her from power and she conspired against her brother in law, who spied on her. This brother-in-law arranged that she adopt of his 26 year old nephew, who succeeded to the throne that same year as Michael VMichael V reigned for 4 months before being deposed, blinded and cloistered.She engaged to marry for the third time, in order to prevent her banished sister succeeding her.Her fiancé (who was still married to his own wife) and whom she'd had a affair with under he first husband died a few days before the wedding, possibly poisoned by his wife.She then married another former lover, who, like her, had been married twice before. Constantine IX (1042–1050)The Patriarch of Constantinople Alexius I refused to officiate.Then we have this piece of art showing Christ blessing this union!This new, third husband brought his own mistress to court and called her Empress (alongside Zoe and her sister)A mob nearly deposed Constantine and this mistress.During Constantine’s reign, Zoe gladly handed over all imperial power and responsibility to her husband. Until her death in 1050,she enjoyed various amusements, with her rooms in the palace were filled with boiling pots and pans, for the manufacture of ointments and perfumes.It is said she was stunningly beautiful, and that "every part of her was firm and in good condition." She was aware of her charms and meant to keep and use them for as long as possible. With typical Byzantine ingenuity, she had many rooms in her chambers converted into laboratories for the preparation of secret ointments, and she was able to keep her face free of wrinkles until she was sixty.
Christ Crowns Romanos and Eudokia, theRomanosIvoryEudokiaMakrembolitissa(c.1021 – 1096) was the second wife of the Byzantine emperor Constantine X Doukas. After his death (1067) she acted as regent and became the wife of Romanos IV Diogenes. She was also the niece of Michael Keroularios, Patriarch of Constantinople, whose sister had married John Makrembolites.Eudokia was the second wife of Constantine X.She promised him as he lay dying in 1067 she would not marry again and then immediately took Romanos as her husband and co-Emperor, against the wishes of her son who expected the throne.Romanos had earlier been imprisoned and exiled for plotting to the throne. However, Eudokia did not live very happily with her new husband, who was warlike and self-willed and increasingly excluded her from power. Romanos was taken prisoner and assumed dead. Eudokia’s son became Emperor. When it ws discovered Romano had survived and was returning to Constantinople he was deposed and the pair of them were cloistered. After her stepson Michael VII was deposed 7 years later she was recalled by the new Emperor Alexius the Macedonian and offered marriage, but she died before this could happen.
11th CenturyStained glass from Wissembourg, France
The Pantokrator. Mosaic, 1148.THE TWELFTH CENTURY ART IN ITALYCefaluCathedral,1131-48: Note the Greek style hand gesture and the lapis lazuli robe.
The Pantokrator, angels and saints, 1192. Wall-painting in the dome. Church of the Theotokos, Laoudera, Cyprus.
Image of Christ from the the great Deesis mosaic from the Upper South Gallery in Hagia Sophia, the Church of Holy Wisdom, in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey).In Byzantine art, a Deesis is a traditional representation of Virgin Mary and Saint John the Baptist, imploring Christ the salvation of man. It is believed that the mosaic either dates from 1185-1204 (in 1204 the city fell to Crusading armies ending all artsistic patronage in the city)--or just after 1261 when the Byzantines regained their capital from the Latin invaders.The image was discovered under layers of plaster in 1938. It is considered to be a pioneer for the Byzantine art in Renaissance period with its soft tones, the intense humanity and the emotional realism on the faces of the figures. It remains in its original position in Hagia Sofia, which in 1935 was converted to a museum by the Republic of Turkey."
The Deesis, c.1260s, Mosaic. South gallery, St Sophia, Istanbul.
13th CenturyByzantine mosaic, San Marco, VeniceNote the “eastern” or Greek style of hand gesture – Venice was part of the Byzantine Empire and not under Roman influence.
In 1988 a radiocarbon dating test was performed on small samples of the shroud. The laboratories at the University of Oxford, the University of Arizona, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, concurred that the samples they tested dated from the Middle Ages, between 1260 and 1390
Veil of St Veronica
We are now in the European Renaissance – compare this image to the thirteenth century mosaic (slide 24). Renaissance art tended to be more narrative, showing something happening in the life of Christ. The visual clues now are pure European, with no hint of Jesus’ Palestinian ethnicity or Semitic culture. Artist: Pierodella FrancescaCompletion: 1450Technique: tempera on woodNational Gallery, London,
Artist: Giovanni BelliniDate: c.1460Technique: oil on woodMusée du Louvre, ParisStill see the gesture of blessing, but in its Western form, and the Book of LifeStigmata show this as a Resurrection image
Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter (Consegnadellechiavi)Painted by: PietroVannucci Perugino
Narthex mosaics. Katholikon, OsiosLoukasNote– AnastasisAlexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and although he was not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power
6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; the work took approximately four years to complete (1508–1512)
Last Supper (copy) 16th centuryLeonardo Da VinciApril 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519This image is notable recently for the fantasies of Dan Brown’s Da Vinci code.
Title:Head of ChristPaintedby:Leonardo Da VinciLocation:Pinacoteca Di Brera, Milan, ItalyOrientation:Portrait
Titian follows Leonardo’s innovation with greater emotional interaction Title:Christ Carrying The CrossPaintedby:TizianoVecellio (Titian)Orientation:Portrait
16th CenturyRenaissance painting by Titian
Flagellation Of Christ 1510Il Sodoma (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi)Museum Of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary
Christ with the ChaliceJuan De (Vicente) Juanes (Masip)Museum Of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary
Christ After the Flagellation Contemplated by the Christian Soul Artist:Diego VelazquezDate:1628Style:BaroqueTechnique:oil on canvas
Borgia was the son of Pope Alexander VI. He is said to have influenced all European art depicting Jesus. It's widely accepted that the classic depiction of Jesus is not accurate, because Jesus would have not have looked like a white European. Many scholars believe that Cesare Borgia was the basis for some depictions of Jesus that eventually became the standard look that is used until today. At the time, the Pope was allowed to marry. Pope Alexander VI, however, was known for having many mistresses. In 1476, Cesare Borgia was born as an illegitimate child of the Pope.He was the Pope’s favorite son and by 15 years old was the Bishop of Pamplona. He became Cardinal by his 18th birthday. Cesare is said to have had his older brother Giovanni assassinated out of envy.
In the fourth century it became common for many Gentile peoples throughout the Roman Empire (who had long worshiped pagan gods and goddesses) to begin identifying their deities of old with the newly honored Jesus, Mary, and the “twelve apostles” (plus other saints of the Old and New Testaments). One particular deity that seemed to blend together the attributes of several gods into a unified portrayal of deity was the Egyptian god “Sarapis.” This god had been famous for 600 years in Egypt and now his worship was found all over the Roman Empire. He was equated with the Greek Zeus (the chief god over all other gods) along with Asclepius (the god of healing). The statues of Asclepius (the pagan god of healing) were images "that imitated Zeus and that his portraiture influenced artists in depicting both Sarapis [the Egyptian Zeus] and Christ“Remarkably, the pagan god Sarapis of the fourth century appeared very much like what Christians (from the time of Constantine onwards) began to depict as their “Jesus.” At that time the people began to abandon all of the early depictions of Christ made in the previous hundred years or so (which showed ‘Jesus normally as young, beardless and with short hair. The above bust is in the British Museum of Sarapis, the Egyptian version of Zeus (the chief of the Gentile gods).
Why do we not see much Christian Art between 1632 and 1853?Modernism - not so interested in religious themes. Lots of images of classical deities, human portraits (e.g. Gainsborough), landscapes (e.g. Constable) etc. Religious art was driven out of the Protestant churches and became quite imitative in Catholic and Orthodox.Holman Hunt was seen as an innovator of his age, and paved the way for devotional art for private consumption and display.
This is a typical example of Christ the King often used in western Catholic religious art.
Ecce Homo (Behold the Man) by Elias Garcia Martinez has held pride of place in the Sanctuary of Mercy Church near Zaragoza for more than 100 years, but residents of the small Spanish town are reeling after a beloved painting of Jesus was found defaced. The culprit: an elderly woman who tried to touch up the weathered fresco herself. She claims to have had the best intentions and permission from the priest at the church housing the fresco.
The great statue of Christ the Redeemer, over Rio de Janeiro, shows a number of features of twentieth century art deco.
Warner Sallman (April 30, 1892 – May 25, 1968) was a Christianpainter from Chicago. He created commercial advertising images and worked as a freelance illustrator.[1] He is most associated with his portrait, The Head of Christ of which more than 500 million copies have been sold.[2][3] In 1994, the New York Times called him the "best-known artist of the century".[The Head of Christ originated as a charcoal sketch entitled The Son of Man done in 1924 and sold to be the cover of the Covenant Companion, the denominational magazine for the Evangelical Covenant Church. He did several variations of the painting over the years, and the first oil version was done in 1935 for the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the Evangelical Covenant Church. In 1940 he was asked to reproduce that painting by the students of North Park Theological Seminary. This reproduction was seen by representatives of the Gospel Trumpet Company, the publishing arm of the Church of God (Anderson), who created a new company called Kriebel and Bates to market Sallman's work. The Baptist Bookstore initially popularized the painting, distributing various sized lithographic images for sale throughout the southern United States. The Salvation Army and the YMCA, as members of the USO, handed out pocket-sized versions of the painting to American servicemen heading overseas during World War II.
There were literally thousands of reworkings of the Sallman “Behold I stand at the door and knock.” Many have quite gaudy colours and florid displays of foliage, with glowing white robes for the Jesus figure.
This selection of twentieth century images shows the remarkable congruence of accepted features in the c20 image.
20th CenturyPainting, "Black Jesus Blesses the Children" by Joe Cauchi
Up to now our journey has taken us from Byzantine to European images, including American.Now we look at a few images of Jesus from around the world…
El SalvadorSee the emphasis on plants and animals around Jesus and the stylised Central American landscape.
Here we see a version of Jesus Blesses the Children, with recognisable Inuit hair and facial features. Jesus is also well shod for walking on snow.
Three images from Southern AfricaThe red clock is a symbol of being a tribal elder.
This image from China is a good example of a rich tradition of Chinese Christina Art,
Christ_guru Oil painting by M. P. Manoj, based on the original drawing by Joy Elamkunnapuzha, CMI
Sri LankaIndia
This picture is one of the most famous LDS paintings out there, by Del Parsons. According to Mormon folklore, a prophet told him this was the most accurate depiction of Jesus and was therefore approved for world-wide distribution.
Members of the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society often show depictions of Jesus in their pamphlets. The imagery is fairly standard United States twentieth century. Note that JW depictions of the crucifixion show a single vertical pole, rather than the more commonly seen Cross or T- shape. This comes from their translation of the Greek Stavros, as “Stake.”
One we get into the second half of the twentieth Century the principal expression of visual art is film.Two early depictions of Christ in the 1960’s are clearly influenced by the devotional tradition of Warner Sallman.King of kings 1961 – Jeffrey HunterMax Von Sydow 1965 the greatest story ever told
The 1970’s were a time of artistic experimentation and an identification with counter-cultural figures.The Jesuses of Godspell and Jesus Christ Superstar portray a very different character from the conservative figures of Jeffrey Hunter and Max Von Sydow.Godspell 1973 – Victor GarberJC superstar 1973 – Ted Neeley
Robert Powell played Jesus in Franco Zeferelli’s iconic Jesus of NazarethFor many this was a definitive performance. Powell later described how he achieved his other-wordly impression by going long periods without blinking.Zeferelli also does more than any of the preceding film-makers to show the Roman occupation in the life of Jesus.Before its initial broadcast, Jesus of Nazareth came under ideological fire from some American Protestant fundamentalists, led by Bob Jones III, president of Bob Jones University in South Carolina. Zeffirelli had told an interviewer from Modern Screen that the film would portray Jesus as "an ordinary man—gentle, fragile, simple". Jones interpreted this as meaning that the portrayal would deny Christ's divine nature. Having never seen the film, Jones denounced it as "blasphemy." Others picked up the cry and 18,000 letters were sent to General Motors, which had provided $3 million of the film's cost. Sacrificing its investment, GM backed out of its sponsorship.[5]In making his film, Zeffirelli explicitly wished to deemphasize the traditional accusation of deicide against the Jews. Some 26 years later, Zeffirelli laid blame for this very error against The Passion of the Christ (2004), which was produced and directed by Mel Gibson. Zeffirelli had directed Gibson in Hamlet (1990).[12]
The 70’s ended with Monty Python’s much criticised and also much loved story of Brian, one who lived at the same time as Jesus and was mistakenly followed a band of fanatics. Described by the MervynStockwood (Bishop of Southwark) as a tenth rate film.Graham Chapman
Willem Dafoe played Christ in another controversial movie – Martin Scorsese’s 1988 “Last Temptation of Christ”In last temptation Jesus is portrayed as a character who mixes both an esoteric mystical spirituality with the grim life of Roman occupation.A particularly touching element of this portrayal was the contract carpentry Jesus does, early in the film – making crosses.The “last temptation” of the title was to come off the cross and enjoy a normal life, getting married, having kids and dying of old age in obscurity. His vision of what the Apostle Paul would have been like without the crucifixion and resurrection convinces him willingly to endure to pain of a shameful and early death.
Jim Caveziel played Jesus in Mel Gibson’s 2004 The Passion of the Christ. As its name suggests the action takes place from Gethsemane to Calvary, but there are flashbacks which show the life of Jesus – including the anachronistic invention of the modern European table.The film is perhaps best known for its lurid special effects of the flagellation and crucifixion and for Gibson’s trademark shoulder dislocation, which would have rendered the crucifixion mercifully short
Jean-Claude La MarreColor of the Cross (2006) Featuring a black Jesus, asks was the crucifixion racially motivated?
BBC The Passion
Jon Mcnaughton
Stephen Sawyer
Jim Caveziel
The RevolutionaryThis arresting picture of Jesus as a revolutionary, imitating the style of the famous poster of 1960s fighter Che Guevara, was produced as an advertising poster encouraging people to go to church during Easter 1999.This poster image was produced by the Churches Advertising Network – an independent group of UK Christian communicators. One of the group, Peter Owen Jones, described seeing the first design for the poster, which then had a different slogan…“We have a picture of Christ cast in the same pose as Che Guevara; underneath, the line reads, “Public enemy number one: discover the real Jesus of Easter.” It’s good, it’s very good indeed. The media will go mad… But as a piece of communication which is trying to say this man was a revolutionary – a spiritual revolutionary – it is simple and memorable” (Small Boat, Big Sea, Peter Owen Jones).Another member of the group which produced this version of Jesus said: “Jesus was not crucified for being meek and mild. He challenged authority. He was given a crown of thorns in a cruel parody of his claims about proclaiming the Kingdom of God. Our poster has the most arresting picture our advertisers could find to convey all this – the image deliberately imitates the style of the well-known poster of Che Guevara.”What do you think? Do you see Jesus as a quiet, gentle man, or as a tough revolutionary
Immersion (Piss Christ)is a 1987 photograph by the American artist and photographerAndres Serrano. It depicts a small plastic crucifix submerged in a glass of the artist's urine. The piece was a winner of the SoutheasternCenter for Contemporary Art's "Awards in the Visual Arts" competition,[1] which was sponsored in part by the National Endowment for the Arts, a United States Government agency that offers support and funding for artistic projects.The photograph is of a small plastic crucifix submerged in what appears to be a yellow liquid. The artist has described the substance as being his own urine in a glassSerrano has not ascribed overtly political content to Piss Christ and related artworks, on the contrary stressing their ambiguity. He has also said that while this work is not intended to denounce religion, it alludes to a perceived commercializing or cheapening of Christian icons in contemporary culture.[The art critic Lucy R. Lippard has presented a constructive case for the formal value of Serrano's Piss Christ, which she characterizes as mysterious and beautiful. She writes that the work is "a darkly beautiful photographic image… the small wood and plastic crucifix becomes virtually monumental as it floats, photographically enlarged, in a deep rosy glow that is both ominous and glorious." Lippard suggests that the formal values of the image can be regarded separately from other meanings.The piece caused a scandal when it was exhibited in 1989. Serrano received death threats and hate mail, and lost grants due to the controversy. Others alleged that the government funding of Piss Christ violated separation of church and state.[12][13]The work was vandalized at the National Gallery of Victoria, Australia, and gallery officials reported receiving death threats in response to Piss Christ.[14] Supporters argued that the controversy over Piss Christ is an issue of artistic freedom and freedom of speech.On April 17, 2011, a print of Piss Christ was vandalized "beyond repair" by Christian protesters while on display during the Je crois aux miracles (I believe in miracles) exhibition at the Collection Lambert, a contemporary art museum in Avignon, France.[17][18] Serrano's photo The Church was similarly vandalized in the attack.
Corpus Christi is a passion play by Terrence McNally dramatizing the story of Jesus and the Apostles. Written in 1997 and first staged in New York in 1998, it depicts Jesus and the Apostles as gay men living in modern-day Texas. It utilizes modern devices like television with anachronisms like Roman occupation. Judas betrays Jesus because of sexual jealousy. Jesus administers gay marriage between two apostles.
Ramon Martinez: Female Jesus
Christianity has been and still is one of the most popular subject in the arts.See all paintings of Jesus here (warning: strictly speaking some of these will be NSFW). At the latter end of the Dark Ages where christianity was the focal point of society, the renaissance arose. It was in that period that most art was either based on mythology or christian religion.While in the 15th and 16th century paintings of Jesus and the saint were ever so popular, we notice that in in the late 17th, complete 18th and 19th and the early 20th century the focus point shifts and we rarely ever see Jesus in any painting of this era. This is not due to christianity becoming less popular or important in Europe but more to the evolution of art itself. In the late 20th century op till today Jesus and religion certainly revives in art, alas mostly because post-modern and contemporary art became more ironic than iconic.While ofcoursechristian religion is more than Jesus alone, in the next few galleries we decided to focus on paintings of Jesus.