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ဆင့်ကဲဖြစ်စဉ်သီအိုရီနှင့်လူသားမျိုးနွယ်အပေါ်ရန် သောဘေးဥပဒ်. Burmese

ဆင့်ကဲဖြစ်စဉ်သီအိုရီနှင့်လူသားမျိုးနွယ်အပေါ်ရန် သောဘေးဥပဒ်. Burmese

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bmomjyefol.trSm Foreword from the Translator u|Ekfyfonf bmoma&;udkif;±d+if;aom ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoem0if tdrfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm; -uD;jyif;vmcJholjzpfygonf? i,fpOfuwnf;upI we*FaEGae‹wdkif; uav;oli,frsm;tm; c&pfawmf . a'oemawmfESifhorRmusrf;oifcef;pmrsm;udk u|Ekfyf.&GmrS twefa0;uGmaomjrKdŒ&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk; ausmif;wGif rSefrSefwufa&mufqnf;yl;cJhygonf? "rRq&mrsm;u okH;qlonf wpfqlwnf;jzpfa-umif; oif-um;&mwGif u|Efkyfoabmaygufatmif rnfolur#&Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh-uyg? tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0 15 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rGwfpvifrf'dkif*sufESifh tpPvmrpf&DjAL;r*~Zif;rsm;tjyif urBmhtvif;pmapmifudkzwf±+cGifh&&SdcJh&mrSpI/ tpPvmrfomoemonf zefqif;&SifESifhywfoufI t &Sif;vif;qkH;oif-um;aomomoemtjzpf vufcHoabmaygufojzifh/ 1955 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif “awm0f[D'f”ac: wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifudkomv#if udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom tpPvmrfomoem udk awG‹&SdvufcHI touf 16 ESpfwGif umvDrm&S[m'wf zwfcJhygonf? xdkacwfumvwGif aemiftem*wfEdkifiHa&;avmuodk‹ ajcvSrf;-urnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf jyifqifa&;tjzpf txufwef;tqifhrSpI wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0txd ausmif;om;or*~v+yf&Sm;r+ rsm;wGif yg0if-uonf? EdkifiHa&;udkydkrdkIpdwf0ifpm;onfhausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txl;ojzifh EdkifiH a&;odyH`/ 'eduaA'ESifh rEkaA'bmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqnf;yl;-uayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl; &Sif;oDtdk&D/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ jyifopfpufr+awmfvSefa&;ta-umif;/ rm;ufP/ tif*sJvf/ vDeif/ xa&mhpfuD/ pwmvifESifharmfpDwkH;wdk‹ta-umif;awGudkvnf; aema-u-uayonf? ,kwWdaA'enf;jzifh usdK;a-umif;qifjcifI tajz&Smaom&kyf0g'[kt"dy`g,f&aom 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)&kyf0g' (dialectic materialism) tawG;tac:udkvnf; xufatmufwGif;jyif ar$aESmufusuf rSwfxm;-uay onf? xdkacwfwGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;awmwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹jzpfonfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Auy)odk‹ 0ifIawmcdkcJh-uaomausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; xdkausmif;om;rsm;yifjzpfonf? jrefrm rGwfpvifrfwdk‹zGJ‹pnf;onfh yoDaumifpDtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹yifv#if AuyESifhqufoG,fI ajray:ajratmuf EdkifiHa&;v#yf&Sm;-uayonf? aemifwGifarmfpDwkH;.,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; w&kwfEdkifiH odk‹ oGm;a&mufoifwef;wufcJholwdk‹onf AuyXmecsKyfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ tpGef; a&mufatmif vuf&JZuf&JowfjzwfcJh-uavonf? rdrdwdk‹.tawG;tac:0g'ESifh tenf;i,fuGJvGJ olwdk‹udk/ rdrd.arG;rdcifzcifyifjzpfap/ vnfvSD;I xdkvnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaq;cJh-uonf? (tao; pdwfocifoef;xGef;.aemufqkH;ae‹rsm;wGifzwfyg)? xdkuGefjrLepftzGJ‹0ifwdk‹vnf; bmomomoem udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfhrdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uaomfvnf; tb,fha-umifh xdkr#avmuf vlrqefatmif&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfcJh-uonfudk tHh-o-uD;pGmjzifh oabmraygufEdkifcJhyg? [m&Gef,[f ,m a&;om;aomT“vl‹avmuodk‹ 'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkH,laqmifcJhaom'g0if0g'” pmtkyfudk zwf±+rd ojzifh xdk&ufpufr+rsm;.aemufuG,f&SdtawG;tac:tiftm;pk-uD;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;vif;pGm&Sd od&yg onf? xdk‹a-umifh rsdK;cspfjrefrmrGwfpvifrfvli,frsm;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk‹. rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfxufoef r+wpfckwnf;a-umifh rSm;,Gif;aomEdkifiHa&;0g'aemufodk‹ rvdkufrd-uap&efESSifh xdkEdkifiHa&;0g'wdk‹. yif&if;a&aomufjrpf b,frSm&Sdonf [laomtcsufudk od&Sdoabmayguf-uap&ef/ apwemaumif; jzifh bmomjyefvdkufygonf? Tpmtkyfonf q&m-uD;[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmom jzifh jyefqdkonfh wwd,ajrmufpmtkyfjzpfygonf? rdk[rR'ftvDwef*Gef; 8
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. vrf;awmfwGif &yfwnf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh u|Ekfyf. cspfvSpGmaom ZeD;/ om;orD;rsm;/ nDtpfudkrsm;ESifhrdwfo*F[rsm;udk ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJhjcif;*sD[m'fwGif wpdwfwa'o jznfhwif;ygap[k &nfpl;vsuf Tpmtkyfudk ukodkvfjzpf jrefrmbmomjyefqdkygonf? Tjrefrmbmomjyef pmtkyfudk rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGmykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;csjzef‹jzL;cGifh ay;ygonf? tvDwef*Gef; 2007=ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 28 &ufae‹ (2009=ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif xyfrHppfaq;jyifqifonf?) 9
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ed'gef; u|Efkyfwdk‹ r-umao;rDuausmfvGefcJhaom ESpfq,f&mpkESpfonf/ 'kuQqif; &Jjcif; em-unf;zG,faumif;onfh aoausysufpD;jcif;ESifhjynfheufapaom ppfrufjydKif qdkifwdkufcdkufjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;r+&Sd jcif;/ -uD;rm;onfh ysufpD;r+rsm;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ESifh jynfheufcJhaom &mpkESpfjzpf.? vlaygif;oef;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm toufqkH;±+H;cJh-u.? owfjzwfcHcJh-u&.? touf aoqkH;oGm;onftxd iwfrGwfatmifypfxm;jcif; cHcJh-u&.? trdk;tumr±Sd/ tdrfrJh ,mrJh/ tumtuG,frJh ypfxm;jcif;cH-u&.? xdkodk‹aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;onf vnf; 0g'a&;&maoGjznfr+udk tvkyftau|;jyKonfhwpfckwnf;aomta-umif;a-umifhom v#if jzpfayonf? vlaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk wd&pm>efrsm;yif rcHpm;xdkufonfh tjzpf odk‹ ydk‹aqmifcJh-uayonf? tjzpftysufwdkif;wGifvnf; pwmvif/ vDeif/ xa&mhpuD/ armf/ yGefyGwf/ [pfwvm/ rdkqdkvdkeD/ z&efudk/ ===ponfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom tm%m&Sifrsm;.vufcsuf yg0ifvsuf&Sd.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;teuf tcsKd‹onf 0g'a&;&m wGif wlnD-uI/ tcsKd‹rSm olaoigao &efbufrsm;jzpf-uavonf? xdkodk‹&efbufjzpfae -ujcif;rSm/ wpfOD;.cH,lcsuf0g'onf tjcm;olwpfOD;.0g'ESifh qef‹usifaejcif;u wpfckwnf;aomta-umif;&if;jzpfayonf? olwdk‹tcsif;csif;&efbufyËdyuQjzpf&mwGif vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;udk qGJoGif;um/ nDtpfudktcsif;csif;udk owfjzwfapI ppf rufjydKifqdkif wdkufcdkufaponf? tcsif;csif; bkH;cGJowfjzwfaponf? armfawmfum;rsm;/ tdrfajctaqmufttkHrsm;/ aps;qdkifrsm; ponfwdk‹udk zsufqD;rD;±+dŒapI/ t-urf;zuf qENjy a-uG;ausmfap-uonf? olwdk‹.vufxJodk‹ aoewfvufeufrsm;udk ay;tyfI/ cav;vl-uD; rdef;ra,mufsm; awG‹or#wdk‹udk &dkufykwfypfcwf owfjzwfap-uonf? rnf ol‹udkrqdk/ OD;acgif;udkaoewfESifhawhxm;I rsufpdudktwdkif;om;-unfhum ypfowfonf txd &ufpuf-uonf? olwdk‹owfjzwfvdkufaomom;aumiftavmif;. OD;acgif;udkyif ajcESifh eif;acsvdkuf-uao;onf? xdkr#avmuf &ufpuf&jcif;ta-umif;&if;onfvnf; xdkom;aumifrSm tjcm;0g'udk axmufcHtm;ay;aoma-umifhom jzpfayonf? vlwdk‹. aetdrfrS twif;armif;xkwf-uonf? rdef;r/ cav;oli,f tdkrif;rpGrf;olwdk‹udkvnf; csefxm;jcif; r&Sday? Tum; u|Efkyfwdk‹ avmavmvwfvwfausmfvGefcJhonfh 20 &mpkESpftwGif; tdyf rufqdk;-uD;yrm/ wpfckESifhwpfckqef‹usifonfh tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk taxmuftul jyKum xdkaxmufcHr+trnfjzifh vlom;avmuwpfckvkH;udk aoG;acsmif;pD; 'kuQyifv,f wGif arsmapcJholrsm;ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfEdkifqkH; az:jyjcif;jzpfygonf? urBmolurBmom;wdk‹ cHcJh&onfh xdk'kuQyifv,fudk aqmifusOf;cJhonfh tawG;t ac:rsm;teuf/ zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹onf xdyfwef;u yg0ifcJhayonf? xdkt awG;tac:ESpfrsKd;onf/ &efbufrsm;tjzpf tcsif;csif;acsrkef;ypf&ef -udK;yrf;cJh-uayonf? trSefrSm xdktawG;tac:ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wGif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufwpfcsuf&Sdayonf? tawG;tac:0g'ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf rdrdwdk‹bufodk‹ vlxkudkqGJaqmifEdkif&ef wpfckwnf;aom tawG;tac:. tiftm;udktokH;jyK-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdka&aomufjrpftawG; tac:udk rnfolurSowdrxm;rd-ubJ/ ,ae‹tcsdefxd aemufuG,fwGif v#dKae&if; vlt rsm;a&SŒwGif rdrd.rsufESmudk &dk;pif;oa,mif wpfcsdefvkH; [efaqmifaecJhayonf? xdka& aomufjrpf-uD;rSm &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jzpfonfh 'g0iftawG;tac: (wpfenftm;jzifh) 12
'g0if0g'. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dyif jzpfayonf? xdktawG;tac:udk rdrdwdk‹.vdk&modk‹ obm0w&m;tjzpf qGJ,ltokH;jyK-uayonf? 'g0if0g'onf a&S;plrm&fESifh*&dvlrsdK;wdk‹.acwfrsm;wGif vufcHusifhokH;cJh-uaom ,kH-unfcsufudk taysmfwef;ZD0aA'ynm&Sifjzpfonfh csm;vfpf'g0ifu jyefvnfaz: xkwfaomtawG;tac:jzpfI ,if;tawG;tac:uyif/ vlom;urBmwpfckvkH;udk tEW&m,f jyKcJhaom tawG;tac:0g'rsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfayonf? odyH`ynmudk rsufESmzkH; wyfxm;I ,if;tawG;tac:udk axmufcHolrsm;tm; olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk vufawG‹usifhokH;&mY w&m;0ifr+udk rSm;,Gif;pGmay;tyfcJhav onf? xdkrSm;,Gif;onfh w&m;0ifr+a-umifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf ZD0aA'ESifh edcgwu aA'(ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm)rsm;rS vGwfxGufI vl‹ordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vlr+a&;ynmrsm; odk‹ul;pufjyef‹oGm;avonf? 'g0iftawG;tac:onf 19 &mpkESpfwGif pwifjyef‹yGm; v+yf&Sm;pjyKaeaomtawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk tm;ay;axmufcHvsuf&Sdaoma-umifh/ xdktawG; tac:todkif;t0dkif;. axmufcHtm;ay;r+udk tus,fw0if‹&&SdcJhavonf? txl;ojzifh vlwdk‹u obm0wGif “toufquf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtawG;t ac:ESifh “tiftm;-uD;oluom tEdkif&I/ usefaomolwdk‹onf ±+H;edrfhI aysmufuG,foGm; ukefonf” [laomtawG;tac:rsm;udk vl‹obm0udkaz:xkwf&mwGif pwiftokH;cscJh-u avonf? 'g0if0g't&/ vl‹avmuonf yËdyuQESifhjynfheufvsuf wdkufcdkuf,SOfjydKif vkH;yef;-u&onfh,ifjyifjzpfonf [laomtcsufudk vlom;avmuESifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif pwiftokH;cs-uawmhonf? [pfwvm. r[mvlrsdK;-uD;wnfaqmufa&;/ rm;ufP. “vl‹ordkif;onf vlwef;pm;jydKifqdkifr+ordkif;jzpfonf”[laoma-uG;ausmfcsuf/ "e±Sif0g' . “tiftm;-uD;olonf tiftm;csdeJ‹oludkacgif;ykHjzwfI ydkrdkIcsrf;om-uG,f0 EdkifcGifh&Sd onf”/ “jAdwdo#uJhodk‹aom e,fcsJ‹t&if;&Sifwdk‹. udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒpepfESifhtwl tom; a&mifvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'usifhokH;I vleDvl0gvlrJrsm;udkwdkufcdkufESdrfeif;jcif;” ponfhvkyf &yfrsm;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;w&m;0if jzpfoGm;apavonf? “todw&m;&Sdaom wd&pm>ef” (The Moral Animal) [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;cJh onfh uavmif&Sif a&mbwf &dkufonf/ oludk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;wpfOD;jzpfvifhu pm;/ vl‹ordkif;odk‹tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du ay;aqmifcJhaom ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+ab;'kuQrsm;ESifh ywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tokH;cscJhaomoufwef;rSm/ vl‹ordkif;wGif tvGef,kwfywf&Snfvsm; aomtcsdefumv jzpfcJhayonf? 20 &mpkESpftul;ydkif;wGif “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” (Social Dawinism) [kac:aom rjywfrom;ra&&monfhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifh a&maESmqufpyf rdonfhaemufydkif;wGif/ vlrsdK;cJGjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;/ zufqpf0g'Drsm;ESifh oem;-uifempdwfuif;rJh aomt&if;&Sif-uD;rsm;.vufudkif'kwf jzpfoGm;avonf? 1 TpmtkyfwGif a&SŒqufI az:jyrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'onf touf&Sifjcif; .rlvblwta-umif;udkom &Sif;jyonfhodyH`ynmtawG;tac:wpfcktjzpfomr[kwfawmh a-umif;udk zwf±+&ygrnf? tawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhyk*~dKvftcsdKŒu/ ,ae‹wdkif 'g0if0g'onf odyH`ynmwGif tusKH;r0ifrSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:jzpfonf [k oufaoxlxm;jyD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ ‚if;udk w&m;aotawG;tac:tjzpf umuG,fae -uqJjzpf.? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ odyH`ynm&Sif/ EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh tawG;tac:&Sif t 13
ajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'.&kyfqdk;arSmifrJaomrsufESmudk odIjzpfap rodbJjzpf ap axmufcHtm;ay;ae-uqJjzpfayonf? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf vlrqefbJ wpfudk,faumif; udk,fusdK;udkom-unfhonfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk aphaqmfay;aom 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif; oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt& ,kwWdrwef rrSefuefa-umif;udk vlwdkif; od&Sdoabmayguf onfhwpfae‹wGifrl urBmhvlom;rsm; -uHKawGŒae&onfh 'kuQyifv,f0J-o*rS vGwfajrmuf oGm;Edkif-urnfjzpfayonf? ,kwfnHhodrfjzif; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk pepfwus pDrHuGyfuJI vufawG‹tokH;cs-uolrsm;onfvnf;/ “Tonf obm0w&m; jzpfonf”[k ,r,f&SmEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfyg? olwdk‹. wpfudk,faumif;twWqefI oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhonfhurBmhtjrifudk odyH`qefonf[k axmufcHEdkif-uawmhrnf r[kwfay? tEW&m,fjzpfonfh tawG;tac:rsm;.a&aomufjrpfjzpfaom 'g0if0g'udk acs rkef;vdkufEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif/ wpfckwnf;aomtrSefw&m;omv#if usef&pfayawmhrnf? ,if;onfum;/ vlom;rsm;ESifhtwl p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk xm0&bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft &Sifjrwfu zefqif;xm;onf [laomtcsufyifjzpfayonf? ,if;tcsufudk od&Sdoabm aygufolwdkif;onfvnf;/ trSefw&m;onf xdkt&Sifjrwfcsay;awmfrlaom usrf;*efwGif omv#if&Sdonf [laomta-umif;udk xyfrHod&Sdvm-uayvdrfhrnf? vltrsm;pku ,if; trSefw&m;udk od&Sd-ujyD;aemufwGifum;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf owfjzwf jcif;/ ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;/ rw&m;jyKusifhjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹tpm;/ Om%ftvif;ESifhjynfhpkHjcif;/ yGifhvif;jcif;/ csrf;om-uG,f0jcif;/ aygrsm;jcif;/ usef;rmoef pGrf;jcif;/ cspfcif-uifemarwWmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ tpm;xdk;vmvdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹aom tajctaeodk‹ a&muf&SdEdkif&efrSm/ vlom;avmuudk tEW&m,fjzpfaprnfh rSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;onfwdkifatmif wdkufcdkufacsrkef;ypf&ef vdktyfayonf? odk‹rSomv#if/ usrf;awmfjrwf&Sd rGefjrwfonfha'oemawmfjyef‹yGm;I vlom;avmuudk vSyjcif; ay;aqmifrnfjzpfayonf? ausmufcJESifhaygufoludk ausmufcJESifh jyefvnf udkifaygufjcif;/ r#m;ESifhypfoludk r#m;jzifhjyefvnfypfI acsyjcif;/ usL;ausmf&ufpufoludk/ xdk‹xufruydkIusL;ausmf&ufpufjcif;/ ponfwdk‹onf ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;aomenf; r[kwfay? taumif;qkH;ajz&Sif;enf;rSm/ xdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:udk apwemaumif;jzifh pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf trSefw&m;jzifhvJvS,fatmif &Sif;jyjcif;yif jzpfayonf? Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ 'g0if0g'. rJarSmifaom rsufESmzkH;udk/ odIjzpfap rodIbJjzpfap/ axmufcHolwdk‹tm;/ olwdk‹onf rnfodk‹aom tawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;aeonf/ xdkuJhodk‹ trSefw&m;udkrod[efaqmifI vpf vsL±+xm;jcif;jzifh/ rnfr#wm0ef-uD;av;aeonf/ ponfwdk‹udk em;vnfoabmayguf-u ap&ef jzpfygonf? aemufxyf&nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm/ 'g0if0g'udk ,kH-unfr+r&Sdoludk vnf;/ vl‹avmutwGuf ‚if;tawG;tac:.tEW&m,f rnfr#-uD;rm;onfudk owday;&ef jzpfygonf? 14
'g0if0g'u vl‹avmu-uD;odk‹ 'kuQaygif;pkH ,laqmifvmcJhonfhta-umif; odk‹ rvSnfhrD/ ‚if;.ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk OD;pGmavhvm-unfh-uygpdk‹? vltrsm;tm;jzifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csm;vfpf'g0ifu pwifI odyH`enf;usus avhvmprf;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh twl oufaoom"ursm;tay:rlwnfIwifjycJhaomoDtdk&Djzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uay 15
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aemuf/ xdkvlrsdK;rsm;onf urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif ,if;touf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJY vkH;0±+H;edrfh oGm;jyD; aemufqkH;wGif vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;-urnfjzpfonf[k xyfuGef‹tqdkjyKxm;ay onf? a&SŒvmrnfh &mpkESpftenf;i,ftwGif;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ &dkif;pdkif;vsuf&Sdaeao; aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk wurBmvkH;twdkif;twmjzifh rsdK;jzKwfypf &Sif;vif;ypfvdrfhrnf? xdktcsdef wGif tif-wdKydkrdkzwf arsmuf0Hrsm;onfvnf; vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;rnfrSm rvGJra&Smifom jzpf ayonf? vlom;ESifh ol.teD;qkH;aqGrsdK;owW0gt-um; cGJxGufjcif; uGmjcm;csufonfvnf; ydkrdkus,f0ef;oGm;ayawmhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ obm0u ydkrdk,Ofaus;aomtqifhodk‹ a&mufatmif ydk‹aqmifrnfjzpf.? aumhuqyfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmbGef;uJhodk‹aom tedrfhqkH; arsmuf0Hwdk‹t-um; uGmjcm;csufuJhodk‹/ vuf&Sd eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm; odk‹r[kwf -opaw;vsvlrsdK; rsm;ESifh a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Ht-um;uGmjcm;csufxuf ydkvdrfhrnf? 8 rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfaemufwpfae&mwGif tqifhedrfhaom vlrsdK;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;&efvdktyfa-umif;/ zGH‹jzdK;jyD;aom vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xdkvlrsdK;rsm;udk qufvuftouf&Sifae-u&ef tumtuG,fay;ae&ef rvdktyfa-umif;/ a&;om;xm;ay onf? ol.tqdkudk vlrsm;u wd&pm>efarG;jrLaomtcg aumif;aomtrsdK;udkom csef xm;I nHhaomtaumifrsm;udk rsdK;tjzpfrxm;bJ owfjzwfypfonfhtavhtxESifh E+dif; ,SOfxm;avonf? udk,fcE<modk‹r[kwf pdwf"gwft& tm;enf;olwdk‹aysmufuG,foGm;-uonfESifhtr#/ touf qufvuf&Sifaeolwdk‹vnf; tm;rmefwuf-uGaom usef;rma&;tajctaeudk az:jy-uay vdrfhrnf? ,Ofaus;aomu|Efkyfwdk‹onf/ xdkuJhodk‹aom rsdK;jzKwfjzpfpOfudk twwfEdkifqkH;-unfh ±+ppfaq;apmifha&Smuf-u&rnf? &l;oGyfpdwfrESH‹olrsm;/ emzsm;rusef;jzpfolrsm;ESifh rpGrf;roef olrsm;twGuf cdkvkH&mXmersm;udk aqmufvkyfI olwdk‹aemufqkH;touf±SLonftxd apmifh a&Smuf-uayrnf? a&m*gumuG,fa&; aq;xdk;jcif;onf axmifaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlwdk‹.toufudk u,fwifEdkifa-umif; ,kH-unf&ayonf? trSefrSm xdktqifhedrfhonfh udk,f cE<mESifh Om%ftajctaewGif&Sdolwdk‹onf umuG,fa&;aq;rxdk;ay;ygu aoa-uukef-u rnfom jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ edrfhusolrsm;.toufu,f&ef umuG,fa&;aq;rsm; xdk;ay; jcif;onfvnf;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;xJrS pdwf"gwfaysmhnHholwdk‹. vkyf&yfomv#if jzpfayonf? xdkodk‹jyKvkyfjcif;onf vlom;avmutwGufrnfr#epfemapEdkifonfudk wd&pm>ef arG;jrLa&;oifwef;wufbl;olrsm;u aumif;pGmoabmayguf-urnf jzpf.? 9 'g0ifu ol. rsdK;pkrsm; pwifjzpfay:jcif;pmtkyfwGif/ -opaw;vsEdkifiHwdkif;&if; om;rsm;ESifh eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm;udk a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Htqifhom&Sdonf/ ‚if;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf urBmavmurS aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k wifjyxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? 'g0iftaeESifh “tqifhedrfhonf”[k owfrSwfxm;aomtjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udkvnf; vlOD;a&xyfrHwdk;yGm;vmapjcif;r&Sdatmif [ef‹wm;xm;&rnf/ ‚if;wdk‹urBmay:rS aysmuf uG,foGm;atmifvnf; aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkxm;onf? ,Qifuwnf;u &SdvmcJhaom vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+rsm;ESifh u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif jzpfay:IawG‹jrifae&aom tjzpfrsm;udk 'g 0iftaejzifh rSefuefw&m;0ifa-umif; Tenf;jzifhb0ifawG‹awG‹ axmufcHvdkufayonf? 'g0if.tawG;tac:t&/ “,Ofaus;jyD;aomvl”wdk‹.wm0efrSm xdktDAdkvl;&Sif; ajymif;vJr+udk tenf;i,fxyfrHjrefqefoGm;atmif ulnDay;&efjzpfa-umif;udk a&SŒvm rnfhtydkif;rsm;wGif ydkrdktao;pdwf zwf±+&ygrnf? ,QKvuf&Sdtajctaet&/ xdkvlrsdK; rsm;udk azsmufzsufypf&ef vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk “odyH`ynmydkif;rS”rnfodk‹r# wm;jrpfjcif; r&Sd-uao;acs? 30
'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;udk ol.a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh avhvmcsufrsm;wGif ydk rdkxif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ ol.&Snfvsm; -umjrifhaom 1871 ckESpfrS yifv,fc&D;pOf twGif; awG‹jrifcJh&onfh wD,m&m'Jvf zl*dk t&yfrS wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ta-umif; a&;om; az:jyxm;csufwGif ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwf"gwfudk yGifhvif;pGmyif az:jyxm;ayonf? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf “udk,fwkH;vkH;ae-uI/ ta&mifrsdK;pkHqdk;xm;-uonf? wd&pm>ef rsm;uJhodk‹ awG‹&mtm;vkH;pm;-uonf? tkyfxdef;r+r&Sd-uacs? olwdk‹vlrsdK;r[kwfoltm;vkH; udk &ufpuf-uonf? &efoludk ESdyfpuf&mY aysmfjrL;-uonf? aoG;jzifh,pfylaZmf-uonf? cav;oli,frsm;udk owfjzwf-uonf? olwdk‹.ZeD;r,m;rsm;udk ESdyfpufuvljyK-uonf? rzG,fr&maom t,loD;jcif;ESifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf?”[k a&;xm;onf? xdka'oodk‹ 'g0ifra&mufrD 10 ESpftvsifuoGm;a&mufcJhaomokawoeynm&Sif W.P.Snow ('AvsL yD pEdk;). a&;om;csufESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeayonf? pEdk;.az:jycsuft&/ wD,m&m 'Jvf zl*dk t&yfom;rsm;onf/ awmifhwif;cef‹jim;olrsm;jzpf-uonf? olwdk‹. cav;oli,frsm; udk cspfcifwwf-u.? olwdk‹.tokH;taqmifypPnf;rsm;onf vuf&majrmufayonf? ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr+qdkif&mxkH;"avhtcsdKŒvnf;&Sd.? ouf-uD;0g-uD; trsdK;orD;rsm;. -oZm tm%mudk av;pm;vufcH-uayonf?10 TO"g[&kefrsm;t&/ 'g0ifonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm; tjynfht0jzpfayonf? What Darwin Really Said [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;onfh bif*srif zg&ifwefu 'g0if a&;om;onfh The Descent of Man pmtkyfrS “xif&Sm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; ydkrdkus,f 0ef;aomjcm;em;csufrsm;”[laomtcef;ESifh ywfoufI tus,fw0ifh a0zefokH;oyfxm; ayonf?11 31
xdk‹xufydkonfhtcsufrSm/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf xm0&bk&m;ocifudkjiif;y,fxm; ojzifh/ 'g0ifoDtdk&Da-umifh xm0&bk&m;ocifu vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;udk wef;wltqifh tjzpfzefqif;xm;onf[k vlwdk‹u rjrif-uawmhacs? Tonfuyif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh ,if;0g'udk wurBmvkH;wGif t&Sdeft[kef-uD;pGmjzifh vufcHvm-u jcif;.ta-umif;&if;wpfck jzpfayonf? tar&duefvlrsdK; odyH`ynm&Sif *sdrf;pf zg*lqef u vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk ypfy,fjcif;wdk‹ wdkuf&dkufqufEG,faea-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; a-unmxm;avonf? aemifrsm;r-umrDtwGif;/ rEkaA'opfonfvnf; vlom;rsm;.tprlvblw ESifhywfouf I tjrifcsif;qef‹usifbufjzpfaomtkyfpkESpfckwdk‹. tajccHjzpfvmavonf? “{uADZ0g'” ac: vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;onf tom;ta&mifESifh tjcm;t*Fg&yfrsm;rwl-uaomfvnf; rsdK;ADZ wpfckwnf;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,kH-unfaomtkyfpkonf/ vlom;wdk‹.tprlvblwonf yxrvlom; tm'rfrSqif;oufvmI xm0&bk&m;ocif.zefqif;jcif;tvkyfjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? Ttkyfpkonf oufwef;ydkI-umanmif;jyDjzpfI ydkItajccdkifaomtkyfpk jzpfonf? {uADZ0g'udk c&pf,mefomoemtzGJ‹rSjy@mef;I/ tawG;tac:t&-oZmanmif; onfhtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du qef‹usifbuftwdkuftcHjzpfaom“A[kADZ0g'”udk rD;xdk;ay;onfh tcsdefrwdkifrD 18 &mpkESpftxd wurBmvkH;vufcH,kH-unfcJh-uavonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D onf rwlnDaomvlrsdK;pkwdk‹onf rwlnDaomrsdK;ADZrSajymif;vJ ay:aygufvmonf[k qdkonf? 12 tdENd,vlrsdK; rEkaA'ynm&Sif vmvdwm Ad'D,mwDonf/ 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif; oDtdk&Du vlr+a&;odyH`wGif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:udk rnfodk‹rnfykHvufcHoGm;atmif a&SŒaqmifoGm;ykHudk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf? xdkacwfu vlr+a&;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u 'g0if. tiftm;t-uD;qkH;toifhawmfqkH;olu quf vuftouf&Sifonf [laomtawG;tac:udk vSKdufvSKdufvSJvSJ-udKqdkvufcH-uavonf? vl om;rsm;onf tqifhqifhajymif;vJr+tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk ausmfvGefvmcJh-u&m/ tom; jzLrsm;.,Ofaus;r+onf txGwftxdyfa&mufonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf? wpf q,fhudk; &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;rSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k taemufEdkifiHom; odyH` ynm&Siftrsm;pkwdk‹u vufcH-uavonf? 13 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹onf 'g0if.aemufrSay:vmolrsm;jzpf-uonfESifhtnD/ 'g0if. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'rSefuefa-umif;/ oufaoxl&ef tifrwef-udK;yrf;-uayonf? xdkuJh odk‹-udK;yrf;-u&mwGif odyH`ynmt&rnDrnGwfuGJvGJaomtqdkrsm;ESifh wrifvkyf-uH vdrf vnfonfhtqdkrsm;udk&SmazGwifoGif;-u&mY olwdk‹.udk,fusifhw&m;oduQmrsm;udkyif iJh n‡mEkdifjcif;r&Sd-uawmhacs? xdkuJhodk‹ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf rSefuefIw&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxlEdkifygu/ olwdk‹. “tqifhjrifh”r+ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJ‹jcif;/ vdktyfygu tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ajzmufzsufokwfoifypfjcif; ponfwdk‹udkyg rSefuefI w&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxl&musonf[k ,lq-uayonf? pwDzif a*s a*gvf'fa&;om;aom The Mismeasure of Man (vlom;.rSm;,Gif; aomwdkif;wmr+) pmtkyf. wwd,tcef;wGif/ rEkaA'ynm&Sifwdk‹onfvnf; xdkuJhodk‹ awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk vdrfvnf-u&mwGif tjypfruif;-uay? a*gvf'f. tqdkt&/ ‚if;wdk‹ u vdrfvnfaomtydkif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk‹awG‹&SdcJhaomausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;. OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;jzpfayonf? OD;aESmuft&G,fonf Om%fxufjrufjcif;ESifhywfouf onf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh/ rEkaA'ynm&Siftrsm;tm;jzifh aumhau&SefvlrsdK;(vljzL) 32
rsm;.OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;udk t±SdxufydkIaz:jy-uI/ vlrJESifhtdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;. OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;rsm;udkrl t±Sdxuf ydkrdkao;i,fatmif az:jyavh&Sd-uayonf?14 a*gvf'fa&;om;aom Ever Since Darwin [laompmtkyfwGif 'g0if0g'Drsm;u t csdKŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf tqifhedrfhaomvlom;rsm;jzpfonf[k az:jyEdkif&efr,kH-unfEdkif avmufatmif wifjy-ujcif;udk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf? a[u,fvfESifhol.taygif;ygrsm;vnf;/ ajrmufydkif;Oa&mywdkufom; vljzLrsm; onf vlrsdK;t&tqifhjrifha-umif;twnfjyK-u&efwpfa-umhjyefIawmif;qdkcJh-uavonf? vlom;wdk‹.cE<mudk,fwnfaqmufykHtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifhtrltusifhrsm;rStaxmuftxm; jzpfzG,f&mrsm;udk OD;aESmufrStp 0rf;ydkuf&Sdcsuftxd &Edkifor#tao;pdwfvdkufvH&SmazG -uonf? [m;bwfpyifqmu “,Ofaus;r+ r&Sdao;aomvlrsdK;wdk‹.todOm%fonf ===,Ofaus;jyD;aomvlrsdK; uav;oli,frsm;wGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf?”[k a&;om;xm;av onf? um;vfAdk‹*fu 1864 ckESpfwGif/ “t&G,fa&mufjyD;aom eD*&dk;wpfa,muf. tod Om%fydkif;onf uav;oli,frsm;ESifhqifwlayonf?==tcsKdŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ xl;qef; aomtzGJ‹tpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;jzifh wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;wnfaxmif-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; usefvl rsm;udkyg xnfhpOf;pm;rnfqkdv#if/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;vkH;onf twdwfwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ ypPKy`efwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlom;avmutwGuf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aprnfhvkyfaqmif 33
csufwpfckwpfavr#r&Sday? odk‹r[kwfolwdk‹udk vl‹avmuwGif qufvufxdef;odrf;xm; avmufatmif wefbdk;r&Sday?15 [k jyif;jyif;xef xefa&;om;xm;.? jyifopfvlrsdK; aq;ynmqdkif&m cE<maAynm&Sif tDwD,Hqm&ufu vlrJa,mufsm; rsm;.csufu atmufydkif;a&mufvGef;aeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹onf urBmOD;vlrsm;twdkif;&Sdae ao;onf[k tjyif;txefjiif;cHkcJhavonf? 'g0ifESifh wpfacwfwnf;ay:cJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D [JAfavmh(cf)tJvpfu tqifh jrifhaomvlrsdK;ESifh tqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wdk‹ uGmjcm;-ua-umif; “odyH`enf;us”onf[laom &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;ay;xm;avonf? tmz&duvlrsdK;uav;rsm;onf/ Oa&myvlrsdK;cav;rsm;xuf Om%fxufjrufr+ enf;jcif;udk &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awG‹&ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkuav;rsm;u -uD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGifrl/ xkH xdkif;EkHtjcif;/ &dk;&dk;ae&dk;&dk;pm;b0udkomodjcif;jzpfvmayonf? Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;wGif olwdk‹.uav;b0rSjrL;wl;aysmf&GifwwfaomADZudk qufvufI&Sdjcif;udkawG‹&Sd&ayonf? 16 jyifopfvlrsdK;rEkaA'ynm&Sif Agcsm 'D vmaygufu yg&DjrdK‹wGif 1909 ckESpf wGif&dkufxkwfaom Race et Milin Social Essais d'Anthroposociologie (Paris 1909) wGif/ vljzLr[kwfolwdk‹onf vl&dkif;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uolrsm;jzpfI/ ,Ofaus;r+udk oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;r&SdcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? odk‹r[kwf aoG;a&mIaygufzGm;vmol rsm;u aemifwGifqkwf,kwfoGm;cJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? ol.tqdkudk axmufcH&ef yg&DjrdKŒ &Sd txufwef;v$mESifh atmufwef;v$mwdk‹. ocsõKif;rsm;rS OD;acgif;cGHrsm;udk wdkif;wmjcif; jzifh oufaoxlavonf? ol.avhvmcsuft&/ “vlwdk‹.OD;aESmufcGHtwdkif;twmay: rl wnfI/ tcsdKŒaomvlwdk‹onf -uG,f0csrf;omjcif;/ rdrdudk,fudk ,kH-unfr+&Sdjcif;/ vGwfvyf pGmawG;ac:jcif; &Sd-u.? tjcm;olwdk‹rSmrlum;/ r,kwfrvGefjzpfI a&S;qef-ujcif;/ &o r# &Sdor#ESifh wif;wdrfEdkif-ujcif;/ aumif;aomtapcHt&nftcsif;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;/ &Sd-uonf? vlwef;pm;onf vlr+a&;t& a&G;cs,fr+jzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;.txufwef;v$monf tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uI/ olwdk‹. OpPm"e-uG,f0r+twdkif;twmonf OD;acgif;cGHtwdkif;twmay:rlwnfaeayonf?” vm aygufu/ Todk‹ a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhavonf? “aemifvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif vlwdk‹onf olwdk‹. OD;acgif;rsm; vkH;0dkif;jcif; c|efjcif;wdk‹a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uvdrfhrnf”[k qdk.?17 Ta[mudef;onfvnf; rSefuefcJhayonf? aemufvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ 20 &mpkESpftwGif; vlrsdK;a&;a-umifh tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwf-uonfudk zwf±+&ygvdrfhrnf? rEkaA'ynm±Sifrsm;omv#ifr[kwf/ ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±Sifrsm;onfvnf;/ a&yef; pm;aeaom 'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'twdkif; ydk;r$m;rsm;ESifhywfoufI r,kH-unfEdkif avmufaomtqdkrsm;udktcGifhta&;rv$wfbJ wifjycJh-uayonf? Oyrm/ 1861 ckESpf wGif t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±SifwpfOD;onf/ urBmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹.oef; rsm;udk pkaqmif;avhvm-unfh&mwGif vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;.oef;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;.aoG;udk rpkwfa-umif;awG‹&Sd&onf[kqdkonf? trSefrSm odyH`ynmt& ,if;tqdkonf t"dy`g,f uif;rJhaomtqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf?18 odyH`ynm&Siftqifh&Sdolrsm;uyif xdkodk‹a-unm ygu/ xufatmufpOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;uif;rJhol/ wpf,loefvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm;iwkH; rsm;. “eD*&dk;oef;u eD*&dk;bJjzpfonf”[laom qifjcifwkHw&m;uif;rJhI t"dy`g,fuif; rJhonfh 0g'jzef‹a-uG;a-umfoHonfvnf; tHh-op&mr&Sdawmhacs? tcsKyftm;jzifh 'g0ifoDtdk&D. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;onf 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif; wGif tifrwefaumif;rGefaom tajccHudk &±Sdavawmhonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ xdk 34
tcsdefumvrsm;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; “vljzL”wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹usL;vGef-uaom jypfr+rsm; udk w&m;0ifaprnfh oDtdk&Dudkom apmifhar#mfae-uaom tcdsefjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;? jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 'g0if0g' 'g0if.oDtdk&Da-umifh tjrwftrsm;qkH;xkwfEdkifcJhaom EdkifiHonf ol.arG;Zmwd EdkifiH jAdwdo#EdkifiHawmfyifjzpfavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudkwifjyonfhtcsdefumv onf/ jAdwdo#EdkifiHu urBmay:wGif udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtifyg,mt-uD;qkH; wnfaqmufae onfhtcsdef jzpfayonf? tdEdN,rSvufwiftar&duwdkuftxd&Sd o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk jAdwdo#tifyg,mu vuf0g;-uD;tkyfacgif;ykHjzwfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf? “vljzL-uD;”u urBmudk ol.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf t"rRvk,uf,laeayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ jAdwdefEdkifiHrStp rnfonfhudkvkdeDe,fcsJŒwdkif;jynfurS/ rdrdwdk‹udk o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;“vk,uf,lol”tjzpfrjrifapcsif-uonfhtjyif/ ordkif;vnf;rwGif apvdk-uacs? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹.vkyf&yfonf rSefuefa-umif; w&m;0ifa-umif; jyEdkifrnfh &Sif;vif;csufudk &Smae-uayonf? xdkodk‹aom &Sif;vif;csufonf udkvdkeDEdkifiHom;rsm; udk “urBmOD;vlom;rsm;” odk‹r[kwf “wd&pm>efESifhwlaom ouf&SdowW0grsm;”tjzpf jyo &ef jzpfayonf? Todk‹jzifh olwdk‹u tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfaeolrsm;ESifh vlrqefaom vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh zdESdyfcHae&olrsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpfrjrifapbJ/ wd&pm>efwpf0uf vlom; wpf0ufjzpfaomowW0grsm;tjzpfjyojcif;jzifh olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yf rsm;udk jypfr+usL;vGefjcif;r[kwf[k jrifapvdkjcif;jzpfayonf? trSefrSm/ xdkuJhodk‹&SmazGaecJhjcif;onf topftqef;r[kwfacs? 15 &mpkESpfESifh 16 &mpkESpfrsm;uwnf;u jzpfayonf? vlrsdK;tcsdKŒudk vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0uftjzpf yxrqkH;wifjyolonf tar&duwdkufodk‹c&D;qef‹cJhaom c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfyifjzpfav onf? ol.wifjycsuft&/ tar&duwdkufwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ vltppfr[kwf-ubJ/ vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0ufjzpfaom owW0grsm;jzpfonf[l.? Todk‹jzifh e,fcsJŒpydefvl rsdK;wdk‹.u|eftjzpf tvkyftau|;jyKapcJhavonf? &kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;wGif udkvrfbwfu tar&duwdkufudk awG‹&SdcJhpOfu wdkif;&if; om;rsm;udk rnfr#jyLjyLiSmiSmt-uifemw&m;&SdpGmqufqHykH jyoaomfvnf;/ trSefpifppf udkvrfbwfu xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpf rowfrSwfcJhacs?19 c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfonf -uD;us,faomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+t&Sdefudk pwif cJholjzpfonf? udkvrfbwfonf olawG‹&Sdaome,fajrrsm;udk udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;tjzpf zef wD;jyD;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk u|efjyKum u|efa&mif;0,fjcif;udk yxrOD;qkH;pwifcJhol jzpf .? 16 &mpkESpftwGif; rufpDudkESifh yD&l;EdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJh-uonfh uGefuGD pwda'gpydefwyfrsm;onf/ udkvrfbwftokH;jyKaom zdESdyfr+ESifhu|efjyKjcif;ay:vDpDudk awG‹jyD; ‚if;wdk‹u qufvufjyKusifh-uavonf? tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+onfvnf; r,kH -unfEdkifavmufaomtwdkif;twmtxd a&mufcJhavonf? Oyrm/ u|ef;wpfu|ef;wGif udkvrfbwf yxrOD;qkH;a&mufpOfu 200000 cef‹&Sdaomwdkif;&if;om; vlOD;a&onf/ ESpf20 twGif; 50000 omv#ifusefawmhonf? 1540 ckESpfwGifrl vlaygif;wpfaxmif om usef&pfavonf? 1519 ckESpfwGif pydefvlrsdK; aumwuftrnf&Sd uGefuGDpwda'gu rufpDudkodk‹yxrOD;qkH;ajccscsdefwGif/ pkpkaygif;wdkif;&if;om;vlOD;a& 25 oef;&SdcJhaomf vnf;/ 1605 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg wpfoef;txdavsmhoGm;cJhonf? [pfygeDtdkvmu|ef; wGif 1492 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 7=8 oef;cef‹&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 1496 ckESpfwGif 4 oef;om 35
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yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;twkvkyfjcif; jAdwdo#e,fcsJŒ0g'udk -oZmoufa&mufaphaqmfcJhaom pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfh vuQ %mwpfckrSm/ yifha'gif;vlac: ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifhywfoufaomrausmfaumif;r-um; aumif; &SufzG,faumif;onfh vdrfvnfr+twkvkyfjcif;jzpfayonf? 1912=ckESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiH yifha'gif;t&yfY xl;qef;aomOD;acgif;cGHwpfvkH;udk awG‹&Sd cJhavonf? xdkOD;acgif;cGHudkawG‹&Sdonfh csm;vfpf a':qefESifhtzGJ‹u/ xdkOD;acgif;cGHonf arsmuf0Hwpf0uf=vlwpf0ufjzpfaomowW0gOD;acgif;jzpfonf[k a-unm-uavonf? tvGefausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D cE<maA'ynm&Sif tmomupfu xdkOD;acgif;cGHudk ppfaq;I twnfjyKcJhavonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ a':qefESifhupfwdk‹u ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk txl;jyK az:jy-u onf? xdkOD;acgif;cGH.OD;aESmufae&monf acwfopfvlom;rsm;.OD;aESmufavmuf -uD; rm;onf[kqdkonf? csufcsif;vufiif;yif yifha'gif;vl.OD;acgif;cGHonfvnf; jAdwdo#vl rsdK;rsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mtcsufjzpfoGm;avonf? t*FvefEdkifiHwGif awG‹&Sdojzifh t*F vdyfvlrsdK;wdk‹. bdk;ab;yifjzpf&ayrnf? jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;.tqdkt&/ xdkausmufjzpf &kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGH. OD;aESmufyrm% ydk-uD;jcif;onf/ jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vl rsdK;rsm;xuftv#ifOD;I vljzpfvmcJhcsdefapmojzifh ydkrdkI tqifhjrifhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;udk awG‹&Sdjcif;a-umifh t*FvefEdkifiHwGif tvGefpdwf"gwf wuf-uG-uavonf? owif;pmacgif;pD;rsm;wGif az:jy-uI/ vlxkuvnf; tkH;tkH;-uGuf -uGufatmifyGJcHtcef;tem;rsm; usif;y-uavonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&uvnf; tmomupf udk qmbGJ‹csD;jr‡ifhvdkufavonf? emrnfausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D ausmufjzpf&kyf -uGif;ynm±Sif 'Gef *sdK[efqefu yifha'gif;OD;acgif;cGHESifh e,fcsJŒ0g' t-um;qufpyfykHudk az:jy xm;ayonf? yifha'gif;awG‹&Sdcsufonf Oa&myom;rsm;udk A[dkjyKausmf-um;apjcif;tm;oef aeonf? xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHomv#if xl;jcm;aejcif;r[kwfbJ t*F vdyfvlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xl;jcm;pGmxl;c|efonf[k jyqdkaejcif;jzpfonf? (Don Johanson, In Search of Human Origins, 1994 WGBH Educational Foundation). yifha'gif;vlausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHrS t*Fvdyfwdk‹&&SdcJhaom pdwf"gwfwuf-uGjcif; aphaqmfr+onf 1953 ckESpftxdom oufqdk;&SnfcJhavonf? uif;euf tkwfuavqdkol odyH`ynm&Sifu xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;. trSefw&m;udk tao;pdwf az:xkwfvdkufav onf? 20 &mpkESpfrSt-uD;us,fqkH; vdrfvnftwkvkyfr+jzpfayonf? ‚if;ausmufjzpf&kyf -uGif;rSm vlOD;acgif;cGHwGif O&efOwefarsmuf0Har;&dk;wyfxm;aom OD;acgif;cGHomv#if jzpf ayonf? 39
jAdwdefEdkifiH. xdkuJhodk‹aom zdESdyfr+rsm;udk w&m;0ifatmif aqmif&Guf&efrSm/ jAdwd o#vlrsdK; vlr+a&;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹. wm0efjzpfavonf? ‚if;ynm&Sif rsm;teuf csm;vfpf'g0ifonf ta&;t-uD;qkH;ESifh txda&mufqkH;yk*~dKvfjzpfayonf? 'g0ifu/ tDAdkvl;&Sif; wpfpwpfpajymif;vJr+jzpfpOfwpfav#mufvkH;wGif/ “tqifhjrifhaom vlrsdK;”rsm;ay:aygufcJhI/ “vljzLrsm;”onf xdktqifhjrifhvufa&G;pifvlrsdK;rsm;jzpfa-umif; xdkvljzLrsm;u tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk zdEdSyfjcif;onf “obm0ed,mr”omv#ifjzpfa-umif; tqdk jyKcJhayonf? e,fcsJŒudkvdkeDvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk 'g0ifu w&m;0ifatmifjyKay;vdkufjcif;a-umifh/ 'g0ifudk “pD;yGm;a&;jydKifqdkifr+(z&D;x&dwf)trnfESifh toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pOftwGuf &Sifoefa&;ta-umif;jycsufjzifh/ w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ppfoabFmrsm;tay: bdef;wifydk‹cJhonfh 0dwdk&d,acwfrS oduQm&SdodyH`ynm&Sif”22 [k ausmf-um;onfh Swiss Federal Institute of Technology rS p0pfvlrsdK;odyH`ynm±Sif yx0D0ifXmerSL;jzpfol uif;euf a*s ql; u orkwfxm;avonf? 'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹udk rkef;wD;r+ 19 &mpkukefydkif;wGif jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹. ta&;-uD;qkH; ypfrSwfonf tdkwdk reftifyg,mjzpf.? xdkacwfumvwGif tdkwdkreftifyg,monf ,DrifEdkifiHrS abmhpfeD,m;= [maZ*dkADemtxdus,f0ef;aom e,fajrudktkyfcsKyfaecsdefjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jidrf0yfydjym;pGmtkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhacs? c&pf,mefvlenf;pkwdk‹u vGwfvyfa&;trnf jzifh x-uGykefuef-uavonf? ppftiftm;-uD;EdkifiHjzpfonfh &k&Sm;EdkifiHuvnf; tdkwdkref tifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufvsuf&Sdavonf? xdk&mpkESpfaemufqkH;ydkif;wGif/ jAdwdefEdkifiHESifh jyifopfEdkifiHwdk‹u yl;aygif;I tdkwdk reftifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufavonf? jAdwdo#u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. awmifydkif;EdkifiH rsm;udk rsufpdusvsuf&Sdonf? 1878 ckESpfwGif csKyfqdkaom bmvifpmcsKyfonf Oa&my udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹u tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk cGJjcrf;vdkonfh tcsufrsm;yg0ifaeonf? aemif 5 ESpft-umwGif/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd tD*spfEdkifiHudk jAdwdo#wdk‹0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf vdkufonf? jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒu tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd ta±SŒtv,fydkif;a'orsm; udk qufvufodrf;ydkuf&ef pDrHudef;csjyefonf? jAdwdefEdkifiHtaejzifh/ xdkudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒay:vDpDtm;vkH;udk tpOfojzifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm; a&;tay: tajccHxm;ayonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. A[dktcsuftcsm vnf;jzpfaom tdkwdkrefwl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;udk “acwfaemufus”olrsm;tjzpf az:jyavh &Sdavonf? jAdwdo#0ef-uD;csKyf 0DvD,rf tD0gwf *vufpwkH;u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;onf vlom; r[kwfao;aomowW0grsm;twGuf taumif;qkH;Oyrmjzpfonf/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+t wGuf tm&Swdkufodk‹wGef;ydk‹ypfI temwdkvD,mrS tjyD;ydkifazsmufzsufypf&rnf[k yGifhyGifh vif;vif;ajymcJh.?23 tdkwdkrefrsm;udk ±+wfcs0g'jzef‹&mwGif txufygpum;rsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg t okH;jyK-uayonf? wl&uDEdkifiHonf acwfaemufusaomEdkifiHjzpfaoma-umifh ydkrdkwdk; 40
wuf tqifhjrifhaomOa&myvlrsdK;rsm;udk acgif;ikH‹t±+H;ay;&rnfhEdkifiHjzpfonf[k jAdwdo# tpdk;&u az:jyavh&Sdavonf? xdk0g'jzef‹r+. “odyH`ynmtajccH”onfvnf; csm;vfpf 'g0ifyifjzpf.? T0g'jzef‹csuftwGuf 'g0if. wl&uDEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfh a0zefcsufrsm;udk 1888 ckESpfxkwf csm;vfpf 'g0if.b0ESifhay;pmrsm; (The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin)[laompmtkyfwGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf? “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rsm;”udk azsmuf zsufypfjcif;jzifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+onf ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;a&;wGif wu¾ yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf[k 'g0ifu tqdkjyK.? aemufydkif;wGif xdkodk‹azsmuf zsufypf& rnfhacwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rSm wl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf[k twdtuspGyfpGJav onf? obm0.a&G;cs,fr+jzifh ,Ofaus;r+wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+wGif wkdufcdkuf-ujcif;&Sdonfhtcsufudk toifwdk‹0efcHvdkonfxufydkI vufawG‹jyEdkifygonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftenf;i,fwkef; u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;u Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;,lcJhonfudk owd&-uyg? ,QKtcsdef wGif xdkuJhodk‹aomtjzpftysuftwGuf rnfr#&,fp&maumif;ygoenf;? ydkrdk,Ofaus;aom aumhauqyfvlrsdK;rsm;u twGif;Y Avmewˆdtacgif;om&Sdaom wl&uDEdkifiH.touf quf vuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf &kef;uefjcif;tjzpf wdkufcdkufodrf;,lvdkuf&rnf? TurBmavmu wcGifvkH;wGif aemifvmrnfhwdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;/ tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;u/ ra& rwGufEdkifavmufonfh edrfhusaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufEdkifawmhrnf? 24 41
T'g0if. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfhtqdkonf tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk zsufqD;ypf&ef jAdwdef EdkifiHtwGuf 0g'jzef‹axmufcHcsuf vufeufjzpfcJh.? trSefrSmvnf; xdk0g'jzef‹vuf eufonfvnf; xda&mufcJhayonf? 'g0if. “wl&uDEdkifiHonf r-umrDtwGif; jydKysuf oGm;vdrfhrnf/ Tum; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mryifjzpf.?”[laom pum;vkH;wdk‹onf/ jAdwdefEdkif iHtwGif; wl&uDvlrsdK;rkef;wD;a&; 0g'jzef‹r+twGuf olwdk‹tajymt&odyH`enf;usaom axmufcHcsufjzpfcJhayonf? jAdwdefEdkifiH. 'g0ifa[mudef;udkvufawG‹usifhokH;vdkufjcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifh yxrurBmppfwGif taumiftxnfpaz:cJhonf? xdkurBmppf-uD;onf 1914 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhI/ *smr%D/ -op-wD;,m=[efa*&Dwdk‹uwpfzuf/ r[mrdwfjzpfonfh jAdwdefEdkifiH/ jyifopf ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdk‹uwpfzuf yËdyuQjzpfaomppfyGJjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkppf yGJ-uD;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk tjcrf;jcrf;cGJypf&efwGufudef; csxm; jcif;jzpfayonf? jAdwdefu tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk ppfrsufESmESpfzufrS pwifwdkufcdkufcJhavonf? yxrppfrsufESmrSm ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'o tdkwdkreftifyg,mjzpfonfh ygvufpwdkif;ESifh tD&ufe,fajrbufrS pwifwdkufcdkufavonf? 'kwd,rSm *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmjzpfonf? *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmonf yxrurBmppfrS t-uD;us,fqkH; aoG;tdkifcJhaomppfyGJjzpfav onf? wl&uDppfwyfonf umeufumave,f *gvDydkvDwdkufyGJwGif jAdwdo# ppfwyfudk cHwdkufcJh&m/ ppfom;aygif; 250000 txdtoufqkH;±+H;cJhavonf? jAdwdo#uvnf; jAdwdo#tdEdN,ppfwyfESifh -opaw;vsESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;ppfom;rsm; udk pkaqmif;zGJ‹pnf;xm;aom tefZufppfwyfrsm;udk ydk‹I wdkufcJh.? xdkppfom;rsm;udkrl tom;jzLvlrsdK;rsm;r[kwfojzifh jAdwdo#taejzifh tom;jzLppfom;rsm;xuf tqifhedrfh aomvlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? 'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tay: &ufpufpGmt-urf;zufvdkonfha-uG;ausmfoHonf yxrurBmppfjyD;onfhaemufwGifyif [def;usefaeao;onf? ,QKacwfOa&mywdkufwGif wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf-uonfh eDtdkemZDtzGJ‹u 'g0if.t"dy`g,f uif;rJhonfh wl&uDEdkifiHtay:rkef;wD;r+udk tajccHrltjzpf cH,lae-uqJjzpfonf? wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk &efoltjzpf rkef;wD;onfh0g'jzef‹r+rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif awG‹jrifEdkifyg ao;onf? (aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh[pfwvmwdk‹t-um;r[mrdwf tcef;wGif t ao;pdwfzwf±+yg?) 42
tar&duefEdkifiHrS vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh vlr+a&;'g0if0g' vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ jAdwdefEdkifiHwGifomr[kwfbJ tjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; vl rsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;udk taxmuftuljyKayonf? xdk‹a-umifh w urBmvkH;odk‹ tvGefvsifjrefpGm ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJh.? xdkoDtdk&Dudk vufcHudk;uG,folrsm;. acgif;aqmifwpfOD;rSm tar&duefEdkifiHorw oDtdk'dk &l;pAJhjzpfayonf? &l;pAJhonf/ tar&duef wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk/ jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;tpDtpOftrnfjzifh/ rsdK; jzKwftpDtpOfudk yxrOD;qkH;usifhokH;oljzpfayonf? “taemufzufe,frsm;udk atmifEdkif jcif;” (The Winning of the West) pmtkyfwGif/ &l;pAJhu vltkyfvdkufowfjzwfjcif; tawG;tac:udk wnfaqmufcJhavonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif/ tif'D,ef(tar&duwdkuf wdkif; &if;om;rsm;)udk tjyD;ydkifvlrsdK;jzKwfypf&efta-umif;onf rvGJra&Smifomaomta-umif; wpf&yfjzpf.25 [k a&;om;xm;.? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk acwfaemufusaom owW0g rsdK;pkwpfcktjzpf olutqdkjyKEdkifatmif 'g0if0g'u usm;cHay;xm;ayonf? &l;pAJhu -udKwifwGufxm;onfhtwdkif;/ xdktar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdk xm;cJhaom pmcsKyfrsm;udk wpfckwpfavr#yif tav;xm;*&kpdkufaep&mrvdkawmhacs? ,if;onfvnf; “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;”[laomtawG;tac:u ay;tyfonfh rSm; ,Gif;aomw&m;0ifjzpfapjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? 1871 ckESpfwGif tar&duefuGef*&uf u tar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyftm;vkH;udk zsufodrf;ypfjyD;/ olwdk‹udk aorif;e,fajrodk‹ aorif;udkapmifhqdkif;&ef ydk‹vdkuf&efqkH;jzwfcsufcsavonf? wpfbufu ‚if;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfvufcHjcif;r&Sdygu/ olwdk‹ESifh csKyfqdk xm;aom pmcsKyfwdk‹onfvnf; rnfodk‹w&m;0ifawmhrnfenf;? &l;pAJhu xdkvlrsdK;a&;ppfonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymaomvlrsdK;(t*Fvdk=qufZefvl rsdK;)rsm;wurBmvkH;ysHŒESH‹jcif;. tjrifhrm;qkH;atmifjrifr+jzpfonf[k wifoGif;cJh.?26 xdkt*Fvdk=qufZefvlrsdK;a&;tqdkudk yxrOD;qkH;axmufcHolrSm tar&duefvlrsdK; tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;w&m;"rRq&m *sdKqD,m pxa&mif;jzpfI ‚if;tawG;tac:udk wdkuf&dkuf tokH;jyKcJh.? oluatmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? xdktcsdefwGifrlum;/ urBm-uD;onf ordkif;wGif u¾opfodk‹a&muf&Sdrnf jzpf.? ,if; u¾onf vlrsdK;a&;jydKifqdkifr+wGif/ t*FvdkqufZefvlrsdK;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvdkufjcif;yif jzpf .? Ttiftm;-uD;aomvlrsdK;onf rufpDudktxdvnf;aumif;/ tar&dutv,fydkif;rS awmiftar&dutxdvnf;aumif;/ yifv,fork'N&mtwGif;&Sdu|ef;-uD;u|ef;i,frStp tmz&d uwdkufvGefI jyef‹yGm;a&mufoGm;-uvdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;yg&ap? TaemufqkH; tajzonf/ “toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pif.&Sifoefa&;”r[kwf[k rnfolu oHo,±SdOD; rnfenf;? 27 vlr+a&;'g0if0g'udk olwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm; w&m;0ifjzpfonf[k ta-umif;jy&eft wGuf a&S;OD;pGmtokH;csolwdk‹rSm/ vlrJrsm;. &efolrsm;jzpfayonf? vljzLrsm;onf tqifhtjrifhqkH;jzpfI vlrJrsm;onf urBmOD;vleD;eD;tqifhtedrfhqkH;jzpfonf[k owfrSwf aom olwdk‹.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csufcsif;yif tm;& 0rf;ompGm vufcHaxG;ydkufvdkufayonf?28 TtawG;tac:t& vlrJrsm;onf vlom;r[kwf-uacs? 1962 ckESpfxkwf vlrsdK; rsm;.tp (The Origin of Race) pmtkyfwGif vlodrsm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DvlrsdK;cGJjcm; a&;orm; umvufwGefuGef;u vljzLESifhvlrJrsm;onf [dkrdktD&ufwyfpfvufxufwGif ESpf 43
rsdK;cGJxGufvmcJhaom uGJjym;onfhrsdK;pdwfrsm;jzpfonf[k a&;xm;.? uGef;.tqdkt& vljzLrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹cGJxGufvmonfhtcsdefrSpI tDAdkvl;&Sif;ydkrdkajymif;vJvmcJh-uonf [l.? vlrJrsm;tm; cGJjcm;onfhpdwf"gwfudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhtkyfpku TodyH`enf; usonf[lonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk tcsdefumv-umjrifhpGmtokH;cscJh-uavonf? tar&duefEdkifiH orw&l;pAJhu ola&;om;aom The Winning of the West pmtkyfwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm; a&;t& tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+udk pwif tajccHwnfaqmufI aemif wGif vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh.? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk axmufcH tm;ay;aomoDtdk&D&Sdaejcif;a-umifh tar&d uefEdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; -uD;xGm;vm cJhavonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk qef‹usifcJh onfh W.E. Dubois u/ “ESpfq,f&mpkESpf .jyemonf vlrsdK;tom;ta&mifcGJjcm; r+jyemjzpfonf?”[ka&;om;cJh.? u|ef pepfudkzsufodrf;jcif;wpfckwnf;u vljzL ESifhvlrJrsm;t-um; nDtpfudkpdwf"gwfjzpf ay:vmap&ef rvkHavmufacs? wdkawmif; onfhtcsdeftwGif; csrSwfcJhaom cGJjcm;r+u Oya't& u|Ekfyfwdk‹. acwfrSmvnf; xdk odk‹aomjyKrlcsufrsm;twGufta-umif; jycsufaumif;wpfck jzpfaeao;onf?30 19&mpkESpfukefydkif;ESifh 20&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;wGif tar&duefEdkifiHY vljzLrsm;u vlrJrsm;udk &uf puf-urf;-uKwfpGm zdESdyfcJh-u.? Oya'ESifh vufawG‹usifhokH;r+rsm;u vlrJrsm;udk vlom; tjzpfrowfrSwf-ua-umif; az:jyaeayonf? vljzLrsm;u -uG,f0csrf;omaomb0wGif &Sdae -uaomfvnf; vlrJrsm;rSm vlrqefavmuf atmif jyKusifhjcif;udk cHcJh-u&.? 44
tar&duefEdkifiHwGif yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;aom "Jim Crow Laws" (Jim Crow qdk aom pum;vkH;rSm vlrJwdk‹udk ESdrfaompum;wpfvkH;jzpfonf?) Oya'onf ,ae‹u|Efkyf wdk‹.acwfwdkifatmif &Sdaeao;onf? vlrJrsm;udk vlom;uJhodk‹rqufqH-uacs? olwdk‹ udk tjrJwef;&GH&Smrkef;wD;-uonfhtjyif/ ae&mwumwGif txifao;-uonf? xdkuJhodk‹ jzpfjcif;onf yk*~dKvftcsdKŒ.vkyf&yfomr[kwfay? tar&duefEdkifiH.Oya't& jyXmef; xm;aomtjyKtrljzpfayonf? wufeufpDjynfe,fY 1875=ckESpfwGif rD;&xm;ESifh "gwf &xm;rsm;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;Oya'udk yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;vdkufonfESifh wjydKifwnf; awmifydkif;e,frsm;tm;vkH;wGif rD;&xm;rsm;Y vlrsdK;t&cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;jyKvkyf-uav onf? “vljzLrsm;om”[laomqdkif;bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ “vlrJrsm;twGuf”[laomqdkif; bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ ae&mwumwdkif; awG‹jrif&avonf? ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;rSm eudk&SdaejyD; jzpfaom tajctaeudk Oya't& w&m;0ifatmif jyKvkyfjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? Oy a't& vljzLvlrJcGJjcm;&efrSm aq;&kH/ tusOf;axmifESifh ocsõKif;rsm;wGif rvkyfrae& udpP jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vufawG‹wGif/ a[mfw,f/ Zmwf&kH/ pmzwfcef;/ "gwfavScg;ESifh bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; usifhokH;-u.? ausmif;rsm;wGif xdkuJhodk‹ tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;r+a-umifh trsm;qkH;xdcdkufepfemr+cHpm;&ayonf? ‚if;onf vlrJrsm;twGuf txd cdkufqkH;tcsufjzpfI/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+zGHŒjzdK;a&;twGuf t-uD;qkH;aom t[ef‹twm; jzpfaeayonf? 45
vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+pwifuwnf;upI t"du&k%f;ajrmufjrm;pGm vdkufvmawmh onf? vlrJrsm;udk vltkyfjzifh w&m;vufv$wfowfjzwfr+rsm; ae‹csif;ncsif;wdk;vmav onf? 1890 ckESpfrS 1901 ESpftxd vlrJOD;a&aygif; 1300cef‹ w&m;vufv$wftowf cH&onf? xdk‹a-umifh jynfe,ftajrmuftjrm;wGif vlrJrsm; x-uGykefuefavonf? TumvtwGif;Y vlrsdK;a&;tawG;tac:ESifh oDtdk&Drsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.? r-umrD/ tar&duwdkufopfodk‹ xdef;odrf;jcif;uif;rJhaom vl0ifr+udk umuG,f&ef[k , r,f&SmI tm&fbDbif;.OD;acgif;cGHwdkif;wmenf;jzpfaom tar&duefvlrsdK;a&;qefonfh ZD0aA'ay:aygufcJhjyefonf? Tonfvnf; tar&duefwdk‹. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;vkyf&yfwGif xl;jcm;csufwpfckjzpfayonf? 1916 ckESpfxkwf r,f'Dqef *&ef‹. The Passing of the Great Race pmtkyfwGif vlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;pyf,Sufaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh eudktqifhedrfhaeaomvl rsdK;xuftqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK; xyfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf? ol‹tae ESifh rwlaomvlrsdK;csif; vufxyfjcif;udk Oya't& wm;jrpfapvdkjcif;jzpfonf?31 tar&duefEdkifiHwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf 'g0ifray:rDuwnf;u &SdjyD;om; jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ txufu u|Efkyfwdk‹az:jycJhjyD;onfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'onf 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifESifh ay:vDpDrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;a-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ Ttcef;wGifaz:jyonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹.t jrifudk a&SŒwef;wifwdkif; 'g0if0g'udk 0g'jzef‹a-uG;ausmfoHtjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? 'g 0ifrwdkifrDacwfrsm;wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonf[k,lqcJhaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf/ ,cktcsdefwGif obm0w&m;omv#ifjzpfonf[k vufcH-uavjyD? 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. vlrqefaom ay:vDpDrsm; tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk rsdK;okOf;owfjzwfjcif; -opaw;vsEdkifiHrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk tabmf&D*sif;[kac:-uonf? T vlrsdK;rsm;onf -opaw;vswdkufwGif ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI aexdkifcJh-uolrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; -opaw;vswdkufodk‹ 0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifuwnf;u pI urBmhordkif;wGif t-uD;us,fqkH;aom vlrsKd;a&;okwfoifowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u&.? xdkowfjzwfr+-uD;. tajccHtawG;tac:rSm 'g0if0g'jzpfayonf? TvlrsdK;wdk‹cHpm;cJh& onfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+.t"duta-umif;&if;rSm/ 'g0if0g'DtawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹. tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;tay:&Sdonfh tjrifa-umifhjzpfonf? 1870 ckESpfwGif vef'efrEkaA'&DjAL;rS rEkaA'ynm&Sif rufpfrlv†monf vlom;rsm;udk trsdK;tpm;aygif; ckepfrsdK;cGJxm;avonf? tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk atmufqkH;wGifxm;I/ vljzLrsm;jzpfaom tm&d,efvlrsdK;rsm;udk xdyfqkH;wGif xm;onf? 1876 ckESpfwGif trnfausmf-um;aom vlr+a&;'g0if0g'Du atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;ay onf? tiftm;t-uD;qkH;vufa&G;piftrsdK;. qufvuftouf&SifEdkifjcif;[lonf tiftm;-uD;ol u w&m;onf[kqdkvdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf -opaw;vsvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh armf&DvlrsdK; rsm;udkvlrsdK;okOf;atmif oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGm owfjzwfokwfoifjcif;onf vGJa&SmifI r&aom obm0w&m;udk wdkifwnfjznfhpGufae-ujcif;om jzpfayonf? 32 1890 ckESpfwGif/ wyfprmeD,mjynfe,f &kd,,fvfqdkqdkifwD. 'kwd,OuUXjzpfol *sdrf;pfbm;em'fu “rsdK;jzKwfjcif;onf tdAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mr. &Sif;jyp&mrvdkaom trSefw 46
&m;jzpfI oifhavsmfawmifhwif;qkH;vufa&G;pOfjzpfol. qufvuf&Sifoefa&;jzpfonf?” [k a&;om;cJh.? xdk‹a-umifh/ ol‹taejzifh/ xdkuJhodk‹-opaw;vswdkuf tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk owfjzwfqkH;±+H;aponfh &mZ0wfr+twGuf “tjypfwifcHxdkufaom vpfvsL±+kjcif;r[kwf” [kta-umif;jycJhavonf?33 Todk‹aom 'g0if u pwifysdK;axmifcJhaom vlrqefonfh&ufpuf-urf; -uKwfonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; a-umifh/ a-umufrufzG,f aumif;onfh tabmf&D*sif; rsdK;jzwfa&; pwifcJhjcif;jzpf ayonf? tabmf&D*sif; OD; acgif;cGHrsm;udk rD;&xm;bl wm&kHwHcg;rsm;Y qGJcsdwfjy oxm;-uavonf? -op aw;vswdkufwpfcGifvkH; ae &mwumwGif tabmf&D*sif; rsm;tajccsaexdkifaom &yf &Gmrsm;onf xdkodk‹aom&uf pufpGmowfjzwfr+a-umifh ESpfaygif;50twGif; aysmuf uG,foGm;cJhavonf?34 tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf -op awvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;t abmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk vlom;t jzpf tjynfht0zGH‹jzdK;jcif;r&Sd ao;aom owW0grsm;jzpf onf[kqdkI owfjzwfcJh-u .? tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk &nf&G,faomay:vDpDrsm;onf/ rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;jzifhom rjyD;ao;acs? tabmf&D*sif;vlOD;a&aygif;tajrmuftjrm;udk wd&pm>efuJhodk‹ odyH`ynmprf; oyfr+twGuf tokH;jyKcJh-u.? 0g±Sifwef'DpDrS prpfqdkeD,HtifpwD-uL;onf urBmay:&Sd 47
vlrsdK;aygif;pkH. &kyftavmif;aygif; 15,000 ±Sd.? jAdwdo#jywdkuftwGuf/ wd&pm>ef (arsmuf0H)rsm;ESifh vlom;rsm;t-um;wGif “aysmufaeaomtquf”udk &SmazG&eftwGuf -opaw;vstabmf&D*sif;aygif; 10000udk oabFmjzifh wifydk‹cJh-uonf? jywdkufrsm;onf/ t&kd;pkrsm;udkom pdwf0ifpm;onfr[kwf? tabm&D*sif;wdk‹. OD;aESmufudkvnf; "gwfcGJcef;prf;oyf&eftwGuf aps;aumif;aumif;jzifh a&mif;cscJh-u.? -opaw;vswdkufwdkif;&if;om;tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk odyH`prf;oyfcsuftwGuf "gwfcGJcef; wGif owfjzwf-ua-umif;vnf; oufaotaxmuftxm;&Sdayonf? atmufygtcsuf rsm;u xdkodk‹aom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+twGuf oufaoom"ursm; jzpfayonf? 1866 ckESpfwGif/ uGif;pvifjynfe,f bdk;0if;jrdKŒawmf0efu/ oludk,fwdkif tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk 1865 ckESpfwkef;u odyH`prf;oyfcsuftwGuf olrnfuJhodk‹ taygiftvufrsm; wpfppDzsufcJh ykHudk olaocgeD;wGif uGufuGufuGif;uGif;jrifEdkifavmufatmif &Sif;jycJhavonf? 1874 ckESpfrSpI ESpfaygif;20 txd qpf'eDjrKdŒ&Sd -opaw;vsjywdkufr+;tjzpf tr+xrf;cJhaom tuf'Gwf&rfaqonf xdkvkyfief;wGif trsm;qkH;yg0ifcJholjzpfonf? olonf jywdkuftdyf aqmifpmtkyfudk &dkufxkwf&mY/ tabmf&D*sif;rsm;ta-umif;ESifh ywfoufaomtcef;wGif “-o paw;vs wd&pm>efrsm;”[laom acgif;pOfwyfxm;avonf? ocsdKif;rsm;wGif t&dk;pktwGuf tavmif;rsm;udk cdk;,lenf;rsm;tjyif/ “odyH`prf;oyfcef;twGuf” vwfvwfqwfqwf ypf owfI&,laom tabmf&D*sif;tavmif;&Sd usnfpH'%f&mudk rnfuJhodk‹ydwf&rnfhenf;udkyg a&;om;xm;ayonf? *smrefvlrsdK;tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D (vlrJwdk‹.aorif;wrefewforD;[ktrnf&aom)trmvD 'D ,ufx&pfonf/ jywdkufrsm;wGif &kyfvkH;oGif;jyoxm;&ef tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk ypfowfay; &ef -opaw;vsblwm&kHydkif&Sifrsm;udk iSm;&ef;cJhavonf? r-umrD olrtm; -opaw;vsEdkifiH rS ESifxkwfjcif;cH&aomfvnf;/ tenf;qkH; oltvdk&Sdaom"gwfcGJcef;erlemwpfck olESifhtyg,l oGm;EdkifcJhavonf? e,l;aqmufa0;jynfe,frS omoemjyKwpfOD;u/ jrif;pD;ykvdwfrsm;u tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK; a,mufsm; rdef;r cav;rsm;tygt0if tajrmuftjrm;udk vdkufvHypfowfonfudk awG‹&SdI t vGefxdwfvef‹oGm;cJhavonf? OD;acgif;tvkH; 40 udktdk;-uD;wGif xnfhjyKwfI taumif;qkH; 10 vkH;udka&G;,lum aocsmpGmxkyfI EdkifiHjcm;odk‹ ydk‹-uonf? 35 tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk rsdK;jzKwfonfhvkyf&yfonf 20 &mpkESpfwGif qufvufaqmif &Guf-uonf? rsdK;jzKwfenf;rsdK;pkHtokH;jyK-uonfhteuf/ wpfenf;rSm tabmf&D*sif;cav; rsm;udk olwdk‹.rdbrsm;vufxJrS vk,ljcif;jzpfonf? 1997 ckESpf {jyDv 28&ufae‹xkwf zDvm'JvfzD;,m;ae‹pOfowif;pmwGif tmvifaomef[D;vfa&;om;aom owif;aqmif; yg;wpfyk'fygcJh.? tabmf&D*sif;tdrfaxmifpkuzrf;qD;jcif;udk tao;pdwfjyefajymjyonf atyDowif;/ = /-opaw;vsEdkifiH taemufajrmufydkif;oJuEWm&wGif aexdkif-uaom tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹.cav;rsm;udk rD;aoG;r+ef‹jzifh wpfudk,fvkH;vdrf;xm;I tpdk;& vlr+zlvkHa&;t&m&Sdrsm;u zrf;qD;oGm;jcif;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef vkHjcKHonfhae&mrsm;Y0Sufxm;-u onf? “vlr+zlvkHa&;vkyfom;rsm;u awG‹wJhae&mrSm zrf;vdkuf-uw,f?”[k tzrf;cH&aom cav;wpfa,mufu aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm-umjrihfjyD;aemufwGif jyefvnfajymjy.? “u|Ekfyf wdk‹&JhrdbaqGrsdK;wdk‹u/ rD;aoG;awGvdrf;jyD; 0Sufxm;avh&Sd-uw,f?” [kajymjyayonf? i,f&G,fpOfb0wGif tcdk;cHcJh&aom EGm;arG;jrLa&;jcHtvkyform;wpfa,mufu/ “us aemhudk rlvmblvfvmudk ac:oGm;-uw,f? usaemfwdk‹tm;vkH; touf 5ESpf 6ESpfavmufbJ 48
&Sd-uao;w,f?”[k jyefajymjyonf? ol‹tjzpfrSm/ “tcdk;cHcJh-u&aomvl‹oufwef;”pkHprf;a&; tpDtpOft&/ -opaw;vs vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifhwef;wlcGifhaumfrD&Sifu -um;emcJh&onfha-u uGJbG,ftjzpftysufaygif; axmifaygi;frsm;pGmteufrS wpfckomjzpfayonf? 1920 ckESpfrS pI 1970 ckESpftxd tabmf&D*sif;cav;aygif; 100000 ausmf olwdk‹.rdbrsm; vufxJrS cdk;,lvk,ljcif;cHcJh-u&onf? tom;ta&mif azsmhonfhcav;rsm;udk vljzLtdrfaxmifpkrsm; odk‹arG;pm;&eftyfESH-uI/ tom;rJaomcav;rsm;udkrl rdbrJha*[mwGif xm;-uonf? 36 ,QKtcsdefwGifyif/ aumfrD&Sif. “olwdk‹udk tdrfodk‹jyefac:vmcJhjcif;”[laomtpD&if cHpmwGif/ oufaocHolwdk‹u rdrdwdk‹. trnf&if;udkaz:rjy0ef‹avmufatmif/ em-unf; r+u &Sdaeao;onf? ukvor*~.owfrSwfcsuft&/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifwdk‹.vkyf&yf onf/ vlrsdK;jzKwfpDrHudef;tqifh&Sdonf[k aumfrD&Sifuqdkonf? xdktwif;zrf;,lcdk;0Suf jcif;cH&aomcav;rsm;twGuf oufqdkifolwdk‹u avsmfa-u;aiGrsm; ay;aqmifEdkif&ef ckH&kH; tzGJ‹ zGJ‹pnf;I ppfaq;&ef aumfrD&Sifuawmif;qdkaomfvnf;/ tpdk;&u jiif;y,fxm;ay onf? u|Efkyfwdk‹odcJh-ujyD;onfhtwdkif;/ xdkuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfhvkyf&yfrsm;/ tkyfpk vdkufowfjzwfr+rsm;/ &ufpufr+/ &dkif;pdkif;r+ESifh rsdK;jzKwfr+rsm;udk 'g0if0g'pmwrf;rsm;u “obm0.a&G;cs,fr+”/ “touf&Sifjcif;twGuf wdkufcdkufr+”ESifh “toifhawmfqkH; vufa&G;pOf. &Sifoefr+twGuf”ponfhtqdkrsm;jzifh w&m;0ifjyKay;xm;onf? ,if;uJhodk‹ -opawvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; cHpm;cJhcHpm;ae-u&aom ysufpD; jcif;ab;'kuQtaygif;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'u wurBmvkH;odk‹,laqmifvmaom ysufpD;,dk ,Gif;jcif;ab;'kuQtaygif;. tenf;i,faom tydkif;r#om±Sdaeao;onf? tdkwmbif*g 'g0ifu ola&;aom rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufjcif; pmtkyfwGif/ vlom;rsm;onf arsmufrsm;rSqif;oufzGH‹jzdK;vmonf[k wifjyonfhae‹rSpI/ xdkZmwfvrf;udk axmufcH rnfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;udk &SmazGonfhvkyfief;onfvnf; pwifcJhavonf? odk‹aomf vnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DtcsdKŒu ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;omr[kwfbJ “arsmufwpf0uf vlwpf 0uf”owW0grsm;onfvnf;/ urBmhae&ma'otajrmuftjrm;wGif toufxif&Sm;&SdaeOD; rnf[k ,kH-unf-u.? 20 &mpkESpftpOD;ydkif;wGif “-um;wGifaysmufaeaomtquft pyf”udk &SmazGjcif;u ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ±kdif;pdkif;onfh vkyf&yfrsm;. ta-umif;&if; jzpfcJhayonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf ypf*rDvlrsdK; tdkwmbif*g. Zmwfvrf;onf wpfcktyg t0ifjzpf.? tdkwmbif*gudk 1904 ckESpfwGif qJjrL&,f Agemac:aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D okawoeynm±SifwpfOD;u uGef*dkEkdifiHwGif zrf; qD;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? Ttmz&duwdkif;&if;om;.trnf tdkwmbif *gonf olwdk‹.pum;t& “rdwfaqG”[laomt"dy`g,f&I/ cav; ESpfa,muf&Sdaom tdrfaxmifonfwpfa,mufjzpf.? odk‹aomf vnf; ol‹udkwd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ avSmifcsdKifhwGif;Y oH-udK;ESifhcsnf xm;um tar&duefEdkifiHodk‹ydk‹vdkufonf? tar&duefEdkifiHodk‹ a&mufaomtcg/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u pdef‹vl0pfurBmhjyyGJ wGif “vlom;rsm;ESifh teD;qkH;tquftpyf”tjzpf jyoxm;onf? xdk‹aemuf ESpfESpf-umaomtcg e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ&Sdb&Gef‹Zl;ac: wd& tdkwmbif*g 49
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oufaoom"ursm;jyI axmufcHtm;ay;olwdk‹onf olwdk‹rodaomfvnf; -uD;us,faom jypfr+i&Judk usL;vGefjcif;yif jzpfayonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhpmv#if ,Ofaus;r+t& acwfaemufus aeao;aom vlrsdK;rsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? olwdk‹tm;vkH;onf vlom;.t*FgvuQ%mrsm; tm;vkH;jynfhpkHpGm&Sd-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; urBmudkpdk;rdk;aeonfh enf;ynmESifh,Ofaus;r+ydkif; wGif avsmhenf;r+&Sdae-uonf? olwdk‹aexdkifonfht&yfa'. obm0tajctaeESifh &moD Owkt&/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk‹onf usefwdk;wufaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;,Ofaus; r+trsm;pkwdk‹ESifha0;uGmvsuf&Sd-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹wpfOD;csif;wGif vlom; wdk‹. t*Fg&yfrsm;/ xkH;wrf;"avhrsm;/ tusifhpm&dwWrsm;ESifh jynfhpkH-uayonf? rorm onfh&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;cJGjcm;jcif;wGif tjrwfxkwfEdkifr+udk tm;usvufcHol rsm;onf/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk pdwf0ifpm;pGmzufvJwuif;vufcHI/ xdkuJhodk‹aom tjcm;vl om;rsm;ESifhjcm;em;jcif;r&Sdolrsm;udk/ edrfhusonfhvlrsdK;rsm;[lIvnf;aumif;/ ,kwfpGtqkH; wd&pm>efrsm;jzpfonf[lIvnf;aumif; owfrSwf-u.? xdktjrifa-umifh/ ,ae‹vuf&Sd acwfwGifyif/ acwfaemufusaeao;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk vlom;tjzpfvkHavmufpGmzGH‹ jzdK;r+r&Sdao;aomowW0grsm;jzpfonf[k zdESdyfpufqkyfolrsm;vnf; ay:aygufaeao;.? odk‹aomfvnf; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;jcif;udk vkH;0wm;jrpfxm;.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wdkif;udkzefqif;xm;jyD;/ rwlnDuGJjym;aomtom;ta&mif ESifh ajymqdkaombmompum;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfay:aponf? ,if;onfuyif tv†m[ft&Sif jrwf. zefqif;jcif;.tEkynmESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;jcif;udk jyqdkjcif;jzpfayonf? uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ xdkrSwyg; xdkt&Sifjrwf.oufaovuQ%mawmfrsm;teufrSyif rdk;aumif;uif rsm;ESifh yx0Dajrudk zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk‹. bmomp um;ESifh taoG;ta&mifwdk‹ uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ pifppfTonf ynm&Sdokcrdefwdk‹tzdk‹ trSefyifoufaovuQ%mrsm;onf &Sdacsonf? (pl&mt&f&l;rf 30;22) tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tjrifwGif vlwpfOD;.tqifhjrifhjcif;onf/ xdkol. tusifh pm&dwWaumif;rGefjcif;/ tjypf'kp&dkuftm;vkH;ESifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkykefuefjcif;/ t usifhpm&dwWysufjym;jcif;ESifhaoGznfjcif; ponfwdk‹udk a&SmifusOfjcif;tjyif/ t&Sifjrwfudk c0wfqnf;uyfjcif;w&m;"rRESifhjynfhpkHjcif;rsm;tay:wGif rlwnf.? xdkt&Sifjrwfudk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fr+ESifh w&m;"rRudkvdkufemusifh-uHoDvaqmufwnfr+uvGJI tjcm;rnf onfht&murS jrifhjrwfjcif;tqifhudk r&±SdEdkifacs? TtcsufESifhywfoufI uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.? tdk=vlcyfodrf;wdk‹/ {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tm; a,mufsm;wpf a,muf/ rdef;rwpfa,mufrS pwifzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹jyif igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; cGJjcm;odjrifrSwfrd-utHhaomiSm vlrsdK;pkt oD;oD;/ rsdK;EG,ftoG,foG,fjyKvkyfawmfrlcJh.? {uefpifppf toifwdk‹teufrS (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;) ta-umuf&GHŒqkH;/ tjypfrsm;rS trsm;qkH; -uOfa&Smifol omv#if tv†m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfY tjrifhjrwfqkH;aomoljzpf.? pifppfwpf rlum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf todawmfrlqkH;/ t-um;awmfrlqkH;t&Sif jzpfawmf rlayownf;? (pl&mtvf[k*s&mwf 49;13) 55
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[pfwvmonf/ vl om;rsm;udk tjrifhrm;qkH; zGH‹ jzdK;jyD;aomwd&pm>efrsm;t jzpfvufcH,kH-unfxm;ol jzpfojzifh/ obm0tiftm; ESifh -uHK-udKufIajymif;vJ jcif;udkom apmifhaejcif;r jyKbJ/ vlom;rsm;. zGH‹jzdK;r+ udk oludk,fwdkifwm0ef,lI pDrHcef‹cGJ&efvdktyfonf[k ,kH-unfavonf? ,if; onfyifv#if emZDv+yf&Sm;r+ . tqkH;pGef&nfrSef;csuf jzpfayonf? xdk&nfrSef; csufudk a&mufEdkif&ef yxr OD;qkH;tqifhrSm/ tqifhedrfh aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk oD;jcm;cGJ xkwfI tqifhjrifhaom tm&d,HvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh cGJjcm; xm;&rnf? TtcsufwGif emZD ygwD0ifwdk‹onf 'g0if0g' udk vufawG‹usifhokH;jcif; jzpfayonf? “vlom;oef‹ pifa&;0g'”onf 'g0if0g' rStpysdK;vmjcif;jzpfonf? vlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&Donf 'g0if.tawG;tac:wGif tajccH. 20 &mpkESpfyxrydkif;wGifpwifay:aygufvmcJhaom vlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&D odk‹r [kwf vlom;oef‹oDtdk&Donf/ usef;rmoefpGrf;olOD;a&rsm;jym;vmatmif emzsm;rusef;r oefrmolrsm;ESifh 'kuQdwrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;jzifh vlom;rsdK;pkrsm;udk rGrf;rHjcif;[k qdk vdkonf? wd&pm>efarG;jrLa&;wGif ydkrdkusef;rmoefpGrf;aom taumifrsm;udkoma&G;cs,fI rdwfvdkufapjcif;jzifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom wd&pm>efrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifayonf? vlom; oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&Dt&/ xdkenf;twdkif; vlom;rsm;udkvnf; oef‹jyef‹aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk arG; xkwfEdkifonf[k qdkonf? vlom;oef‹pifa&;tpDtpOfudk pwifIwifjy-uolwdk‹onfvnf; 'g0if0g'Drsm;yif jzpf-uavonf? xdkvlom;oef‹pifa&;tpDtpOfv+dif;*,ufwGif/ t*FvefEdkifiHY csm;vfpf 'g0if.0rf;uGJnDjzpfol z&ef;ppfa*gvfwefESifh csm;vfpf'g0if.om; vDtdkem'f'g0ifwdk‹u xdyfqkH;a&SŒwef;rSaeI OD;aqmif-uonf? 58
‚if;vlom;oef‹pifa&;tpDtpOfy&dk*&rfonf 'g0if0g'.&vm'fjzpfa-umif; xif &Sm;aeayonf? TtcsuftrSefyifjzpfa-umif; vlom;oef‹pifa&;0g'udkaxmufcHolwdk‹. pmayrsm;wGif az:jyxm;ayonf? “vlom;oef‹pifa&;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+udk vlom;rsm;udk,fwdkif wm0ef,laqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpf./”[kqdkxm;onf? 0g&SifwefwuUodkvfrS aq;ynmordkif; ynm&Sif uif;euf v'frD&mu/ vlom;oef‹pif a&;oDtdk&Donf yvmwdk.&Dygyvd*f(Republic)txda&S;usaomtawG;tac:jzpfonf[k rSwfcsufcs.? 'g0if0g'u 19 &mpkESpf.tusdK;twGuf aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfayonf[k xyfIuGef‹xm;avonf? ==acwfopfvlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&Donf 19 &mpkESpfwGifay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf? xdk&mpk ESpfwGif vlom;oef‹pifa&;tusdK;tjrwfay:xGef;vmjcif;onf tajccHZpfjrpftm;jzifh rsm;jym; ayonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;ZpfjrpfrSm tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzpf.? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ “vlom; oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&D” "euginics" tawG;tac:udk pwifzefwD;olonf csm;vfpf'g0if. nD0rf; uGJ z&efppf a*gvfwefjzpfI/ xdkoDtdk&D.trnfudkvnf; oludk,fwdkifay;aomtrnfjzpfay onf? vlom;oef‹pifa&;tawG;tac:onf csm;vfpf'g0ifu xkwfaz:onfh odyH`enf;usaom tawG;tac:rSwdkuf&dkuf wdk;wufvmjcif; jzpfayonf? 47 *smreDEdkifiHwGif/ vlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&DudkvufcH,kH-unfI jzef‹jzL;olonf t vGefausmf-um;aom ZD0aA'ynm&Sif tmef;a[uJvfjzpfonf? a[uJvfonf 'g0ifudk axmufcHtm;ay;aom rdwfaqG&if;jzpfonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk axmufcHonfhtae jzifh "recapitulation" “jyefvnfaygif;pnf;jcif;”tqdkudk wifoGif;avonf? ol.tqdk wGif owW0grsm;tm;vkH;. oaE<om;avmif;wdk‹onf wpfckESifhwpfck qifwl-uonf[k qdkonf? aemifwGif a[uJvfu xdktqdkudk wif;oGif;&eftwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk vkyf-uHzefwD;cJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; awG‹&Sd&.? a[uJvfonf wpfzufu odyH`ynmqdkif&mtcsuftvuftwkrsm;udk vkyf-uHae pOf aemufwpfzufrSmvnf; vlom;oef‹pifa&;0g'jzef‹ae.? ajcvufrpkHrvif'kuQdwt jzpfarG;vmaomcav;rsm;udk owfypfjcif;tm;jzifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+ ydk 59
rdkjrefqefvmvdrfhrnf[k t-uHjyKcJhavonf? xdk‹xufru/ tem-uD;a&m*gonfrsm;/ uif qma&m*gpGJuyfaeolrsm;ESifh OD;aESmufysufaeolrsm;udk em-uifjcif;r&SdapbJ owfypfoifh onf/ odk‹r[kwfygu ‚if;wdk‹onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;twGuf wm0efav;apjcif;omjzpfojzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJwdk;wufjcif;udk aESmifhaES;apvdrfhrnf[k wifjycJh avonf? tar&duefvlrsdK; okawoeynm±Sifjzpfol a*smh pwdef;u a[uJvf. tDAdkvl; &Sif;wGifopPmcHjcif;ESifhywfoufI American Scientist r*~Zif;wGif aqmif;yg;wyk'fjzifh pk aygif;tusOf;csKyfxm;ayonf? ==(a[uJvfu) 'g0ifonfrSefuefonf[k qdk.? ==vlom;rsm;onf wd&pm>efrsm;rS qif; oufvmjcif;udk tjcm;ar;cGef;xkwfaep&mrvdkawmhyg[k qdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh *smr%DEdkifiH wGif a[uJvfu 'g0if0g'ESifhywfoufI vlom;wdk‹. vlr+a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;&Sifoefr+onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrjzpfonfh obm0ua&G;cs,fjcif;omjzpfonf[k &Sif;vif;az:jyjcif;onf aoa&;&Sifa&;avmuf ta&;-uD;aomyxrajcvSrf;jzpf.? ,if;tawG;tac:udk qef‹usif jiif;ckHjcif;onf t,loD;jcif;ESifh acwfaemufusjcif;omjzpfonf? 48 a[uJvfonf 1919 ckESpfwGif aoqkH;.? odk‹aomfvnf; ol.tawG;tac:rsm; udk emZDwdk‹u tarGqufcHvdkufonf? [pfwvmtm%m&jyD; r-umrDtwGif; vlom;oef‹ pifa&;tpDtpOfudk pwiftaumiftxnfaz:awmhonf? [pfwvmu xdkay:vDpDopfudk atmufyg0gusrsm;jzifh twdkcsKH;xm;cJhavonf? jynfoltrsm;uvufcHxm;aom EdkifiHawmfwGif pdwfydkif;ESifhudk,fcE<mydkif;qdkif&m ynma&; onf ta&;-uD;aom u¾jzpfayonf? xdkenf;wl vlom;rsm;udka&G;cs,fjcif;onfvnf; wef;wlta&;-uD;ayonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf/ rnfolu rsdK;ADZt&usef;rmoefpGrf;r+r&Sd aoma-umifh rsdK;yGm;a&;twGuf oifhawmfonfroifhawmfonf ponfwdk‹udk owfrSwf&ef wm 0ef&Sdonf? xdk‹a-umifh oabmraygufolwdk‹udk *&kpdkufem;axmifae&efrvdktyfbJ/ ,if;wm 0ef0wW&m;udk &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm aqmif&Guf&rnf? udk,fcE<mcsdKŒwJholrsm; odk‹r[kwf udk,fum,roefpGrf;olrsm;udk ESpfaygif; 600 twGif; &Sif;vif;ypfygu ,ae‹tcsdefwGif rnf 60
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u|Ekfyfwdk‹r-umao;rDu ausmfvGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftwGif; vlom;wdk‹tm; t-uD;us,fqkH;aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ESifh qkH;±+H;r+udk ay;aqmifcJhaom/ urBmay:wGif tus,fjyef‹qkH; ysHŒESH‹cJhaomtawG;tac:onf/ uGefjrLepf0g'jzpfa-umif; oHo,jzpfp&m ta-umif;r&Sdacs? ,ae‹tcsdefwGifyif/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufu &k&Sm;EdkifiHESifhoHuef‹vef‹um EdkifiHrsm;ta-umif;ajymygu/ arSmifrdkufjcif;/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;/ toufuif;rJh aomvrf;rrsm;/ cufcJr+ESifha-umuf&GŒHxdwfvef‹r+ponfwdk‹ESifhjynfheufaeaomvl‹tzGJ‹t pnf;ykHudk rsufpdYcsufcsif;ay:vGifvmrnfjzpf.? 1991=ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepf0g'onf ysufpD;ausrGoGm;jyD[k xif-uaomfvnf;/ ‚if;.tu|if;tuseftptersm;rSm ,ae‹txd &Sdaeao;onf? wzufwGif“vGwfajrmufjyD”[kqdkaomfvnf;/ vltrsm;udk bmoma&; ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹rSaoGjznfoGm;aponfh aemifwr&ao;aomuGefjrLepf0g'ESifhrm;ufP 0g'wdk‹.rJarSmifonfhrsufESmu -oZmv$rf;rdk;aeqJjzpfayonf? wurBmvkH;. axmifhwdkif;odk‹ wkefv+yfajcmufjcm;r+udk jzef‹cJhonfhTtawG;tac: onf/ a&S;ya0oeDutawG;tac:wpfckudk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzpfayonf? xdktawG;tac: onf/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;jzifh trSefw&m;udk&SmazGjcif; (dialectics)jzpfI/ ,if;t awG;tac:t& p-um0VmwpfckvkH;wGif zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+onf yËdyuQjzpfjcif;rSay:ayguf vmonf[kqdk.? TtawG;tac:udktajccHI rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u urBmhordkif;udk qef;ppf-uavonf? rm;ufPu vl‹ordkif;onf xdkyËdyuQrsm;wGifwpfcktygt0ifjzpfI/ vuf&SdyËdyuQrSm tvkyform;rsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;t-um;wGifjzpfaom yËdyuQjzpfonf [k qdkonf? ol.tqdkt& tvkyform;rsm;onf r-umrDtwGif; x-uGv+yf&Sm;vm-ujyD; uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&; pwifvdrfhrnf[k qdkonf? uGefjrLepf0g'udk wnfaxmifcJholESpfOD;pvkH;wdk‹.txif&Sm;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm/ tjcm; &kyf0g'Drsm;uJhodk‹yif/ bmomt,l0g'udk t-uD;tus,frkef;wD;onfhpdwfxm; arG;-uav onf? rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹ESpfOD;pvkH;onf rdpm>'d@drsm;jzpf-uI/ uGefjrLepf0g'tjrif t&/ bmomt,l0g'tm;vkH;udk zsufqD;ypf&efvdktyfonf[k jrif-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹onf/ tvGefta&;-uD;onfh csdKŒ,Gif;csufwpf ck&Sdae-uonf? olwdk‹.tawG;tac:udk trsm;vlxkt-udKufawG‹Edkifatmif pnf;&kH;Edkif rnfhtcsufjzpfonfh odyH`enf;qefonfh ykHpHvdktyfae-uonf? r[mtEW&m,f-uD;jzpfI/ ESpfq,f&mpkESpfudk em-unf;bG,f&maom A&rf;Awm±+yfaxG;r+/ tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+/ nDtpfudktcsif;csif;udk &efbufrsm;jzpfapr+/ wuGJwjym;jzpfapr+rsm;jzifhjynfheufaponfh r[mrdwfonf TtcsufrSay:aygufvmcJhavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudk rsdK;pkrsm; pwif ay:aygufjcif; (The Origin of Species) [laompmtkyfwGif wifjyxm;.? ol. wifjyaom tajccHcsufrsm;rSmvnf; rm;uPfESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹&SmazGaeonfh&Sif;vif;csufESifh tHudkufjzpfaeonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfayonf? 'g0ifu/ ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uef-uojzifh ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k wifjyxm;onf? qdkvdk&if;rSm "dialectical conflict"ac: yËdyuQudkqef;ppfjcif;.&vm'fjzpfonf[kqdk onf? xdk‹tjyif zefqif;jcif;udkjiif;y,fI bmomt,l0g'udky,fcsavonf? rm;uPfESifh tif*Jsvfwdk‹twGuf ,if;wifjycsufonf vufv$wfIrjzpfonfh tcGifhaumif;jzpfaeay onf? 95
'g0ifudk rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u csD;-uL;jcif; 'g0ifoDtdk&Donf uGefjrLepf0g'twGuftvGefta&;-uD;ayonf? 'g0if.pmtkyf &dkufxkwfjyD; vaygif;tenf;i,ftwGif; tif*sJvfu rm;ufPodk‹ pmwpfapmifa&;cJh&m “,QKu|Efkyfzwfaeaom 'g0if.pmtkyfonf odyfudkaumif;vGef;ygw,fcifAsm?”78 [k xnfha&;cJh.? 1860=ckESpf 'DZifbmv 19=&ufae‹wGif rm;ufPu tif*sJvfxHodk‹ “'DpmtkyfxJrSm usKyfwdk‹ESpfa,muf&Jh obm0ordkif;tjriftwGuf tajccHawGyg0ifaeygw,f?”[k pm jyefa&;cJhavonf? rm;uPf.aemufxyfa,mif;&if;wpfOD;jzpfol vmaq;vfodk‹a&;aom 1861=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 16=&ufae‹pGJygpmwGif “'g0if.pmtkyfonf tvGefta&;ygt&ma&mufyg onf? u|Ekfyftm; vlwef;pm;&kef;uefv+yf&Sm;r+ordkif;twGuf obm0odyH`tajccHudk ay; ygonf?”80 [k uGefjrLepf0g'twGuf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.ta&;ygt&ma&mufjcif;udk xkwfaz:xm;ayonf? rm;ufPu ol.ta&;-uD;qkH; 'g;pfuufyDwmvf (Das Kapital) pmtkyfwGif 'g0iftm;&nfn$ef;I *g&0jyKcJh.? 'g0ifudkay;aom rm;uPf.xdkpmtkyfyxrtapmifwGif rm;ufPuol‹udk,fol t*Fvdyfobm0odyH`ynm&Siftm; “toJESvkH;rScsD;-uL;aeol”[k rSwf csufa&;ay;cJhavonf?81 tif*sJvfuvnf; tjcm;wpfae&mwGif 'g0ifudk csD;-uL;xm;onfudk awG‹&.? obm0onf 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)udkprf;oyfjcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh obm0onf 'dkiftmvufwpftawG;tac:twdkif;jyKrljzpfay:I obm0vGeftiftm;rsm;jzifh 96
jzpfay:jcif;r&Sdacs? TtcsufwGif 'g0ifonf tjcm;olrsm;xuf OD;pGmyxrqkH;awG;awmol jzpfonf[k todtrSwfjyK&ygrnf? 82 rmufP0g'. ordkif;tjrif ysufokOf;oGm;jcif; uGefjrLepf0g'udk wnfaxmifcJhaom um;vfrm;uPfonf/ ordkif;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif okH;oyf &mwGif ol‹tay:eufeufeJeJ-oZmoufa&mufcJhaom 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk vdkufzufnD axGr+&Sdatmif n‡dE+dif;jyifqif,lxm;onf? rm;uPf.tqdkt&/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf ordkif; wav#muf tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;jzwfoef;vmcJhI/ xdkajymif;vJaomtqifhrsm;udk owfrSwf ay;aomt*Fg&yfrsm;onf/ ukefxkwfvkyfr+ESifh ukefxkwfvkyfr+t-um;qufoG,fr+rsm;jzpf onf[k qdkonf? Ttjrift& pD;yGm;a&;onf tpp&m&mudk xdef;csKyf.? vl‹ordkif; onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+tqifhrsm;udk jzwfoef;cJh&onf? urBmOD;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ u|ef acwfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ ya'o&mZfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ t&if;&Sifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifh aemufqkH; uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wnf;[laom tqifhrsm;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ rm;ufP.tqdkjyKcsufjzpfonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhumvydkif;rsm;onf usdK; a-umif;nDnGwfcdkifvkHjcif;r&Sda-umif; jycJhavjyD? ordkif;wGif rnfonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;urS rm;ufPwifjyxm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhrsm;udk jzwfoef;vmjcif;rawG‹&acs? qef‹usif buftjzpf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckckwGif rm;ufPwifjyouJhodk‹aomtpDtpOfr[kwfbJ jzpf ay:Edkifovdk wcsdefwnf;wGifvnf;jzpfay:onfudk awG‹&ayonf? EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. vl‹t zGJ‹tpnf;wpfydkif;u ya'o&mZfpepfuJhodk‹aompepfjzpfay:aepOf/ tjcm;tydkif;wGif t&if; &SifpepfudkusifhokH;aeayonf? xdk‹a-umifh rm;ufPuwifjyouJhodk‹ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dt wdkif; pepfwpfckrSaemufwpfckodk‹ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;r&Sdacs? aemufwpfckrSm rm;ufPutem*wftwGuf a[mudef;xkwfxm;ovdk rjzpfvmacs? rm;ufP aoqkH;jyD; 10 ESpftwGif; rm;ufP.oDtdk&DonftokH;csIr&a-umif; xif&Sm;vmcJhav onf? rm;ufPu wdk;wufqkH;t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif wpfEdkifiHjyD;wpfEdkifiH uGefjrLepf awmfvSefa&; jzpfay:jzwfoef;-u&vdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhaomfvnf;/ xdkuJhodk‹ rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwpfckwpfavr#rjzpfvmcJhacs? rm;ufP.t-uD;us,fqkH;aomaemuf vdkufjzpfolvDeifu tb,fha-umifh xdka[mudef;twdkif;rjzpfvmonfhta-umif;udk -udK; pm;ajz&Sif;cJhonf? ‚if;aemuf wwd,urBmEdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k xyfqifh a[mudef;xkwfjyefonf? vDeif.a[mudef;tm;vkH;onfvnf; rrSefa-umif; ordkif;u oufaoxlxm;avjyD? ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif uGefjrLepf0g'tkyfcsKyfaeonfh EdkifiHrsm;udk vufwpfzufjzifh vufndK;csKd;a&wGufI&Edkifayonf? xdk‹xufru rm;ufP0g 'tm%m&vmcJhonfha'orsm;Y t-urf;zufjcif;udkom tokH;jyKcJhavonf? rm;ufP0g' a-uG;ausmfxm;ovdk trsm;t-udKuftkH-uGr+t& tm%m&vmcJhjcif;r[kwfay? tm%m&Sif pepfzdESdyfowfjzwfr+jzifh pdk;rdk;vmcJhjcif;om jzpfayonf? tusOf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf/ r-umao;rDu ausmfvGefcJhonfhordkif;u rm;uPf.tawG;tac: t& a[mudef;xkwfxm;onfh ordkif;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+udk tjyD;ydkify,fcsacszsuf vdkufjyD;jzpfayonf? rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfuJhodk‹aom &kyf0g'tawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹. ajrmufjrm;pGmaom &kyf0g'Edkif iHa&;usrf;tapmifapmifwGif a&;om;xm;aom “ordkif;udk usdK;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;jzifh t ajz&Smjcif;”"the dialectic of history" ESifh “ordkif;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+” "historical evolution" wdk‹onf/ pma&;olwdk‹. pdwful;,Ofoufoufomv#if jzpf.? 97
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'g0if0g'D armfpDwkH;ESifh ol.owfjzwfr+rsm; w&kwfEdkifiH.acgif;aqmifjzpfol armfpDwkH;wGif a&SŒaqmifq&morm;ESpfOD;&SdcJh.? wpfOD;rSm 'g0ifjzpfI aemufwpfOD;rSm pwmvifjzpfonf? Taorif;wreftrnfESpfckwdk‹ onf/ armfpDwkH;.udk,fwpfckwnf;wGif pkaygif;yg0ifcJhI/ w&kwfEdkifiH.ordkif;wGif 0rf; enf;a-uuGJzG,f -um&SnfvGef;aomtarSmifacwf-uD;tjzpf trJuGufcsefxm;cJhavonf? vlaygif; 6 oef;rS 10 oef;txd armfpDwkH;.wdkuf&dkufn$ef-um;csufjzifh owfjzwfcJh onf? aemufxyfoef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;wdk‹u olwdk‹. b0trsm;qkH;tydkif;udk tusOf;axmifxJY tcsdefukefcJh-u.? ‚if;wdk‹teuf oef;aygif; 20 aocJhonf? 1959=rS 1961=ckESpftxd “-uD;us,faoma±SŒodk‹ajcvSrf;” (The Great Leap Forward)ac: armf.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtpGef;xGufay:vDpDrsm;jzifh vlOD;a& oef;aygif; 20 ESifh 40 t-um; iwfrGwfIaoa-u-uukef.? 1989=ckESpfwGif wD,Htef rif,ifjyifowfjzwfr+wGif vlaygif; 1000 ausmfaocJhjcif;onfvnf; w&kwfEdkifiH.r -umao;rDu ausmfvGefcJhaomordkif;taxmuftxm;jzpfayonf? ta&SŒwmupPwefe,f wGif rGwfpvifrfwl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk vlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfaejcif;onfvnf; qufvufI jzpfyGm;aeao;onf? w&kwfEdkifiHwGifjzpfcJhonfh uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;wGif r,kH-unfEdkifavmufatmif &dkif;pdkif;onfhtjzpftysufrsm; &SdcJhavonf? xdk&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufpGmowfjzwfaeonfudk ab;rSatmf[pfaxmufcHtm;ay;aecJh-uonfhvlxkwckvkH;rSm nd‡KŒ"gwfwpfrsdK;rsdK; rdae-u onf[kyif xif&ayonf? ordkif;yg&*lESifhordkif;q&m-uD;tcsdKŒpkaygif;a&;om;xkwfa0aom Le Livre Noir du Communisme (uGefjrLepf0g'. teufa&mifpmtkyf)ac:pmtkyfwGif/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹. &dkif;pdkif;,kwfrmonfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? rvGJwef;ao'%fcsrSwf-urnfhtusOf;om;jzpfonfh “wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;”udk ckH&kH; wifppfaq;&modk‹ a'ocHvlxkwpfckvkH;udk qifhac:-unfhcdkif;-uonf? xdktusOf;om;rsm;udk owfjyD;aemuf tavmif;rsm;udktydkif;ydkif;jzwf-urnfh Red Guards ac: wyfeD&Jabmfwdk‹udk/ ao'%fay;onfhckH&kH;odk‹wufa&mufvmonfhvlxku ab;rSaeI “owfvdkuf/ owfvdkuf”[k 0dkif;atmf-uonf? wcgw&H xdkvlaotydkif;rsm;udk csufjyKwfIpm;okH;-uavonf? odk‹r[kwf touf&Sifaeao;I xdkppfaq;a&;ckH&kH;odk‹vma&muf-unfh±+-u&onfhtusOf;om;.tdrf axmifpkaqGrsdK;om;csif;wdk‹udk twif;pm;cdkif;-uonf? xdk‹aemuf &yf-unfhaeonfhvlxkudk pm;yGJ&SnfwGifxdkifcdkif;I csufxm;jyD;aom tusOf;om;ajrydkif&Sif.toJESvkH;rsm;udk a0iSay; avonf? tm%mom;acgif;aqmifu owfjzwfxm;onfhuseftusOf;om;rsm;. vwfvwf qwfqwfOD;acgif;rsm;udk a&SŒwGiftpDt&DwHusifv#dKpDxm;I rdef‹cGef;ajymavonf? xdkuJhodk‹ vlom;pm;I uvJhpm;acsonfhtavhtxonf/ aemifwGif yGefyGwftpdk;&vufxufwGifvnf; vkyf&kd;vkyfpOfwpfckjzpfcJhayonf? ,if;tavhtxonf ta&SŒtm&SwdkufwGif a&S;ya0oeDrS pIjyKusifhvmcJh-u&m yJhwifxyfouJhodk‹ w&kwfordkif;wGif r-umc%-udK;-um; ay:vmavh &Sd.? 115 117
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============================================================= yGefyGwfESifh crmeD. “owfjzwfr+ ,ifjyifrsm;” 1975=ckESpfrS 1979=ckESpftwGif;/ yGefyGwftkyfcsKyfr+atmufwGif uarBm'D,m; EdkifiHrSvlOD;a& 7 oef;teuf 2 oef;udk owfjzwfcJhonf? yGefyGwfu uGefjrLepf EdkifiHwnfaxmif&efpdwful;,Ofjzifh owf jzwfcJhaomvlOD;a&udk &mcdkifE+ef;t&wGuf ygu [pfwvmESifh pwmvifowfjzwfcJh onfhOD;a&xuf ydkIrsm;jym;aeayonf? yGefyGwfowfjzwfrnfholrsm;onf uarBm'D ,m;vlrsdK;rsm;rS ynm&Sifydkif;jzpf-uonfh q&m0ef/ tif*sifeD,m/ odyH`ynm&Sifponf wdk‹ t"dujzpfavonf? yGefyGwfu rsuf rSefwyfolwdkif;udk owfypf&efyif trdef‹cs cJh.? TuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfh owf jzwfr+rsm;a-umifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -um&Snf cJhaom “vlowfr+ ,ifjyifrsm;” ay:ayguf cJhayonf? crm&l*sfac: crmeDwdk‹. owfjzwfr+rsm;twGuf w&m;0ifa-umif; usKd;a-umif;jy csufrsm;udk “toifhudkxm;&Sdjcif;jzifh bmr#tusdK;r&Sd/ toifhudk qkH;±+H;jcif;jzifh rnfonfh t±+H;r#r&Sd”[laompum;vkH;rsm;jzifh twdkcsKH;xm;Edkif.? olwdk‹u tokH;rus odk‹r[kwf tEW&m,f&Sdonf[kxifolwdkif;udk owfypf-uonf? xdkowfjzwfr+rsm;wGif/ uarBm'D,m; vlxk tdrfaxmifpkwdkif;wGif tenf;qkH;wpfOD; towfcHcJh&onf? vl‹toufudk wefzdk;vkH;0rxm;aomyGefyGwfonf olpdwful;,Ofaomqdk&S,fvpf avmutwGuf tdrfaxmifpkonf t[ef‹twm;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf.? xdk‹a-umifh tdrf axmifpkrsm;udkwuGJwjym;cGJxm;vdkufjcif;jzifh vlom;rsm;udk uGefjrGef;ac:bkHtzGJ‹pepfwGif aexdkifapvdkjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;ay:vDpDrsdK;udk pwmvifuvnf; &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif csrSwf aqmif&GufcJh.? yxrqkH; awmifolv,form;rsm;. ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;vdkufonf? xdk‹ aemuf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; a0;vHaomae&m&Sd ajr,mtenf;i,fpDudk a0iSay;onf? xdkajr ,mcGJwef;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf-u&ef rdrd.tdrfaxmifpkom;csif;rsm;ESifh cGJcGmae-u&.? Robert Templer, Pol Pot's Legacy of Horror, The Age, April 18, 1998, http://dithpran.org/PolPotlegacy.htm ============================================================= 121
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uGefjrLepf&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+rS em-unf;zG,faomqkH;±+H;r+ xdkuJhodk‹aom&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+tjzpftysufrsm;onf uGefjrLepfwdk‹ odrf;ydkufcJh aomwdkif;jynfwdkif;wGif cHpm;cJh-u&.? uarBm'D,m;/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;/ avmEdkifiH/ AD,uferf/ Oa&mywdkufESifhtmz&duwdkufEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; jzpfcJh.? ,if;aoG;acsmif; pD;qkH;±+H;r+rsm;udk uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfeuf[kac:aom The Black Book of Communism pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? T&mZ0wfr+rsm;onf/ tpdk;&wpfckESifhwpfck.vufawG‹aqmif&GufykH tenf;i,fpD uGJjym;-uaomfvnf;/ tm;vkH;onf xif&Sm;onfhykHpHwpfcktwGif;Yom &Sd-uonf? xdkykHpHwGif/ enf;trsdK;rsKd;jzifh owfjzwfjcif;vkyf-uonf? Oyrm wef;pDxm;Iypfowfjcif;/ -udK;qGJcsowf jcif;/ a&ESpfowfjcif;/ &dkufowfjcif;/ "gwfaiG‹jzifhowfjcif;/ tqdyfjzifhowfjcif;/ um;wdkuf owfjcif;/ vlOD;a&av#mhcs&ef iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;udkvkyf-uHzefwD;jcif;/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;jcif;/ xdkodk‹jynfESif'%fay;&mwGif vrf;c&D;Yaoapjcif; (armyef;iwfjywfIjzpfap/ usOf;usyfIavr0ifaom,mOftcef;/ rD;&xm;wGJponfwdk‹Yao apjcif;)/ rdrd.tdrfwGif;YtowfcH&jcif;/ tvkyf-urf;acsmqJG&mY (armyef;vGef;Ijzpfap/ a&m *gjzifhjzpfap/ iwfrGwfIjzpfap)aoapjcif;/ ponfwdk‹yg0ifonf? jynfwGif;ppf[kac:aom umvtwGif;rS tjzpftysufrsm;onf ydkI±+yfaxG;.? tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹ESifh awmfvSefykefuef olwdk‹t-um;wdkufcdkufjcif;ESifh tkyfvdkufpkjyKHI t&yfom;rsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;rsm;cGJjcm;&ef cufcJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ae&mwumwGifpwifqef;ppf&ayrnf? atmufygwdk‹onf/ tpdk;&w &m;0ifa-unmjcif;r[kwfonfh t-urf;jzif;cef‹rSef;csufrsm;jzpfygonf? Tcef‹rSef;csufrsm; u tenf;qkH; ,if;&mZ0wfjypfr+rsm;. twdkif;twmudk jyqdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif oef;aygif; 20 aocJhonf? w&kwfEdkifiHwGif 65 oef;aocJhonf? AD,uferfwGif 1 oef;aocJhonf? ajrmufudk&D;,m;wGif 2 oef;aocJhonf? uarBm'D,m;wGif 2 oef;aocJhonf? ta&SŒOa&mywdkufwGif 1 oef;aocJhonf? vmwiftar&duwdkufwGif 150000 aocJhonf? tmz&duwdkufwGif 1 oef; 7 odef;aocJhonf? tzf*gefeDpwefwGif 1 oef; 5 odef;aocJhonf? EdkifiHwum uGefjrLepfv+yf&Sm;r+ESifh uGefjrLepfygtm%mr&&Sdaoma'orsm;Y 10000 aocJh onf? pkpkaygif; oef;aygif; 100 eD;yg;aoa-ucJhonf? 116 TuGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;ESifh ygwDtzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;wdk‹.pdwf"gwfonf tcsuf wpfcsufwnf;wGif wlnD-uonf? olwdk‹wGif vlom;rsm;.cHpm;csufjzpfaom/ oem; wwfjcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;ESifh arwWmw&m;wdk‹ vkH;0aysmufuG,fuif;rJh.? csufcsif; vufiif; vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wd&pm>efrsm; touf&Sifae&eftpmvkpm;-uonfhenf;wl/ tpkvdkufttkHvdkufowfjzwfonfh,ifjyifESifh ppfajrjyifjzpfoGm;avonf? 123
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pm>efrsdK;ADZudkawmh qufcHxm;-urSmygbJ?”[k ajym-uI/ rdrd. todw&m;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh vl‹pdwf"gwftiftm;qkwf,kwfr+twGuf odyH`tajccHudk &Sm-uHjyifqif -uavawmhonf? 'g0if0g'D=tjyKtrlqdkif&modyH`ynm&Sifrsm;onf/ olwdk‹.tawG;tac:rsm;udk T tcsufrS pwif-uI/ vlom;wdk‹. &mZ0wfjypfr+usL;vGefvdkpdwfonf wd&pm>efbdk;ab; rsm;rS qufcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k tqdkjyK-uayonf? Ttqdkudk ausmf-um;aomtDAdkvl;&Sif; 0g'D pwDzif a*s a*gvfu tDwvDvlrsdK; &lyaA'ynm±Sif avmrfb&dkqdk.t-uHay;csuft &/ ol. Ever Since Darwin ('g0ifrSpI aemufydkif;) [laompmtkyf. pum;OD;wGif atmufygtwdkif; tqdkwifoGif;xm;ayonf? &mZ0wfjypfr+usL;vGefjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh ZD0aA'oDtdk&Drsm;rSm tifrwef&Sm;yg;vSay onf? odk‹aomfvnf; avmrfb&dkqdku tDAdkvl;&Sif;vSnfhuGufjzifh Zmwfvrf;yrmaqG;aEG;xm; ayonf? arG;&myg &mZ0wfaumifrsm;onf pdwWZa&m*gjzpfjcif;ESifhpdwfrESH‹jcif;omr[kwfay? olwdk‹. vGefcJhjyD;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhodk‹ jyefa&mufoGm;-ujcif;jzpfayonf? urBmOD;acwf ESifharsmuf0Hrsm;jzpfaom bdk;ab;rsm;.t*Fg&yfrsm;yg&Sdaom rsdK;ADZrsm;udkqufcHvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? uHqdk;oltcsdKŒrSm arG;vmpuwnf;u xdkrsdK;ADZqufcHvmjcif;Y tajrmuftjrm; usef&Sdae-uayonf? olwdk‹.trltusifhrsm;rSm a&S;,Qif &dkif;pdkif;aeao;onfhacwfumvwGif vdkufzufoifhavsmfrnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfwGif olwdk‹udk 'kp&dkuf&mZ0wf aumifrsm;tjzpfowfrSwf-uayonf? ol‹udk,fol rnfodk‹r#xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh oem; oifhayonf? odkk‹aomfvnf; ol.vkyf&yfrsm;udkrl u|Ekfyfwdk‹u onf;rcHEdkif-uay? 134 Twifjycsuft&/ vlom;tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-ujcif;/ tjcm;oludkem-uifap jcif;/ cdk;0Sufjcif;ESifh&efjzpfwdkufcdkuf-ujcif;onf/ arsmuf0Hbdk;ab;rsm;rS rsdK;ADZt& quf cHvmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf? xdk‹a-umifh xdkjypfr+'kp&dkufonf jypfr+usL;vGefol ESifhroufqdkifaoma-umifh xdkoludk cGifhv$wfoifhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? Twifjycsufudk qufIokH;oyf-unfhygu/ vlom;wdk‹onf usKd;a-umif;qifjcif wkHw&m;ESifh taumif;tqkd;wdk‹udk cGJjcm;qkH;jzwfEdkifonfh todw&m;ESifhpdwf"gwftiftm; rsm;onf t&mra&mufawmhbJ wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ todw&m;uif;rJhI rdrdwdk‹.pdwfaZmt vdktwdkif;om jyKusifhvkyfaqmifolrsm;jzpfonf[k vufcH,kH-unfjcif;jzpfayonf? Tt jriftwdkif;qdkygu/ jcaoFhwpfaumifonf ol.±dkif;pdkif;aoma'goudkrxdef;EdkifbJ onf; cHjcif;[laomaumif;jrwfjcif;udkrodouJhodk‹/ vlom;onfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;jyKusifh onf[k qdkvdk&if;jzpf.? xdkuJhodk‹aomtawG;tac: tjrif&Sdolrsm;udk cdkvkHcGifhay;xm; onfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf rnfodk‹r# at;csrf;om,mr+ESifh vkHjcKHr+&Sdrnfr[kwfonfhtjyif/ pnf;urf;ysufjym; z±dkz&Jjzpfjcif;/ tqufrjywfaomyËdyuQ&Sdjcif;/ wdkufcdkufae-ujcif; rsm;jzifh jynfheufaeonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;jzpfrnfrSm xif&Sm;aeayonf? 'g0if0g'u vl‹avmuodk‹wifjyonfh qdk;,kwf&ufpufonfhvlaer+ykHpH 'g0if0g'Drsm;ESifh&kyf0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&/ vlom;rsm;tygt0if/ p-um0VmwpfckvkH; onf z±dkz&Jjzpfjcif;ESifh-uHK-udKufwdkufqdkifr+rsm;omjzpfonf[k qdk.? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;t wGif; Ttjrif.-oZmanmif;r+ rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr#/ rdrdwdk‹tay: rnfonfh xdef; ausmif;uef‹owfr+r# r±Sd[k ,kH-unfonfh wm0efrJholwdk‹ay:aygufvmavonf? &nfrSef;csufuif;rJholwpfa,mufonf/ rdrdudk,fudkzGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufatmifvkyfrnfh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdrnfr[kwfay? xdkolonf/ rnfonfhudpPudkr#*±krpdkufjcif;/ t&m&mudkysuf 155
&,fomjyKjcif;/ cHpm;r+uif;rJhjcif;/ ol.todw&m;udk tokH;rjyKwwfjcif;/ pnf;urf; pnf;rsOf;tuef‹towfrsm;udk todtrSwfrjyKjcif;/ ponfwdk‹jzifhjynfheufaevdrfhrnf? xdk ol‹wGif olawmfaumif;w&m;ESifh aumif;rGefonfhvuQ%m&Sdrnfr[kwfay? xdkolonf/ zGH‹jzdK;vmaomwd&pm>efwpfaumifjzpfonf[laom ol.ravsmfuefonfhtjrift&/ tjcm; ouf&SdowW0grsm;uJhodk‹ tpm;tpm&Sdjcif;ESifhrsdK;yGm;&efomaqmif&GufI/ olvdktyfonfudk &&Sdonfhtcg/ aysmfjrL;r+udktwwfEdkifqkH;&SmazGI aoqkH;rnfh&ufudkom apmifhar#mfaevdrfh rnf? vltrsm;pkwdk‹onf 'g0if0g'udk tao;pdwfrod-uaomfvnf; olwdk‹onf vl‹avm utwGuf 'g0if0g'u -udKwifjrifxm;aomb0twdkif; aexdkif-uonfudk awG‹jrifEdkifay onf? olwdk‹onf aemufqkH;wGif qkH;cef;wdkifoGm;rnfh qdk;,kwf&ufpufaomb0wGif ae xdkiftouf&Sif-u&ojzifh/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;/ tqdk;udkomjrifjcif;ESifh 0rf;enf;a-u uGJr+jzifhjynfheufvsuf&Sdaevdrfhrnf? rdrdonf toufaoqkH;onfESifhwjydKifwnf; tpp t&m&monf qkH;cef;wdkifoGm;rnfhtjzpfudk awG;aeolonf ol.pdwfESvkH;twGif;Y 0rf; enf;a-uuGJr+ tpOfudef;atmif;vsuf&Sdaevdrfhrnf? rdrdudk,fudkowfaojcif;/ pdwWZa&m *gjyemrsm;ESifh pdwftm;nd‡K;i,fpdwfysufvufysufjzpfjcif;wdk‹onf vlwdk‹.pdwfydkif; qdkif&mY xdcdkufapaom 'g0if0g'r+dif;rdjcif;. tE+wfvuQ%mrsm;yifjzpfayonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tjyif;xefqkH;umuG,fol &pfcsm'f a':uifpfu/ O"g[&k%fwpfckudk az:jyxm;.? vlom;rsm;onf rsdK;ADZpufrsm;om jzpfI vlom;rsm;.touf&Sifaejcif;onf xdkrsdK;ADZrsm;udk aemifvmrnfhrsdK;qufrsm;odk‹ quf vufydk‹ay;&efwm0efomv#if&Sdonf[k a':uifpfu tqdkjyK.? a':uifpf.tjrift&/ vl om;rsm;ESifh p-um0VmwpfckvkH;.wnf&Sdjcif;onf rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufr# r&Sdacs? p-um 0VmwpfckvkH;ESifh vlom;rsm;onf/ z±dkz&Jjzpfjcif;ESifh-uHK-udKufwdkufqdkifr+rsm;rS ay:ayguf vmjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdk.? xdkuJhodk‹aom tqdk.vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+wGif rdoGm;olwdk‹ onf/ pdwftm;nd‡K;i,fI ar#mifvifhcsufuif;rJh-uayonf? aemifvmrnfhrsdK;qufrsm;odk‹ rsdK;ADZrsm;udk qufvufydk‹aqmifay;&efwm0efom&Sdonf/ tppt&m&m onfaoqkH;csdef wGif qkH;cef;wdkifoGm;onf/ TurBmavmuwGif olvkyfor# tm;vkH;onf t"dy`g,f uif;rJhonf/ rdwfo*F[jzpfjcif;/ cspfcifjcif;/ aumif;rGefjcif;ESifhvSyjcif;wdk‹onf wefzdk; rJhonf/ ponfjzifh,kH-unfolonf/ b0[lonf oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhI vdktyfr+ vnf;r&Sdonfhjyif rnfonf‹t&mrSvnf; aysmf&$ifr+&&Sdrnfr[kwfacs? a':uif;pfu ol. Unweaving the Rainbow (oufwef‹udk ajzjzKwfjcif;) [laompmtkyfwGif olwifjycJhaom vl‹oufwef;ESifhywfoufonfhtcsufrsm;onf tqdk;jrifoabmyg&SdI rnfr#txd xdcdkuf Edkifonfudk 0efcHxm;ayonf? u|Ekfyf.yxrqkH;pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwfa0ol EdkifiHjcm;rSyk*~KdvfwpfOD;u/ u|Ekfyf.pmtkyfudk zwfjyD;/ pmtkyfygtcsuftvufrsm;onf tvGefqdk;0g;I pdwf"gwfusp&maumif;aom owif;pum;-um;&ovdkjzpfojzifh/ okH;nOfhwdkifwdkif tdyfraysmfEdkif[k ajymygonf? tjcm;vl awGu 'Dpmtkyfa&;jyD;aemufeHeufrSm Edk;vmonfhtcg tb,hfa-umifhcHEdkifygoenf;[k ar; -uygonf? &yfa0;wdkif;jynfwpfjynfrSausmif;q&mwpfa,mufu/ ol.wynfhwpfa,muf u u|Efkyf.pmtkyfzwfjyD;aemufwpf&ufwGif pmtkyfygtcsuftvufrsm;onf b0wGif t "dy`g,fuif;rJhI &nf&G,fcsufr&Sd [mvm[if;vif;jzpfa-umif;n$efjyxm;ojzifh 0rf;enf;a-u uGJae&onf[k rsuf&nfrsufcGufESifhvmajyma-umif; pma&;vmygonf? xdkausmif;oluJhodk‹ xyfIrjzpfapvdkojzifh xdkpmtkyfudk tjcm;oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; ray;zwf&efn$ef-um;vdkuf onf[kqdkygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh ody`HynmESifhywfoufI tusdK;r&Sdonfhted@m&kHrsm; omjzpfonf/ 0rf;omp&mr&Sdonfhpum;awGomjzpfonf ponfjzifh pGyfpGJavh&Sd-u.? odyH` 156
ynm&Sifwdk‹uvnf; olwdk‹udk vG,fulpGmajz&Sif;Edkif-uayonf? u|Ekfyf. a,mif;,if;jzpfol yDwm tufuifu olpwifa&;om;aeaom The Second Law (1984)pmtkyfwGif TudpP ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ygonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹onf z&dkz&Jjzpfjcif;.om;orD;rsm;jzpf-uygonf? ajymif;vJjcif;.teufeJqkH;ykHpH rSm aqG;ajrŒoGm;jcif;jzpf.? ysufpD;,dk,Gif;azgufjyefjcif;ESifh wm;jrpfIr&Edkifaom z&dkz&Jjzpf jcif;onf ‚if;.Zpfjrpfjzpfayonf? &nf&G,fcsuf &nfrSef;csufvnf;uif;rJh.? OD;wnf&m wpfckwnf;omv#ifusef&Sdawmhonf? p-um0VmtwGif;odk‹eufeufeJeJtm&kHpdkuf-unfhygu rufarmp&m[lI vkH;0r&Sdonfudk pdwfysufvufysufjzifhvufcH-u&rnfjzpfayonf? 135 [pfwvmudk vlrsdK;-uD;0g'twGuf tawG;tac:qdkif&maxmufcHr+ay;cJhaom *sm rmefvlrsdK; 'g0if0g'DtawG;tac:&Sif epfZfacsu vl‹b0ESifhywfoufI ol.“bk&m;w&m; rJhewˆdu0g'” "nihilism" [kac:aomtawG;tac:jzifh wifjyxm;onf? tajccHtm;jzifh/ vlom;touf&Sifjcif;onf ta-umif;&if;wpfckckawmh&Sd&rnf[kqdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ epfZfacsonf xm0&bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf) wnf&Sdjcif;udkjiif;y,fonfh rdpm>'d@d jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm/ xdkta-umif;&if;onf xm0&bk&m;oQifu vlom;rsm;udk zefqif; xm;jcif;ESifh vkH;0rywfouf[kqdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ epfZfacs. tawG;tac:t&/ vlom; onf xdkta-umif;&if;udk r&yfrem;±SmazGae&ayonf? aemufqkH;&Smr&aomtcg arG;&m yg ar#mfvifhcsufuif;aomb0tjzpfESifhom touf&Sif-u&onf[kqdk.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ tajccHtusqkH;trSefw&m;jzpfonfh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.zefqif;jcif;udkvufrcHbJ t jcm;ta-umif;&if;udk&SmazGaeolonf b,faomtcgrS xdkta-umif;&if;udk xyfIawG‹&Sd rnfr[kwfay? epfZfacsonfvnf; aemufqkH;wGif &l;oGyfI aoqkH;oGm;cJh.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. zefqif;jcif;udk arhavsmhxm;onfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf pdwf "gwfa&;&mESifhudk,fusifhw&m;rsm; ysufjym;oGm;-urnfrSm rvGJ{uefyifjzpfayonf? OpPm "e-uG,f0jcif;/ vlr+zlvkHa&;jynfhpkHr+ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹tm; jidrf; csrf;om,mr+ESifh vkHjcKHr+ay;Edkifrnfr[kwfay? rdrd.udk,fydkiftodw&m;ESifhusKd;a-umif; qifjcifjcif;w&m;rsm;. aphaqmfr+rsm;udkvdkufemjcif;rjyKolwdk‹onf/ rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk t xdef;ta-umif;r&Sd &nf&G,fcsufuif;rJhonfh owW0grsm;tjzpfxifjrif,lq-uojzifh/ aysmf &$ifr+uif;rJhjcif;/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;ESifh t&m&mudk tqdk;omjrifjcif;rsm;odk‹ wGef;ydk‹ jcif;omv#if cH-u&ayonf? toufaoqkH;jcif;jzifh olwdk‹.b0qkH;cef;wdkifoGm;vdrfhrnf [k ,lqolwdk‹onf/ aovGefjyD;aemufrSomv#if trSefw&m;ESifh-uHKawG‹onfhtcgor, wGif 0rf;enf;a-uuGJpGm aemifw&-urnfjzpf.? tv†m[ft&SifjrwfESifh aemifwrvGefb0udk ,kH-unfolonf/ TurBmavmuwGif oltouf&Sifae&jcif;. tusdK;aus;Zl;ESifh oltouf&Sifaejcif;onf/ rnfodk‹ta&;yg t&ma&mufonfudk odxm;ayonf? xdkolonf/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. cspfcifESpfoufr+ ESifh *sEMwfokcbkHudk &&Sd&efar#mfvifhcsufjzifh aysmfarG‹ae.? jzpfor#ta-umif;pkHtwGuf xdkolonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk aus;Zl;wifaernfjzpf.? xdk‹a-umifh/ xdkolonf ar#mf vifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;ESifh tqdk;jrifb0rS vGwfajrmufrnfjzpf.? 157
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urBm‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ ppfrufjydKifqdkifwdkufcdkuf-ujcif;/ zdESdyf csKyfcs,fjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;ESifh yËdyuQrsm;&Sdjcif;wdk‹ESifhjynfheufcJhayonf? odk‹aomf vnf;/ vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpftwGif;Y {&mr-uD;us,fvGef;onfh ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+&SdcJh jcif; onf 'g0if0g'u xdkowfjzwfr+rsm;/ zdESdyfr+rsm;ESifh yËdyuQrsm;udk odyH`enf;usonf[k w&m;0ifatmif axmufcHjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? 'g0if0g'. vl‹obm0ESifhywfaom vkH;0rSm;,Gif;onfhtcdkiftrmtqdkjyKcsufonf/ vlowform;rsm;/ tm%m&Sifrsm;ESifhn‡if; yef;&ufpufjcif;jzifhom,mr+udk,lonfhtawG;tac:±Sifrsm;u olwdk‹jyKusifhor#ESifhay:vD pDrsm;udk “vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif obm0.ed,mrw&m;udkvufawG‹usifhokH;jcif;jzpfonf” [k olwdk‹.trSm;rsm;udk trSefw&m;jzpfoa,mif/ ajymqdkcGifhjyKxm;ayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfwGif/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tawG;tac:rsm;twGuf umuG,f xm;-uao;onf? 19 &mpkESpfwGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Da-umifh wGifus,fysHŒESH‹cJhaomudkvdkeD e,fcsJŒpepf/ *smrmefemZD0g'ESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk ponfwdk‹onf twdwfumvwGif usef&pfcJhavjyD? odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;wdk‹. tajccHrl0g'jzpfonfh 'g0if0g'=&kyf0g' tawG;tac:udkrl/ tcsdKŒtodkif;t0dkif;rS jyif;jyif;xefxefumuG,fae-uao;ojzifh/ ‚if; a-umifhxdcdkufepfemonfhtcsufrsm;udkvnf; wurBmvkH;u qufvufcHpm;ae-u&ay onf? uif;eufa*spl;onf oludk,fwdkifu tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;wpfOD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ 'g0if 0g'a-umifh vl‹avmuwGifysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+rnfr#oufa&mufapcJhonfudk atmufygt wdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf/ wpfOD;csif;/ vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif;/ wdkif;EdkifiHtcsif;csif;ESifh vlrsdK;tcsif;csif; wdk‹,SOfjyKdifwdkufcdkuf-ujcif;onf b0.obm0w&m;jzpfonf/ ‚if;jyif tiftm;-uD;olonf tm;enf;oludkazsmufzsufypfjcif;onf b0.obm0w&m;jzpfonf[k ,lqaom &ufpuf onfh qdk&S,f(vlr+a&;)tawG;tac:. wefZmcHrsm;jzpf-uayonf? obm0ua&G;cs,fjcif;ed ,mronf odyH`ynmr[kwf[k u|EkfyfucH,lygonf? ‚if;onf tawG;tac:wpfckomjzpfI/ qdk;,kwfaumuf-upfaom tawG;tac:yifjzpf.? 136 w&m;Oya'ESifhudk,fxdvufa&muf -udKwifumuG,fr+awmh vdktyfayonf? odk‹ aomfvnf; T-udKwifumuG,fr+rsm;onf xdktawG;tac:rsm;u ay;aqmifcJhaom'%f&m rsm;udk ukpm;jcif;omjzpfayvdrfhrnf? tpOftjrJxm0&twGufajz±Sif;enf;rSm ,Ofaus;r+ ESifh odyH`enf;ukpm;r+omv#ifjzpfayonf? ,Ofaus;r+ESifhodyH`ynmtjrifwdk‹rS 'g0if0g'ysufjy,fqkH;cef;wdkifoGm;onfESifht r#/ ‚if;udktajccHIxGufvmaomtawG;tac:rsm;onfvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;rnfjzpf.? ,if;onfum; urBmavmu-uD;onf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&rf;um;jcif;rsm;rS {uefrvGJ vGwf ajrmufoGm;jcif;yif jzpfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh todw&m;&SdolESifh bk&m;w&m;wGif,kH-unfr+&Sdolwdk‹wGif -uD;av;aom wm0efusa&mufaeayonf? urBmay:odk‹ 'g0if0g'u ,laqmifvmcJhaom ysufpD;,dk,Gif; r+rsm;udk ao;i,fonf[ktxifrao;oifhyg? txl;ojzifh vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpftwGif;wGif vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;u cHpm;jzwfoef;cJh&aom 'kuQrsm;udk vpfvsL±+jcif;rjyKoifhyg? ESpfaygif; 150 wdkifwdkif -umjrifhcJhaom Tvdrfvnfr+-uD;udk tjyD;ydkifokwfoif&Sif;vif;ypf&ef 159
TudpPonf ta&;w-uD;tvsiftjrefvdktyfaea-umif;udk odjrifoltm;vkH;wdk‹onf ,Of aus;r+t& rdrdwdk‹wwfEdkifonfhtwdkif;twmjzifh wdkufyGJqifEGJ-u&efvdktyfygonf? TvdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;jcif;udk trSefwu,fqkH;cef;wdkifazsmufzsufI/ vlom;wdk‹ { csrf;pGmaexdkifEdkifrnfhtajccHrludk &&SdEdkifrnfhajz&Sif;enf;rSm/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf&Sd udk,fusifhw&m;twdkif; aexdkifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? vlom;wdk‹onf bmomt,l0g'odk‹ rsufESmjyefvSnfh-uygu/ xdkysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+rsm;onfvnf; &yfwef‹oGm;rnfjzpfayonf? xdktcg/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfu n$ef-um;xm;onfhb0aexdkifa&;twdkif;/ vSyjcif;/ cspfcif-uifemjcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/ opPm&Sdjcif;/ tcsif;csif;,dkif;yif;ulnDjcif;/ onf;cH jcif; ponfwdk‹ESifhjynfhpkHrnfjzpf.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. trdef‹&Sdawmfrlonfhtwdkif;/ “trSefonfa&muf&Sdvm”I “trSm;onf aysmufuG,f”oGm;rnfjzpf.? xdk‹jyif toifonf Todk‹ajym-um;ygav? “trSefonf a&muf&SdvmcJhacsjyD? ‚if; jyif trSm;onf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhacsjyD? {uefrvGJ trSm;onf uG,faysmufrnfh t&myif jzpfcJhayownf;? (pl&m beDtpP&mtDvf 17;81) 160
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,QKtcsdeftxd vlom;wdk‹.puQKtm&kHESifh aomwm&kHwdk‹rS vufcH&&Sdaom jrifawG‹& onfhykH&dyfESifh-um;&onfhtoHrsm;avmuf -unfvifjywfom;jcif;tqifhudk rSDEdkifonfh ud&d,m pufypPnf;rxkwfvkyfEdkif-uao;acs? puQKtm&kHESifh aomwm&kHwdk‹ESifhywfoufI txufwGifaqG;aEG;cJh-uonfxufru aom tcsuftvufrsm;onfvnf; aemufuG,fwGiftajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeygao;onf? OD;aESmufwGif jrifjcif;ESifh-um;jcif;onf rnfolESifh oufqdkifygoenf;? OD;aESmufwGif rnfolu vSyonfhurBm-uD;udk apmifh-unfhaeygoenf;? rnfolu om,memaysmfbG,faumif;aom aw;*Dwrsm;ESifh iSufuav;rsm;.wDwDwmwm toH rsm;udk em;qifaeygoenf;? rnfolu teH‹t&omrsm;udkcHpm;aeygoenf;? vlom;wdk‹. rsufpd/ em;ESifhESmacgif;rsm;rSvmaomEd+;qGay;jcif;onf OD;aESmufodk‹ v#yfppf="gwktm&kHa-umE+d;qGr+tjzpf a&muf&SdoGm;ayonf? ZD0aA'/ ZD0"gwkaA'ESifh ZD0 urRaA'pmtkyfrsm;wGif rnfodk‹jrif&onf/ rnfodk‹-um;&onf/ rnfodk‹teH‹t&omcHpm;& onf ponfhta-umif;&yfrsm;udk tao;pdwfzwf±+Edkifygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkpmtkyf rsm;wGif ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufjzpfonfh = xdkv#yfppf"gwktm&kHa-umE+d;qGr+jzpfonfh tm&kHcH pm;r+rsm;udk rnfoluvufcHI t"dy`g,faz:cHpm;aeoenf; [laomtcsufudkum; zwf&+ &rnfr[kwfyg? OD;aESmufwGif xdktm&kHa-umE+d;qGr+rsm;udk ‚if;rsufpd/ em;ESifh ESmacgif; rsm;wGif cHpm;r+r&SdbJ vufcHt"dy`g,faz:ay;aeonfh todw&m;oD;jcm;&Sdaeayonf? xdktodw&m;onf/ tm&kHa-um/ OD;aESmuf&SdtqDv$mESifhtm&kHqJvf(EsL&Gef)rsm;ESifhoufqdkif jcif;r&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;aeayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ tppt&m&monf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm; jzifhom zGJ‹pnf;yg0ifaeonf[k ,kH-unfol 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹u TudpPESifhywfoufI tajz ray;Edkif-uacs? Ttodw&m;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfzefqif;xm;aom 0dnmOfyifjzpfayonf? 0dnmOfonf ykH&dyfudk-unfhjrif&eftwGuf rsufpdrvdktyfovdk/ toH-um;&eftwGuf em; vnf;rvdktyfacs? xdk‹xufru 0dnmOfonf pOf;pm;qifjcif&eftwGuf OD;aESmufvnf; r vdktyfacs? T&Sif;vif;jywfom;jynfhpkHvkHavmufI odyH`enf;usaomtcsufudk zwf±+rdol onf/ ydef;ydwfatmifarSmifrdkufaeaom ukApifwDrDwmtenf;i,fr#om&Sdonfh ae&m ao;ao;av;wGif p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk ta&miftqif;ESifhjynfhpkHI vif;0if;awmufy aeaom okH;zufwefykH&dyftjzpf jzpfn‡pfjyoxm;Edkifaom tv†m[ft±SifjrwfESifhywfouf I pOf;pm;qifjcif/ a-umuf&GHŒ&dkaoI xdkt&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;Y cdkvkHoifhayonf? &kyf0g'D. ,kH-unfcsuf ,QKtcsdeftxd u|Ekfyfwdk‹avhvmcJhor#t&/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt csuftvufrsm;ESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeonfrSm &Sif;aeayonf? touf&Sifjcif;.tprlv blwESifhywfoufI tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tqdkjyKcsufonf odyH`ynmESifh qef‹usifbufjzpf aeayonf? ‚if;uwifjyonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;,EW&m;rsm;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;twGuf tokH; r0ifjzpfaeayonf? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;Yvnf;/ ‚if;twGufvdktyfonfh-um;ykHpH owW0grsm; r&Sdacs? Todk‹jzpfaeojzifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk odyH`ynmESifh qef‹usif onfhtawG;tac:tjzpf pGef‹ypfvdkuf&efomvdktyfayonf? trSefrSm/ ordkif;wGif tDAdkvl; 174
&Sif;ykHpHuJhodk‹aom urBmESifhywfoufonfh tawG;tac:tajrmuftjrm;udk cdkifvkHr+r&Sd ojzifh odyH`ynmavmurS y,fxkwfvdkufavjyD? odk‹aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudkrl odyH`ynmavmuY twif;ayuyfI csef xm;vsuf&Sdayonf? tcsdKŒu tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk a0zefolrsm;udkyif “odyH`ynmudk wdkufcdkufqef‹usifonf”[k pGyfpGJ&efrl-uao;onf? tb,fa-umifhenf;?=== TuJhodk‹jzpf&jcif;.ta-umif;&if;rSm/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf tcsdKŒaomyk*~dKvfwdk‹ twGuf r&Sdrjzpfaomw&m;ao,kH-unfcsufjzpfaeayonf? Ttodkif;t0dkif;onf &kyf0g 'tawG;tac:wGif acgif;rmrmwG,fuyfae-uI 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf olwdk‹.&kyf0g',kH -unfcsuft& obm0udk&Sif;jyEdkifonfh wpfckwnf;aomtawG;tac:vnf; jzpfaejyef onf? wcgw&Holwdk‹u yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif 0efcH-uayonf? [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ausmf-um;aom rsdK;ADZaA'ygarmuQvnf;jzpf/ wcsdefwnf;wGifa&SŒwef;rStDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D vnf;jzpfol &pfcswfvD0efwifu olonf“yxra±SŒwef;wGif&kyf0g'DjzpfI/ odyH`ynm±Sif onf 'kwd,tqifhjzpfonf”[k atmufygtwdkif; 0efcHxm;ayonf? odyH`ynmxkH;wrf;"avhrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;u tHhzG,fxl;uJaomurBmta-umif; &kyfydkif;qdkif &m&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk twif;vufcHapjcif;r[kwfrlbJ/ u|Efkyfwdk‹. &Sd&if;pGJ,kH-unfcsufrsm; u &kyf0g'udk&Sif;jyEdkifonfh tawG;tac:enf;ynmrsm;udk&SmazG&ef twif;t-uyfjyKaejcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk‹&SmazG&mwGif/ rdrdwdk‹tvdkvdkodEdkifaom todw&m;ESifhyif qef‹usifae jcif;ESifh/ rnfr#yif pdwful;,Ofqefaejcif; &Sdaomfvnf;/ ta&;r-uD;yg? &kyf0g'uomv#if vkH;0OkHrSefuefonf[k cH,lxm;ygonf? “zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocif &Sdonf[laom tawG; tac:onf u|Efkyfwdk‹. wHcg;0odk‹ a&mufrvm&ef”om ta&;-uD;qkH; jzpfygonf? 155 Tpum;vkH;rsm;u/ 'g0if0g'onf &kyf0g'tawG;tac:wGif wG,fuyfae&eft wGuf w&m;ao0g'wpfckjzpfa-umif; xif&Sm;apygonf? Tw&m;ao0g'wGif j'yf0wˆK ypPnf;rSvGJI tjcm;rnfonfht&mr# wnf&Sdjcif;r&Sd[kqdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ todw&m; uif;rJhonfh oufrJhypPnf;jzpfaom j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf toufudkzefwD;Edkifonf[k ,kH -unfjcif;jzpf.? urBmay:&Sd oef;ESifhcsDaom ouf&SdtrsdK;tpm;rsm;/ Oyrm iSufrsm;/ ig; rsm;/ opfukvm;tkyfrsm;/ usm;rsm;/ ydk;r$m;rsm;/ opfyifrsm;/ yef;rmvfrsm;/ a0vig; rsm;ESifh vlom;rsm;onf/ rdk;ESifhv#yfpD;vufjcif;ponfhoufrJhpGrf;tifrsm;a-umifh jzpfay: vmonf[k ,kH-unfjcif;jzpfonf? T,kH-unfcsufonfum;/ vl‹todOm%fESifh odyH` ynmwdk‹ESifh trSefyifqef‹usifbufjzpfaeayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ “zef;qif;&Sif&Sdonf [laomtawG;tac:u wHcg;0odk‹a&mufrvmap&ef”twGuf T,kH-unfcsufudk um uG,faxG;ydkufvsuf&Sd-uayonf? &kyf0g'udk -udKwifbufvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ touftm;vkH;.tprlvblwudk -unfh jrifokH;oyfolonf/ ouf&SdypPnf;tm;vkH;udk teEWwefcdk;awmf&Sif/ tvkH;pkHudkod&Sdawmfrl onfh oAŠnKwOm%fawmf&Sif/ todw&m;ESifhjynfhpkHawmfrlaomzefqif;&Sif. vkyfaqmif csufjzpfa-umif;udk od&Sdrnfjzpfayonf? xdkzefqif;&Sifonf/ p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk Avm ewˆdtvsif;r&Sd&mrS ykHpHcsI jyD;jynfhpkHqkH;tjzpfodk‹ zefqif;xm;I ouf&SdowW0gtm;vkH; udkvnf; zefqif;xm;aom tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfyif jzpfawmfrl.? 175
rSwfcsufrsm;? 176
177
2009=ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 16 &ufae‹wGif jyefvnfppfaq;jyifqifjyD;.? 178

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ဆင့်ကဲဖြစ်စဉ်သီအိုရီနှင့်လူသားမျိုးနွယ်အပေါ်ရန် သောဘေးဥပဒ်. Burmese

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    cef;wdkif acszsufypf&efvdktyfayonf? vuf&SdurBmhtajctaeudk-unfhvdkufygu/ t -urf;zufjcif;rsKd;pkHESifh azgufjyefr+yËdyuQtrsKd;rsKd;odk‹omv#if a&SŒ±+OD;wnfvsuf &Sdae ojzifh/ tcsdefraESmif;rD tv†m[ft±Sifjrwf.a'oemawmfudk xda&mufpGmESifh vsifjrefpGm ydk‹csjzef‹a0&ef vdktyfaea-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf? ,if;-uKd;yrf;csufwGif/ [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf a&SŒwef;rS yg0ifvsuf&Sdayonf? tif&Smtv†m[f (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftvdkawmf&Sdygu)/ ESpfq,fh wpf&mpkESpf&Sd urBmolurBmom;rsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif uwdu0wf jyKxm;onfhtwdkif; jidrf;csrf;r+/ w&m;r#wr+ESifh om,maysmf&$ifr+rsm;udk &&Sdatmif ay; aqmif&mwGif Tpmtkyfrsm;rSwpfqifh &±Sdaom todw&m;rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf yg0ifEdkifygvdrfhrnf? 6
  • 7.
    pmzwfolodk‹ TO THE READER tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DysufokOf;oGm;jcif;ta-umif;udk TpmtkyfY txl;tcef;wpf cef;tjzpf az:jyxm;ygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ToDtdk&Donf/ bk&m;rJh0g'ESifh bmomt,l0g'udk qef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;.tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; yg &Sdaoma-umifh jzpfygonf? 'g0if0g'u zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkuf jcif;jzifh/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jiif;y,f&ma&mufaoma-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 140ausmftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;tm; olwdk‹.bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf rsm;udk pGef‹v$wfoGm;apcJhjcif; 'dG[oHo,jzpfapjcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh ‚if; oDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;jcif;omv#ifjzpfa-umif;udk vltrsm;od&Sd oabmayguf&Sif;vif;atmifwifjy&efrSm rvkyfrae&wm0ef jzpfayonf? pmzwfy&d wftcsdKŒonf u|Efkyfwdk‹.pmtkyftcsdKŒudkom zwfrd-urnfjzpfaoma-umifh/ xdkoDtdk&D ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfI az:jyoifhonf[k ,lqygonf? pma&;ola&;om;cJhaom pmtkyftm;vkH;wGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,wfawmfrsm;jzifh&Sif;jyI/ pmzwfoludk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. rdef‹-um;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;um xdkoGefoifcsufrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&ef zdwfac:xm;ayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.tm,wfawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufaomta-umif; &yfrsm;udk&Sif;jy&mY pmzwfol.pdwfwGif 'Gd[oHo,uif;&Sif;I aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm; xkwf&efr&SdEdkifatmif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ayonf? pma&;ol. pdwf&if;apwemrSef t &if;cHaom a&;enf;a&;[efESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;aomtokH;tE+ef;rsm;onf pmzwfolvl -uD;vli,ft&G,fwdkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tkyfpkwdkif;u vG,fulpGmem;vnfoabmaygufEdkif ygonf? xda&mufI &Sif;vif;aompmom;rsm;a-umifh wpfxdkifwnf;wGif tjyD;zwf ±+Edkifayonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk jyif;xefpGmjiif;y,folwdk‹yifv#if/ Tpmtkyfyg rSefuefonfh &Sif;vif;csufESifh udk;um;csufrsm;udk jiif;qefI r&Edkif-uacs? TpmtkyfESifhtwl pma&;ol. usefpmtkyftm;vkH;wdk‹udk wpfOD;csif;zwfjcif; odk‹r[kwf tkyfpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;jcif;jyKEdkifygonf? pma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl; &&Sdvdkolwdk‹twGuf tkyfpkzGJ‹IaqG;aEG;&eftvGefoifhavsmfygonf? xdkodk‹jyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD; ESifhwpfOD;. tjrifESifhtawG‹t-uHKrsm;udk ESD;aESmzvS,fEdkifrnfjzpf.? xdk‹tjyif/ Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;jcif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.ESpfoufjcif;udk &,l&efudkom &nf&G,faoma-umifh/ zwf±+jcif;ESifhykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;onf -uD;us,faom tpPvmrfhtusdK;aqmifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? Tpma&;q&m.pmtkyfrsm;onf zwfaumif; &kHru ,kH-unfxdkufaompmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefaom bmomt,l 0g'twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk qufoG,f&mY Tpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+&efwdkufwGef;jcif;onf taumif; qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf? Tpma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ pma&;ol.yk*~vdutjrifrsm;/ 'Gd[oHo,jzpfzG,faom udk;um;csufrsm;jzifh&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;/ &dkaoav;pm;xdkufaomrGefjrwfonfht&mrsm;ESifh ,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk xdyg;onfhtokH;tE+ef;rsm;/ pmzwfol.pdwfudk ±+yfaxG;aprnfh a0zef okH;oyfcsufrsm; uif;&Sif;ygonf? 7
  • 8.
    bmomjyefol.trSm Foreword from theTranslator u|Ekfyfonf bmoma&;udkif;±d+if;aom ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoem0if tdrfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm; -uD;jyif;vmcJholjzpfygonf? i,fpOfuwnf;upI we*FaEGae‹wdkif; uav;oli,frsm;tm; c&pfawmf . a'oemawmfESifhorRmusrf;oifcef;pmrsm;udk u|Ekfyf.&GmrS twefa0;uGmaomjrKdŒ&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk; ausmif;wGif rSefrSefwufa&mufqnf;yl;cJhygonf? "rRq&mrsm;u okH;qlonf wpfqlwnf;jzpfa-umif; oif-um;&mwGif u|Efkyfoabmaygufatmif rnfolur#&Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh-uyg? tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0 15 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rGwfpvifrf'dkif*sufESifh tpPvmrpf&DjAL;r*~Zif;rsm;tjyif urBmhtvif;pmapmifudkzwf±+cGifh&&SdcJh&mrSpI/ tpPvmrfomoemonf zefqif;&SifESifhywfoufI t &Sif;vif;qkH;oif-um;aomomoemtjzpf vufcHoabmaygufojzifh/ 1955 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif “awm0f[D'f”ac: wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifudkomv#if udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom tpPvmrfomoem udk awG‹&SdvufcHI touf 16 ESpfwGif umvDrm&S[m'wf zwfcJhygonf? xdkacwfumvwGif aemiftem*wfEdkifiHa&;avmuodk‹ ajcvSrf;-urnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf jyifqifa&;tjzpf txufwef;tqifhrSpI wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0txd ausmif;om;or*~v+yf&Sm;r+ rsm;wGif yg0if-uonf? EdkifiHa&;udkydkrdkIpdwf0ifpm;onfhausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txl;ojzifh EdkifiH a&;odyH`/ 'eduaA'ESifh rEkaA'bmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqnf;yl;-uayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl; &Sif;oDtdk&D/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ jyifopfpufr+awmfvSefa&;ta-umif;/ rm;ufP/ tif*sJvf/ vDeif/ xa&mhpfuD/ pwmvifESifharmfpDwkH;wdk‹ta-umif;awGudkvnf; aema-u-uayonf? ,kwWdaA'enf;jzifh usdK;a-umif;qifjcifI tajz&Smaom&kyf0g'[kt"dy`g,f&aom 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)&kyf0g' (dialectic materialism) tawG;tac:udkvnf; xufatmufwGif;jyif ar$aESmufusuf rSwfxm;-uay onf? xdkacwfwGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;awmwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹jzpfonfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Auy)odk‹ 0ifIawmcdkcJh-uaomausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; xdkausmif;om;rsm;yifjzpfonf? jrefrm rGwfpvifrfwdk‹zGJ‹pnf;onfh yoDaumifpDtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹yifv#if AuyESifhqufoG,fI ajray:ajratmuf EdkifiHa&;v#yf&Sm;-uayonf? aemifwGifarmfpDwkH;.,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; w&kwfEdkifiH odk‹ oGm;a&mufoifwef;wufcJholwdk‹onf AuyXmecsKyfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ tpGef; a&mufatmif vuf&JZuf&JowfjzwfcJh-uavonf? rdrdwdk‹.tawG;tac:0g'ESifh tenf;i,fuGJvGJ olwdk‹udk/ rdrd.arG;rdcifzcifyifjzpfap/ vnfvSD;I xdkvnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaq;cJh-uonf? (tao; pdwfocifoef;xGef;.aemufqkH;ae‹rsm;wGifzwfyg)? xdkuGefjrLepftzGJ‹0ifwdk‹vnf; bmomomoem udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfhrdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uaomfvnf; tb,fha-umifh xdkr#avmuf vlrqefatmif&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfcJh-uonfudk tHh-o-uD;pGmjzifh oabmraygufEdkifcJhyg? [m&Gef,[f ,m a&;om;aomT“vl‹avmuodk‹ 'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkH,laqmifcJhaom'g0if0g'” pmtkyfudk zwf±+rd ojzifh xdk&ufpufr+rsm;.aemufuG,f&SdtawG;tac:tiftm;pk-uD;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;vif;pGm&Sd od&yg onf? xdk‹a-umifh rsdK;cspfjrefrmrGwfpvifrfvli,frsm;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk‹. rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfxufoef r+wpfckwnf;a-umifh rSm;,Gif;aomEdkifiHa&;0g'aemufodk‹ rvdkufrd-uap&efESSifh xdkEdkifiHa&;0g'wdk‹. yif&if;a&aomufjrpf b,frSm&Sdonf [laomtcsufudk od&Sdoabmayguf-uap&ef/ apwemaumif; jzifh bmomjyefvdkufygonf? Tpmtkyfonf q&m-uD;[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmom jzifh jyefqdkonfh wwd,ajrmufpmtkyfjzpfygonf? rdk[rR'ftvDwef*Gef; 8
  • 9.
    tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. vrf;awmfwGif &yfwnf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh u|Ekfyf.cspfvSpGmaom ZeD;/ om;orD;rsm;/ nDtpfudkrsm;ESifhrdwfo*F[rsm;udk ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJhjcif;*sD[m'fwGif wpdwfwa'o jznfhwif;ygap[k &nfpl;vsuf Tpmtkyfudk ukodkvfjzpf jrefrmbmomjyefqdkygonf? Tjrefrmbmomjyef pmtkyfudk rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGmykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;csjzef‹jzL;cGifh ay;ygonf? tvDwef*Gef; 2007=ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 28 &ufae‹ (2009=ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif xyfrHppfaq;jyifqifonf?) 9
  • 10.
    rmwdum pmrsufESm ed'gef;? 20&mpkESpfodk‹ ab;'kuQtaygif;udk11 ,laqmifvmcJholrsm; 'g0if0g'ordkif;tusOf;csKyf 15 'g0if. vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh udkvdkeDpepf0g' 28 'g0if0g'ESifh zufppf0g't-um; a-umufrufzG,faom r[mrdwf 56 'g0if0g' = uGefjrLepf&ufpufr+. yif&if; 94 t&if;&SifpepfESifh pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif 140 touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&jcif; 'g0if0g',laqmifcJhaom udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+ 151 ed*kH;? 'g0if0g'wnf;[laom nHGawm-uD;udk ajcmufaoG‹oGm;atmif azgufxkwfypf&rnf 158 aemufqufwGJ? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. rSm;,Gif;aomcH,lcsuf 161 10
  • 11.
  • 12.
    ed'gef; u|Efkyfwdk‹ r-umao;rDuausmfvGefcJhaom ESpfq,f&mpkESpfonf/'kuQqif; &Jjcif; em-unf;zG,faumif;onfh aoausysufpD;jcif;ESifhjynfheufapaom ppfrufjydKif qdkifwdkufcdkufjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;r+&Sd jcif;/ -uD;rm;onfh ysufpD;r+rsm;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ESifh jynfheufcJhaom &mpkESpfjzpf.? vlaygif;oef;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm toufqkH;±+H;cJh-u.? owfjzwfcHcJh-u&.? touf aoqkH;oGm;onftxd iwfrGwfatmifypfxm;jcif; cHcJh-u&.? trdk;tumr±Sd/ tdrfrJh ,mrJh/ tumtuG,frJh ypfxm;jcif;cH-u&.? xdkodk‹aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;onf vnf; 0g'a&;&maoGjznfr+udk tvkyftau|;jyKonfhwpfckwnf;aomta-umif;a-umifhom v#if jzpfayonf? vlaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk wd&pm>efrsm;yif rcHpm;xdkufonfh tjzpf odk‹ ydk‹aqmifcJh-uayonf? tjzpftysufwdkif;wGifvnf; pwmvif/ vDeif/ xa&mhpuD/ armf/ yGefyGwf/ [pfwvm/ rdkqdkvdkeD/ z&efudk/ ===ponfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom tm%m&Sifrsm;.vufcsuf yg0ifvsuf&Sd.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;teuf tcsKd‹onf 0g'a&;&m wGif wlnD-uI/ tcsKd‹rSm olaoigao &efbufrsm;jzpf-uavonf? xdkodk‹&efbufjzpfae -ujcif;rSm/ wpfOD;.cH,lcsuf0g'onf tjcm;olwpfOD;.0g'ESifh qef‹usifaejcif;u wpfckwnf;aomta-umif;&if;jzpfayonf? olwdk‹tcsif;csif;&efbufyËdyuQjzpf&mwGif vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;udk qGJoGif;um/ nDtpfudktcsif;csif;udk owfjzwfapI ppf rufjydKifqdkif wdkufcdkufaponf? tcsif;csif; bkH;cGJowfjzwfaponf? armfawmfum;rsm;/ tdrfajctaqmufttkHrsm;/ aps;qdkifrsm; ponfwdk‹udk zsufqD;rD;±+dŒapI/ t-urf;zuf qENjy a-uG;ausmfap-uonf? olwdk‹.vufxJodk‹ aoewfvufeufrsm;udk ay;tyfI/ cav;vl-uD; rdef;ra,mufsm; awG‹or#wdk‹udk &dkufykwfypfcwf owfjzwfap-uonf? rnf ol‹udkrqdk/ OD;acgif;udkaoewfESifhawhxm;I rsufpdudktwdkif;om;-unfhum ypfowfonf txd &ufpuf-uonf? olwdk‹owfjzwfvdkufaomom;aumiftavmif;. OD;acgif;udkyif ajcESifh eif;acsvdkuf-uao;onf? xdkr#avmuf &ufpuf&jcif;ta-umif;&if;onfvnf; xdkom;aumifrSm tjcm;0g'udk axmufcHtm;ay;aoma-umifhom jzpfayonf? vlwdk‹. aetdrfrS twif;armif;xkwf-uonf? rdef;r/ cav;oli,f tdkrif;rpGrf;olwdk‹udkvnf; csefxm;jcif; r&Sday? Tum; u|Efkyfwdk‹ avmavmvwfvwfausmfvGefcJhonfh 20 &mpkESpftwGif; tdyf rufqdk;-uD;yrm/ wpfckESifhwpfckqef‹usifonfh tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk taxmuftul jyKum xdkaxmufcHr+trnfjzifh vlom;avmuwpfckvkH;udk aoG;acsmif;pD; 'kuQyifv,f wGif arsmapcJholrsm;ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfEdkifqkH; az:jyjcif;jzpfygonf? urBmolurBmom;wdk‹ cHcJh&onfh xdk'kuQyifv,fudk aqmifusOf;cJhonfh tawG;t ac:rsm;teuf/ zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹onf xdyfwef;u yg0ifcJhayonf? xdkt awG;tac:ESpfrsKd;onf/ &efbufrsm;tjzpf tcsif;csif;acsrkef;ypf&ef -udK;yrf;cJh-uayonf? trSefrSm xdktawG;tac:ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wGif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufwpfcsuf&Sdayonf? tawG;tac:0g'ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf rdrdwdk‹bufodk‹ vlxkudkqGJaqmifEdkif&ef wpfckwnf;aom tawG;tac:. tiftm;udktokH;jyK-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdka&aomufjrpftawG; tac:udk rnfolurSowdrxm;rd-ubJ/ ,ae‹tcsdefxd aemufuG,fwGif v#dKae&if; vlt rsm;a&SŒwGif rdrd.rsufESmudk &dk;pif;oa,mif wpfcsdefvkH; [efaqmifaecJhayonf? xdka& aomufjrpf-uD;rSm &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jzpfonfh 'g0iftawG;tac: (wpfenftm;jzifh) 12
  • 13.
    'g0if0g'. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dyif jzpfayonf?xdktawG;tac:udk rdrdwdk‹.vdk&modk‹ obm0w&m;tjzpf qGJ,ltokH;jyK-uayonf? 'g0if0g'onf a&S;plrm&fESifh*&dvlrsdK;wdk‹.acwfrsm;wGif vufcHusifhokH;cJh-uaom ,kH-unfcsufudk taysmfwef;ZD0aA'ynm&Sifjzpfonfh csm;vfpf'g0ifu jyefvnfaz: xkwfaomtawG;tac:jzpfI ,if;tawG;tac:uyif/ vlom;urBmwpfckvkH;udk tEW&m,f jyKcJhaom tawG;tac:0g'rsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfayonf? odyH`ynmudk rsufESmzkH; wyfxm;I ,if;tawG;tac:udk axmufcHolrsm;tm; olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk vufawG‹usifhokH;&mY w&m;0ifr+udk rSm;,Gif;pGmay;tyfcJhav onf? xdkrSm;,Gif;onfh w&m;0ifr+a-umifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf ZD0aA'ESifh edcgwu aA'(ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm)rsm;rS vGwfxGufI vl‹ordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vlr+a&;ynmrsm; odk‹ul;pufjyef‹oGm;avonf? 'g0iftawG;tac:onf 19 &mpkESpfwGif pwifjyef‹yGm; v+yf&Sm;pjyKaeaomtawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk tm;ay;axmufcHvsuf&Sdaoma-umifh/ xdktawG; tac:todkif;t0dkif;. axmufcHtm;ay;r+udk tus,fw0if‹&&SdcJhavonf? txl;ojzifh vlwdk‹u obm0wGif “toufquf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtawG;t ac:ESifh “tiftm;-uD;oluom tEdkif&I/ usefaomolwdk‹onf ±+H;edrfhI aysmufuG,foGm; ukefonf” [laomtawG;tac:rsm;udk vl‹obm0udkaz:xkwf&mwGif pwiftokH;cscJh-u avonf? 'g0if0g't&/ vl‹avmuonf yËdyuQESifhjynfheufvsuf wdkufcdkuf,SOfjydKif vkH;yef;-u&onfh,ifjyifjzpfonf [laomtcsufudk vlom;avmuESifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif pwiftokH;cs-uawmhonf? [pfwvm. r[mvlrsdK;-uD;wnfaqmufa&;/ rm;ufP. “vl‹ordkif;onf vlwef;pm;jydKifqdkifr+ordkif;jzpfonf”[laoma-uG;ausmfcsuf/ "e±Sif0g' . “tiftm;-uD;olonf tiftm;csdeJ‹oludkacgif;ykHjzwfI ydkrdkIcsrf;om-uG,f0 EdkifcGifh&Sd onf”/ “jAdwdo#uJhodk‹aom e,fcsJ‹t&if;&Sifwdk‹. udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒpepfESifhtwl tom; a&mifvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'usifhokH;I vleDvl0gvlrJrsm;udkwdkufcdkufESdrfeif;jcif;” ponfhvkyf &yfrsm;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;w&m;0if jzpfoGm;apavonf? “todw&m;&Sdaom wd&pm>ef” (The Moral Animal) [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;cJh onfh uavmif&Sif a&mbwf &dkufonf/ oludk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;wpfOD;jzpfvifhu pm;/ vl‹ordkif;odk‹tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du ay;aqmifcJhaom ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+ab;'kuQrsm;ESifh ywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tokH;cscJhaomoufwef;rSm/ vl‹ordkif;wGif tvGef,kwfywf&Snfvsm; aomtcsdefumv jzpfcJhayonf? 20 &mpkESpftul;ydkif;wGif “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” (Social Dawinism) [kac:aom rjywfrom;ra&&monfhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifh a&maESmqufpyf rdonfhaemufydkif;wGif/ vlrsdK;cJGjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;/ zufqpf0g'Drsm;ESifh oem;-uifempdwfuif;rJh aomt&if;&Sif-uD;rsm;.vufudkif'kwf jzpfoGm;avonf? 1 TpmtkyfwGif a&SŒqufI az:jyrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'onf touf&Sifjcif; .rlvblwta-umif;udkom &Sif;jyonfhodyH`ynmtawG;tac:wpfcktjzpfomr[kwfawmh a-umif;udk zwf±+&ygrnf? tawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhyk*~dKvftcsdKŒu/ ,ae‹wdkif 'g0if0g'onf odyH`ynmwGif tusKH;r0ifrSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:jzpfonf [k oufaoxlxm;jyD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ ‚if;udk w&m;aotawG;tac:tjzpf umuG,fae -uqJjzpf.? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ odyH`ynm&Sif/ EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh tawG;tac:&Sif t 13
  • 14.
    ajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'.&kyfqdk;arSmifrJaomrsufESmudk odIjzpfaprodbJjzpf ap axmufcHtm;ay;ae-uqJjzpfayonf? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf vlrqefbJ wpfudk,faumif; udk,fusdK;udkom-unfhonfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk aphaqmfay;aom 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif; oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt& ,kwWdrwef rrSefuefa-umif;udk vlwdkif; od&Sdoabmayguf onfhwpfae‹wGifrl urBmhvlom;rsm; -uHKawGŒae&onfh 'kuQyifv,f0J-o*rS vGwfajrmuf oGm;Edkif-urnfjzpfayonf? ,kwfnHhodrfjzif; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk pepfwus pDrHuGyfuJI vufawG‹tokH;cs-uolrsm;onfvnf;/ “Tonf obm0w&m; jzpfonf”[k ,r,f&SmEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfyg? olwdk‹. wpfudk,faumif;twWqefI oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhonfhurBmhtjrifudk odyH`qefonf[k axmufcHEdkif-uawmhrnf r[kwfay? tEW&m,fjzpfonfh tawG;tac:rsm;.a&aomufjrpfjzpfaom 'g0if0g'udk acs rkef;vdkufEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif/ wpfckwnf;aomtrSefw&m;omv#if usef&pfayawmhrnf? ,if;onfum;/ vlom;rsm;ESifhtwl p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk xm0&bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft &Sifjrwfu zefqif;xm;onf [laomtcsufyifjzpfayonf? ,if;tcsufudk od&Sdoabm aygufolwdkif;onfvnf;/ trSefw&m;onf xdkt&Sifjrwfcsay;awmfrlaom usrf;*efwGif omv#if&Sdonf [laomta-umif;udk xyfrHod&Sdvm-uayvdrfhrnf? vltrsm;pku ,if; trSefw&m;udk od&Sd-ujyD;aemufwGifum;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf owfjzwf jcif;/ ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;/ rw&m;jyKusifhjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹tpm;/ Om%ftvif;ESifhjynfhpkHjcif;/ yGifhvif;jcif;/ csrf;om-uG,f0jcif;/ aygrsm;jcif;/ usef;rmoef pGrf;jcif;/ cspfcif-uifemarwWmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ tpm;xdk;vmvdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹aom tajctaeodk‹ a&muf&SdEdkif&efrSm/ vlom;avmuudk tEW&m,fjzpfaprnfh rSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;onfwdkifatmif wdkufcdkufacsrkef;ypf&ef vdktyfayonf? odk‹rSomv#if/ usrf;awmfjrwf&Sd rGefjrwfonfha'oemawmfjyef‹yGm;I vlom;avmuudk vSyjcif; ay;aqmifrnfjzpfayonf? ausmufcJESifhaygufoludk ausmufcJESifh jyefvnf udkifaygufjcif;/ r#m;ESifhypfoludk r#m;jzifhjyefvnfypfI acsyjcif;/ usL;ausmf&ufpufoludk/ xdk‹xufruydkIusL;ausmf&ufpufjcif;/ ponfwdk‹onf ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;aomenf; r[kwfay? taumif;qkH;ajz&Sif;enf;rSm/ xdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:udk apwemaumif;jzifh pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf trSefw&m;jzifhvJvS,fatmif &Sif;jyjcif;yif jzpfayonf? Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ 'g0if0g'. rJarSmifaom rsufESmzkH;udk/ odIjzpfap rodIbJjzpfap/ axmufcHolwdk‹tm;/ olwdk‹onf rnfodk‹aom tawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;aeonf/ xdkuJhodk‹ trSefw&m;udkrod[efaqmifI vpf vsL±+xm;jcif;jzifh/ rnfr#wm0ef-uD;av;aeonf/ ponfwdk‹udk em;vnfoabmayguf-u ap&ef jzpfygonf? aemufxyf&nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm/ 'g0if0g'udk ,kH-unfr+r&Sdoludk vnf;/ vl‹avmutwGuf ‚if;tawG;tac:.tEW&m,f rnfr#-uD;rm;onfudk owday;&ef jzpfygonf? 14
  • 15.
    'g0if0g'u vl‹avmu-uD;odk‹ 'kuQaygif;pkH,laqmifvmcJhonfhta-umif; odk‹ rvSnfhrD/ ‚if;.ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk OD;pGmavhvm-unfh-uygpdk‹? vltrsm;tm;jzifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csm;vfpf'g0ifu pwifI odyH`enf;usus avhvmprf;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh twl oufaoom"ursm;tay:rlwnfIwifjycJhaomoDtdk&Djzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uay 15
  • 16.
    onf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tpysdK;olonfcsm;vfpf'g0ifr[kwfonfhtjyif/ odyH`ynm t& oufaoxlxm;aom oDtdk&Dvnf;r[kwfyg? wpfcsdefwkef;u r,fqdkydkaw;rD;,m;wGif/ &kyfxkudk;uG,faom bmomwpfrsdK; ay: aygufv$rf;rdk;cJh&m/ touf&Sifjcif;ESifh p-um0Vmjzpfay:vmjcif;ESifhywfoufaom '¾m &DykHjyifrsm;udk,kH-unfjcif; t,loD;jcif;rsm;ESifh jynfheufcJhavonf? ,if;t,l0g'rsm; teuf “tDAdkvl;&Sif;”,kH-unfcsufonfvnf; wpfcktygt0ifjzpfcJhayonf? plrm&fvlrsdK; wdk‹.acwfvufxufrS tDElrm=tDvpf ausmufpmrsm;t&/ urBm-uD;udk a&v$rf;rdk;cJhjyD; csdefwGif v[frlESifh vm[mrlac:aomewfrif;&kyfqif;wkESpfyg;ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k qdk onf? xdk&kyfqif;wkESpfyg;onf rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk zefqif;,ljyD;aemuf usefaomp-um0Vm ±Sd&kyf0wˆKrsm;udkvnf; qufvufzefqif;cJhonf[kqdk.? plrm&fwdk‹.,kH-unfcsuft& touf&Sifjcif;[lonf a&rSpwifI tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdkxm; onf? xdk,kH-unfcsufonf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tqdkjzpfaom “ouf&Sdt&mrsm;onf oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rS wpfpwpfpjzpfay:wdk;wufvmonf” [laomtqdkESifh wlnDaeay onf? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:onf/ 'g0ifu tpysdK;cJhjcif;r[kwfbJ plrm&fvl rsdK;wdk‹. &kyfxkudk;uG,fr+rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfavonf? aemifaomtcgwGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:onf &kyfxkudk;uG,fonfh tjcm;,Of aus;r+wpfckjzpfaom *&d,Ofaus;r+acwfwGif tajcpdkufjyefavonf? a&S;*&dvlrsdK; &kyf 0g'Dwdk‹onfvnf;/ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;udkomv#if t"duxm;-uavonf? plrm&fvlrsdK;wdk‹. ,kH-unfcsufudktarGcHI urBmavmu-uD;ESifh p-um0VmwpfckvkH; pwifjzpfay:vmjcif;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;(ol‹tvdkvdkwpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJjzpfay:vmjcif;)tawG;tac:jzifh &Sif;jy -uavonf? Todk‹jzifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;,kH-unfr+wdk‹onf a±S;*&dvl rsdK;wdk‹.acwfwGif jydKifwlay:xGef;vmcJh.? xdk‹aemuf a&mrvlrsKd;wdk‹.acwfodk‹ quf vufI ul;oGm;avonf? plrm&fvlrsdK;wdk‹. a&bk&m;udk o&kyfaz:xm;aom ykHjzpfonf? 'g0if0g'Donfvnf;/ touf. rlvblwonf a&rSrawmfwq -uHKIjzpfay:vmcJhonf[k ,kH -unf-uonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ toufudkpwifjzpfay:apaom a&udk bk&m;tjzpf jrif-u.? xdk,kH-unfcsufESpffckpvkH;onf &kyfxkudk;uG,folwdk‹. '¾m&D,kH-unfcsufjzpfI/ acwfopf 18 &mpkESpfwGif jyefvnftoufoGif;vmcJhjcif;jzpfayonf? a±S;*&dvlrsdK; wdk‹ta-umif;udkavhvmol Oa&mywdkufom;ynm&SiftawG;tac:&SiftcsdKŒwdk‹onf/ xdk 16
  • 17.
    &kyf0g'udk oabmuscJh-uonf? xdktawG;tac:±Siftm;vkH;wdk‹.wlnDcsufwpfckrSm/ ol wdk‹tm;vkH;onf bmoma&;qef‹usifolrsm;jzpf-u.? ‚if;wdk‹.todkif;t0dkif;wGif/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tao;pdwfudkifwG,folrSm/ jyif opfvlrsdK; ZD0aA'ynm&Sif *sif; bufwpPaw vmrmuf jzpfonf? ol.oDtdk&DwGif/ ouf&Sdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹.oufwef;twGif; tenf;i,fpDajymif;vJjcif;jzifh wpfqifhpDajymif;vJwdk;wufvmcJh-uonf[k qdkxm;onf? aemifwGif ,if;oDtdk&DrSm rSm; ,Gif;aomtawG;tac:jzpfa-umif; oufaojyxm;jyD;jzpfonf? vmrmuf.oDtdk&Dudk tenf;i,fjyKjyifI tokH;jyKolrSm/ csm;vfpf'g0if jzpf.? 'g0ifu ola&;om;aom t*FvefEdkifiHY 1859 ckESpfwGifykHESdyfxkwfa0onfh “rsdK;pk wdk‹pwifjzpfay:jcif;” odk‹r[kwf rsdK;pkwkd‹.tprlvblw[k t"dy`g,f&aom The Origin of Species pmtkyfjzifh ol.oDtdk&Dudk wifjycJhavonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif 'g0ifu a&S;plrm&f ESifh *&dvlrsdK;wdk‹rSqif;oufvmcJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;'¾m&Dudk xyfrHrGrf;rHI tao;pdwfwif jyxm;.? 'g0if.tqdkt& ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf a&xJwGif rawmfwq-uHKIpwif jzpfay:vmcJhaom wpfckwnf;aomouf&SdowW0grS qif;oufvm-uI/ wpfpwpfp tenf;i,fpDajymif;vJvmjcif;jzifh rwlnDaomowW0gaygif;tajrmuftjrm; ay:xGef;vm cJhonf[k wifjyxm;onf? 'g0if. xdkwifjycsufudk ol.acwfumvrS odyH`ynm&SifavmuwGif vufcHjcif; r&SdcJhacs? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifrsm;u 'g0if.wifjycsufrSm pdwful;,Ofouf oufomjzpfa-umif; od&Sd-uayonf? tcsdeftwef-umvmaomtcg 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk tjcm;todkif;t0dkif;rS vufcHtm;ay;r+ &&SdvmcJhonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf 19 &mpk ESpfydkif;wGif -uD;pdk;aecJhonf tkyfcsKyfa&;tiftm;pktwGuf [maeaomtajccHtawG;t ac:wpfckudk 'g0if.oDtdk&Du ay;aqmifaoma-umifhjzpfayonf? 17
  • 18.
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  • 19.
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  • 20.
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  • 21.
    onf? Todk‹jzifh u|EfkyfqufvufIvkyfaqmiftokH;jyKEdkifrnfh oDtdk&Dwpfckudk xyfrH&&SdcJh ygonf? 2 19 &mpkESpfrsm;wGif armfvfwyf.tawG;tac:udk vlxktwGif; tus,fw0ifh vufcHcJh-uayonf? txl;ojzifh Oa&mywdkuf&Sd txufwef;v$m ynm&Sifrsm;u armfvf wyf.tawG;tac:udk axmufcHcJh-uayonf? armfvfwyf.vlOD;a&qdkif&mtawG;t ac:udk ta&;w,lvufcH-u&mwGif/ ta&;-uD;qkH;rSm emZDwdk‹. “vlrsdK;oef‹pifa&;”tpD tpOf. odyH`enf;usaomtajccH [laomaqmif;yg;jzpfayonf? 19 &mpkxuf0ufausmfESpfydkif;rsm;wGif/ Oa&mywcGifvkH;Y EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m yk*~dKvfrsm;pka0;I/ topfpufpufawG‹&Sdaom armfvfwyf. “vlOD;a&jyem”udk armfvf wyfvkyfydkifcGifhtm%mt&/ qif;&Jolqif;&Jom;rsm;. aoausysufpD;E+ef;udk rnfodk‹jr‡ifh wif&rnfudk tus,fw0ef‹aqG;aEG;wdkifyif-uavonf? “qif;&Jom;rsm;udk oef‹&Sif;a&; ta-umif; oifay;rnfhtpm;/ qef‹usifbufudk tm;ay;&rnf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. jrdKŒrsm;wGif/ vrf;rsm;udk usOf;ajrmif;pGm aqmufvkyf&rnf? tdrfwdkif;wGif vlOD;a& ydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm jyGwfodyfap&rnf? ykvdwfa&m*gwpfausmhjyefa&mufvmatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf? aus; &Gmrsm;wGif nGHawmteD;/ a&uefteD;ponfh usef;rma&;ESifh roifhawmfonfh ae&mrsm; wGif &Gmwnfjcif;/ &yfuGufrsm;wnfaqmufjcif; vkyfap&rnf/” ponfhtpDtpOfrsm;udk vufawG‹aqmif&Guf&rnf?3 'g0ifudk -oZmoufa&mufI ppfjzpfjcif;ESifh aps;-uD;I&Sm;yg;jcif;wdk‹onf/ vsifjrefaom vlOD;a&wdk;wufr+udk xdef;xm;Edkifvdrfhrnf [k wifjyaom aomrwf armfvfwyf.ykH? TuJhodk‹aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh ay:vDpDu/ touf&Sifa&;&kef;uefr+wGif tiftm;-uD;olu tiftm;csdeJ‹oludk tEdkif,lz,f&Sm;ypfjcif;jzifh/ vsifjrefvSaom vlOD;a& wdk;wufE+ef;udk xdef;xm;Edkifrnf[k ,kH-unf&if;/ vufawG‹usifhokH;vm-uayonf? 19 &mpkESpfrsm;wGif t*FvefEdkifiHY txufygqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; azsmufzsufypfa&; tpD tpOfudk vufawG‹usifhokH;aqmif&GufcJh-uayonf? touf&SpfESpfudk;ESpft&G,frsm;udk ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;wGif wpf&ufv#if 16 em&D tvkyfvkyfapjcif;jzifh/ qdk;&Gm;aom vkyfcGiftajctaea-umifh toufaoaus qkH;±+H;-uukef.? touf&Sifjcif;twGuf &kef; uef-u&jcif;oDtdk&Dudk armfvfwyf.tawG;tac:t& r&Sdrjzpfaomobm0w&m;tjzpf az:xkwfvdkufaoma-umifh/ t*FvefEdkifiHwGif qif;&Jom;vlOD;a& oef;ESifhcsDI 'kuQyif v,fwGif arsmcJh-u&avonf? 21
  • 22.
    armfvfwyf.-oZmanmif;jcif;cH&aom'g0ifu Ttjrifudk obm0odk‹qGJoGif; vdkufI/ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;wGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH; toifhawmfqkH;jzpfolu tEdkif&&Sdjcif; onf obm0tavsmufomv#ifjzpfonf[k wifjycJhavonf? 'g0if.wifjycsufwGif/ tyifrsm;/ wd&pm>efrsm;ESifh vlom;rsm;tm;vkH; yg0ifavonf? xdktouf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uefwdkufcdkuf-u&jkcif;onf obm0tavsmuf tjrJrjywf&Sd&rnfh rajymif;rvJ tjrJ xm0&wnf&Sdrnfh ed,mrw&m;jzpfonf[k xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;.? xm0&bk&m;oQif (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf).zefqif;jcif;udk jiif;y,fjcif;jzifh/ xdk&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom “touf&Sifa&;twGuf&kef;uefr+”wGif t[ef‹twm;jzpfaeonfh/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk ypfy,fxm;-u&ef 'g0ifu vlwdk‹tm; zdwfac:cJhavonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk pwifIwifjyonfhtcsdefrSpjyD; yxrt*FvefEdkifiH ESifh aemufydkif;wGif Oa&mywcGifvkH;&Sd -oZm&Sda±S;0g'DtzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹u aemufausmrS axmufcHtm;ay;r+&SdcJhavonf? e,fcsJŒtm%m&Sifrsm;/ t&if;&Sif-uD;rsm;/ &kyf0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹.tzGJ‹tpnf;vkyfief;aqmifwmtm;vkH;udk odyH`enf;ususausmaxmufaemufcH jyK ay;aom ToDtdk&Dudk qdkif;raeawmhbJ vdkvdkvm;vm;tkH;tkH;-uGuf-uGuf -udKqdk-u avonf? r-umrDtcsdeftwGif;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf vlr+a&;odyH`rStp vl‹ordkif;txd/ pdwfynmrStp EdkifiHa&;txd/ ponfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifhoufqdkifonfh bmom&yfe,fy,f tm;vkH;twGuf t"duudk;um;&aom tajccHjzpfoGm;avawmhonf? tawG;tac:e,f y,fwdkif;wGif/ “touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufyGJqifEGJ&rnf”[laom a-uG;a-umfoHESifh “toifhawmfqkH;olomv#if qufvuftouf&Sifrnf” [laoma-uG;a-umfoHrsm;jzifh ausmf-um;oGm;avjyD? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttkHrsm;/ yk*~vdutodkif;t0dkif;rsm; ponfwdk‹wGif xdka-uG;a-umfoHrsm; [def;ae awmh.? EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfonfh tawG;tac:±Sifwdk‹onf 'g0if0g'udk awG‹&Sda&G;cs,fvdkufjyD jzpfojzifh/ 'g0if0g'jzef‹r+onf/ ynma&;rStp tEkynmtxd/ EdkifiHa&;rStp vl‹ordkif; bmom&yfrsm;txd ysHŒESH‹tokH;jyK-uavonf? bmom&yfwdkif;udk 'g0iftawG;tac:ESifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk -udK;pm;I qufpyf-uavonf? tenf;qkH; 'g0iftawG;tac:. tjrifESifh qufpyfawG;ac:-uavonf? aemufqkH;wGif/ 'g0if0g'udk rodbl;r-um;bl; olwdk‹.b0ESifh ywf0ef;usifwGifyif/ 'g0ifu cef‹rSef;cJhaom vlr+tzGJ‹tpnf;ykHpHrsm; jzpf ay:vmayonf? 'g0ifudk,fwdkifu ol.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vlr+a&;odyH`bmom&yfrS udk,fusifh w&m;qdkif&m oabmaygufr+rsm;ESifhywfoufI tajccHoabmw&m;tjzpfwnfaqmuf &ef axmufcHajymqdkcJhayonf? tdyfcsfoD;vf (H. Thiel) xHodk‹ 1869 ckESpfwGif a&;ydk‹cJh aompmwpfapmifwGif 'g0ifu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhavonf? vl-uD;rif;uae/ u|Ekfyf.rsKd;pkrsm;.ajymif;vJr+ESifhywfoufI tokH;jyKaom ykHpHudk pdwf"gwf a&;&musifh0wftydkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tydkif;wGif qifwl&dk;rSm;tjrifrsm;taejzifhtokH;csaeonfudk u|Ekfyfrnfr#ESpfaxmif;tm;&pdwf0ifpm;pGm apmifh-unfhaeonfudk oHo,uif;pGm ,kH-unf vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf? 4 22
  • 23.
    obm0tavsmuf &kef;uefjydKifqdkifaejcif;udk vl‹obm0wGifvnf;vufcH-uo jzifh/ vlrsdK;a&;yËdyuQrsm;/ zufqpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh e,fcsJŒ0g'trnfrsm;jzifh/ olwdk‹u tm;enf;onfxifaomolwdk‹udk acsrkef;ypf&efrSm odyH`ta&jcKHI w&m;0ifap avjyD? xdkodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+rsm;/ vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>ef rsm;yrm jyKusifhjcif;/ tjcm;vlrsm;udk olwdk‹. rsdK;&dk;ESifhvlrsdK;a&;a-umifhrkef;wD;jcif;/ jydKif qdkifr+trnfjzifh vkyfief;i,frsm;udk ydwfypfjcif;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk ulnDapmifrjcif;wGif jiif;qefjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk wm;qD;ta&;,l&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhay? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf olwdk‹. xdkvkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;onf “odyH`enf;usaom” obm0ed,mrw&m;twdkif; vkyfaqmifjcif;om jzpfoGm;aoma-umifhwnf;? ‚if;odyH`enf;usonf[k twif;,lq-uonfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk tajccHrltjzpf vrf; jyaomtawG;tac:udk “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” "Social Dawinism" [k ac:wGif.? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf&Sd tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;teuf TtcsufESifhywfoufI yxrOD;qkH; vufcHolonf tar&duefvlrsdK; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifjzpfol pwDzif a*s a*gvf jzpfayonf? 1859 xkwf “rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif;” pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwf a0jyD;onfhaemufwGif/ “aemufxyfqufvufI/ u|efjyKjcif;ta-umif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒt a-umif;/ vlrsdK;a&;uGJjym;r+/ vlwef;pm;ta&;&kef;uefr+ESifh umr&m*udpPrsm; ponfwdk‹ tm;vkH;ESifhywfoufonfhaqG;aEG;jiif;ckHr+wdk‹onf/ tajccHtm;jzifh odyH`ynm[laomacgif; pOfatmufodk‹ a&mufoGm;avonf?”5 [k a&;om;cJhavonf? 23
  • 24.
  • 25.
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  • 26.
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  • 27.
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  • 28.
  • 29.
    'g0if. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGjzpfonfhygarmuQ tm'rf quf0dufonf/ 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Da-umifh aemiftem*wfwGif oufa&mufrnfhtEW&m,fudk awG; jrifrdolrsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfayonf? 'g0ifa&;om;aom rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfudk zwf±+jyD;onfhaemuf/ Todk‹rSwfcsufcscJhavonf? “Tpmtkyfudk trsm;vlxk u vufcH-uv#if/ vlom;avmuodk‹ ,QifurawG‹rjrifcJhbl;aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf r+rsm; ,laqmifvm-uvdrfhrnf?”7 trSefwu,fvnf; quf0dufu oHo,jzpfcJhjcif;rSm rSefuefa-umif; ouf aoxlvdkufavjyD? 20 &mpkESpfonf vl‹o rdkif;wGif vlwdk‹onf vlrsdK;rwljcif;wpfck wnf;a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uonfh tarSmifacwfjzpfcJhavjyD? trSefrSm 'g0ifrwdkifrD ESpfaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmuwnf;u/ vl‹ordkif;wGif cGJ jcm;r+ESifh rsKd;jzKwfzsufqD;r+rsm; &SdcJhjyD;jzpf ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0ifu xdkcGJjcm; r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usonfhrSefuefjcif;t jzpf em;oGif;vdkufjcif;rSm tifrwefrSm; ,Gif;aomtcsufyif jzpf.? “vufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;==” u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf&Sd 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹u/ 'g0ifudk,fwdkifonf vlrsdK;a&;orm;r[kwf/ vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ESifhywfoufI a0zefokH;oyfolwdk‹u olwdk‹.vdk&m udk,fydkiftjrifudk taxmuftuljyKap&ef bufvdkufI a&;om;-ujcif;omjzpfonf[k qdk-uonf? “vuf a&G;pOf(vlrsdK;)rsdK;EG,frsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;” [laomrsdK;pkwdk‹pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfwGif yg&Sdonfhtcef;onf wd&pm>efrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifygonf[k wifjy-u.? odk‹aomf vnf;/ xdkodk‹wifjyolwdk‹onf/ 'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGif vlom;rsm;ta-umif;a&;om; xm;onfudk vpfvsL±+xm;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? 'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGifwifjyaomtjrift&/ vlom;wdk‹onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifh trsdK;rsdK;udk ausmfvGefI zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufvmcJh-uonf[kqdkonf? xdkodk‹ajymif;vJwdk;wuf vm&mwGif/ vlrsdK;tcsKdŒwdk‹onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkrdkIzGH‹jzdK;wdk;wuf-uonf[kqdk onf? tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;rSm arsmufrsm;.tqifhavmufwGifomv#if usef&pfae-uao; onf[kvnf; qdk.? “touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtcsufonfvnf;/ vlom; rsm;ESifhywfoufI tokH;jyKxm;avonf? “vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;rsm;”onf xdk&kef;uef wdkufcdkufjcif;rS ay:aygufvmonf[k wifjyxm;ayonf? 'g0if.tqdkt& vufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;jzpfonf? tm&Swdkufom;rsm;ESifh tmz&duwdkufom; rsm;rSm/ xdktouf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJwGif ±+H;edrfhusef&pfolrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf? xdk‹ 29
  • 30.
    aemuf/ xdkvlrsdK;rsm;onf urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif,if;touf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJY vkH;0±+H;edrfh oGm;jyD; aemufqkH;wGif vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;-urnfjzpfonf[k xyfuGef‹tqdkjyKxm;ay onf? a&SŒvmrnfh &mpkESpftenf;i,ftwGif;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ &dkif;pdkif;vsuf&Sdaeao; aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk wurBmvkH;twdkif;twmjzifh rsdK;jzKwfypf &Sif;vif;ypfvdrfhrnf? xdktcsdef wGif tif-wdKydkrdkzwf arsmuf0Hrsm;onfvnf; vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;rnfrSm rvGJra&Smifom jzpf ayonf? vlom;ESifh ol.teD;qkH;aqGrsdK;owW0gt-um; cGJxGufjcif; uGmjcm;csufonfvnf; ydkrdkus,f0ef;oGm;ayawmhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ obm0u ydkrdk,Ofaus;aomtqifhodk‹ a&mufatmif ydk‹aqmifrnfjzpf.? aumhuqyfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmbGef;uJhodk‹aom tedrfhqkH; arsmuf0Hwdk‹t-um; uGmjcm;csufuJhodk‹/ vuf&Sd eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm; odk‹r[kwf -opaw;vsvlrsdK; rsm;ESifh a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Ht-um;uGmjcm;csufxuf ydkvdrfhrnf? 8 rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfaemufwpfae&mwGif tqifhedrfhaom vlrsdK;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;&efvdktyfa-umif;/ zGH‹jzdK;jyD;aom vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xdkvlrsdK;rsm;udk qufvuftouf&Sifae-u&ef tumtuG,fay;ae&ef rvdktyfa-umif;/ a&;om;xm;ay onf? ol.tqdkudk vlrsm;u wd&pm>efarG;jrLaomtcg aumif;aomtrsdK;udkom csef xm;I nHhaomtaumifrsm;udk rsdK;tjzpfrxm;bJ owfjzwfypfonfhtavhtxESifh E+dif; ,SOfxm;avonf? udk,fcE<modk‹r[kwf pdwf"gwft& tm;enf;olwdk‹aysmufuG,foGm;-uonfESifhtr#/ touf qufvuf&Sifaeolwdk‹vnf; tm;rmefwuf-uGaom usef;rma&;tajctaeudk az:jy-uay vdrfhrnf? ,Ofaus;aomu|Efkyfwdk‹onf/ xdkuJhodk‹aom rsdK;jzKwfjzpfpOfudk twwfEdkifqkH;-unfh ±+ppfaq;apmifha&Smuf-u&rnf? &l;oGyfpdwfrESH‹olrsm;/ emzsm;rusef;jzpfolrsm;ESifh rpGrf;roef olrsm;twGuf cdkvkH&mXmersm;udk aqmufvkyfI olwdk‹aemufqkH;touf±SLonftxd apmifh a&Smuf-uayrnf? a&m*gumuG,fa&; aq;xdk;jcif;onf axmifaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlwdk‹.toufudk u,fwifEdkifa-umif; ,kH-unf&ayonf? trSefrSm xdktqifhedrfhonfh udk,f cE<mESifh Om%ftajctaewGif&Sdolwdk‹onf umuG,fa&;aq;rxdk;ay;ygu aoa-uukef-u rnfom jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ edrfhusolrsm;.toufu,f&ef umuG,fa&;aq;rsm; xdk;ay; jcif;onfvnf;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;xJrS pdwf"gwfaysmhnHholwdk‹. vkyf&yfomv#if jzpfayonf? xdkodk‹jyKvkyfjcif;onf vlom;avmutwGufrnfr#epfemapEdkifonfudk wd&pm>ef arG;jrLa&;oifwef;wufbl;olrsm;u aumif;pGmoabmayguf-urnf jzpf.? 9 'g0ifu ol. rsdK;pkrsm; pwifjzpfay:jcif;pmtkyfwGif/ -opaw;vsEdkifiHwdkif;&if; om;rsm;ESifh eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm;udk a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Htqifhom&Sdonf/ ‚if;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf urBmavmurS aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k wifjyxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? 'g0iftaeESifh “tqifhedrfhonf”[k owfrSwfxm;aomtjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udkvnf; vlOD;a&xyfrHwdk;yGm;vmapjcif;r&Sdatmif [ef‹wm;xm;&rnf/ ‚if;wdk‹urBmay:rS aysmuf uG,foGm;atmifvnf; aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkxm;onf? ,Qifuwnf;u &SdvmcJhaom vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+rsm;ESifh u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif jzpfay:IawG‹jrifae&aom tjzpfrsm;udk 'g 0iftaejzifh rSefuefw&m;0ifa-umif; Tenf;jzifhb0ifawG‹awG‹ axmufcHvdkufayonf? 'g0if.tawG;tac:t&/ “,Ofaus;jyD;aomvl”wdk‹.wm0efrSm xdktDAdkvl;&Sif; ajymif;vJr+udk tenf;i,fxyfrHjrefqefoGm;atmif ulnDay;&efjzpfa-umif;udk a&SŒvm rnfhtydkif;rsm;wGif ydkrdktao;pdwf zwf±+&ygrnf? ,QKvuf&Sdtajctaet&/ xdkvlrsdK; rsm;udk azsmufzsufypf&ef vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk “odyH`ynmydkif;rS”rnfodk‹r# wm;jrpfjcif; r&Sd-uao;acs? 30
  • 31.
    'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;udk ol.a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh avhvmcsufrsm;wGifydk rdkxif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ ol.&Snfvsm; -umjrifhaom 1871 ckESpfrS yifv,fc&D;pOf twGif; awG‹jrifcJh&onfh wD,m&m'Jvf zl*dk t&yfrS wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ta-umif; a&;om; az:jyxm;csufwGif ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwf"gwfudk yGifhvif;pGmyif az:jyxm;ayonf? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf “udk,fwkH;vkH;ae-uI/ ta&mifrsdK;pkHqdk;xm;-uonf? wd&pm>ef rsm;uJhodk‹ awG‹&mtm;vkH;pm;-uonf? tkyfxdef;r+r&Sd-uacs? olwdk‹vlrsdK;r[kwfoltm;vkH; udk &ufpuf-uonf? &efoludk ESdyfpuf&mY aysmfjrL;-uonf? aoG;jzifh,pfylaZmf-uonf? cav;oli,frsm;udk owfjzwf-uonf? olwdk‹.ZeD;r,m;rsm;udk ESdyfpufuvljyK-uonf? rzG,fr&maom t,loD;jcif;ESifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf?”[k a&;xm;onf? xdka'oodk‹ 'g0ifra&mufrD 10 ESpftvsifuoGm;a&mufcJhaomokawoeynm&Sif W.P.Snow ('AvsL yD pEdk;). a&;om;csufESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeayonf? pEdk;.az:jycsuft&/ wD,m&m 'Jvf zl*dk t&yfom;rsm;onf/ awmifhwif;cef‹jim;olrsm;jzpf-uonf? olwdk‹. cav;oli,frsm; udk cspfcifwwf-u.? olwdk‹.tokH;taqmifypPnf;rsm;onf vuf&majrmufayonf? ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr+qdkif&mxkH;"avhtcsdKŒvnf;&Sd.? ouf-uD;0g-uD; trsdK;orD;rsm;. -oZm tm%mudk av;pm;vufcH-uayonf?10 TO"g[&kefrsm;t&/ 'g0ifonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm; tjynfht0jzpfayonf? What Darwin Really Said [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;onfh bif*srif zg&ifwefu 'g0if a&;om;onfh The Descent of Man pmtkyfrS “xif&Sm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; ydkrdkus,f 0ef;aomjcm;em;csufrsm;”[laomtcef;ESifh ywfoufI tus,fw0ifh a0zefokH;oyfxm; ayonf?11 31
  • 32.
    xdk‹xufydkonfhtcsufrSm/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf xm0&bk&m;ocifudkjiif;y,fxm; ojzifh/'g0ifoDtdk&Da-umifh xm0&bk&m;ocifu vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;udk wef;wltqifh tjzpfzefqif;xm;onf[k vlwdk‹u rjrif-uawmhacs? Tonfuyif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh ,if;0g'udk wurBmvkH;wGif t&Sdeft[kef-uD;pGmjzifh vufcHvm-u jcif;.ta-umif;&if;wpfck jzpfayonf? tar&duefvlrsdK; odyH`ynm&Sif *sdrf;pf zg*lqef u vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk ypfy,fjcif;wdk‹ wdkuf&dkufqufEG,faea-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; a-unmxm;avonf? aemifrsm;r-umrDtwGif;/ rEkaA'opfonfvnf; vlom;rsm;.tprlvblw ESifhywfouf I tjrifcsif;qef‹usifbufjzpfaomtkyfpkESpfckwdk‹. tajccHjzpfvmavonf? “{uADZ0g'” ac: vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;onf tom;ta&mifESifh tjcm;t*Fg&yfrsm;rwl-uaomfvnf; rsdK;ADZ wpfckwnf;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,kH-unfaomtkyfpkonf/ vlom;wdk‹.tprlvblwonf yxrvlom; tm'rfrSqif;oufvmI xm0&bk&m;ocif.zefqif;jcif;tvkyfjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? Ttkyfpkonf oufwef;ydkI-umanmif;jyDjzpfI ydkItajccdkifaomtkyfpk jzpfonf? {uADZ0g'udk c&pf,mefomoemtzGJ‹rSjy@mef;I/ tawG;tac:t&-oZmanmif; onfhtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du qef‹usifbuftwdkuftcHjzpfaom“A[kADZ0g'”udk rD;xdk;ay;onfh tcsdefrwdkifrD 18 &mpkESpftxd wurBmvkH;vufcH,kH-unfcJh-uavonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D onf rwlnDaomvlrsdK;pkwdk‹onf rwlnDaomrsdK;ADZrSajymif;vJ ay:aygufvmonf[k qdkonf? 12 tdENd,vlrsdK; rEkaA'ynm&Sif vmvdwm Ad'D,mwDonf/ 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif; oDtdk&Du vlr+a&;odyH`wGif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:udk rnfodk‹rnfykHvufcHoGm;atmif a&SŒaqmifoGm;ykHudk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf? xdkacwfu vlr+a&;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u 'g0if. tiftm;t-uD;qkH;toifhawmfqkH;olu quf vuftouf&Sifonf [laomtawG;tac:udk vSKdufvSKdufvSJvSJ-udKqdkvufcH-uavonf? vl om;rsm;onf tqifhqifhajymif;vJr+tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk ausmfvGefvmcJh-u&m/ tom; jzLrsm;.,Ofaus;r+onf txGwftxdyfa&mufonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf? wpf q,fhudk; &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;rSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k taemufEdkifiHom; odyH` ynm&Siftrsm;pkwdk‹u vufcH-uavonf? 13 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹onf 'g0if.aemufrSay:vmolrsm;jzpf-uonfESifhtnD/ 'g0if. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'rSefuefa-umif;/ oufaoxl&ef tifrwef-udK;yrf;-uayonf? xdkuJh odk‹-udK;yrf;-u&mwGif odyH`ynmt&rnDrnGwfuGJvGJaomtqdkrsm;ESifh wrifvkyf-uH vdrf vnfonfhtqdkrsm;udk&SmazGwifoGif;-u&mY olwdk‹.udk,fusifhw&m;oduQmrsm;udkyif iJh n‡mEkdifjcif;r&Sd-uawmhacs? xdkuJhodk‹ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf rSefuefIw&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxlEdkifygu/ olwdk‹. “tqifhjrifh”r+ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJ‹jcif;/ vdktyfygu tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ajzmufzsufokwfoifypfjcif; ponfwdk‹udkyg rSefuefI w&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxl&musonf[k ,lq-uayonf? pwDzif a*s a*gvf'fa&;om;aom The Mismeasure of Man (vlom;.rSm;,Gif; aomwdkif;wmr+) pmtkyf. wwd,tcef;wGif/ rEkaA'ynm&Sifwdk‹onfvnf; xdkuJhodk‹ awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk vdrfvnf-u&mwGif tjypfruif;-uay? a*gvf'f. tqdkt&/ ‚if;wdk‹ u vdrfvnfaomtydkif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk‹awG‹&SdcJhaomausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;. OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;jzpfayonf? OD;aESmuft&G,fonf Om%fxufjrufjcif;ESifhywfouf onf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh/ rEkaA'ynm&Siftrsm;tm;jzifh aumhau&SefvlrsdK;(vljzL) 32
  • 33.
    rsm;.OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;udk t±SdxufydkIaz:jy-uI/ vlrJESifhtdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;. OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;rsm;udkrlt±Sdxuf ydkrdkao;i,fatmif az:jyavh&Sd-uayonf?14 a*gvf'fa&;om;aom Ever Since Darwin [laompmtkyfwGif 'g0if0g'Drsm;u t csdKŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf tqifhedrfhaomvlom;rsm;jzpfonf[k az:jyEdkif&efr,kH-unfEdkif avmufatmif wifjy-ujcif;udk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf? a[u,fvfESifhol.taygif;ygrsm;vnf;/ ajrmufydkif;Oa&mywdkufom; vljzLrsm; onf vlrsdK;t&tqifhjrifha-umif;twnfjyK-u&efwpfa-umhjyefIawmif;qdkcJh-uavonf? vlom;wdk‹.cE<mudk,fwnfaqmufykHtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifhtrltusifhrsm;rStaxmuftxm; jzpfzG,f&mrsm;udk OD;aESmufrStp 0rf;ydkuf&Sdcsuftxd &Edkifor#tao;pdwfvdkufvH&SmazG -uonf? [m;bwfpyifqmu “,Ofaus;r+ r&Sdao;aomvlrsdK;wdk‹.todOm%fonf ===,Ofaus;jyD;aomvlrsdK; uav;oli,frsm;wGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf?”[k a&;om;xm;av onf? um;vfAdk‹*fu 1864 ckESpfwGif/ “t&G,fa&mufjyD;aom eD*&dk;wpfa,muf. tod Om%fydkif;onf uav;oli,frsm;ESifhqifwlayonf?==tcsKdŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ xl;qef; aomtzGJ‹tpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;jzifh wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;wnfaxmif-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; usefvl rsm;udkyg xnfhpOf;pm;rnfqkdv#if/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;vkH;onf twdwfwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ ypPKy`efwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlom;avmutwGuf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aprnfhvkyfaqmif 33
  • 34.
    csufwpfckwpfavr#r&Sday? odk‹r[kwfolwdk‹udk vl‹avmuwGifqufvufxdef;odrf;xm; avmufatmif wefbdk;r&Sday?15 [k jyif;jyif;xef xefa&;om;xm;.? jyifopfvlrsdK; aq;ynmqdkif&m cE<maAynm&Sif tDwD,Hqm&ufu vlrJa,mufsm; rsm;.csufu atmufydkif;a&mufvGef;aeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹onf urBmOD;vlrsm;twdkif;&Sdae ao;onf[k tjyif;txefjiif;cHkcJhavonf? 'g0ifESifh wpfacwfwnf;ay:cJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D [JAfavmh(cf)tJvpfu tqifh jrifhaomvlrsdK;ESifh tqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wdk‹ uGmjcm;-ua-umif; “odyH`enf;us”onf[laom &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;ay;xm;avonf? tmz&duvlrsdK;uav;rsm;onf/ Oa&myvlrsdK;cav;rsm;xuf Om%fxufjrufr+ enf;jcif;udk &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awG‹&ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkuav;rsm;u -uD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGifrl/ xkH xdkif;EkHtjcif;/ &dk;&dk;ae&dk;&dk;pm;b0udkomodjcif;jzpfvmayonf? Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;wGif olwdk‹.uav;b0rSjrL;wl;aysmf&GifwwfaomADZudk qufvufI&Sdjcif;udkawG‹&Sd&ayonf? 16 jyifopfvlrsdK;rEkaA'ynm&Sif Agcsm 'D vmaygufu yg&DjrdK‹wGif 1909 ckESpf wGif&dkufxkwfaom Race et Milin Social Essais d'Anthroposociologie (Paris 1909) wGif/ vljzLr[kwfolwdk‹onf vl&dkif;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uolrsm;jzpfI/ ,Ofaus;r+udk oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;r&SdcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? odk‹r[kwf aoG;a&mIaygufzGm;vmol rsm;u aemifwGifqkwf,kwfoGm;cJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? ol.tqdkudk axmufcH&ef yg&DjrdKŒ &Sd txufwef;v$mESifh atmufwef;v$mwdk‹. ocsõKif;rsm;rS OD;acgif;cGHrsm;udk wdkif;wmjcif; jzifh oufaoxlavonf? ol.avhvmcsuft&/ “vlwdk‹.OD;aESmufcGHtwdkif;twmay: rl wnfI/ tcsdKŒaomvlwdk‹onf -uG,f0csrf;omjcif;/ rdrdudk,fudk ,kH-unfr+&Sdjcif;/ vGwfvyf pGmawG;ac:jcif; &Sd-u.? tjcm;olwdk‹rSmrlum;/ r,kwfrvGefjzpfI a&S;qef-ujcif;/ &o r# &Sdor#ESifh wif;wdrfEdkif-ujcif;/ aumif;aomtapcHt&nftcsif;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;/ &Sd-uonf? vlwef;pm;onf vlr+a&;t& a&G;cs,fr+jzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;.txufwef;v$monf tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uI/ olwdk‹. OpPm"e-uG,f0r+twdkif;twmonf OD;acgif;cGHtwdkif;twmay:rlwnfaeayonf?” vm aygufu/ Todk‹ a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhavonf? “aemifvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif vlwdk‹onf olwdk‹. OD;acgif;rsm; vkH;0dkif;jcif; c|efjcif;wdk‹a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uvdrfhrnf”[k qdk.?17 Ta[mudef;onfvnf; rSefuefcJhayonf? aemufvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ 20 &mpkESpftwGif; vlrsdK;a&;a-umifh tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwf-uonfudk zwf±+&ygvdrfhrnf? rEkaA'ynm±Sifrsm;omv#ifr[kwf/ ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±Sifrsm;onfvnf;/ a&yef; pm;aeaom 'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'twdkif; ydk;r$m;rsm;ESifhywfoufI r,kH-unfEdkif avmufaomtqdkrsm;udktcGifhta&;rv$wfbJ wifjycJh-uayonf? Oyrm/ 1861 ckESpf wGif t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±SifwpfOD;onf/ urBmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹.oef; rsm;udk pkaqmif;avhvm-unfh&mwGif vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;.oef;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;.aoG;udk rpkwfa-umif;awG‹&Sd&onf[kqdkonf? trSefrSm odyH`ynmt& ,if;tqdkonf t"dy`g,f uif;rJhaomtqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf?18 odyH`ynm&Siftqifh&Sdolrsm;uyif xdkodk‹a-unm ygu/ xufatmufpOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;uif;rJhol/ wpf,loefvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm;iwkH; rsm;. “eD*&dk;oef;u eD*&dk;bJjzpfonf”[laom qifjcifwkHw&m;uif;rJhI t"dy`g,fuif; rJhonfh 0g'jzef‹a-uG;a-umfoHonfvnf; tHh-op&mr&Sdawmhacs? tcsKyftm;jzifh 'g0ifoDtdk&D. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;onf 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif; wGif tifrwefaumif;rGefaom tajccHudk &±Sdavawmhonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ xdk 34
  • 35.
    tcsdefumvrsm;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; “vljzL”wdk‹onf/olwdk‹usL;vGef-uaom jypfr+rsm; udk w&m;0ifaprnfh oDtdk&Dudkom apmifhar#mfae-uaom tcdsefjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;? jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 'g0if0g' 'g0if.oDtdk&Da-umifh tjrwftrsm;qkH;xkwfEdkifcJhaom EdkifiHonf ol.arG;Zmwd EdkifiH jAdwdo#EdkifiHawmfyifjzpfavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudkwifjyonfhtcsdefumv onf/ jAdwdo#EdkifiHu urBmay:wGif udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtifyg,mt-uD;qkH; wnfaqmufae onfhtcsdef jzpfayonf? tdEdN,rSvufwiftar&duwdkuftxd&Sd o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk jAdwdo#tifyg,mu vuf0g;-uD;tkyfacgif;ykHjzwfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf? “vljzL-uD;”u urBmudk ol.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf t"rRvk,uf,laeayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ jAdwdefEdkifiHrStp rnfonfhudkvkdeDe,fcsJŒwdkif;jynfurS/ rdrdwdk‹udk o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;“vk,uf,lol”tjzpfrjrifapcsif-uonfhtjyif/ ordkif;vnf;rwGif apvdk-uacs? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹.vkyf&yfonf rSefuefa-umif; w&m;0ifa-umif; jyEdkifrnfh &Sif;vif;csufudk &Smae-uayonf? xdkodk‹aom &Sif;vif;csufonf udkvdkeDEdkifiHom;rsm; udk “urBmOD;vlom;rsm;” odk‹r[kwf “wd&pm>efESifhwlaom ouf&SdowW0grsm;”tjzpf jyo &ef jzpfayonf? Todk‹jzifh olwdk‹u tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfaeolrsm;ESifh vlrqefaom vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh zdESdyfcHae&olrsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpfrjrifapbJ/ wd&pm>efwpf0uf vlom; wpf0ufjzpfaomowW0grsm;tjzpfjyojcif;jzifh olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yf rsm;udk jypfr+usL;vGefjcif;r[kwf[k jrifapvdkjcif;jzpfayonf? trSefrSm/ xdkuJhodk‹&SmazGaecJhjcif;onf topftqef;r[kwfacs? 15 &mpkESpfESifh 16 &mpkESpfrsm;uwnf;u jzpfayonf? vlrsdK;tcsdKŒudk vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0uftjzpf yxrqkH;wifjyolonf tar&duwdkufodk‹c&D;qef‹cJhaom c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfyifjzpfav onf? ol.wifjycsuft&/ tar&duwdkufwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ vltppfr[kwf-ubJ/ vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0ufjzpfaom owW0grsm;jzpfonf[l.? Todk‹jzifh e,fcsJŒpydefvl rsdK;wdk‹.u|eftjzpf tvkyftau|;jyKapcJhavonf? &kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;wGif udkvrfbwfu tar&duwdkufudk awG‹&SdcJhpOfu wdkif;&if; om;rsm;udk rnfr#jyLjyLiSmiSmt-uifemw&m;&SdpGmqufqHykH jyoaomfvnf;/ trSefpifppf udkvrfbwfu xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpf rowfrSwfcJhacs?19 c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfonf -uD;us,faomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+t&Sdefudk pwif cJholjzpfonf? udkvrfbwfonf olawG‹&Sdaome,fajrrsm;udk udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;tjzpf zef wD;jyD;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk u|efjyKum u|efa&mif;0,fjcif;udk yxrOD;qkH;pwifcJhol jzpf .? 16 &mpkESpftwGif; rufpDudkESifh yD&l;EdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJh-uonfh uGefuGD pwda'gpydefwyfrsm;onf/ udkvrfbwftokH;jyKaom zdESdyfr+ESifhu|efjyKjcif;ay:vDpDudk awG‹jyD; ‚if;wdk‹u qufvufjyKusifh-uavonf? tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+onfvnf; r,kH -unfEdkifavmufaomtwdkif;twmtxd a&mufcJhavonf? Oyrm/ u|ef;wpfu|ef;wGif udkvrfbwf yxrOD;qkH;a&mufpOfu 200000 cef‹&Sdaomwdkif;&if;om; vlOD;a&onf/ ESpf20 twGif; 50000 omv#ifusefawmhonf? 1540 ckESpfwGifrl vlaygif;wpfaxmif om usef&pfavonf? 1519 ckESpfwGif pydefvlrsdK; aumwuftrnf&Sd uGefuGDpwda'gu rufpDudkodk‹yxrOD;qkH;ajccscsdefwGif/ pkpkaygif;wdkif;&if;om;vlOD;a& 25 oef;&SdcJhaomf vnf;/ 1605 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg wpfoef;txdavsmhoGm;cJhonf? [pfygeDtdkvmu|ef; wGif 1492 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 7=8 oef;cef‹&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 1496 ckESpfwGif 4 oef;om 35
  • 36.
    usef&pfcJhavonf? 1570 ckESpfwGifrlwdkif;&if;om; 125 a,mufomusefawmhonf? ordkif;q&mrsm;.tqdkt&/ udkvrfbwf tar&duwdkufodk‹ajccsonfhtcsdefrSpI udkvdkeD e,fcsJŒrsm; wdkufESpfwdkufpvkH;&SdvlOD;a&aygif; 95 oef;txdowfjzwfcJhonf[k qdk.? udkvrfbwftar&duwdkufwGif yxrqkH;ajccspOf vlOD;a& oef;30 &SdaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;rSm ,ae‹ 2 oef;eD;yg;omusef&pfojzifh/ aysmufuG,foGm;aomvlrsdK;[kyif ac:-uayonf? Tr#avmuf oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGmaom twdkif;twmtxd owfjzwfcJhjcif; ta-umif;&if;rSm/ xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfrjrifbJ wd&pm>efrsm;tjzpfjrif-u jcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹.tqdkudkaxmufcHol tvGefenf;yg;cJhonf? Oa&mywdkufY/ xdktcsdefxdkacwfwGif vlwdk‹udk bk&m;ocifu wef;wlnDwlzefqif;xm; onf/ vlom;tm;vkH;onf urBmhyxrOD;qkH;bcif tm'rfrSarG;zGm;qif;oufvmonf[k ,kH-unf-uayonf? txl;ojzifh umaomvpfc&pf,mefomoem0ifrsm;u xdkuJhodk‹zsuf qD;vk,ufr+rsm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qef‹usifcJh-uavonf? udkvrfbwfESifhtwl urBm opfodk‹a&mufcJhaom csD,mywfrSbda&Smh bmwdkvkrf; 'Dvm umqyfu udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm; rsm;.wifjycsufjzpfaom “wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfonf”[laomt csufudk acsycJhayonf? 1537 ckESpfwGif wwd,ajrmufykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;aygvfu/ xdk ,kwf&if;-urf;wrf;&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtvkyfudkvkyfaqmifolrsm;tm; -udrfqJI/ xdk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ c&pf,mefomoemudk vufcH,kH-unfxdkufonfh vlom;ppfppfrsm; jzpf-ua-umif; a-unmcJhavonf?20 odk‹aomfvnf;/ 19 &mpkESpfwGifrl/ tajctaeu ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;twGif; &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jyef‹yGm;oGm;onfESifhtr# vlxkuvnf; bmoma&;rS a0;uGmoGm;-uonf? xm0&bk&m;ocif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)u vlom;rsm;udk zefqif; xm;onf[laomtrSefw&m;udk jiif;y,fpjyK-uavjyD? txufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif az:jy cJhonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcsdefESifh wpfcsdefwnf;jzpfcJhavonf? 19 &mpkESpfwGif 'g0if0g'ESifh&kyf0g'tawG;tac: tiftm;-uD;vmonfESifhtwl/ ‚if;-uD;xGm;r+u Oa&mywdkuf. e,fcsJŒpepfudk txl;taxmuftuljyKcJhavonf? atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf/ pwef;zdk‹'fwuUodkvfESifh [m;AwfwuUodkvfwdk‹wGif ,ae‹ txd jyXmef;oif-um;vsuf&SdI/ xdkwuUodkvfrsm;wGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; oif-um;cJhonfh ordkif;ygarmuQ *sdrf;pf *sdK;vf. 1870 ckaemufydkif;Oa&mywdkuf (Europe Since 1870) [laompmtkyfwGif/ 'g0if0g'/ e,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'wdk‹t-um;qufpyfr+t a-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? e,fcsJŒ0g'cH,lcsuftay: -oZmoufa&mufonfh tawG;tac:tkyfpkrsm;wGif/ “vlr+a&; 'g0if 0g'”onf/ txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfayonf? vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;t-um; wGif touf&Sifaea&;twGuf tpOfwpdkufwdkufcdkuf &kef;uefae&ojzifh/ xdkodk‹aom &kef;uef r+twGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOft& tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkItqifhjrifhonf [k cH,l&if;/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;. a-umuf&GHŒav;pm;vufcHjcif;udk &&Sd&efvnf; aqmif&Guf-u .? t*FvdyfvlrsdK; obm0avmuynm&Sif csm;vfpf'g0if. 1859ckESpfxkwf rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpf ay:jcif;pmtkyfESifh aemufydkif; 1871ckESpfxkwf vlom;rsm;qif;oufvm ykH (The Descent of Man) pmtkyfESpftkyfu/ Oa&mywdkuf&SdtawG;tac:tajrmuftjrm;udk xdcdkufaponfh tjiif; yGm;p&mtcsufudk pwifjzef‹jzL;cJhavonf? 'g0ifESifhtwl olESifhwpfacwfwnf;rS t*Fvdyf 36
  • 37.
    tawG;tac:ynm&Sif [m;bwf pyifpmwdk‹u/ avmavmvwfvwfawG‹-uHKae&onfh odyH` ynmtqifhxufausmfvGefaomjyemrsm;wGif tokH;jyK-uonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk;wufzGH‹ jzdK;a&;wGiftokH;csEdkifqkH;jzpfaom'g0if0g'.t"dutc&mtcsufrSm/ ydkv#HvGef;aom urBmh vlOD;a&onf xdkr#aomvlOD;a&udk au|;arG;Edkifaomobm0tpGrf;r&Sdjcif;a-umifh/ tquf rjywfwdkufcdkuf&kef;uef-u&rnf/ xdkwdkfufcdkuf&kef;uefjcif;wGif tiftm;-uD;olvufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;u tEdkif&vdrfhrnf/ [laomtcsufjzpfayonf? Ttcsufonfyif xdkacwfu vlr+a&; tawG;tac:ynm&Sifwdk‹udk/ vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;a&;oabmxm;udkaxmufcH&ef 0efrav;ap awmhay? xdkvufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;wdk‹onfvnf;/ trSefwu,f qufvufoufqdk;&SnfEdkif-u &mwGif/ &oifh&xdkufaomtcGifhta&;tjzpf vdyfjymoef‹oef‹ aeEdkifapavonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:onf/ jyifopfpma&;q&m aumifh *sKd;Zuftmom *dkbifEsLu 1853 ckESpfwGifa&;om;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; uGmjcm;r+pmwrf;wGifaz:jyxm; onfh aemufxyftawG;tac:wpfckESifh vG,fulpGmqufpyfoGm;avonf? *dkbifEsLu/ vl om;wdk‹.wdk;wufr+twGuf ta&;-uD;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm/ vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf? tqifhjrifhusefaeaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ rdrdwdk‹.vlrsdK;aoG;udk oef‹pifatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif aoma-umifh jzpfonf[kqdk.? *dkbifEsLt& tm&d,mefvlrsdK;rsm;onf taumif;qkH;toef‹ qkH;vlrsdK;jzpfonf? a[mhpwGef pwD;0g'f csrfbmvdefu xdkxufydkIxyfrHuGef‹vdkufjyefonf? xdk‹a-umifh [pfwvm udk,fwdkifu pma&;q&mcsrfbmvdeftm; txl;tr$rf;wifcsD;-uL;cJh ojzifh/ 1927 ckESpfwGif [pfwvmaocgeD;tdyf&mem;odk‹ csrfbmvdefudk vma&mufawG‹qkH;cGifh ay;&if; tpDtpOftjynfh jzifh-udKqdkcJhavonf? 21 txufwGifaz:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ 'g0ifrSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:±Sifrsm;ESifh e,fcJsŒwdk‹t-um;qufEG,fr+onf [pfwvmtxd&SdcJhavonf? 'g0if0g'onf 19 &mpkESpfwGif urBmudk aoG;jyifwGifepfjrKyfapcJhaome,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 20 &mpkESpfwGif urBm 37
  • 38.
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  • 39.
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  • 40.
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  • 41.
    wuf tqifhjrifhaomOa&myvlrsdK;rsm;udk acgif;ikH‹t±+H;ay;&rnfhEdkifiHjzpfonf[kjAdwdo# tpdk;&u az:jyavh&Sdavonf? xdk0g'jzef‹r+. “odyH`ynmtajccH”onfvnf; csm;vfpf 'g0ifyifjzpf.? T0g'jzef‹csuftwGuf 'g0if. wl&uDEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfh a0zefcsufrsm;udk 1888 ckESpfxkwf csm;vfpf 'g0if.b0ESifhay;pmrsm; (The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin)[laompmtkyfwGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf? “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rsm;”udk azsmuf zsufypfjcif;jzifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+onf ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;a&;wGif wu¾ yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf[k 'g0ifu tqdkjyK.? aemufydkif;wGif xdkodk‹azsmuf zsufypf& rnfhacwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rSm wl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf[k twdtuspGyfpGJav onf? obm0.a&G;cs,fr+jzifh ,Ofaus;r+wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+wGif wkdufcdkuf-ujcif;&Sdonfhtcsufudk toifwdk‹0efcHvdkonfxufydkI vufawG‹jyEdkifygonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftenf;i,fwkef; u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;u Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;,lcJhonfudk owd&-uyg? ,QKtcsdef wGif xdkuJhodk‹aomtjzpftysuftwGuf rnfr#&,fp&maumif;ygoenf;? ydkrdk,Ofaus;aom aumhauqyfvlrsdK;rsm;u twGif;Y Avmewˆdtacgif;om&Sdaom wl&uDEdkifiH.touf quf vuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf &kef;uefjcif;tjzpf wdkufcdkufodrf;,lvdkuf&rnf? TurBmavmu wcGifvkH;wGif aemifvmrnfhwdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;/ tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;u/ ra& rwGufEdkifavmufonfh edrfhusaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufEdkifawmhrnf? 24 41
  • 42.
    T'g0if. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfhtqdkonf tdkwdkreftifyg,mudkzsufqD;ypf&ef jAdwdef EdkifiHtwGuf 0g'jzef‹axmufcHcsuf vufeufjzpfcJh.? trSefrSmvnf; xdk0g'jzef‹vuf eufonfvnf; xda&mufcJhayonf? 'g0if. “wl&uDEdkifiHonf r-umrDtwGif; jydKysuf oGm;vdrfhrnf/ Tum; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mryifjzpf.?”[laom pum;vkH;wdk‹onf/ jAdwdefEdkif iHtwGif; wl&uDvlrsdK;rkef;wD;a&; 0g'jzef‹r+twGuf olwdk‹tajymt&odyH`enf;usaom axmufcHcsufjzpfcJhayonf? jAdwdefEdkifiH. 'g0ifa[mudef;udkvufawG‹usifhokH;vdkufjcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifh yxrurBmppfwGif taumiftxnfpaz:cJhonf? xdkurBmppf-uD;onf 1914 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhI/ *smr%D/ -op-wD;,m=[efa*&Dwdk‹uwpfzuf/ r[mrdwfjzpfonfh jAdwdefEdkifiH/ jyifopf ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdk‹uwpfzuf yËdyuQjzpfaomppfyGJjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkppf yGJ-uD;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk tjcrf;jcrf;cGJypf&efwGufudef; csxm; jcif;jzpfayonf? jAdwdefu tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk ppfrsufESmESpfzufrS pwifwdkufcdkufcJhavonf? yxrppfrsufESmrSm ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'o tdkwdkreftifyg,mjzpfonfh ygvufpwdkif;ESifh tD&ufe,fajrbufrS pwifwdkufcdkufavonf? 'kwd,rSm *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmjzpfonf? *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmonf yxrurBmppfrS t-uD;us,fqkH; aoG;tdkifcJhaomppfyGJjzpfav onf? wl&uDppfwyfonf umeufumave,f *gvDydkvDwdkufyGJwGif jAdwdo# ppfwyfudk cHwdkufcJh&m/ ppfom;aygif; 250000 txdtoufqkH;±+H;cJhavonf? jAdwdo#uvnf; jAdwdo#tdEdN,ppfwyfESifh -opaw;vsESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;ppfom;rsm; udk pkaqmif;zGJ‹pnf;xm;aom tefZufppfwyfrsm;udk ydk‹I wdkufcJh.? xdkppfom;rsm;udkrl tom;jzLvlrsdK;rsm;r[kwfojzifh jAdwdo#taejzifh tom;jzLppfom;rsm;xuf tqifhedrfh aomvlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? 'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tay: &ufpufpGmt-urf;zufvdkonfha-uG;ausmfoHonf yxrurBmppfjyD;onfhaemufwGifyif [def;usefaeao;onf? ,QKacwfOa&mywdkufwGif wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf-uonfh eDtdkemZDtzGJ‹u 'g0if.t"dy`g,f uif;rJhonfh wl&uDEdkifiHtay:rkef;wD;r+udk tajccHrltjzpf cH,lae-uqJjzpfonf? wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk &efoltjzpf rkef;wD;onfh0g'jzef‹r+rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif awG‹jrifEdkifyg ao;onf? (aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh[pfwvmwdk‹t-um;r[mrdwf tcef;wGif t ao;pdwfzwf±+yg?) 42
  • 43.
    tar&duefEdkifiHrS vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh vlr+a&;'g0if0g' vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/jAdwdefEdkifiHwGifomr[kwfbJ tjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; vl rsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;udk taxmuftuljyKayonf? xdk‹a-umifh w urBmvkH;odk‹ tvGefvsifjrefpGm ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJh.? xdkoDtdk&Dudk vufcHudk;uG,folrsm;. acgif;aqmifwpfOD;rSm tar&duefEdkifiHorw oDtdk'dk &l;pAJhjzpfayonf? &l;pAJhonf/ tar&duef wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk/ jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;tpDtpOftrnfjzifh/ rsdK; jzKwftpDtpOfudk yxrOD;qkH;usifhokH;oljzpfayonf? “taemufzufe,frsm;udk atmifEdkif jcif;” (The Winning of the West) pmtkyfwGif/ &l;pAJhu vltkyfvdkufowfjzwfjcif; tawG;tac:udk wnfaqmufcJhavonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif/ tif'D,ef(tar&duwdkuf wdkif; &if;om;rsm;)udk tjyD;ydkifvlrsdK;jzKwfypf&efta-umif;onf rvGJra&Smifomaomta-umif; wpf&yfjzpf.25 [k a&;om;xm;.? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk acwfaemufusaom owW0g rsdK;pkwpfcktjzpf olutqdkjyKEdkifatmif 'g0if0g'u usm;cHay;xm;ayonf? &l;pAJhu -udKwifwGufxm;onfhtwdkif;/ xdktar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdk xm;cJhaom pmcsKyfrsm;udk wpfckwpfavr#yif tav;xm;*&kpdkufaep&mrvdkawmhacs? ,if;onfvnf; “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;”[laomtawG;tac:u ay;tyfonfh rSm; ,Gif;aomw&m;0ifjzpfapjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? 1871 ckESpfwGif tar&duefuGef*&uf u tar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyftm;vkH;udk zsufodrf;ypfjyD;/ olwdk‹udk aorif;e,fajrodk‹ aorif;udkapmifhqdkif;&ef ydk‹vdkuf&efqkH;jzwfcsufcsavonf? wpfbufu ‚if;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfvufcHjcif;r&Sdygu/ olwdk‹ESifh csKyfqdk xm;aom pmcsKyfwdk‹onfvnf; rnfodk‹w&m;0ifawmhrnfenf;? &l;pAJhu xdkvlrsdK;a&;ppfonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymaomvlrsdK;(t*Fvdk=qufZefvl rsdK;)rsm;wurBmvkH;ysHŒESH‹jcif;. tjrifhrm;qkH;atmifjrifr+jzpfonf[k wifoGif;cJh.?26 xdkt*Fvdk=qufZefvlrsdK;a&;tqdkudk yxrOD;qkH;axmufcHolrSm tar&duefvlrsdK; tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;w&m;"rRq&m *sdKqD,m pxa&mif;jzpfI ‚if;tawG;tac:udk wdkuf&dkuf tokH;jyKcJh.? oluatmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? xdktcsdefwGifrlum;/ urBm-uD;onf ordkif;wGif u¾opfodk‹a&muf&Sdrnf jzpf.? ,if; u¾onf vlrsdK;a&;jydKifqdkifr+wGif/ t*FvdkqufZefvlrsdK;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvdkufjcif;yif jzpf .? Ttiftm;-uD;aomvlrsdK;onf rufpDudktxdvnf;aumif;/ tar&dutv,fydkif;rS awmiftar&dutxdvnf;aumif;/ yifv,fork'N&mtwGif;&Sdu|ef;-uD;u|ef;i,frStp tmz&d uwdkufvGefI jyef‹yGm;a&mufoGm;-uvdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;yg&ap? TaemufqkH; tajzonf/ “toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pif.&Sifoefa&;”r[kwf[k rnfolu oHo,±SdOD; rnfenf;? 27 vlr+a&;'g0if0g'udk olwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm; w&m;0ifjzpfonf[k ta-umif;jy&eft wGuf a&S;OD;pGmtokH;csolwdk‹rSm/ vlrJrsm;. &efolrsm;jzpfayonf? vljzLrsm;onf tqifhtjrifhqkH;jzpfI vlrJrsm;onf urBmOD;vleD;eD;tqifhtedrfhqkH;jzpfonf[k owfrSwf aom olwdk‹.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csufcsif;yif tm;& 0rf;ompGm vufcHaxG;ydkufvdkufayonf?28 TtawG;tac:t& vlrJrsm;onf vlom;r[kwf-uacs? 1962 ckESpfxkwf vlrsdK; rsm;.tp (The Origin of Race) pmtkyfwGif vlodrsm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DvlrsdK;cGJjcm; a&;orm; umvufwGefuGef;u vljzLESifhvlrJrsm;onf [dkrdktD&ufwyfpfvufxufwGif ESpf 43
  • 44.
    rsdK;cGJxGufvmcJhaom uGJjym;onfhrsdK;pdwfrsm;jzpfonf[k a&;xm;.?uGef;.tqdkt& vljzLrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹cGJxGufvmonfhtcsdefrSpI tDAdkvl;&Sif;ydkrdkajymif;vJvmcJh-uonf [l.? vlrJrsm;tm; cGJjcm;onfhpdwf"gwfudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhtkyfpku TodyH`enf; usonf[lonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk tcsdefumv-umjrifhpGmtokH;cscJh-uavonf? tar&duefEdkifiH orw&l;pAJhu ola&;om;aom The Winning of the West pmtkyfwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm; a&;t& tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+udk pwif tajccHwnfaqmufI aemif wGif vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh.? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk axmufcH tm;ay;aomoDtdk&D&Sdaejcif;a-umifh tar&d uefEdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; -uD;xGm;vm cJhavonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk qef‹usifcJh onfh W.E. Dubois u/ “ESpfq,f&mpkESpf .jyemonf vlrsdK;tom;ta&mifcGJjcm; r+jyemjzpfonf?”[ka&;om;cJh.? u|ef pepfudkzsufodrf;jcif;wpfckwnf;u vljzL ESifhvlrJrsm;t-um; nDtpfudkpdwf"gwfjzpf ay:vmap&ef rvkHavmufacs? wdkawmif; onfhtcsdeftwGif; csrSwfcJhaom cGJjcm;r+u Oya't& u|Ekfyfwdk‹. acwfrSmvnf; xdk odk‹aomjyKrlcsufrsm;twGufta-umif; jycsufaumif;wpfck jzpfaeao;onf?30 19&mpkESpfukefydkif;ESifh 20&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;wGif tar&duefEdkifiHY vljzLrsm;u vlrJrsm;udk &uf puf-urf;-uKwfpGm zdESdyfcJh-u.? Oya'ESifh vufawG‹usifhokH;r+rsm;u vlrJrsm;udk vlom; tjzpfrowfrSwf-ua-umif; az:jyaeayonf? vljzLrsm;u -uG,f0csrf;omaomb0wGif &Sdae -uaomfvnf; vlrJrsm;rSm vlrqefavmuf atmif jyKusifhjcif;udk cHcJh-u&.? 44
  • 45.
    tar&duefEdkifiHwGif yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;aom "JimCrow Laws" (Jim Crow qdk aom pum;vkH;rSm vlrJwdk‹udk ESdrfaompum;wpfvkH;jzpfonf?) Oya'onf ,ae‹u|Efkyf wdk‹.acwfwdkifatmif &Sdaeao;onf? vlrJrsm;udk vlom;uJhodk‹rqufqH-uacs? olwdk‹ udk tjrJwef;&GH&Smrkef;wD;-uonfhtjyif/ ae&mwumwGif txifao;-uonf? xdkuJhodk‹ jzpfjcif;onf yk*~dKvftcsdKŒ.vkyf&yfomr[kwfay? tar&duefEdkifiH.Oya't& jyXmef; xm;aomtjyKtrljzpfayonf? wufeufpDjynfe,fY 1875=ckESpfwGif rD;&xm;ESifh "gwf &xm;rsm;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;Oya'udk yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;vdkufonfESifh wjydKifwnf; awmifydkif;e,frsm;tm;vkH;wGif rD;&xm;rsm;Y vlrsdK;t&cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;jyKvkyf-uav onf? “vljzLrsm;om”[laomqdkif;bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ “vlrJrsm;twGuf”[laomqdkif; bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ ae&mwumwdkif; awG‹jrif&avonf? ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;rSm eudk&SdaejyD; jzpfaom tajctaeudk Oya't& w&m;0ifatmif jyKvkyfjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? Oy a't& vljzLvlrJcGJjcm;&efrSm aq;&kH/ tusOf;axmifESifh ocsõKif;rsm;wGif rvkyfrae& udpP jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vufawG‹wGif/ a[mfw,f/ Zmwf&kH/ pmzwfcef;/ "gwfavScg;ESifh bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; usifhokH;-u.? ausmif;rsm;wGif xdkuJhodk‹ tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;r+a-umifh trsm;qkH;xdcdkufepfemr+cHpm;&ayonf? ‚if;onf vlrJrsm;twGuf txd cdkufqkH;tcsufjzpfI/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+zGHŒjzdK;a&;twGuf t-uD;qkH;aom t[ef‹twm; jzpfaeayonf? 45
  • 46.
    vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+pwifuwnf;upI t"du&k%f;ajrmufjrm;pGm vdkufvmawmh onf?vlrJrsm;udk vltkyfjzifh w&m;vufv$wfowfjzwfr+rsm; ae‹csif;ncsif;wdk;vmav onf? 1890 ckESpfrS 1901 ESpftxd vlrJOD;a&aygif; 1300cef‹ w&m;vufv$wftowf cH&onf? xdk‹a-umifh jynfe,ftajrmuftjrm;wGif vlrJrsm; x-uGykefuefavonf? TumvtwGif;Y vlrsdK;a&;tawG;tac:ESifh oDtdk&Drsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.? r-umrD/ tar&duwdkufopfodk‹ xdef;odrf;jcif;uif;rJhaom vl0ifr+udk umuG,f&ef[k , r,f&SmI tm&fbDbif;.OD;acgif;cGHwdkif;wmenf;jzpfaom tar&duefvlrsdK;a&;qefonfh ZD0aA'ay:aygufcJhjyefonf? Tonfvnf; tar&duefwdk‹. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;vkyf&yfwGif xl;jcm;csufwpfckjzpfayonf? 1916 ckESpfxkwf r,f'Dqef *&ef‹. The Passing of the Great Race pmtkyfwGif vlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;pyf,Sufaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh eudktqifhedrfhaeaomvl rsdK;xuftqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK; xyfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf? ol‹tae ESifh rwlaomvlrsdK;csif; vufxyfjcif;udk Oya't& wm;jrpfapvdkjcif;jzpfonf?31 tar&duefEdkifiHwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf 'g0ifray:rDuwnf;u &SdjyD;om; jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ txufu u|Efkyfwdk‹az:jycJhjyD;onfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'onf 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifESifh ay:vDpDrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;a-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ Ttcef;wGifaz:jyonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹.t jrifudk a&SŒwef;wifwdkif; 'g0if0g'udk 0g'jzef‹a-uG;ausmfoHtjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? 'g 0ifrwdkifrDacwfrsm;wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonf[k,lqcJhaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf/ ,cktcsdefwGif obm0w&m;omv#ifjzpfonf[k vufcH-uavjyD? 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. vlrqefaom ay:vDpDrsm; tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk rsdK;okOf;owfjzwfjcif; -opaw;vsEdkifiHrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk tabmf&D*sif;[kac:-uonf? T vlrsdK;rsm;onf -opaw;vswdkufwGif ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI aexdkifcJh-uolrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; -opaw;vswdkufodk‹ 0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifuwnf;u pI urBmhordkif;wGif t-uD;us,fqkH;aom vlrsKd;a&;okwfoifowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u&.? xdkowfjzwfr+-uD;. tajccHtawG;tac:rSm 'g0if0g'jzpfayonf? TvlrsdK;wdk‹cHpm;cJh& onfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+.t"duta-umif;&if;rSm/ 'g0if0g'DtawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹. tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;tay:&Sdonfh tjrifa-umifhjzpfonf? 1870 ckESpfwGif vef'efrEkaA'&DjAL;rS rEkaA'ynm&Sif rufpfrlv†monf vlom;rsm;udk trsdK;tpm;aygif; ckepfrsdK;cGJxm;avonf? tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk atmufqkH;wGifxm;I/ vljzLrsm;jzpfaom tm&d,efvlrsdK;rsm;udk xdyfqkH;wGif xm;onf? 1876 ckESpfwGif trnfausmf-um;aom vlr+a&;'g0if0g'Du atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;ay onf? tiftm;t-uD;qkH;vufa&G;piftrsdK;. qufvuftouf&SifEdkifjcif;[lonf tiftm;-uD;ol u w&m;onf[kqdkvdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf -opaw;vsvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh armf&DvlrsdK; rsm;udkvlrsdK;okOf;atmif oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGm owfjzwfokwfoifjcif;onf vGJa&SmifI r&aom obm0w&m;udk wdkifwnfjznfhpGufae-ujcif;om jzpfayonf? 32 1890 ckESpfwGif/ wyfprmeD,mjynfe,f &kd,,fvfqdkqdkifwD. 'kwd,OuUXjzpfol *sdrf;pfbm;em'fu “rsdK;jzKwfjcif;onf tdAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mr. &Sif;jyp&mrvdkaom trSefw 46
  • 47.
    &m;jzpfI oifhavsmfawmifhwif;qkH;vufa&G;pOfjzpfol. qufvuf&Sifoefa&;jzpfonf?” [ka&;om;cJh.? xdk‹a-umifh/ ol‹taejzifh/ xdkuJhodk‹-opaw;vswdkuf tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk owfjzwfqkH;±+H;aponfh &mZ0wfr+twGuf “tjypfwifcHxdkufaom vpfvsL±+kjcif;r[kwf” [kta-umif;jycJhavonf?33 Todk‹aom 'g0if u pwifysdK;axmifcJhaom vlrqefonfh&ufpuf-urf; -uKwfonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; a-umifh/ a-umufrufzG,f aumif;onfh tabmf&D*sif; rsdK;jzwfa&; pwifcJhjcif;jzpf ayonf? tabmf&D*sif; OD; acgif;cGHrsm;udk rD;&xm;bl wm&kHwHcg;rsm;Y qGJcsdwfjy oxm;-uavonf? -op aw;vswdkufwpfcGifvkH; ae &mwumwGif tabmf&D*sif; rsm;tajccsaexdkifaom &yf &Gmrsm;onf xdkodk‹aom&uf pufpGmowfjzwfr+a-umifh ESpfaygif;50twGif; aysmuf uG,foGm;cJhavonf?34 tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf -op awvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;t abmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk vlom;t jzpf tjynfht0zGH‹jzdK;jcif;r&Sd ao;aom owW0grsm;jzpf onf[kqdkI owfjzwfcJh-u .? tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk &nf&G,faomay:vDpDrsm;onf/ rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;jzifhom rjyD;ao;acs? tabmf&D*sif;vlOD;a&aygif;tajrmuftjrm;udk wd&pm>efuJhodk‹ odyH`ynmprf; oyfr+twGuf tokH;jyKcJh-u.? 0g±Sifwef'DpDrS prpfqdkeD,HtifpwD-uL;onf urBmay:&Sd 47
  • 48.
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  • 49.
    &Sd-uao;w,f?”[k jyefajymjyonf? ol‹tjzpfrSm/“tcdk;cHcJh-u&aomvl‹oufwef;”pkHprf;a&; tpDtpOft&/ -opaw;vs vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifhwef;wlcGifhaumfrD&Sifu -um;emcJh&onfha-u uGJbG,ftjzpftysufaygif; axmifaygi;frsm;pGmteufrS wpfckomjzpfayonf? 1920 ckESpfrS pI 1970 ckESpftxd tabmf&D*sif;cav;aygif; 100000 ausmf olwdk‹.rdbrsm; vufxJrS cdk;,lvk,ljcif;cHcJh-u&onf? tom;ta&mif azsmhonfhcav;rsm;udk vljzLtdrfaxmifpkrsm; odk‹arG;pm;&eftyfESH-uI/ tom;rJaomcav;rsm;udkrl rdbrJha*[mwGif xm;-uonf? 36 ,QKtcsdefwGifyif/ aumfrD&Sif. “olwdk‹udk tdrfodk‹jyefac:vmcJhjcif;”[laomtpD&if cHpmwGif/ oufaocHolwdk‹u rdrdwdk‹. trnf&if;udkaz:rjy0ef‹avmufatmif/ em-unf; r+u &Sdaeao;onf? ukvor*~.owfrSwfcsuft&/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifwdk‹.vkyf&yf onf/ vlrsdK;jzKwfpDrHudef;tqifh&Sdonf[k aumfrD&Sifuqdkonf? xdktwif;zrf;,lcdk;0Suf jcif;cH&aomcav;rsm;twGuf oufqdkifolwdk‹u avsmfa-u;aiGrsm; ay;aqmifEdkif&ef ckH&kH; tzGJ‹ zGJ‹pnf;I ppfaq;&ef aumfrD&Sifuawmif;qdkaomfvnf;/ tpdk;&u jiif;y,fxm;ay onf? u|Efkyfwdk‹odcJh-ujyD;onfhtwdkif;/ xdkuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfhvkyf&yfrsm;/ tkyfpk vdkufowfjzwfr+rsm;/ &ufpufr+/ &dkif;pdkif;r+ESifh rsdK;jzKwfr+rsm;udk 'g0if0g'pmwrf;rsm;u “obm0.a&G;cs,fr+”/ “touf&Sifjcif;twGuf wdkufcdkufr+”ESifh “toifhawmfqkH; vufa&G;pOf. &Sifoefr+twGuf”ponfhtqdkrsm;jzifh w&m;0ifjyKay;xm;onf? ,if;uJhodk‹ -opawvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; cHpm;cJhcHpm;ae-u&aom ysufpD; jcif;ab;'kuQtaygif;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'u wurBmvkH;odk‹,laqmifvmaom ysufpD;,dk ,Gif;jcif;ab;'kuQtaygif;. tenf;i,faom tydkif;r#om±Sdaeao;onf? tdkwmbif*g 'g0ifu ola&;aom rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufjcif; pmtkyfwGif/ vlom;rsm;onf arsmufrsm;rSqif;oufzGH‹jzdK;vmonf[k wifjyonfhae‹rSpI/ xdkZmwfvrf;udk axmufcH rnfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;udk &SmazGonfhvkyfief;onfvnf; pwifcJhavonf? odk‹aomf vnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DtcsdKŒu ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;omr[kwfbJ “arsmufwpf0uf vlwpf 0uf”owW0grsm;onfvnf;/ urBmhae&ma'otajrmuftjrm;wGif toufxif&Sm;&SdaeOD; rnf[k ,kH-unf-u.? 20 &mpkESpftpOD;ydkif;wGif “-um;wGifaysmufaeaomtquft pyf”udk &SmazGjcif;u ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ±kdif;pdkif;onfh vkyf&yfrsm;. ta-umif;&if; jzpfcJhayonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf ypf*rDvlrsdK; tdkwmbif*g. Zmwfvrf;onf wpfcktyg t0ifjzpf.? tdkwmbif*gudk 1904 ckESpfwGif qJjrL&,f Agemac:aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D okawoeynm±SifwpfOD;u uGef*dkEkdifiHwGif zrf; qD;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? Ttmz&duwdkif;&if;om;.trnf tdkwmbif *gonf olwdk‹.pum;t& “rdwfaqG”[laomt"dy`g,f&I/ cav; ESpfa,muf&Sdaom tdrfaxmifonfwpfa,mufjzpf.? odk‹aomf vnf; ol‹udkwd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ avSmifcsdKifhwGif;Y oH-udK;ESifhcsnf xm;um tar&duefEdkifiHodk‹ydk‹vdkufonf? tar&duefEdkifiHodk‹ a&mufaomtcg/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u pdef‹vl0pfurBmhjyyGJ wGif “vlom;rsm;ESifh teD;qkH;tquftpyf”tjzpf jyoxm;onf? xdk‹aemuf ESpfESpf-umaomtcg e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ&Sdb&Gef‹Zl;ac: wd& tdkwmbif*g 49
  • 50.
    pm>ef&kHwGif csifyefZDarsmuf tenf;i,ftjyif/'dkifemac:a*:&Dvmarsmuf0HESifh 'dk[eftrnf &Sd O&efOwefarsmuf0Hwdk‹ESifhtwl/ “vlom;wdk‹. a&S;tusqkH;bdk;ab;owW0grsm;”tjzpf jyoxm;avonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D wd&pm>ef&kHn$ef-um;a&;rSL; a'gufwm0DvD,H wDa[mf eDa';u xdkodk‹aom “aysmufuG,faeonfhtquftpyf”udk ydkifqdkifxm;cGifh&&Sdjcif;twGuf vGefpGm*k%f,lrda-umif; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajymusef&pfcJhavonf? xdkwd&pm>ef&kHa&muf vlxkuvnf; tdkwmbif*gudk wd&pm>efwpfaumiftjzpf qufqHcJh-uavonf? xdktcsdefuxkwfa0cJhaom e,l;a,mufwdkif;rf owif;pmwGif wd&pm>ef&kHodk‹vm a&mufvnfywfonfhvlwdk‹. qufqHykHudk az:jyxm;avonf? wd&pm>ef&kHodk‹ we*FaEGae‹wGif vlaygif; 40000 oGm;a&mufvnfywf-uonf? cav;vl-uD; rdef;ra,mufsm;tm;vkH;vdkvdkyif/ arsmuf&kHrSZmwfvdkufudk -unfh-uonf? xdkZmwfvdkufrSm tmz&duwdkufrS vl&kdif;wpfaumifjzpf.? uGif;jyifwGif waeukef atmfvdkuf[pfvdkufESifh 0dkif;vdkuf-uonf? wcsdKŒu ol.eH&dk;udk xdk;-unfh-uonf? wcsdKŒu ol‹udk ajcuvdrfydkif;-u onf? tm;vkH;uvnf; 0dkif;&,f-uonf? 37 1906 ckESpf pufwifbmv 17 &ufae‹xkwf e,l;a,muf*sme,f u xdkuJhodk‹vkyf jcif;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk oufaojy&eftwGufjzpfaomfvnf; -uD;us,faomrw&m;jcif; ESifh &ufpufjcif;jzpfonf[k atmufygtwdkif; az:jycJhavonf? Tvlwdk‹onf/ pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;uif;rJhpGm tmz&duwdkufrS vlykwpfa,mufudk arsmuf avSmifcsdKifhwGif jyoxm;-uonf? olwdk‹.tawG;t& -uD;us,faomtDAdkvl;&Sif; oifcef;pm wpfckudk pGJjrJpGmrSwfom;Edkifapvdk-u[efwlygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ &&SdonfhtajzrSm TvljzLEdkifiHrS oem;-uifemjcif;u&k%mw&m;jzifh -unfh±+ xm;oifhaomfvnf;/ xdkr#avmuf&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm xm;&Sdjcif;onf/ tmz&duwdkuf vlrsdK;rsm;udk apmfum;jcif;om jzpfayonf?===u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk pdwfcHpm;r+&Sdjcif;ESifh 0dnmOfudk ay;xm;aomtiftm;-uD;u zefqif;xm;I uHqdk;ojzifh udk,fcE<mrzHG‹jzdK;onfh vlom;wpfOD; 50
  • 51.
    udk arsmufrsm;ESifhtwl avSmifcsdKifhwGifxnfhxm;jyD;vltrsm;udk jypm;-ujcif;onf tvGef &SufzG,faumif;aom vkyf&yfomv#ifjzpfayonf? 38 e,l;a,mufa'vDx&DjAGef;uvnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ta-umif;az:jy&eftwGuf tdkwm bif*gudk wd&dpm>ef&kHwGif jy-uonfhta-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf? 'g0if0g'Dwd&pm>ef&kHn$ef-um;a&;rSL;. tifrwefpOf;vJaumuf-upfaomtajzudk ay;cJh avonf? vGefcJhonfhtygwfwGif e,l;a,mufwd&pm>ef&kHY tmz&duwdkufrS ypf*rDvlrsdK;wpfa,mufudk O&efOwefarsmuf0Hrsm;ESifhtwl avSmifcsdKifhtwGif;xnfhI jyoxm;onfhudpPESifhywfoufI vltawmfrsm;rsm; a0zef-u.? tcsdKŒyk*~dKvfrsm;.tqdkt&/ wd&pm>ef&kHn$ef-um;a&;rSL; atmf ema';u eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh arsmufrsm;t-um;qufpyfr+udk jyo&efjzpfonf[kqdkonf? a'gufwmatmfema';u ,if;pGyfpGJcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkufonf? “wu,fvdk‹ tJ'Dvlykuav; u avSmifcsdKifhxJrSm&Sdae&if/ ol‹twGuf toufomqkH;tajctaejzpfygw,f?”[k a'gufwm atmfema';uqdk.? “usaemfwdk‹u ol‹udkb,fvdkxm;&r,fqdkwmrodbJjzpfaeygw,f? ol‹udk vrf;ay:rSm v$wfxm;r,fqdk&if b,folurS *&kpdkufjyD;-unfhrSmr[kwfbl;vdk‹awmh b,folurSajymrSmr[kwfbl;vdk‹xifygw,f?” [kqufvufajymygonf? 39 tdkwmbif*gudk wd&pm>efwpfaumiftvm;/ a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Hrsm;ESifhtwl avSmif tdrfwGifjyoxm;jcif;onf todkif;t0dkif;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk pdwfrtDrom jzpfapcJh.? tzGJ‹tpnf;cyfrsm;rsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;tm; xdkvkyf&yfudk&yfwef‹&ef awmif;qdkcJh-u onf? olwdk‹.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif/ tdkwmbif*gonf vlom;ppfppfjzpfa-umif;/ ol‹ tm; xdkuJhodk‹vkyfjcif;onf tifrwef&ufpuf-urf;-uKwf&ma&mufa-umif; ponfjzifh az: jy-uavonf? xdkawmif;qdkcsufpmrsm;teuf 1906 ckESpf pufwifbmv 12 &ufae‹ xkwf e,l;a,muf*vkwf owif;pmyg pmwpfapmifrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.? The Globe t,f'Dwmodk‹/ vl-uD;rif;cifAsm;/= u|Efkyfawmiftmz&duwGif ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaexdkifcJhygonf? xdk‹ a-umifh vlrJeD*&dk;rsm;udkrESpfoufvSyg? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹onfvlom;rsm;jzpfonfudk ,kH -unfygonf? Tr#-uD;us,fvSaomjrdKŒawmf-uD;. tm%mydkifrsm;u Bronx Park rSjrif uGif;jzpfonfh eD*&dk;a,mufsm;uav;wpfa,mufudk arsmufrsm;ESifhtwl jyoxm;jcif;udk cGifh jyKxm;jcif;onf &Sufp&maumif;onf[kxifygonf? Typf*rDvkyf&yfwpfckvkH;udk pkHprf;ppfaq;oifhygonf? at tm&f tD e,l;a,muf/ pufwifbmv 12&ufae‹? 40 tdkwmbif*gudk vlom;wpfa,muftjzpfqufqH&ef awmif;qdkaom aemufxyf av#mufv$mwpfapmifonfvnf; atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.? vlom;ESifharsmufwdk‹udk jyojcif;udk omoemh"rRq&mu uef‹uGufonf? "rRq&ma'gufwm ruftmomu xdkjyuGufonf ,kwfnHhaomvkyf&yfjzpfonf[k jrif.? “TjyuGufudk tpDtpOfvkyfolonf ol‹udk,fol xdktmz&duom;.tqifhodk‹edrfhusaponf [k a'gufwmruftmomuajym.? “Tvli,fav;udk wd&pm>eftjzpfjyKvkyfxm;rnfh tpm;/ ol‹udk bk&m;ocifuay;aom tpGrf;tprsm;udk zGH‹jzdK;apatmif pmoifausmif;wGif tyf xm;oifhygonf?” 51
  • 52.
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  • 53.
    TuJhodk‹vlrqefaomvkyf&yfwdk‹. aemufqkH;tajzrSm/ tdkwmbif*guol‹udk,f ol owfaovdkufonfhtjzpfoma&mufcJhavonf? Tae&mwGif vlom;wpfa,muf. toufqkH;±+H;jcif;xuf jyemydkI-uD;rm;ayonf? Ttjzpftysufonfyif/ 'g0if0g'D wdk‹u &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfI &dkif;pdkif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk vufawG‹usifhokH;-ua-umif; xif &Sm;onfh Oyrmwpfckjzpfaeayonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwfaepdwfxm;OmOf qufvuf&Sdaeao;I/ 'g0ifxHrStiftm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? 53
  • 54.
    tqifhjrifhjcif;onf aoG;rSrvm/ trltusifhrSvm. vlom;rsm;onf/wd&pm>efrS wpfqifhjyD;wpfqifh wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vmI/ tcsdKŒvlrsdK; rsm;onf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+ jyD;jynfhpkHum/ tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;rSm wd&pm>efrsm;ESifheD;pyfaeao;o jzifh vl‹ordkif;wGif ysufpD;r+udkom aqmifusOf;ay;onf[k 'g0ifu wifjyxm;avonf? 'g0if.TowfrSwfcsufudk vufcHolwdk‹onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk -uifemoem;jcif; uif; rJhum &ufpufpGmzdESdyfEdSrfeif;-uayonf? olwdk‹udk tcufcJqkH;b0wGif aexdkifapI/ rsdK; jzKwfowfjzwfonftxd jyKusifh-uayonf? &J&ifhaomurBmopfrsm;[kt"dy`g,f&onfh Brave New Worlds pmtkyfudka&;om; ol b&dkif;tJyJvf,m'fu vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;wGif udef;atmif;aeonfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf aompdwfaepdwfxm;ESifh/ ‚if;rS&&Sdaomtajzrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf[k az:jy xm;.? vlwdk‹u oifhtm;rnfonfhta-umif;jycsufESifhrqdk/ t,loD;r+jzifhjzpfap/ odyH`enf;jzifhjzpfap/ tqifhydkedrfhaomowW0gjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ oifhtay:wGifjyKusifhrnfh &ufpufr+rsm;onf twdkif;twmr&SdbJjzpfvdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGmjyKusifh vdkufjcif;udkvnf; tjynfht0w&m;onf[k,lqvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf tjcm;vl om;wpfa,mufudk tqifhedrfhonf[k ,kH-unfjcif;onf xdkoludk raumif;/ tEW&m,f&Sdonf/ odk‹r[kwf tqifhydkjrifhaomowW0gudk tEW&m,fay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqjcif;xuf tenf;i,f tqifhjrifhjcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹u xdk‘tqifhedrfhaom’olwdk‹onf vlom; avmuwpfckvkH;. usef;rmoefpGrf;r+ESifhtoufudk tEW&m,fjyKvdrfhrnf[kyif 0g;vkH;&Snf &ef;jcKHIowfrSwf-uayvdrfhrnf? xdk‹aemuf oif;uGyfjcif;/ vufxyfjcif;udk uef‹owfjcif; rsm;jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf? vlom;rsdK;pkudk wdkufcdkufrnfhtEW&m,fESifh tqifhjrifholvlom;wdk‹. *k%foduQmudk umuG,fonf[k ta-umif;jy&if; owfjzwfr+yifvkyf-uvdrfhrnf? 42 odk‹aomfvnf;/ vlom;tm;vkH;udk nDwlnDr#zefqif;xm;ayonf? vlwdkif;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf(xm0&bk&m;ocif)u zefqif;xm;onf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf u vlom;rsm;udk zefqif;jcif;ESifhywfoufI Todk‹a-ujimxm;.? t-uift&Sifjrwfonf rdrdzefqif;awmfrlcJhaomt&m0wˆKwdkif;udk aumif;rGefpGm jyKvkyfzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? ‚if;jyif xdkt&Sifjrwfonf vlom;tm; zefqif;jcif; udk ±$HŒnGefjzifh tpjyKawmfrlcJh.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf xdkvlom;. tquftEG,fwdk‹udk n‡pfxkwfxm;aom tzdk;rwefaoma&jzifh jyKvkyfzefqif; awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;tm; aexm;usepGm jyKvkyfawmf rlI ‚if;(. cE<mudk,ftwGif;)Y rdrdtxHawmfrS toufZD0defudk r+wfoGif;awmfrl cJh.? (pl&mtvfp*sf'[f 32;7=9)? txufyg tm,ofawmfrsm;twdkif;/ vlom;rsm;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfr+wf oGif;ay;xm;aom toufZD0def0dnmOfudk aqmifxm;-uayonf? vlom;wdkif; vlrsdK;r a&G; pOf;pm;jcif;/ tm&kHcHpm;jcif;/ cspfjcif;/ emusifjcif;udkcHpm;jcif;/ pdwfv+yf&Sm;jcif;/ cspf jcif;arwWmw&m;udk od&Sdjcif;/ oem;-uifem *&k%mw&m;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹&Sd.? vlom; wdkif;onf Edkifvdkrif;xufzdESdyfn‡Of;yef;jcif;/ txifao;yrmrxm;jcif;/ tcuftcJ&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udkvnf; od.? xdk‹a-umifh/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;onf wd&pm>efwpf0ufowW0gjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfI wpfOD;OD;avmufudkyif ESdyfpufuvl jyKyg u/ xdkodk‹jyKusifhol/ usL;vGefol/ zdESdyfol/ acgif;ykHjzwfolESifh rrSefruefvkyf-uHxm;aom 54
  • 55.
    oufaoom"ursm;jyI axmufcHtm;ay;olwdk‹onf olwdk‹rodaomfvnf;-uD;us,faom jypfr+i&Judk usL;vGefjcif;yif jzpfayonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhpmv#if ,Ofaus;r+t& acwfaemufus aeao;aom vlrsdK;rsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? olwdk‹tm;vkH;onf vlom;.t*FgvuQ%mrsm; tm;vkH;jynfhpkHpGm&Sd-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; urBmudkpdk;rdk;aeonfh enf;ynmESifh,Ofaus;r+ydkif; wGif avsmhenf;r+&Sdae-uonf? olwdk‹aexdkifonfht&yfa'. obm0tajctaeESifh &moD Owkt&/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk‹onf usefwdk;wufaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;,Ofaus; r+trsm;pkwdk‹ESifha0;uGmvsuf&Sd-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹wpfOD;csif;wGif vlom; wdk‹. t*Fg&yfrsm;/ xkH;wrf;"avhrsm;/ tusifhpm&dwWrsm;ESifh jynfhpkH-uayonf? rorm onfh&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;cJGjcm;jcif;wGif tjrwfxkwfEdkifr+udk tm;usvufcHol rsm;onf/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk pdwf0ifpm;pGmzufvJwuif;vufcHI/ xdkuJhodk‹aom tjcm;vl om;rsm;ESifhjcm;em;jcif;r&Sdolrsm;udk/ edrfhusonfhvlrsdK;rsm;[lIvnf;aumif;/ ,kwfpGtqkH; wd&pm>efrsm;jzpfonf[lIvnf;aumif; owfrSwf-u.? xdktjrifa-umifh/ ,ae‹vuf&Sd acwfwGifyif/ acwfaemufusaeao;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk vlom;tjzpfvkHavmufpGmzGH‹ jzdK;r+r&Sdao;aomowW0grsm;jzpfonf[k zdESdyfpufqkyfolrsm;vnf; ay:aygufaeao;.? odk‹aomfvnf; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;jcif;udk vkH;0wm;jrpfxm;.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wdkif;udkzefqif;xm;jyD;/ rwlnDuGJjym;aomtom;ta&mif ESifh ajymqdkaombmompum;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfay:aponf? ,if;onfuyif tv†m[ft&Sif jrwf. zefqif;jcif;.tEkynmESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;jcif;udk jyqdkjcif;jzpfayonf? uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ xdkrSwyg; xdkt&Sifjrwf.oufaovuQ%mawmfrsm;teufrSyif rdk;aumif;uif rsm;ESifh yx0Dajrudk zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk‹. bmomp um;ESifh taoG;ta&mifwdk‹ uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ pifppfTonf ynm&Sdokcrdefwdk‹tzdk‹ trSefyifoufaovuQ%mrsm;onf &Sdacsonf? (pl&mt&f&l;rf 30;22) tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tjrifwGif vlwpfOD;.tqifhjrifhjcif;onf/ xdkol. tusifh pm&dwWaumif;rGefjcif;/ tjypf'kp&dkuftm;vkH;ESifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkykefuefjcif;/ t usifhpm&dwWysufjym;jcif;ESifhaoGznfjcif; ponfwdk‹udk a&SmifusOfjcif;tjyif/ t&Sifjrwfudk c0wfqnf;uyfjcif;w&m;"rRESifhjynfhpkHjcif;rsm;tay:wGif rlwnf.? xdkt&Sifjrwfudk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fr+ESifh w&m;"rRudkvdkufemusifh-uHoDvaqmufwnfr+uvGJI tjcm;rnf onfht&murS jrifhjrwfjcif;tqifhudk r&±SdEdkifacs? TtcsufESifhywfoufI uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.? tdk=vlcyfodrf;wdk‹/ {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tm; a,mufsm;wpf a,muf/ rdef;rwpfa,mufrS pwifzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹jyif igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; cGJjcm;odjrifrSwfrd-utHhaomiSm vlrsdK;pkt oD;oD;/ rsdK;EG,ftoG,foG,fjyKvkyfawmfrlcJh.? {uefpifppf toifwdk‹teufrS (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;) ta-umuf&GHŒqkH;/ tjypfrsm;rS trsm;qkH; -uOfa&Smifol omv#if tv†m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfY tjrifhjrwfqkH;aomoljzpf.? pifppfwpf rlum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf todawmfrlqkH;/ t-um;awmfrlqkH;t&Sif jzpfawmf rlayownf;? (pl&mtvf[k*s&mwf 49;13) 55
  • 56.
  • 57.
    aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh [pfwvmwdk‹t-um;r[mrdwf emZD0g'onf yxrurBmppfwGif ppf±+H;ojzifh &kwf&if;qefcwf ±+wfaxG;ae onfh *smr%DEdkifiHY pwifay:aygufcJh.? ygwDacgif;aqmifrSm tvGefa'go-uD;I &efvdk aom tma'ghzf[pfwvmjzpfonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf [pfwvm. tajccHurBmhtjrif jzpfavonf? [pfwvmu/ *smr%DEdkifiH. t"duvlrsdK;jzpfonfh tm&d,efvlrsdK;onf usefvlrsdK;rsm;tm;vkH;xuf jrifhjrwftqifhjrifhojzifh xdkolwdk‹udk tkyfpdk;&rnfhvlrsdK;jzpf onf[k ,kH-unfonf? olu tm&d,efvlrsdK;onf urBmhtifyg,mudk wnfaxmifI ESpfaygif; wpfaxmif pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k pdwful;,OfcJhavonf? [pfwvmu ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;oDtdk&DtwGuf 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk odyH`enf;usaxmufcHay;rnfhoDtdk&Dtjzpf awG‹&Sdavonf? [pfwvm.ta&;-uD;qkH;tawG;tac:ykHpHoGif;ay;ol *smrefvlrsdK;ordkif;ynm&Sif [if;&dcsf AGef x&pfcsfauonf 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tvGef-udKufESpfoufojzifh 'g0if. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifrsm;ay:wGif tajccHIykHpHoGif;avonf? olu “'g0if. toifhawmfqkH;olu toufqufvuf±Sifonf [laomtqdktwdkif;/ EdkifiHrsm;onf &kef‹ &if;-urf;wrf;pGm,SOfjydKif-urSomv#if wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;Edkifonf?”[kajymavh&Sd.? qdkvdk&if; rSm rqkH;EdkifaomppfyGJrsm;wdkufcdkuf-u&rnf? ol‹tjrifonf “'g;jzifhpdk;rdk;jcif;onf ,Of aus;r+acwfudk &dkif;pdkif;r+odk‹ac:aqmifjcif;jzpfI/ todynmudk ynmrJhjcif;odk‹ac:aqmif jcif;yifjzpfayonf?” ol.tawG;wGif “vl0grsm;onf tEkynmtpGrf;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vGwf vyfr+udk rodem;rvnf-uacs? vlrJrsm;.b0uH-urRmonf vljzLrsm;udk tusdK;aqmif -u&efomjzpfI/ vljzLrsm;. xm0pOfpufqkyfjcif;ypfrSwfjzpf-uonf?”43 [pfwvmu ol.oDtdk&DtawG;tac:rsm;udk -uHqaecsdefwGif/ x&pfcsfauuJhodk‹ yif 'g0if. touf&Sifa&;twGufwdkufcdkuf&rnf[laomtawG;tac:udk ul;,lvsuf&Sd .? trnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;aom Mein Kampf (u|Ekfyf. &kef;uefr+)[kac:aom ol. pmtkyfonf touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&rnf[laomtawG;tac:. aphaqmfr+t rsm;qkH;yg0ifayonf? 'g0ifuJhodk‹yif [pfwvmonfvnf; Oa&mywdkufom;r[kwfaom vlrsdK;wdk‹udk arsmuftqifhYom xm;.? “aemf'pf*smrefvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,fxm;vdkufygu/ urBm-uD;wGif arsmuf0Hrsm;uckefaejcif;omusefayonf?”[k [pfwvmuqdk.?44 1933 ckESpf EL&ifbg*fjrdKŒygwDtiftm;jyyGJwGif/ [pfwvmu “tqifhjrifhaomvl rsdK;u tqifhedrfhwJhvlrsdK;udk vufatmufcHtjzpfoGwfoGif;&w,f? 'Dtcsufudk odyH`ynm rSmtajccHxm;jyD;wJhtcsufjzpfvdk‹ obm0uay;wJhtcGifhta&;jzpfw,f?”[k a-unmcJh .?45 tm&d,HvlrsdK;rsm;. tqifhjrifhjcif;udk ,kH-unfonfh [pfwvmonf/ xdktqifh jrifhjcif;onf obm0uay;aomtcGifhta&;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf.? Mein Kampf pm tkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;ayonf? *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;onf vlom;wpf0ufomjzpfao;aomvlrsdK;jzpfonf? aemf'pfvlrsKd;rsm;udk jrifh jrwfaomtqifhwGifwifxm;ouJhodk‹ olwdk‹.yifudkADZtarGt& aumuf-upfpOf;vJolrsm; jzpf-uonf? 46 57
  • 58.
    [pfwvmonf/ vl om;rsm;udk tjrifhrm;qkH;zGH‹ jzdK;jyD;aomwd&pm>efrsm;t jzpfvufcH,kH-unfxm;ol jzpfojzifh/ obm0tiftm; ESifh -uHK-udKufIajymif;vJ jcif;udkom apmifhaejcif;r jyKbJ/ vlom;rsm;. zGH‹jzdK;r+ udk oludk,fwdkifwm0ef,lI pDrHcef‹cGJ&efvdktyfonf[k ,kH-unfavonf? ,if; onfyifv#if emZDv+yf&Sm;r+ . tqkH;pGef&nfrSef;csuf jzpfayonf? xdk&nfrSef; csufudk a&mufEdkif&ef yxr OD;qkH;tqifhrSm/ tqifhedrfh aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk oD;jcm;cGJ xkwfI tqifhjrifhaom tm&d,HvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh cGJjcm; xm;&rnf? TtcsufwGif emZD ygwD0ifwdk‹onf 'g0if0g' udk vufawG‹usifhokH;jcif; jzpfayonf? “vlom;oef‹ pifa&;0g'”onf 'g0if0g' rStpysdK;vmjcif;jzpfonf? vlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&Donf 'g0if.tawG;tac:wGif tajccH. 20 &mpkESpfyxrydkif;wGifpwifay:aygufvmcJhaom vlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&D odk‹r [kwf vlom;oef‹oDtdk&Donf/ usef;rmoefpGrf;olOD;a&rsm;jym;vmatmif emzsm;rusef;r oefrmolrsm;ESifh 'kuQdwrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;jzifh vlom;rsdK;pkrsm;udk rGrf;rHjcif;[k qdk vdkonf? wd&pm>efarG;jrLa&;wGif ydkrdkusef;rmoefpGrf;aom taumifrsm;udkoma&G;cs,fI rdwfvdkufapjcif;jzifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom wd&pm>efrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifayonf? vlom; oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&Dt&/ xdkenf;twdkif; vlom;rsm;udkvnf; oef‹jyef‹aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk arG; xkwfEdkifonf[k qdkonf? vlom;oef‹pifa&;tpDtpOfudk pwifIwifjy-uolwdk‹onfvnf; 'g0if0g'Drsm;yif jzpf-uavonf? xdkvlom;oef‹pifa&;tpDtpOfv+dif;*,ufwGif/ t*FvefEdkifiHY csm;vfpf 'g0if.0rf;uGJnDjzpfol z&ef;ppfa*gvfwefESifh csm;vfpf'g0if.om; vDtdkem'f'g0ifwdk‹u xdyfqkH;a&SŒwef;rSaeI OD;aqmif-uonf? 58
  • 59.
    ‚if;vlom;oef‹pifa&;tpDtpOfy&dk*&rfonf 'g0if0g'.&vm'fjzpfa-umif; xif &Sm;aeayonf?TtcsuftrSefyifjzpfa-umif; vlom;oef‹pifa&;0g'udkaxmufcHolwdk‹. pmayrsm;wGif az:jyxm;ayonf? “vlom;oef‹pifa&;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+udk vlom;rsm;udk,fwdkif wm0ef,laqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpf./”[kqdkxm;onf? 0g&SifwefwuUodkvfrS aq;ynmordkif; ynm&Sif uif;euf v'frD&mu/ vlom;oef‹pif a&;oDtdk&Donf yvmwdk.&Dygyvd*f(Republic)txda&S;usaomtawG;tac:jzpfonf[k rSwfcsufcs.? 'g0if0g'u 19 &mpkESpf.tusdK;twGuf aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfayonf[k xyfIuGef‹xm;avonf? ==acwfopfvlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&Donf 19 &mpkESpfwGifay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf? xdk&mpk ESpfwGif vlom;oef‹pifa&;tusdK;tjrwfay:xGef;vmjcif;onf tajccHZpfjrpftm;jzifh rsm;jym; ayonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;ZpfjrpfrSm tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzpf.? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ “vlom; oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&D” "euginics" tawG;tac:udk pwifzefwD;olonf csm;vfpf'g0if. nD0rf; uGJ z&efppf a*gvfwefjzpfI/ xdkoDtdk&D.trnfudkvnf; oludk,fwdkifay;aomtrnfjzpfay onf? vlom;oef‹pifa&;tawG;tac:onf csm;vfpf'g0ifu xkwfaz:onfh odyH`enf;usaom tawG;tac:rSwdkuf&dkuf wdk;wufvmjcif; jzpfayonf? 47 *smreDEdkifiHwGif/ vlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&DudkvufcH,kH-unfI jzef‹jzL;olonf t vGefausmf-um;aom ZD0aA'ynm&Sif tmef;a[uJvfjzpfonf? a[uJvfonf 'g0ifudk axmufcHtm;ay;aom rdwfaqG&if;jzpfonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk axmufcHonfhtae jzifh "recapitulation" “jyefvnfaygif;pnf;jcif;”tqdkudk wifoGif;avonf? ol.tqdk wGif owW0grsm;tm;vkH;. oaE<om;avmif;wdk‹onf wpfckESifhwpfck qifwl-uonf[k qdkonf? aemifwGif a[uJvfu xdktqdkudk wif;oGif;&eftwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk vkyf-uHzefwD;cJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; awG‹&Sd&.? a[uJvfonf wpfzufu odyH`ynmqdkif&mtcsuftvuftwkrsm;udk vkyf-uHae pOf aemufwpfzufrSmvnf; vlom;oef‹pifa&;0g'jzef‹ae.? ajcvufrpkHrvif'kuQdwt jzpfarG;vmaomcav;rsm;udk owfypfjcif;tm;jzifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+ ydk 59
  • 60.
    rdkjrefqefvmvdrfhrnf[k t-uHjyKcJhavonf? xdk‹xufru/tem-uD;a&m*gonfrsm;/ uif qma&m*gpGJuyfaeolrsm;ESifh OD;aESmufysufaeolrsm;udk em-uifjcif;r&SdapbJ owfypfoifh onf/ odk‹r[kwfygu ‚if;wdk‹onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;twGuf wm0efav;apjcif;omjzpfojzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJwdk;wufjcif;udk aESmifhaES;apvdrfhrnf[k wifjycJh avonf? tar&duefvlrsdK; okawoeynm±Sifjzpfol a*smh pwdef;u a[uJvf. tDAdkvl; &Sif;wGifopPmcHjcif;ESifhywfoufI American Scientist r*~Zif;wGif aqmif;yg;wyk'fjzifh pk aygif;tusOf;csKyfxm;ayonf? ==(a[uJvfu) 'g0ifonfrSefuefonf[k qdk.? ==vlom;rsm;onf wd&pm>efrsm;rS qif; oufvmjcif;udk tjcm;ar;cGef;xkwfaep&mrvdkawmhyg[k qdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh *smr%DEdkifiH wGif a[uJvfu 'g0if0g'ESifhywfoufI vlom;wdk‹. vlr+a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;&Sifoefr+onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrjzpfonfh obm0ua&G;cs,fjcif;omjzpfonf[k &Sif;vif;az:jyjcif;onf aoa&;&Sifa&;avmuf ta&;-uD;aomyxrajcvSrf;jzpf.? ,if;tawG;tac:udk qef‹usif jiif;ckHjcif;onf t,loD;jcif;ESifh acwfaemufusjcif;omjzpfonf? 48 a[uJvfonf 1919 ckESpfwGif aoqkH;.? odk‹aomfvnf; ol.tawG;tac:rsm; udk emZDwdk‹u tarGqufcHvdkufonf? [pfwvmtm%m&jyD; r-umrDtwGif; vlom;oef‹ pifa&;tpDtpOfudk pwiftaumiftxnfaz:awmhonf? [pfwvmu xdkay:vDpDopfudk atmufyg0gusrsm;jzifh twdkcsKH;xm;cJhavonf? jynfoltrsm;uvufcHxm;aom EdkifiHawmfwGif pdwfydkif;ESifhudk,fcE<mydkif;qdkif&m ynma&; onf ta&;-uD;aom u¾jzpfayonf? xdkenf;wl vlom;rsm;udka&G;cs,fjcif;onfvnf; wef;wlta&;-uD;ayonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf/ rnfolu rsdK;ADZt&usef;rmoefpGrf;r+r&Sd aoma-umifh rsdK;yGm;a&;twGuf oifhawmfonfroifhawmfonf ponfwdk‹udk owfrSwf&ef wm 0ef&Sdonf? xdk‹a-umifh oabmraygufolwdk‹udk *&kpdkufem;axmifae&efrvdktyfbJ/ ,if;wm 0ef0wW&m;udk &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm aqmif&Guf&rnf? udk,fcE<mcsdKŒwJholrsm; odk‹r[kwf udk,fum,roefpGrf;olrsm;udk ESpfaygif; 600 twGif; &Sif;vif;ypfygu ,ae‹tcsdefwGif rnf 60
  • 61.
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  • 62.
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  • 63.
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  • 78.
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  • 79.
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  • 81.
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  • 82.
    'g0if.emrnfjzifh zkH;tkyfuG,f0Sufxm;I olwdk‹.toJESvkH;wGifudef;atmif;aeonfh aoG; qmaom yifudkp&dkufudk aemufqkH;odyH`a0g[m&okH;I a-unm-uawmhonf? 73 wurBmvkH; ae&mwumppfjzpfjcif; 19=&mpkESpfwGifjzpfaomppf-uD;onf 'g0if/ rmufP ESifh z&l'fwdk‹uzefwD;cJh onfhppfjzpfovdk/ 20=&mpkESpfwGifjzpfonfh urBmay:wGif aoG;xGufoH,kdtrsm;qkH;jzpf onfhppf-uD;rsm;onfvnf;/ -uHK-udKufIrawmfwqjzpfcJhjcif;r[kwfacs? 'g0if0g'u aemufqkH;ppfjzpfjcif;jzifhtqkH;owfrnfh odyH`enf;usonf[lonfhoDtdk&DudkpDpOfjyifqifcJh onf? ppfjzpfjcif;onf vlom;wdk‹.wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+wpfckjzpfI rvGJra&Smifomaom udpPjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uonfh ol.aemufvdkufrsm;uvnf; ppf-uD;ESpfckpvkH;wGif vl aygif;oef;aygif; 60 ausmf owfjzwfcJh-u.? 82
  • 83.
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  • 89.
    vdkifab;&D,m; jynfwGif;yËdyuQwGif r-umc%awG‹&aom jrifuGif;? eDtdkemZDrsm; zufqpf0g'acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh[pfwvmESifh rdkqdkvDeDwdk‹tjyif emZDygwD tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifhqufpyfaom (tufpfat/ tufpftufpf/ *sufpwmydk)ponfwdk‹ odk‹r[kwf rdkqdkvDeD. “tuôseuf”wdk‹onf/ twdwfumvrSm usef&pfcJhjyD[kxif&.? odk‹aomf vnf; olwdk‹.tawG;tac:udk vdkufemusifhokH;onfh eDtdkemZDtzGJ‹u v+yf&Sm;vsuf&Sdae ao;onf? r-umcifESpfrsm;wGif/ Oa&myEdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;wGif vlrsdK;a&;ESifh zufqpf v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; jyefvnftouf0ifvm.? *smreDEdkifiHrS eDtdkemZDv+yf&Sm;r+onf a&SŒwef; wGif yg0ifaeayonf? 89
  • 90.
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  • 91.
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  • 92.
    wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufonfh Ttjzpftysufrsm;rSmtcsdKŒomv#ifjzpfyg onf? [pfwvmuJhodk‹aom zufqpf0g'DESifh 'g0ifwdk‹.tarGcHrsm; owfjzwfonfh&mZ 0wfr+rsm;onf qufvufI &Sdaeayonf? TuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfhwdkufcdkufr+rsm;udk Oya't&ta&;,ljcif;wpfrsdK;wnf;jzifhom ukefqkH;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? aocsmaomenf; rSm Oya't&ta&;,lonfhtjyif tawG;tac:t&wdkufppfqifjcif;vnf; yg0if&efvdk tyfayonf? 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk odyH`ynmavmurS jzKwfcsEdkifjcif;r&Sdor#umv ywfvkH; vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf obm0ed,mrwpfckjzpfonf[k ,kH-uolwdk‹. a'goxGuf zG,f&m jyKrlcsufrsm;onfvnf; &yfwef‹oGm;rnfr[kwfay? 92
  • 93.
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  • 96.
    'g0ifudk rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u csD;-uL;jcif; 'g0ifoDtdk&DonfuGefjrLepf0g'twGuftvGefta&;-uD;ayonf? 'g0if.pmtkyf &dkufxkwfjyD; vaygif;tenf;i,ftwGif; tif*sJvfu rm;ufPodk‹ pmwpfapmifa&;cJh&m “,QKu|Efkyfzwfaeaom 'g0if.pmtkyfonf odyfudkaumif;vGef;ygw,fcifAsm?”78 [k xnfha&;cJh.? 1860=ckESpf 'DZifbmv 19=&ufae‹wGif rm;ufPu tif*sJvfxHodk‹ “'DpmtkyfxJrSm usKyfwdk‹ESpfa,muf&Jh obm0ordkif;tjriftwGuf tajccHawGyg0ifaeygw,f?”[k pm jyefa&;cJhavonf? rm;uPf.aemufxyfa,mif;&if;wpfOD;jzpfol vmaq;vfodk‹a&;aom 1861=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 16=&ufae‹pGJygpmwGif “'g0if.pmtkyfonf tvGefta&;ygt&ma&mufyg onf? u|Ekfyftm; vlwef;pm;&kef;uefv+yf&Sm;r+ordkif;twGuf obm0odyH`tajccHudk ay; ygonf?”80 [k uGefjrLepf0g'twGuf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.ta&;ygt&ma&mufjcif;udk xkwfaz:xm;ayonf? rm;ufPu ol.ta&;-uD;qkH; 'g;pfuufyDwmvf (Das Kapital) pmtkyfwGif 'g0iftm;&nfn$ef;I *g&0jyKcJh.? 'g0ifudkay;aom rm;uPf.xdkpmtkyfyxrtapmifwGif rm;ufPuol‹udk,fol t*Fvdyfobm0odyH`ynm&Siftm; “toJESvkH;rScsD;-uL;aeol”[k rSwf csufa&;ay;cJhavonf?81 tif*sJvfuvnf; tjcm;wpfae&mwGif 'g0ifudk csD;-uL;xm;onfudk awG‹&.? obm0onf 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)udkprf;oyfjcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh obm0onf 'dkiftmvufwpftawG;tac:twdkif;jyKrljzpfay:I obm0vGeftiftm;rsm;jzifh 96
  • 97.
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  • 98.
    tif*sJvfu 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPESpfOD;pvkH;onf wlnD-uonf[kcsD;-uL;xm;jyefonf? “'g0ifu tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrudk obm0ZD0tajctaewGifawG‹&Sdaz:xkwfcJhovdk/ rm;ufPonf vnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrudk vl‹ordkif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+wGif awGŒ&Sdaz:xkwfol jzpfay onf[k qdkcJhonf? 83 tif*sJvfu aemufxyfI 'g0if. bmoma&;udkqef‹usifonfhoDtdk&Dudk xkwfaz: csufonf ta&;-uD;a-umif;a&;om;xm;onf? ol('g0if)u obm0ESifhywfoufI ,ae‹vuf&Sdobm0ZD0avmujzpfonfh= tyif/ wd&pm>ef ESifh aemufqkH;tqifhtjzpfvlom;rsm;onf ESpfoef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmtwGif; wpfpwpfp qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzifh ay:aygufvmcJha-umif; oufaoxlI bmomt,l0g' rsm;.,kH-unfcsufudk wdkufzsufvdkufayonf? 84 wpfcsdefwGif tif*sJvfu “arsmuf0HrSvlom;tjzpfajymif;vJ&mwGif tvkyform;wdk‹ .yg0ifr+”[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aomaqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk rnfuJhodk‹ vufcHcJhonfhta-umif;ESifh ywfoufI a&;om;xm;onf? tar&duefvlrsdK;okawoeynm&Sif uGefa0;Zmuvfu uGefjrLepf0g'wnfaxmif olwdk‹ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk tb,fha-umifh csufcsif;vufiif;vufcH-uonfudk &Sif;jyxm;ay onf? rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹onf 'g0ifu rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufjcif;pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwfa0vdkuf onfESifhwjydKifwnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vufcHvdkuf-uonf? trSefrSm uGefjrLepfwdk‹tae jzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf vlom;wdk‹ urBmavmuodk‹a&muf&Sday:aygufvmjcif;onf bk&m; oQifa-umifh a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k ajym&efrvdktyfonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk vdktyfae onfESifhtHudkufjzpfaeayonf? olwdk‹.&kyf0g'tawG;tac:udkvnf; axmufcHtm;ay;&m wGif tokH;csEdkifayonf? xdk‹tjyif/ 'g0if. =tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfonf obm0.a&G;cs,fr+ jzifh jzpfay:vmonf= [laom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D t"dy`g,faz:csufuyif/ xdkacwfwGifv$rf;rdk; aeonfh&Sif;vif;csufudk/ odyH`enf;ususapmifhqdkif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rS&&Sdonfh&Sif;vif;csuf [k wifjyxm;onfh “touf[lonfywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk vdkufzufIjzpfay:vmonf” [laom,lqcsuftopfjzifh tpm;xdk;Edkifjyefonf? 85 [mygr*~Zif;rS awmfrf bufwJvfu/ rm;ufPESifh'g0ift-um;wGif qufEG,faeaom tajccHtcsufudk atmufygykHpHtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ayonf? rm;ufPu 'g0if.pmtkyfudkcsD;-uL;jcif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;abm*aA't&r[kwfacs? 'g0if. ‘urBmonf &kyf0g'oufoufjzpfonf’ [laomtajccHa-umifhjzpfayonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹. tm&kH ig;yg;jzifh apmifh-unfhEdkifjcif;ESifh &kyfavmuESifhrywfoufaom jyifyavmuwdk‹ESifhrywf oufjcif;onf t"dutcsufjzpfavonf? TtcsufwGif 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPwdk‹onf &Jabmf &Jbufppfppf jzpf-u.? 86 ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPwdk‹t-um; qufpyfr+onf xif&Sm;I vlwdkif;vuf cHaomtcsufjzpfavjyD? rm;ufP.udk,fa&;&mZ0iftwˆKy`wWdrsm;u Ttcsufudk t&Sif; om;az:jyvsuf&Sd.? Oyrm/ um;vfrm;ufP.twˆKy`wWdwGif Tqufpyfr+udk atmufyg twdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? “'g0ifoDtdk&Donf rm;ufP0g'udk trSefwu,faxmufcHtm;ay;a-umif; oufaowoD wwef;-uD; ay;xm;ayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;(wpfpwpfpajymif;vJr+)tawG;tac:jyef‹ yGm;jcif;u rm;ufP0g'tawG;tac:. taumif;qkH;tajcpdkuf&mjzpfvmjyD; tvkyform;avm u.oifykef;wGif tokH;csae&onfhtqifhjzpfvmcJhayonf? rm;ufP/ tif*sJvfESifh vDeifwdk‹u 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk txl;wvnfwefzdk;xm;-uI/ odyH`enf;t& ta&;yga-umif;udk 98
  • 99.
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  • 100.
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  • 103.
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  • 104.
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  • 105.
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  • 106.
    bmomt,l0g'udk rkef;wD;jcif; = 'g0if0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹r[mrdwfjzpfjcif;.tajccH txufwGif&Sif;vif;cJhonfhtwdkif;/ &kyf0g'DESifhuGefjrLepfwdk‹ 'g0if0g'udk wG,f zufxm;-ujcif;onf/ 'g0if0g'u bk&m;rJht,ludk axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;a-umifhjzpfonf rSm ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufjzpfayonf? &kyf0g'tawG;tac:onf vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH; wGif&SdcJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 19=&mpkESpfrwdkifrDumvrsm;wGifrl/ tawG;tac:trsm; pkwdk‹onf oDtdk&Dpmtkyfrsm;wGifom usef&pfcJh-uavonf? 'g0if.oDtdk&DrSm obm0 odyH`avmuwGif tokH;cspjyKcJhonf? 'g0if0g'onf 19=&mpkESpfrsm;wGif ‚if;.ajc&m vuf&mtxif;om;usef&pfapcJhaom bk&m;rJh&kyf0g',Ofaus;r+twGuf t-uD;us,fqkH; aomtajccHjzpfayonf? ‚if;xdcdkufepfemcsufrsm;udkvnf; 20=&mpkESpfusrS az:xkwfEdkif cJhayonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹r-umrDu qef;ppfcJh-uaom T&kyf0g',Ofaus;r+rS arG;xkwfvdkufonfh tawG;tac:rsm;u/ urBmppf-uD;.rD;udk arG;ay;cJhI/ ra&rwGufEdkifaom jynfwGif;ppf rsm;/ t-urf;zufr+rsm;/ rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr+rsm;/ tjyD;tydkif&Sif;vif;okwfoifr+rsm;ESifh &dkif;pdkif;&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rD;rsm;udkvnf; arG;cJhavonf? xdkysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;uyf ab;-uD;a-umifh vl‹toufaygif; oef;aygif;rsm;pGmqkH;&+H;cJhI/ oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm aomvlwdk‹onfvnf; t&Sufuif;rJhpGmzdESdyfapmfum;cHcJh-u&onf? vl‹ordkif;wGif tqdk;&Gm; qkH;aom ESdyfpufjcif;udkvnf; cHcJh-u&.? 'g0if0g'.-oZmanmif;jcif;cH&aom t-urf;zuform;rsm;onf/ olwdk‹udk,fol wdk‹ wd&pm>efrSqif;oufvm-uonf[k ,kH-unf-uonfhtm;avsmfpGm/ awmawmif*lwGif; rsm;Y tvGefqdk;&Gm;onfhtajctaejzifh aexdkifEdkif-uayonf? olwdk‹onf vl‹toufrsm; udk 'kwd,wpf-udrfxyfrHpOf;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ uav;i,frsm;/ Z&mtdkrsm;ESifh tjypfrJholrsm; udk owfjzwfEdkif-uayonf? olwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹udk,fudkvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;olwdk‹udkvnf;aumif;/ xm0& bk&m;ocifzefqif;xm;aom 0dnmOf/ pdwf/ todw&m;/ em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;rsm; &SdonfhowW0gtjzpf rjrif-uacs? xdk‹a-umifh wd&pm>efrsm;tcsif;csif;qufqefjyKusifh-u onfhtwdkif; qufqH-uayonf? pwmvifu c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;ESifhAvD tajrmuftjrm;udk azgufcGJzsufqD;ypfjcif;onfyif/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf bmomt,l0g' udk rnfr#rkef;wD;a-umif; n$efjyvsuf&Sdaeayonf? xm0&bk&m;oQifudkqef‹usifonfh &Snfvsm;aomppf (The Long War Against God) trnf&Sdpmtkyfa&;om;ol [ife&D arm&pfu xdkqufpyfr+udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm; ayonf? odyH`enf;rusaomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. odyH`ynmvuQ%mygoa,mif&Sdjcif;udk/ bk&m; ocifESifhqef‹usifonfhpepfESifh usifhpOftm;vkH;udk w&m;0ifap&eftokH;jyK-uonf? xdkodk‹jyK &mwGif/ ,QKtcsdeftxd tatmifjrifqkH;rSm uGefjrLepf0g' jzpf.? ‚if;ESifhqufEG,fonfh tawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;wdk‹udk uGefjrLepf0g'onf odyH`ynmtay:tajccHaoma-umifh rSefuef &rnf[k xifapayonf? 98 uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh &kyf0g'wdk‹u bmomt,l0g'udkrkef;wD;onfhtjcif;t&mrsm;udk Adkv&SDApfx-uGawmfvSefa&;wGif t-urf;zufzsufqD;jcif;rsm;jzifh ay:vGifapcJhayonf? c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifhAvDrsm;udk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;jzdKzsufypf-uonf? topf 106
  • 107.
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  • 108.
    u “bmoma&;udkwdkufzsufonfhppf”twGuf wrifwumpDpOfjcif;jzpfavonf?99 xdk‹ aemuf 1928=ckESpfESifh 1930=ckESpfwGif bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfwdk‹ay;&onfh tcGefudk 10qwdk;vdkufavonf? olwdk‹. tpm;tpmulyGefudk odrf;,lvdkufonf? usef;rma&;t cGifhta&;cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk ydwfvdkufonf? jynfol‹tcGifhta&;wpfckr#cHpm;cGifhr&Sd-uawmh acs? olwdk‹udkzrf;qD;I olwdk‹.&mxl;rSjzKwfum jynfyodk‹ESifxkwfvdkuf-uonf? 1936 =ckESpfavmufwGif AvDaygif; 65 &mcdkifE+ef;ESifh c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; 75 &mcdkifE+ef; udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufavjyD? bmoma&;udkwdkufcdkuf&mwGif tvfab;eD,m;wGif tjyif;xefqkH;jzpfcJh.? tvf ab;eD,m;uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifonf tifAm a[mh'f*smtrnf&Sd bk&m;rJh0g'DjzpfI 1967 =ckESpfwGif tvfab;eD,m;udk yxrOD;qkH;aom “bmomt,l0g'rJh”EdkifiHtjzpfa-unm cJhavonf? bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm;udk rnfonfhusdK;a-umif;r#rjybJ zrf;qD;csKyf aESmifum tcsdKŒudkrl owfjzwfypfavonf? 1948=ckESpfwGif bda&Smhbkef;awmf-uD;ESpfyg; ESifhbmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfaygif; 5000 udk ypfowfvdkufavonf? rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk vnf; xdkenf;twdkif;jyKusifh-uonf? eif'dk&D vpOfpmapmifwGif AvDESifh c&pf,mefbk&m; 108
  • 109.
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  • 110.
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  • 111.
    trSefpifppf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf tjcm;r[kwfbl;/vlwef;pm;wpfrsdK;u tjcm;vlwef;pm; wpfrsdK;udk zdESdyfwJh,EW&m;wpfrsdK;omjzpfw,f? tm%m&Sifpepf[m tiftm;okH;jcif;rSm wdkuf&dkuftajccHjyD; b,fOya'urS xdef;uGyfxm;jcif;r&Sdbl;? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&Jh awmf vSefa&;rSm tm%m&SifpepfeJ‹tEdkif&&Sda&;pepfom&SdjyD; blZ0gwdk‹tay: &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf jcif;udk vufudkifxm; usifhokH;&r,f? tJ'Dvdkaqmif&Gufjcif;udk b,fOya'ur# uef‹owf xdef;csKyfxm;wmr&Sdbl;? 102 usKyfwdk‹u EdkifiHa&;t& owfjzwfjcif;udk qef‹usifjcif;vkH;0r&Sdbl;? rsufarSmufrSm vlxktkH -uGv+yf&Sm;r+eJ‹ wdkuf&dkufqufpyfjyD; wpfOD;csif;t-urf;zufr+jzpfjcif;[m tusKd;&Sdw,f? 103 tm%m&&Sdbdk‹twGuf vlwef;pm;tod&SdwJh tvkyform;trsm;pkudk udk,fhbufygatmifvkyf& r,f? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;r&Sdor#umvywfvkH; tm%m&bdk‹vrf;r&Sdbl;? 104 tvkyform;rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif vDeifu t-urf;zufjcif;onf olwdk‹twGuf rnfr#txdrvGJra&Smifom vdktyfa-umif; a-umufrufzG,faumif;aom rdef‹cGef;udk ay;cJh onf? tu,fI vlxkwpfckvkH;tkH-uGjyD; qlylx-uGjcif;r&Sd&if 'gawG[m bmrStusdK;&SdrSmr[kwfbl;? ab;rSm&yf-unfhae-uwJhvlawG&Jhacgif;rSm usnfqHray;bJ 'Dtwdkif;xm;xm;&if/ usKyfwdk‹[m b,fudkrS c&D;a&mufrSmr[kwfbl;? 105 &k&Sm;EdkifiH atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;wGif ta&;-uD;qkH;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol xa&mhpuDu vDeif.pum;vkH;rsm;udk twnfjyKcJh.? awmfvSefa&;wGif yef;wdkifa&mufbdk‹ vdktyfonfhtcGifhta&;tm;vkH;udk tokH;jyKwwfwJh awmf vSefa&;vlwef;pm; vdktyfw,f? vdktyf&if vufeufudkifawmfvSef&r,f? vdktyfao;&if t -urf;zufjcif;vJvkyf&r,f? 106 xa&mhpuDu aemufxyf atmufygrdef‹cGef;udk ajymcJhonf? usKyfwdk‹twGuf 'DtcsdefrSm a&G;p&mqdkvdk‹ jynfwGif;ppfbJ&Sdawmhw,f? jynfwGif;ppfqdkwm t pm;tpmtwGuf ppfwdkuf&jcif; jzpfw,f?==jynfwGif;ppf oufawmf&Snfygap? 107 111
  • 112.
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  • 113.
    tdrfeD;em;csif;wdk‹udkvnf; zrf;qD;jyD; pkaygif;tvkyf-urf;pcef;rsm;odk‹ydk‹vdkuf-uonf? ,lu&drf;jynfe,f&Sdxdkodk‹aompcef;rsm;. pcef;r+;wpfOD;jzpfol rmwif vufppfu xdkp cef;rsm;onf aorif;pcef;rsm;omjzpfonf[k atmufygtwdkif;0efcHcJh.? toifwdk‹onf rnfonfhta-umif;a-umifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.vrf;awmfYvnf; aumif;/ t-uiftif tm;csdeJ‹aom a,mufsm; rdef;rESifh uav;oli,fwdk‹tm; u,fwif&eftvdk‹iSmvnf;aumif;/ ppfruf jydKifqdkifwdkufcdkufjcif; rjyK-uoenf;? xdkolwdk‹onfum;/ ‘tdk=u|efawmfrsdK;wdk‹tm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sif/ t&Sifjrwfonf u|efawmfrsKd;wdk‹tm; Tt-uifjrdKŒ&GmrS xkwfaqmifawmfrlyg? xdkjrdKŒoljrdKŒom;rsm;onf rw&m;ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;olrsm;jzpf-uyg.? ‚if;jyif t&Sifjrwfonf u|efawmfrsKd;wdk‹tbdk‹ rdrdtxHawmfrS taqGcifyGef;wpfOD;OD;udk zefwD;Iay;oem;awmfrlyg? xdkenf;wlpGm t&Sifjrwfonf u|efawmfrsdK;wdk‹tbdk‹ rdrdtxHawmfrS umuG,fapmifha&Smufrnfhol zefwD;I ay;oem;awmfrlyg’ [k av#mufxm;yef-um;vsuf&Sd-uukefownf;? (pl&mtefeDqm 4;75) 113
  • 114.
    rdkifaumhjrdKŒteD;&Sd tusOf;pcef;odk‹ zrf;qD;vmcJhaomrdef;r/ uav;oli,fESifhZ&mtdkrsm;onf atmufwdkbmv &$HŒEGHtwGif; tat;'%fESifh wkefv+yfajcmufjcm;zG,ftajctaewGif touf &Sifae-u&.? olwdk‹onf aovkeD;aom ,ifaumifrsm;uJhodk‹jzpfae-uonf? aojcif;rSvGwf ajrmuf&ef rdef;rrsm;onf bmrqdkvkyf-u.? xdkpcef;udk apmifh-uyfaeonfhppfom;rsm;u t cGifhaumif;,lI olwdk‹udk jynfhwefqmtjzpf qufqH-uonf? 109 'g0if.-oZmatmufwGifusa&mufae-uaom uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; onf vlawGudk t&l;trl;xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&owfjzwfae-uonf? xdkacwfu pmaypm wrf;rsm;udk-unfhjcif;jzifh olwdk‹.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm tjyD;tydkifokwfoif&Sif;vif;ypf &efjzpfykH&.? olwdk‹u vlrsm;rsm;owfav/ olwdk‹.&nf&G,fcsufatmifjrifav jzpfonf [k ,kH-unf-u[efwlygonf? olwdk‹.awmfvSefa&;udk qef‹usifolwdkif;udk owfjzwf&Sif; vif;ypf&efpDrHudef;&SdcJha-umif; olwdk‹.qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;u az:jyvsuf&Sdaeayonf? y,mwDa*gpf csufum(awmfvSefa&;qef‹usifolwdk‹udk wdkufppfqifa&;txl;aumfrDwD)u ae‹pOf vl 300 owfypf&efqkH;jzwfcsufcs.? jrdKŒudktuGufrsm;csI xdktuGufrsm;wGif owf jzwfrnfhudkwmcGJwrf;csay;um ygwDpdwfrsm;udk owfypfrnfhvlpm&if;jyKpkcdkif;onf? upfp vdkaAghjrdKŒwGif pOf;pm;raygufojzifh aemufqkH;wGif aq;&kH&Sdvlemrsm;udk owfypf&efqkH;jzwf -uavonf? 110 uGefjrLepfudktm;ay;axmufcHonfh Krasnyi Mech u&mpfnDruf('g;eD)owif; pmacgif;-uD;ydkif;wGifa-unmcJhonfhtwdkif;/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹ t&mtm;vkH;cGifhjyKcsuf&Sdonf/ aoG;,dkpD;&efvdktyfonf/ aoG;onf tvHeD.ta&mifjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-u.? usKyfwdk‹twGuf t&mtm;vkH;cGifhjyKcsuf&Sdw,f? usKyfwdk‹&Jh'g;udk ajr‡mufwm[m vlawGudk u|efoaygufb0a&mufaewJhvlrsdK;jzpfoGm;onftxd zdESdyfbdk‹r[kwfbJ vlom;rsm;udk cwf xm;wJh vufxdwfoHajccsif;rsm;udk jzKwfbdk‹jzpfw,f? aoG;/ aoG;awGa&vdkpD;ygap? blZ0g awGv$ifhwJhtvHeufudk aoG;pGef;ygap? usKyfwdk‹&JhtvH tjrJwapeDaeygap? tdkrif;jyD jzpfwJh urBm-uD; aoqkH;ysufokOf;oGm;rSomv#if tJ'DajracG;awG jyefrxvmawmhbJ usKyfwdk‹udk,f udk xm0&vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfEdkif-uvdrfhr,f? 111 TuJhodk‹aomESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;r+rsm;tjyif/ pwmvifu “acsmqJGa&;wyfqG,f” rsm;udkvnf; awmifolv,form;rsm;. oD;ESHxGufukefrsm;udk odrf;,l&ef xyfrHzGJŒpnf; xm;ao;onf? TwyfqG,frsm;onf zdESdyfr+[lor#. t"duw&m;cHjzpfayonf? 1922 =ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 14 &ufae‹wGif/ ppfaq;a&;t&m&SdwpfOD;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;.? TacsmqGJa&;wyfqG,f.jypfr+usL;vGefjcif;tqifhonf/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&aomf/ r,kH-unfEdkif avmufonfhtqifhrsm;odk‹a&mufaeavjyD? tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd/ awmifolv,form;rsm;udk zrf;qD; I taEG;aiG‹ray;xm;aompyg;usDwGif jyGwfodyfI avSmifxm;-uonf? xdk‹aemuf olwdk‹udk -udrf'%fcwf-u.? owfypfrnf[k jcdrf;ajcmuf-uonf? csxm;ay;onfh udkwmrjynhfao; olwdk‹udk udk,fvkH;wD;c|wfI &Gmvrf;rwGif ajy;cdkif;onf? xdk‹aemuf taEG;aiGŒray;xm;aom tjcm;tcef;wGif avSmifxm;-ujyefonf? rdef;rtajrmuftjrm;udk arharsmoGm;onftxd &dkufESufjyD; ESif;awmxJwGif wl;xm;aomwGif;xJodk‹ ypfcsvdkuf-u.? 112 pwmvifu pydefEdkifiHonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktwGuf tvm;tvm&SdaomEdkif iHjzpfI/ ,if;EdkifiHESifha&maESmqufqHjcif;onftusKd;&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unfavonf? xdk‹ a-umifh pydefEdkifiHjynfwGif;ppfwGif uGefjrLepfwdk‹udk axmufyHhcJhonf? xdkodk‹jzifh qdkAD ,ufjynfaxmifpkrS t-urf;zufr+rsm;onfvnf; pydefEdkifiHtxd v#HxGufoGm;avawmh .? xdkzdESdyfr+ESifhESdyfpufr+wdk‹.Oyrmwpfckonf 1938=ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif pwmvif0g' 114
  • 115.
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  • 116.
    &Sdw,f? wcsdKŒudkawmh bD'dkusOf;usOf;rSmavSmifxm;jyD;rsufESmem;rSmtouf±SLzdk‹tayguf i,fuav;bJazgufxm;ay;w,f? tqdk;qkH;enf;uawmh “tHqGJenf;”vdk‹ac:w,f? tusOf; orm;udk aowWmi,fxJrSm &ufaygif;rsm;pGmxnfhxm;w,f? eJeJrSv+yf&Sm;vdk‹r&wJhaowWmxJ rSm &Spf&ufuae q,f&uftxd xnfhxm;-uw,f? 113 1931=ckESpfwGif {u'rajrmufykyf&[ef;rif;-uD; ydkif;,yfpfu urBm-uD;udk 'kuQay;onfh uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhywfoufI ESpfpOfyxrwe*FaEGae‹xkwf trdef‹pmapmif Quadragesimo Anno wGif atmufygtwdkif; a-unmcJhavonf? uGefjrLepf0g'onf/ &nf&G,fcsufESpfckudkoif-um;ay;I aqmif&Gufonf? r&yfrem;tav#mhr ay;aom vlwef;pm;ppfyGJESifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr+udk tjyD;tydkif;zsufodrf;a&;jzpfonf? xdk&nf &G,fcsufrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif v#dKŒ0SufuG,f0SufIrvkyfawmhbJ/ tqdk;qkH;t-urf;zuf jcif;rsm;tygt0if &&Sdonfhenf;tm;vkH;jzifh ajAmifwif;wif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqmif&Guf-u onf? xdk&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk jznfhwif;&eftwGuf olwdk‹rnfonfht&mudkr#vkyf&efra-umuf &GHŒ-uacs? rnfonfht&mudkr# av;pm;udkif;±d+if;aejcif;vnf;r&Sdacs? tm%m&onfESifhwjydKif wnf; cufxef-urf;wrf;I vlrqefatmif&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfavonf? ta±SŒOa&myydkif; us,f0ef;vSonfhe,fajrrsm;wGif a-umufcref;vdvd owfjzwfzsufqD;xm;cJhonfh t-uGif; tusefrsm;u oufaoxlaeayonf? 114 txufygpmom;t&/ uGefjrLepf0g'. tajcrl0g'onf/ oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJh aom vlwef;pm;ppfESifh yk*~vduydkifypPnf;rsm;udk tjyD;tydkifzsufqD;ypf&efjzpfonf? wpf enf;tm;jzifh 'g0ifu ZD0avmuwGiftokH;jyKonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vl‹avmu vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif vufawG‹usifhokH;&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzpf.? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf vl om;wdk‹onfvnf; wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ tpOfwpdkufyËdyuQjzpf-uI tjrJppfwdkuf-u&rnf [k ,kH-unf-uaoma-umifhjzpf.? uGefjrLepf0g'onf &k&Sm;EdkifiHYom &yfwef‹oGm;jcif;r&SdcJhacs? uGefjrLepf0g' jyef‹yGm;oGm;jcif;a-umifh epfemysufpD;jcif;trsm;qkH;&SdonfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif w&kwfEdkifiHonf wpf cktygt0ifjzpf.? 116
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    'g0if0g'D armfpDwkH;ESifh ol.owfjzwfr+rsm; w&kwfEdkifiH.acgif;aqmifjzpfolarmfpDwkH;wGif a&SŒaqmifq&morm;ESpfOD;&SdcJh.? wpfOD;rSm 'g0ifjzpfI aemufwpfOD;rSm pwmvifjzpfonf? Taorif;wreftrnfESpfckwdk‹ onf/ armfpDwkH;.udk,fwpfckwnf;wGif pkaygif;yg0ifcJhI/ w&kwfEdkifiH.ordkif;wGif 0rf; enf;a-uuGJzG,f -um&SnfvGef;aomtarSmifacwf-uD;tjzpf trJuGufcsefxm;cJhavonf? vlaygif; 6 oef;rS 10 oef;txd armfpDwkH;.wdkuf&dkufn$ef-um;csufjzifh owfjzwfcJh onf? aemufxyfoef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;wdk‹u olwdk‹. b0trsm;qkH;tydkif;udk tusOf;axmifxJY tcsdefukefcJh-u.? ‚if;wdk‹teuf oef;aygif; 20 aocJhonf? 1959=rS 1961=ckESpftxd “-uD;us,faoma±SŒodk‹ajcvSrf;” (The Great Leap Forward)ac: armf.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtpGef;xGufay:vDpDrsm;jzifh vlOD;a& oef;aygif; 20 ESifh 40 t-um; iwfrGwfIaoa-u-uukef.? 1989=ckESpfwGif wD,Htef rif,ifjyifowfjzwfr+wGif vlaygif; 1000 ausmfaocJhjcif;onfvnf; w&kwfEdkifiH.r -umao;rDu ausmfvGefcJhaomordkif;taxmuftxm;jzpfayonf? ta&SŒwmupPwefe,f wGif rGwfpvifrfwl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk vlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfaejcif;onfvnf; qufvufI jzpfyGm;aeao;onf? w&kwfEdkifiHwGifjzpfcJhonfh uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;wGif r,kH-unfEdkifavmufatmif &dkif;pdkif;onfhtjzpftysufrsm; &SdcJhavonf? xdk&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufpGmowfjzwfaeonfudk ab;rSatmf[pfaxmufcHtm;ay;aecJh-uonfhvlxkwckvkH;rSm nd‡KŒ"gwfwpfrsdK;rsdK; rdae-u onf[kyif xif&ayonf? ordkif;yg&*lESifhordkif;q&m-uD;tcsdKŒpkaygif;a&;om;xkwfa0aom Le Livre Noir du Communisme (uGefjrLepf0g'. teufa&mifpmtkyf)ac:pmtkyfwGif/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹. &dkif;pdkif;,kwfrmonfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? rvGJwef;ao'%fcsrSwf-urnfhtusOf;om;jzpfonfh “wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;”udk ckH&kH; wifppfaq;&modk‹ a'ocHvlxkwpfckvkH;udk qifhac:-unfhcdkif;-uonf? xdktusOf;om;rsm;udk owfjyD;aemuf tavmif;rsm;udktydkif;ydkif;jzwf-urnfh Red Guards ac: wyfeD&Jabmfwdk‹udk/ ao'%fay;onfhckH&kH;odk‹wufa&mufvmonfhvlxku ab;rSaeI “owfvdkuf/ owfvdkuf”[k 0dkif;atmf-uonf? wcgw&H xdkvlaotydkif;rsm;udk csufjyKwfIpm;okH;-uavonf? odk‹r[kwf touf&Sifaeao;I xdkppfaq;a&;ckH&kH;odk‹vma&muf-unfh±+-u&onfhtusOf;om;.tdrf axmifpkaqGrsdK;om;csif;wdk‹udk twif;pm;cdkif;-uonf? xdk‹aemuf &yf-unfhaeonfhvlxkudk pm;yGJ&SnfwGifxdkifcdkif;I csufxm;jyD;aom tusOf;om;ajrydkif&Sif.toJESvkH;rsm;udk a0iSay; avonf? tm%mom;acgif;aqmifu owfjzwfxm;onfhuseftusOf;om;rsm;. vwfvwf qwfqwfOD;acgif;rsm;udk a&SŒwGiftpDt&DwHusifv#dKpDxm;I rdef‹cGef;ajymavonf? xdkuJhodk‹ vlom;pm;I uvJhpm;acsonfhtavhtxonf/ aemifwGif yGefyGwftpdk;&vufxufwGifvnf; vkyf&kd;vkyfpOfwpfckjzpfcJhayonf? ,if;tavhtxonf ta&SŒtm&SwdkufwGif a&S;ya0oeDrS pIjyKusifhvmcJh-u&m yJhwifxyfouJhodk‹ w&kwfordkif;wGif r-umc%-udK;-um; ay:vmavh &Sd.? 115 117
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    ============================================================= yGefyGwfESifh crmeD. “owfjzwfr+ ,ifjyifrsm;” 1975=ckESpfrS1979=ckESpftwGif;/ yGefyGwftkyfcsKyfr+atmufwGif uarBm'D,m; EdkifiHrSvlOD;a& 7 oef;teuf 2 oef;udk owfjzwfcJhonf? yGefyGwfu uGefjrLepf EdkifiHwnfaxmif&efpdwful;,Ofjzifh owf jzwfcJhaomvlOD;a&udk &mcdkifE+ef;t&wGuf ygu [pfwvmESifh pwmvifowfjzwfcJh onfhOD;a&xuf ydkIrsm;jym;aeayonf? yGefyGwfowfjzwfrnfholrsm;onf uarBm'D ,m;vlrsdK;rsm;rS ynm&Sifydkif;jzpf-uonfh q&m0ef/ tif*sifeD,m/ odyH`ynm&Sifponf wdk‹ t"dujzpfavonf? yGefyGwfu rsuf rSefwyfolwdkif;udk owfypf&efyif trdef‹cs cJh.? TuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfh owf jzwfr+rsm;a-umifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -um&Snf cJhaom “vlowfr+ ,ifjyifrsm;” ay:ayguf cJhayonf? crm&l*sfac: crmeDwdk‹. owfjzwfr+rsm;twGuf w&m;0ifa-umif; usKd;a-umif;jy csufrsm;udk “toifhudkxm;&Sdjcif;jzifh bmr#tusdK;r&Sd/ toifhudk qkH;±+H;jcif;jzifh rnfonfh t±+H;r#r&Sd”[laompum;vkH;rsm;jzifh twdkcsKH;xm;Edkif.? olwdk‹u tokH;rus odk‹r[kwf tEW&m,f&Sdonf[kxifolwdkif;udk owfypf-uonf? xdkowfjzwfr+rsm;wGif/ uarBm'D,m; vlxk tdrfaxmifpkwdkif;wGif tenf;qkH;wpfOD; towfcHcJh&onf? vl‹toufudk wefzdk;vkH;0rxm;aomyGefyGwfonf olpdwful;,Ofaomqdk&S,fvpf avmutwGuf tdrfaxmifpkonf t[ef‹twm;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf.? xdk‹a-umifh tdrf axmifpkrsm;udkwuGJwjym;cGJxm;vdkufjcif;jzifh vlom;rsm;udk uGefjrGef;ac:bkHtzGJ‹pepfwGif aexdkifapvdkjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;ay:vDpDrsdK;udk pwmvifuvnf; &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif csrSwf aqmif&GufcJh.? yxrqkH; awmifolv,form;rsm;. ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;vdkufonf? xdk‹ aemuf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; a0;vHaomae&m&Sd ajr,mtenf;i,fpDudk a0iSay;onf? xdkajr ,mcGJwef;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf-u&ef rdrd.tdrfaxmifpkom;csif;rsm;ESifh cGJcGmae-u&.? Robert Templer, Pol Pot's Legacy of Horror, The Age, April 18, 1998, http://dithpran.org/PolPotlegacy.htm ============================================================= 121
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    uGefjrLepf&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+rS em-unf;zG,faomqkH;±+H;r+ xdkuJhodk‹aom&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+tjzpftysufrsm;onf uGefjrLepfwdk‹odrf;ydkufcJh aomwdkif;jynfwdkif;wGif cHpm;cJh-u&.? uarBm'D,m;/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;/ avmEdkifiH/ AD,uferf/ Oa&mywdkufESifhtmz&duwdkufEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; jzpfcJh.? ,if;aoG;acsmif; pD;qkH;±+H;r+rsm;udk uGefjrLepf0g'.pmtkyfeuf[kac:aom The Black Book of Communism pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf? T&mZ0wfr+rsm;onf/ tpdk;&wpfckESifhwpfck.vufawG‹aqmif&GufykH tenf;i,fpD uGJjym;-uaomfvnf;/ tm;vkH;onf xif&Sm;onfhykHpHwpfcktwGif;Yom &Sd-uonf? xdkykHpHwGif/ enf;trsdK;rsKd;jzifh owfjzwfjcif;vkyf-uonf? Oyrm wef;pDxm;Iypfowfjcif;/ -udK;qGJcsowf jcif;/ a&ESpfowfjcif;/ &dkufowfjcif;/ "gwfaiG‹jzifhowfjcif;/ tqdyfjzifhowfjcif;/ um;wdkuf owfjcif;/ vlOD;a&av#mhcs&ef iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;udkvkyf-uHzefwD;jcif;/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;jcif;/ xdkodk‹jynfESif'%fay;&mwGif vrf;c&D;Yaoapjcif; (armyef;iwfjywfIjzpfap/ usOf;usyfIavr0ifaom,mOftcef;/ rD;&xm;wGJponfwdk‹Yao apjcif;)/ rdrd.tdrfwGif;YtowfcH&jcif;/ tvkyf-urf;acsmqJG&mY (armyef;vGef;Ijzpfap/ a&m *gjzifhjzpfap/ iwfrGwfIjzpfap)aoapjcif;/ ponfwdk‹yg0ifonf? jynfwGif;ppf[kac:aom umvtwGif;rS tjzpftysufrsm;onf ydkI±+yfaxG;.? tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹ESifh awmfvSefykefuef olwdk‹t-um;wdkufcdkufjcif;ESifh tkyfvdkufpkjyKHI t&yfom;rsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;rsm;cGJjcm;&ef cufcJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ae&mwumwGifpwifqef;ppf&ayrnf? atmufygwdk‹onf/ tpdk;&w &m;0ifa-unmjcif;r[kwfonfh t-urf;jzif;cef‹rSef;csufrsm;jzpfygonf? Tcef‹rSef;csufrsm; u tenf;qkH; ,if;&mZ0wfjypfr+rsm;. twdkif;twmudk jyqdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif oef;aygif; 20 aocJhonf? w&kwfEdkifiHwGif 65 oef;aocJhonf? AD,uferfwGif 1 oef;aocJhonf? ajrmufudk&D;,m;wGif 2 oef;aocJhonf? uarBm'D,m;wGif 2 oef;aocJhonf? ta&SŒOa&mywdkufwGif 1 oef;aocJhonf? vmwiftar&duwdkufwGif 150000 aocJhonf? tmz&duwdkufwGif 1 oef; 7 odef;aocJhonf? tzf*gefeDpwefwGif 1 oef; 5 odef;aocJhonf? EdkifiHwum uGefjrLepfv+yf&Sm;r+ESifh uGefjrLepfygtm%mr&&Sdaoma'orsm;Y 10000 aocJh onf? pkpkaygif; oef;aygif; 100 eD;yg;aoa-ucJhonf? 116 TuGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;ESifh ygwDtzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;wdk‹.pdwf"gwfonf tcsuf wpfcsufwnf;wGif wlnD-uonf? olwdk‹wGif vlom;rsm;.cHpm;csufjzpfaom/ oem; wwfjcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;ESifh arwWmw&m;wdk‹ vkH;0aysmufuG,fuif;rJh.? csufcsif; vufiif; vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wd&pm>efrsm; touf&Sifae&eftpmvkpm;-uonfhenf;wl/ tpkvdkufttkHvdkufowfjzwfonfh,ifjyifESifh ppfajrjyifjzpfoGm;avonf? 123
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  • 128.
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  • 135.
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  • 136.
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  • 137.
    aumif;/ (ig;OD;)xufydkIvnf;aumif; (v#KdŒ0Sufwdkifyif-uonf)r[kwfay?odk‹&m wGif xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹rnfonfhae&mwGif &Sdae-uonfjzpfap ‚if;wdk‹ESifh twl &Sdaeawmfrl.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf “ud,mrwf”&Sifjyefxrnfhae‹ wGif ‚if;wdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹usifhrlcJhonfwdk‹udk odapawmfrlayrnf? pifppf{uef t v†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf t&mcyfodrf;wdk‹udk t-uGif;rJhodawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwfyif jzpfawmfrlayownf;? (pl&mtvf*sm'dv[f 58;6=7) xdk‹aemuf xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;.aemufwGif vdkufyg-uaomvlrsm;vnf; &Sd.? ,if;odk‹aomtajctaeta-umif;udkvnf; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfY az:jyxm;ayonf? “{uefpifppf tv†m[ft&Sifonf vlom;wdk‹tm; tenf;i,fpdk;pOf;r# ESdyfpufuvljyK awmfrlonfr[kwfay? pifppfrSmrlum; vlwdk‹onf rdrdudk,fwdkif rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk ESdyfpufu vl jyK-uukefownf;? (pl&m ,lEGwfpf 10;44)? qdkvdk&if;rSm xdkolwdk‹onf 'g0if0g'D acgif;aqmifrsm;aemufudk vdkufemjcif;jzifh olwdk‹udk,folwdk‹ ESdyfpuf-ujcif;jzpfayonf? aemufxyf uk&ftmeftm,ofawmfwpfckwGif/ vlom;wdk‹onf raumif;r+'kp&dkufwdk‹udk u rBmay:odk‹ olwkd‹udk,fwdkif,laqmifvm-uonf[k rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.? vlwdk‹.vufrsm;u qnf;yl;cJh-uaom(raumif;r+'kp&dkufwdk‹)a-umifh ukef;ajrY vnf;aumif;/ ork'N&myifv,fYvnf;aumif;/ ysufpD;r+(ab;Oyg'frsm;)onf jzpf ay:IaeacsjyD? aemufqkH;wGif xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹usifhrlcJh-uaomjypfr+t csKdŒ.t&omudk ‚if;wdk‹tm;jrnf;prf;apawmfrlrnfjzpfayonf? odk‹rSomv#if ‚if; wdk‹onf (rdrdwdk‹. jypfr+rsm;rS) jyefvSnfh-uayrnf? (pl&m tvf&l;rf 30;41)? xdkuJhodk‹aomab;'kuQuyfqdk;-uD; vl‹avmodk‹xyfrHa&mufrvmap&efwpfckwnf; aomenf;vrf;rSm/ vlwdk‹onf tv†m[ft±SifjrwfESifhwrvGefb0udk,kH-unfI rdrdwdk‹usifh rlcJhaomjypfr+rsm;tm;vkH;udk tajzay;tjypf'%fcH-u&rnfhta&;udk arhavsmhxm;jcif;rjyK &efjzpfayonf? xdk‹aemuf/ vlom;wdk‹twGuf csay;awmfrlaom uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf wGifoGefoiftrdef‹csxm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif;/ cspfjcif;arwWm&Sdjcif;/ oem;-uifemjcif;/ u &k%mw&m;&Sdjcif;/ ponfhwdk‹jzifhjynfhpkH-u&efvdktyfayonf? rnfolrqdk a,musfm;jzpfap/ rdef;rjzpfap aumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDvudk usifhrl aqmufwnfcJhaomf/ ‚if;jyif xdkolonf rktfrifefouf0if,kH-unfolvnf; jzpfcJhaomf rvGJ{uef igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkoltm; oef‹&Sif;pif-u,faomtouf &Sifjcif;rsdK;jzifh touf±Sifapawmfrlayrnf? (pl&mtvfe[fvf 16;97)? 137
  • 138.
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  • 140.
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  • 142.
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  • 143.
    eufokH;I pOf;vJjcif;/ tcGifhaumif;,lwwfjcif;ponfwdk‹wGif *k%f,l-uavonf? t ausmf-um;qkH;qdk&S,f'g0if0g'oDtdk&Dorm;jzpfol tar&duefvlrsdK;ygarmuQ tData&mhpf u/ “c&pf,meftvSL*kd%f;. *k%f-uufoa&onf vlydef;vl‹iwkH;rsm;cdkv+HarG;xkwfonfh ae&m jzpfonf?”[k qdk.? xdk‹aemuf “EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uvnf; em;yif;qGH‹tolrsm;udk cdkv+H&m ay;xm;onfhtwGuf/ qGH‹t em;yif;onfhvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;ay:xGef;vmaeayjyD?”[k xyfrH ajymqdkavonf? Taumif;r+rsm;tm;vkH;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;t& obm0tavsmuf zGH‹jzdK;r+udk [ef‹wm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ypfy,f±+wfcsI/ “TurBmudk edAŠmefbkHtjzpftjrefqkH; aqmufwnf&efenf;vrf;rSm/ xdkr#txdwdrf;apmif;olwdk‹udk olwdk‹.ajcvSrf;twdkif; i&J bkHodk‹ vSrf;oGm;-uatmif v$wfxm;oifh.?”123 [lIvnf; a-unmxm;ayonf? txufuaz:jycsufrsm;rS u|Efkyfwdk‹od&Sd-ujyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'onf w urBmvkH;&Sd t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepftm;vkH;ESifh ‚if;rSxyfqifhyGm;vmonfhEdkifiHa&;pepfrsm; . tawG;tac:ydkif;qdkif&m tajccHrljzpfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh qdk&S,f'g0if0g'udk t-uD;us,fqkH;axmufcHolwdk‹u &if;ESD;aiGtrsm; qkH;ydkifqdkifolrsm;jzpf-uayonf? tiftm;-uD;olonf tiftm;csdeJ‹oludk eif;acsIwuf vSrf;onfh pD;yGm;a&;ay:vDpDonf oem;-uifemr+uif;rJhjcif;/ ulnDapmifrr+r&Sdjcif;/ arwWmw&m;uif;rJhjcif;a-umifh ±+wfcs&rnfhudpPr[kwfawmhacs? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ Tvkyf&yfrsm;ESifht*Fg&yfrsm;onf “odyH`enf;usaom&Sif;vif;csufrsm;”ESifh “obm0w &m;”twdkif;omjzpfonf[k vufcHxm;-ujyD;jzpfaoma-umifhwnf;? vlr+a&;'g0if0g'udk tar&duefqefqefawG;ac:jcif;[k t"dy`g,f&aom Social Darwism in American Thought pmtkyfudk a&;om;ol &pfcsm'f a[mhzfpwufwmu/ 19 &mpkESpfrD;&xm;vrf;olaX;-uD; acsmefpD 'DjyLu e,l;a,mufjrdKŒwGif emrnfausmf-um;ol csrf;om-uG,f0olESifhtm%m&Sdolwdk‹onf “olwyg;xuf ydkrdkomvGefaomtpGrf;tp&Sd jcif;/ -udKwifajrmfjrifEdkifjcif;ESifhtajctaeudkvdkufzufatmifvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;” ponf wdk‹a-umifh touf&Sifjcif;twGuf toifhawmfqkH;yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpf-uonf[k ajymqdka-umif; a&;om;cJhayonf? tjcm;aemufxyfrD;&xm;olaX;wpfOD;jzpfol *sdrf;pf a*s [D;vfu “rD; &xm;vrf;ukr`%Drsm;&&SdaomaiGa-u;tajrmuftjrm;onf toifhawmfqkH;olwdk‹touf &Sifoefjcif;ed,mru owfrSwfay;jcif;jzpfonf?”125 [kajymqdkcJhavonf? tar&duefEdkifiHrS aemufxyft&if;&Sif-uD;wpfOD;jzpfol tif'&l; umae*sDu ol. udk,fa&;&mZ0ifwGif “u|Ekfyfonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. rSefuefjcif;udk awG‹&SdygjyD?”[k a&;om;cJhayonf?126 aemufxyfwpfae&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhjyefonf? ,SOfjydKifjcif;ed,mronf rsufarSmufwGif&Sdaeonf? a&Smifwdrf;Ir&Edkifacs? ‚if;udk tpm;xdk; Edkifonfht&mudkvnf; rawG‹&yg? xdked,mronf yk*~dKvftcsdKŒtwGuf wpfcgwpf&H cufcJ-urf; wrf;onf[kxif&aomfvnf;/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;twGuf taumif;qkH;t*Fg&yfyifjzpfayonf? Xmewdkif;wGif toifhawmfqkH;olu qufvuf&Sifoefoifhjcif;udktmrcHaoma-umifhjzpf.? 127 tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm±Sif uif;euf a*s pl;u/ tar&duefEdkifiH. a&SŒwef;t&if; &Sifrsm;. 'g0if0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:xkwfxm;ayonf? 'g0if0g'udk t*FvefEdkifiHESifh tar&duEdkifiHwdk‹rS yk*~vdu,SOfjydKifr+pepfESifh t&if;&Sifpepf pD; yGm;a&;.tusdK;qufrsm;udk umuG,f&mYvnf; tokH;cs-uayonf? tif'&l;umae*sDu/ “,SOfjydKifjcif;ed,mronf/ -uifemr+&Sdonfjzpfap r&SdonfbJjzpfap/ rsufarSmufwGif &Sdaeay onf? u|Efkyfwdk‹ a&SmifuGif;Ir&Edkifacs?”[ka&;om;cJhavonf? a&mhufzJvm;u wpfqifh 143
  • 144.
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  • 145.
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  • 146.
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  • 147.
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  • 148.
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  • 153.
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  • 154.
    xif-uawmhacs? tao;pdwfppfaq;qef;ppf-unfhygu/ vlowfr+rsm;/jynfhwefqmvkyf ief;rsm;/ vdrfvnfr+rsdK;pkH/ vmbfay;vmbf,ljcif;/ ponfh udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+ 'kp &dkuftm;vkH;.tajccHrSm bmomt,l0g'uif;rJhjcif; jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ bmomt ,l0g'uif;rJhaponfh t"duta-umif;&if;rSm “vlom;onf rawmfwq-uHKIjzpfay:vm onf” [laom 'g0if.vdrfvnfjcif;udk t-urf;zufI ysHESH‹apjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? The Lie: Evolution (vdrfvnfr+=tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D) [laompmtkyfudka&;om; ol uif; [Jrfu 'g0if0g'ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf? tu,fI bk&m;ocifae&mwGif rawmfwqjzpfjcif;ESifh -udK;-um;ay:aygufjcif;jzpfpOf [l onfh,kH-unfr+udk tpm;xdk;vdkufonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ trSm;trSefudkcGJjcm;rnfhtajccHrl[lI r&Sdawmhacs? pnf;urf;pnf;rsOf;wdk‹onf oifxkwfcsifovdkxkwfEdkifavjyD? tajccHtjzpf qkyf udkifxm;rnfh y&rwfw&m;/ rl0g'[lI r&Sdawmhay? vlwdk‹onf olwdk‹vdkufemvdkonfh pnf; rsOf;rsm;udk olwdk‹a&;qGJ-uawmhonf? 132 emrnfausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm; oDtdk'D,yfpf a'ghAfZefpuD u/ 'g0if0g' . tajccHrljzpfonfh “obm0.a&G;cs,fr+”tawG;tac:onf/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;.udk,f usifhw&m;ysufjym;r+udk qkwf,kwfysufjym;apa-umif; oabmwlayonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ vlom;wdk‹wGif&Sdonfh raumif;r+'kp&dkuf-uL;vGefjyKrlvdkonfh obm0t*Fg&yfrsm;udk tkyfpkvdkufqef‹usifvdkjcif; odk‹r[kwf wm;jrpfjcif;rsm;jyKI/ ‚if;obm 0t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhqef‹usifbufjzpfonfh oem;-uifemjcif;/ &ufa&mjcif;ESifh olwyg;. aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ vl om;avmuwpfckvkH;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ udk,fusdK;pGef‹Edkifonfhudk,fusifhw &m;rsm;udk tom;ay; -obmay;ae-upOf/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:u b0wGifaysmf &$ifr+udkomy"mexm;jcif;/ &J&ifhjcif;tpm; ol&Jabma-umifjcif;/ vdrfvnfjcif;ESifhacgif;ykHjzwf jcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk tm;ay;.? 133 ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.ywf0ef;usifudk-unfhygu/ ta&;-uD;qkH;ESifh teufeJqkH;udk,f usifhw&m;,dk,Gif;ysufjym;jcif;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'a-umifhay:aygufvmonfhajc&mvuf &mrsm;udk csufcsif;awG‹jrifEdkifayonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk/ vlwdk‹tcsif;csif;,dkif;yif; jcif;ESifhtcsif;csif;qufpyfr+r&SdbJ uif;uif;uGmuGmaexdkifjcif;/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; &dkao av;pm;cspfcifr+uif;rJhjcif;om&Sdonfh wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+/ zGH‹jzdK;r+ESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwf tawG;tac:jzifh twif;&dkufoGif;vsuf&Sdaeayonf? xdkuJhodk‹aomb0udk xkwfvkyfr+ -uD;xGm;wdk;wufa&;twGufjzpfojzifh vufcH&rnf[k ta-umif;jyavh&Sd-uonf? trSef rSm T&vm'frsdK;onf vlom;udk “wd&pm>eftqifh”odk‹oma&mufapjyD;/ wdk;wufa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwf tvsOf;r[kwfacs? trSefw&m;rSm/ vlom;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;r[kwfonfhtjyif/ rnfonfhwd&pm>ef rSwqifh qif;oufvmcJhjcif;vnf; r[kwfacs? vlom;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu/ tod Om%f/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifwwfjcif;/ aumif;usdK;qdk;jypfcGJjcm;wwfaomtodw&m;/ 0dnmOf ponfwdk‹tjynfhtpkHay;xm;I oD;jcm;zefqif;xm;aom a0ae,sjzpfojzifh/ t jcm;owW0grsm;ESifh rGefjrwfr+t&vnf;aumif;/ t&nftcsif;t&vnf;aumif;/ t&nf taoG;t&vnf;aumif;/ rwlnDuGmjcm;ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'g0if0g'ESifh&kyf0g' udk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹. r+dif;rdoGm;aomvlom;wdk‹onf/ ,if;t&nftcsif; t&nftaoG; rsm;udk arhavsmhxm;vdkufjyD;/ rdrdudk,fudk wd&pm>efrsm;wGifyif rawG‹&onfh ,kwfnHhodrf zsif;jcif;/ udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJhjcif;/ todw&m;uif;rJhjcif; tqifhodk‹ESdrfhcs,lvdkuf ayonf? “usKyfwdk‹u wd&pm>efuaeqif;oufvmw,fqdkawmh/ b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf wd& 154
  • 155.
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  • 156.
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  • 157.
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  • 170.
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  • 171.
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  • 172.
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  • 173.
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