Buku Teknik Mesin (UNU- Blitar).pdf

Marks’
Standard Handbook for
Mechanical Engineers
Revised by a staff of specialists
EUGENE A. AVALLONE Editor
Consulting Engineer; Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus
The City College of the City University of New York
THEODORE BAUMEISTER III Editor
Retired Consultant, Information Systems Department
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Tenth Edition
McGRAW-HILL
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
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Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
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Library of Congress Cataloged The First Issue
of this title as follows:
Standard handbook for mechanical engineers. 1st-ed.;
1916–
New York, McGraw-Hill.
v. Illus. 18–24 cm.
Title varies: 1916–58; Mechanical engineers’ handbook.
Editors: 1916–51, L. S. Marks.—1958– T. Baumeister.
Includes bibliographies.
1. Mechanical engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Marks,
Lionel Simeon, 1871– ed. II. Baumeister, Theodore, 1897–
ed. III. Title; Mechanical engineers’ handbook.
TJ151.S82 502⬘.4⬘621 16–12915
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-641192
MARKS’ STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
Copyright © 1996, 1987, 1978 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Copyright © 1967, renewed 1995, and 1958, renewed 1986, by Theodore Baumeister III.
Copyright © 1951, renewed 1979 by Lionel P. Marks and Alison P. Marks.
Copyright © 1941, renewed 1969, and 1930, renewed 1958, by Lionel Peabody Marks.
Copyright © 1924, renewed 1952 by Lionel S. Marks.
Copyright © 1916 by Lionel S. Marks.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of
1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 9 0 1 0 9 8 7 6
ISBN 0-07-004997-1
The sponsoring editors for this book were Robert W. Hauserman and Robert Esposito, the editing
supervisor was David E. Fogarty, and the production supervisor was Suzanne W. B. Rapcavage.
It was set in Times Roman by Progressive Information Technologies.
Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
The editors and the publishers will be grateful to readers who notify them of any inaccuracy or
important omission in this book.

Marks’
Standard Handbook
for Mechanical Engineers

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Contents
For the detailed contents of any section consult the title page of that section.
Contributors ix
Dedication xiii
Preface to the Tenth Edition xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Symbols and Abbreviations xix
1. Mathematical Tables and Measuring Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.1 Mathematical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Measuring Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
2. Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2 Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40
3. Mechanics of Solids and Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.1 Mechanics of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.2 Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
3.3 Mechanics of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
3.4 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-61
4. Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1 Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
4.3 Radiant Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-62
4.4 Transmission of Heat by Conduction and Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-79
5. Strength of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.1 Mechanical Properties of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.2 Mechanics of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
5.3 Pipeline Flexure Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55
5.4 Nondestructive Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-61
6. Materials of Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
6.1 General Properties of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
6.2 Iron and Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
6.3 Iron and Steel Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-38
6.4 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys; Metallic Specialties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-49
6.5 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-94
6.6 Paints and Protective Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-108
6.7 Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-112
6.8 Nonmetallic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-128
6.9 Cement, Mortar, and Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-159
6.10 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-168
6.11 Lubricants and Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-179
v

vi CONTENTS
6.12 Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-185
6.13 Fiber Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-202
7. Fuels and Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
7.1 Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
7.2 Carbonization of Coal and Gas Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-30
7.3 Combustion Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-41
7.4 Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-45
7.5 Electric Furnaces and Ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-52
8. Machine Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.1 Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.2 Machine Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
8.3 Gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-87
8.4 Fluid-Film Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-116
8.5 Bearings with Rolling Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-132
8.6 Packings and Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-138
8.7 Pipe, Pipe Fittings, and Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-143
8.8 Preferred Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-215
9. Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
9.1 Sources of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
9.2 Steam Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29
9.3 Steam Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-54
9.4 Steam Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-56
9.5 Power-Plant Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-75
9.6 Internal-Combustion Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-90
9.7 Gas Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-124
9.8 Nuclear Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-133
9.9 Hydraulic Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-149
10. Materials Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
10.1 Materials Holding, Feeding, and Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
10.2 Lifting, Hoisting, and Elevating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
10.3 Dragging, Pulling, and Pushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19
10.4 Loading, Carrying, and Excavating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23
10.5 Conveyor Moving and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35
10.6 Automatic Guided Vehicles and Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-56
10.7 Material Storage and Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-62
11. Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.1 Automotive Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
11.2 Railway Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20
11.3 Marine Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-40
11.4 Aeronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-59
11.5 Jet Propulsion and Aircraft Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-81
11.6 Astronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-100
11.7 Pipeline Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-126
11.8 Containerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-134
12. Building Construction and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.1 Industrial Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
12.2 Structural Design of Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
12.3 Reinforced Concrete Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-49
12.4 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-61
12.5 Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-99
12.6 Sound, Noise, and Ultrasonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-117

CONTENTS vii
13. Manufacturing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
13.1 Foundry Practice and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2
13.2 Plastic Working of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-8
13.3 Welding and Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-24
13.4 Metal-Removal Processes and Machine Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-45
13.5 Surface-Texture Designation, Production, and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-67
13.6 Woodcutting Tools and Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-72
14. Fans, Pumps, and Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
14.1 Displacement Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
14.2 Centrifugal and Axial-Flow Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15
14.3 Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-27
14.4 High-Vacuum Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-39
14.5 Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-49
15. Electrical and Electronics Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1
15.1 Electrical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-2
15.2 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-68
16. Instruments and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1
16.1 Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-2
16.2 Automatic Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-21
16.3 Surveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-50
17. Industrial Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
17.1 Industrial Economics and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2
17.2 Cost Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-11
17.3 Engineering Statistics and Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19
17.4 Methods Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-25
17.5 Cost of Electric Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-32
17.6 Human Factors and Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-39
17.7 Automated Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-41
18. The Engineering Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1
18.1 Environmental Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-2
18.2 Occupational Safety and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19
18.3 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-23
18.4 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-28
18.5 Miscellany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-31
19. Refrigeration, Cryogenics, Optics, and Miscellaneous . . . . 19-1
19.1 Mechanical Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-2
19.2 Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-26
19.3 Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-41
19.4 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-43
Index follows Section 19

Contributors
Abraham Abramowitz Consulting Engineer; Professor of Electrical Engineering,
Emeritus, The City College, The City University of New York (ILLUMINATION)
Vincent M. Altamuro President, VMA, Inc., Toms River, NJ (MATERIAL HOLDING AND
FEEDING. CONVEYOR MOVING AND HANDLING. AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES AND
ROBOTS. MATERIAL STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING. METHODS ENGINEERING. AUTO-
MATED MANUFACTURING. INDUSTRIAL PLANTS)
Alger Anderson Vice President, Engineering, Research & Product Development, Lift-
Tech International, Inc. (OVERHEAD TRAVELING CRANES)
William Antis* Technical Director, Maynard Research Council, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA
(METHODS ENGINEERING)
Dennis N. Assanis Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan (IN-
TERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES)
Klemens C. Baczewski Consulting Engineer (CARBONIZATION OF COAL AND GAS
MAKING)
Glenn W. Baggley Manager, Regenerative Systems, Bloom Engineering Co., Inc.
(COMBUSTION FURNACES)
Frederick G. Bailey Consulting Engineer; formerly Technical Coordinator, Thermody-
namics and Applications Engineering, General Electric Co. (STEAM TURBINES)
Antonio F. Baldo Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus, The City College,
The City University of New York (NONMETALLIC MATERIALS. MACHINE ELEMENTS)
Robert D. Bartholomew Sheppard T. Powell Associates, LLC (CORROSION)
George F. Baumeister President, EMC Process Corp., Newport, DE (MATHEMATI-
CAL TABLES)
Heard K. Baumeister Senior Engineer, Retired, International Business Machines
Corp. (MECHANISM)
Howard S. Bean* Late Physicist, National Bureau of Standards (GENERAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS)
E. R. Behnke* Product Manager, CM Chain Division, Columbus, McKinnon Corp.
(CHAINS)
John T. Benedict Retired Standards Engineer and Consultant, Society of Automotive
Engineers (AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING)
C. H. Berry* Late Gordon McKay Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Harvard Uni-
versity; Late Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University (PREFERRED
NUMBERS)
Louis Bialy Director, Codes & Product Safety, Otis Elevator Company (ELEVATORS,
DUMBWAITERS, AND ESCALATORS)
Malcolm Blair Technical and Research Director, Steel Founders Society of America
(IRON AND STEEL CASTINGS)
Omer W. Blodgett Senior Design Consultant, Lincoln Electric Co. (WELDING AND
CUTTING)
Donald E. Bolt Engineering Manager, Heat Transfer Products Dept., Foster Wheeler
Energy Corp. (POWER PLANT HEAT EXCHANGERS)
Claus Borgnakke Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Mich-
igan (INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES)
G. David Bounds Senior Engineer, PanEnergy Corp. (PIPELINE TRANSMISSION)
William J. Bow Director, Retired, Heat Transfer Products Department, Foster Wheeler
Energy Corp. (POWER PLANT HEAT EXCHANGERS)
James L. Bowman Senior Engineering Consultant, Rotary-Reciprocating Compressor
Division, Ingersoll-Rand Co. (COMPRESSORS)
Aine Brazil Vice President, Thornton-Tomasetti/Engineers (STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF
BUILDINGS)
Frederic W. Buse* Chief Engineer, Standard Pump Division, Ingersoll-Rand Co. (DIS-
PLACEMENT PUMPS)
*Contributions by authors whose names are marked with an asterisk were made
for the previous edition and have been revised or rewritten by others for this
edition. The stated professional position in these cases is that held by the author at
the time of his or her contribution.
C. P. Butterfield Chief Engineer, Wind Technology Division, National Renewable En-
ergy Laboratory (WIND POWER)
Benson Carlin* President, O.E.M. Medical, Inc. (SOUND, NOISE, AND ULTRASONICS)
C. L. Carlson* Late Fellow Engineer, Research Labs., Westinghouse Electric Corp.
(NONFERROUS METALS)
Vittorio (Rino) Castelli Senior Research Fellow, Xerox Corp. (FRICTION, FLUID FILM
BEARINGS)
Michael J. Clark Manager, Optical Tool Engineering and Manufacturing, Bausch &
Lomb, Rochester, NY (OPTICS)
Ashley C. Cockerill Staff Engineer, Motorola Corp. (ENGINEERING STATISTICS AND
QUALITY CONTROL)
Aaron Cohen Retired Center Director, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, NASA and
Zachry Professor, Texas A&M University (ASTRONAUTICS)
Arthur Cohen Manager, Standards and Safety Engineering, Copper Development Assn.
(COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS)
D. E. Cole Director, Office for Study of Automotive Transportation, Transportation Re-
search Institute, University of Michigan (INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES)
James M. Connolly Section Head, Projects Department, Jacksonville Electric Author-
ity (COST OF ELECTRIC POWER)
Robert T. Corry* Retired Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineer-
ing, Polytechnic University (INSTRUMENTS)
Paul E. Crawford Partner; Connolly, Bove, Lodge & Hutz; Wilmington, DE (PATENTS,
TRADEMARKS, AND COPYRIGHTS)
M. R. M. Crespo da Silva* University of Cincinnati (ATTITUDE DYNAMICS, STABILI-
ZATION, AND CONTROL OF SPACECRAFT)
Julian H. Dancy Consulting Engineer, Formerly Senior Technologist, Technology
Division, Fuels and Lubricants Technology Department, Texaco, Inc. (LUBRICANTS AND
LUBRICATION)
Benjamin B. Dayton Consulting Physicist, East Flat Rock, NC (HIGH-VACUUM
PUMPS)
Rodney C. DeGroot Research Plant Pathologist, Forest Products Lab., USDA (WOOD)
Joseph C. Delibert Retired Executive, The Babcock and Wilcox Co. (STEAM BOILERS)
Donald D. Dodge Supervisor, Retired, Product Quality and Inspection Technology,
Manufacturing Development, Ford Motor Co. (NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING)
Joseph S. Dorson Senior Engineer, Columbus McKinnon Corp. (CHAIN)
Michael B. Duke Chief, Solar Systems Exploration, Johnson Space Center, NASA (AS-
TRONOMICAL CONSTANTS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS. SPACE EN-
VIRONMENT)
F. J. Edeskuty Retired Associate, Los Alamos National Laboratory (CRYOGENICS)
O. Elnan* University of Cincinnati (SPACE-VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES, FLIGHT MECHANICS,
AND PERFORMANCE. ORBITAL MECHANICS)
Robert E. Eppich Vice President, Technology, American Foundrymen’s Society (IRON
AND STEEL CASTINGS)
C. James Erickson* Principal Consultant, Engineering Department. E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co. (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)
George H. Ewing* Retired President and Chief Executive Officer, Texas Eastern Gas
Pipeline Co. and Transwestern Pipeline Co. (PIPELINE TRANSMISSION)
Erich A. Farber Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus; Director, Emeritus, Solar
Energy and Energy Conversion Lab., University of Florida (HOT AIR ENGINES. SOLAR EN-
ERGY. DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION)
D. W. Fellenz* University of Cincinnati (SPACE-VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES, FLIGHT ME-
CHANICS, AND PERFORMANCE. ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY)
Arthur J. Fiehn* Late Retired Vice President, Project Operations Division, Burns & Roe,
Inc. (COST OF ELECTRIC POWER)
Sanford Fleeter Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Director, Thermal Sciences
and Propulsion Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University (JET PROPUL-
SION AND AIRCRAFT PROPELLERS)
William L. Gamble Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign (CEMENT, MORTAR, AND CONCRETE. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION)
ix

x CONTRIBUTORS
Daniel G. Garner* Senior Program Manager, Institute of Nuclear Power Operations,
Atlanta, GA (NUCLEAR POWER)
Burt Garofab Senior Engineer, Pittston Corp. (MINES, HOISTS, AND SKIPS. LOCOMO-
TIVE HAULAGE, COAL MINES)
Siamak Ghofranian Senior Engineer, Rockwell Aerospace (DOCKING OF TWO FREE-
FLYING SPACECRAFT)
Samuel V. Glorioso Section Chief, Metallic Materials, Johnson Space Center, NASA
(STRESS CORROSION CRACKING)
Norman Goldberg Consulting Engineer (HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDI-
TIONING)
David T. Goldman Deputy Manager, U.S. Department of Energy, Chicago Operations
Office (MEASURING UNITS)
Frank E. Goodwin Vice President, Materials Science, ILZRO, Inc. (BEARING METALS.
LOW-MELTING-POINT METALS AND ALLOYS. ZINC AND ZINC ALLOYS)
Don Graham Manager, Turning Programs, Carboloy, Inc. (CEMENTED CARBIDES)
John E. Gray* ERCI, Intl. (NUCLEAR POWER)
David W. Green Supervisory Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab., USDA
(WOOD)
Walter W. Guy Chief, Crew and Thermal Systems Division, Johnson Space Center, NASA
(SPACECRAFT LIFE SUPPORT AND THERMAL MANAGEMENT)
Harold V. Hawkins* Late Manager, Product Standards and Services, Columbus
McKinnon Corp. (DRAGGING, PULLING, AND PUSHING. PIPELINE FLEXURE STRESSES)
Keith L. Hawthorne Senior Assistant Vice President, Transportation Technology
Center, Association of American Railroads (RAILWAY ENGINEERING)
V. T. Hawthorne Vice President, Engineering and Technical Services, American Steel
Foundries (RAILWAY ENGINEERING)
J. Edmund Hay U.S. Department of the Interior (EXPLOSIVES)
Roger S. Hecklinger Project Director, Roy F. Weston of New York. Inc. (INCINERA-
TION)
Terry L. Henshaw Consulting Engineer, Battle Creek, MI (DISPLACEMENT PUMPS)
Roland Hernandez Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab., USDA (WOOD)
Hoyt C. Hottel Professor Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (RADIANT
HEAT TRANSFER)
R. Eric Hutz Associate; Connolly, Bove, Lodge, & Hutz; Wilmington, DE (PATENTS,
TRADEMARKS, AND COPYRIGHTS)
Michael W. M. Jenkins Professor, Aerospace Design, Georgia Institute of Technology
(AERONAUTICS)
Peter K. Johnson Director, Marketing and Public Relations, Metal Powder Industries
Federation (POWDERED METALS)
Randolph T. Johnson Naval Surface Warfare Center (ROCKET FUELS)
Robert L. Johnston Branch Chief, Materials, Johnson Space Center, NASA (METAL-
LIC MATERIALS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS. MATERIALS FOR USE IN HIGH-PRESSURE
OXYGEN SYSTEMS)
Byron M. Jones Retired Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, School of Engi-
neering, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (ELECTRONICS)
Scott K. Jones Associate Professor, Department of Accounting, University of Delaware
(COST ACCOUNTING)
Robert Jorgensen Engineering Consultant (FANS)
Serope Kalpakjian Professor of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Illinois Insti-
tute of Technology (METAL REMOVAL PROCESSES AND MACHINE TOOLS)
Igor J. Karassik Late Senior Consulting Engineer, Ingersoll-Dresser Pump Co. (CEN-
TRIFUGAL AND AXIAL FLOW PUMPS)
Robert W. Kennard* Lake-Sumter Community College, Leesburg, FL (ENGINEERING
STATISTICS AND QUALITY CONTROL)
Edwin E. Kintner* Executive Vice President, GPU Nuclear Corp., Parsippany, NJ (NU-
CLEAR POWER)
J. Randolph Kissell Partner, The TGB Partnership (ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS)
Andrew C. Klein Associate Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Oregon State University
(ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH. FIRE PROTECTION)
Ezra S. Krendel Emeritus Professor of Operations Research and Statistics, Wharton
School, University of Pennsylvania (HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS. MUSCLE GENER-
ATED POWER)
A. G. Kromis* University of Cincinnati (SPACE-VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES, FLIGHT ME-
CHANICS, AND PERFORMANCE)
P. G. Kuchuris, Jr.* Market Planning Manager, International Harvester Co. (OFF-
HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT)
L. D. Kunsman* Late Fellow Engineer, Research Labs., Westinghouse Electric Corp.
(NONFERROUS METALS)
Colin K. Larsen Vice President, Blue Giant U.S.A. Corp. (SURFACE HANDLING)
Lubert J. Leger Deputy Branch Chief, Materials, Johnson Space Center, NASA (SPACE
ENVIRONMENT)
John H. Lewis Technical Staff, Pratt & Whitney, Division of United Technologies Corp.;
Adjunct Associate Professor, Hartford Graduate Center, Renssealear Polytechnic Institute
(GAS TURBINES)
Peter E. Liley Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University (THER-
MODYNAMICS, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES)
Michael K. Madsen Manager, Industrial Products Engineering, Neenah Foundry Co.
(FOUNDRY PRACTICE AND EQUIPMENT)
C. J. Manney* Consultant, Columbus McKinnon Corp. (HOISTS)
Ernst K. H. Marburg Manager, Product Standards and Service, Columbus McKinnon
Corp. (LIFTING, HOISTING, AND ELEVATING. DRAGGING, PULLING, AND PUSHING. LOAD-
ING, CARRYING, AND EXCAVATING)
Adolph Matz* Late Professor Emeritus of Accounting, The Wharton School, University of
Pennsylvania (COST ACCOUNTING)
Leonard Meirovitch University Distinguished Professor, Department of Engineering
Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VIBRATION)
Sherwood B. Menkes Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus, The City Col-
lege, The City University of New York (FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE)
George W. Michalec Consulting Engineer, Formerly Professor and Dean of Engineer-
ing and Science, Stevens Institute of Technology (GEARING)
Duane K. Miller Welding Design Engineer, Lincoln Electric Co. (WELDING AND CUT-
TING)
Russell C. Moody Supervisory Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab.,
USDA (WOOD)
Ralph L. Moore* Retired Systems Consultant, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (AUTO-
MATIC CONTROLS)
Thomas L. Moser Deputy Associate Administrator, Office of Space Flight, NASA Head-
quarters, NASA (SPACE-VEHICLE STRUCTURES)
George J. Moshos Professor Emeritus of Computer and Information Science, New
Jersey Institute of Technology (COMPUTERS)
Otto Muller-Girard Consulting Engineer (INSTRUMENTS)
James W. Murdock Late Consulting Engineer (MECHANICS OF FLUIDS)
Gregory V. Murphy Process Control Consultant, DuPont Co. (AUTOMATIC CON-
TROLS)
Joseph F. Murphy Supervisory General Engineer, Forest Products Lab., USDA
(WOOD)
John Nagy Retired Supervisory Physical Scientist, U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety
and Health Administration (DUST EXPLOSIONS)
B. W. Niebel Professor Emeritus of Industrial Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity (INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT)
Paul E. Norian Special Assistant, Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory
Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUCLEAR POWER)
Nunzio J. Palladino* Dean Emeritus, College of Engineering, Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity (NUCLEAR POWER)
D. J. Patterson Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus, University of Michigan
(INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES)
Harold W. Paxton United States Steel Professor Emeritus, Carnegie Mellon University
(IRON AND STEEL)
Richard W. Perkins Professor of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Manufacturing Engi-
neering, Syracuse University (WOODCUTTING TOOLS AND MACHINES)
W. R. Perry* University of Cincinnati (ORBITAL MECHANICS. SPACE-VEHICLE TRAJEC-
TORIES, FLIGHT MECHANICS, AND PERFORMANCE)
Kenneth A. Phair Senior Mechanical Engineer, Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.
(GEOTHERMAL POWER)
Orvis E. Pigg Section Head, Structural Analysis, Johnson Space Center, NASA (SPACE-
VEHICLE STRUCTURES)
Henry O. Pohl Chief, Propulsion and Power Division, Johnson Space Center, NASA
(SPACE PROPULSION)
Charles D. Potts Retired Project Engineer, Engineering Department, E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co. (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)
R. Ramakumar Professor of Electrical Engineering, Oklahoma State University (WIND
POWER)
Pascal M. Rapier Scientist III, Retired, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (ENVIRONMEN-
TAL CONTROL. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH. FIRE PROTECTION)
James D. Redmond President, Technical Marketing Services, Inc. (STAINLESS STEEL)
Albert H. Reinhardt Technical Staff, Pratt & Whitney, Division of United Technologies
Corp. (GAS TURBINES)
Warren W. Rice Senior Project Engineer, Piedmont Engineering Corp. (MECHANICAL
REFRIGERATION)
George J. Roddam Sales Engineer, Lectromelt Furnace Division, Salem Furnace Co.
(ELECTRIC FURNACES AND OVENS)
Louis H. Roddis* Late Consulting Engineer, Charleston, SC (NUCLEAR POWER)
Darrold E. Roen Late Manager, Sales & Special Engineering & Government Products,
John Deere (OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES)
Ivan L. Ross* International Manager, Chain Conveyor Division, ACCO (OVERHEAD
CONVEYORS)
Robert J. Ross Supervisory Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab., USDA
(WOOD)
J. W. Russell* University of Cincinnati (SPACE-VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES, FLIGHT ME-
CHANICS, AND PERFORMANCE. LUNAR- AND INTERPLANETARY-FLIGHT MECHANICS)
A. J. Rydzewski Project Engineer, Engineering Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours
& Co. (MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION)

CONTRIBUTORS xi
C. Edward Sandifer Professor, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, CT
(MATHEMATICS)
Adel F. Sarofim Lammot du Pont Professor of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER)
Martin D. Schlesinger Wallingford Group, Ltd. (FUELS)
John R. Schley Manager, Technical Marketing, RMI Titanium Co. (TITANIUM AND
ZIRCONIUM)
Matthew S. Schmidt Senior Engineer, Rockwell Aerospace (DOCKING OF TWO FREE-
FLYING SPACECRAFT)
George Sege Technical Assistant to the Director, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Re-
search, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUCLEAR POWER)
James D. Shearouse, III Senior Development Engineer, The Dow Chemical Co.
(MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS)
David A. Shifler Metallurgist, Naval Surface Warfare Center (CORROSION)
Rajiv Shivpuri Professor of Industrial, Welding, and Systems Engineering, Ohio State
University (PLASTIC WORKING OF METALS)
William T. Simpson Research Forest Products Technologist, Forest Products Lab.,
USDA (WOOD)
Kenneth A. Smith Edward R. Gilliland Professor of Chemical Engineering, Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology (TRANSMISSION OF HEAT BY CONDUCTION AND CONVEC-
TION)
Lawrence H. Sobel* University of Cincinnati (VIBRATION OF STRUCTURES)
James G. Speight Western Research Institute (FUELS)
Ivan K. Spiker NASA, Retired (STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES)
Robert D. Steele Manager, Turbine and Rehabilitation Design, Voith Hydro, Inc. (HY-
DRAULIC TURBINES)
Robert F. Steidel, Jr. Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Retired, University of
California, Berkeley (MECHANICS OF SOLIDS)
Stephen R. Swanson Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah (FIBER
COMPOSITE MATERIALS)
John Symonds Fellow Engineer, Retired, Oceanic Division, Westinghouse Electric
Corp. (MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS)
Anton TenWolde Research Physicist, Forest Products Lab., USDA (WOOD)
W. David Teter Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware (SURVEYING)
Helmut Thielsch* President, Thielsch Engineering Associates (PIPE, PIPE FITTINGS,
AND VALVES)
Michael C. Tracy Captain, U.S. Navy (MARINE ENGINEERING)
John H. Tundermann Vice President, Research and Technology, INCO Alloys Intl.,
Inc. (METALS AND ALLOYS FOR USE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. NICKEL AND NICKEL
ALLOYS)
Charles O. Velzy Consultant (INCINERATION)
Harry C. Verakis Supervisory Physical Scientist, U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety
and Health Administration (DUST EXPLOSIONS)
Arnold S. Vernick Associate, Geraghty & Miller, Inc. (WATER)
J. P. Vidosic Regents’ Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology (MECHANICS OF MATERIALS)
Robert J. Vondrasek Assistant Vice President of Engineering, National Fire Protec-
tion Assoc. (COST OF ELECTRIC POWER)
Michael W. Washo Engineering Associate, Eastman Kodak Co. (BEARINGS WITH
ROLLING CONTACT)
Harold M. Werner* Consultant (PAINTS AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS)
Robert H. White Supervisory Wood Scientist, Forest Products Lab., USDA (WOOD)
Thomas W. Wolff Instructor, Retired, Mechanical Engineering Dept., The City College,
The City University of New York (SURFACE TEXTURE DESIGNATION, PRODUCTION, AND
CONTROL)
John W. Wood, Jr. Applications Specialist, Fluidtec Engineered Products, Coltec In-
dustries (PACKINGS AND SEALS)

Dedication
On the occasion of the publication of the tenth edition of Marks’ Standard Handbook for
Mechanical Engineers, we note that this is also the eightieth anniversary of the publication of
the first edition. The Editors and publisher proffer this brief dedication to all those who have
been instrumental in the realization of the goals set forth by Lionel S. Marks in the preface to
the first edition.
First, we honor the memory of the deceased Editors, Lionel S. Marks and Theodore Bau-
meister. Lionel S. Marks’ concept of a Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook came to fruition
with the publication of the first edition in 1916; Theodore Baumeister followed as Editor with
the publication of the sixth edition in 1958.
Second, we are indebted to our contributors, past and present, who so willingly mined their
expertise to gather material for inclusion in the Handbook, thereby sharing it with others, far
and wide.
Third, we acknowledge our wide circle of readers—engineers and others—who have used
the Handbook in the conduct of their work and, from time to time, have provided cogent
commentary, suggestions, and expressions of loyalty.
xiii

Preface to the Tenth Edition
In the preparation of the tenth edition of ‘‘Marks,’’ the Editors had two major continuing
objectives. First, to modernize and update the contents as required, and second, to hold to the
high standard maintained for eighty years by the previous Editors, Lionel S. Marks and
Theodore Baumeister.
The Editors have found it instructive to leaf through the first edition of Marks’ Handbook
and to peruse its contents. Some topics still have currency as we approach the end of the
twentieth century; others are of historical interest only. Certainly, the passage of 80 years since
the publication of the first edition sends a clear message that ‘‘things change’’!
The replacement of the U.S. Customary System (USCS) of units by the International Sys-
tem (SI) is still far from complete, and proceeds at different rates not only in the engineering
professions, but also in our society in general. Accordingly, duality of units has been retained,
as appropriate.
Established practice combined with new concepts and developments are the underpinnings
of our profession. Among the most significant and far-reaching changes are the incorporation
of microprocessors into many tools and devices, both new and old. An ever-increasing number
of production processes are being automated with robots performing dull or dangerous jobs.
Workstations consisting of personal computers and a selection of software seemingly with-
out limits are almost universal. Not only does the engineer have powerful computational and
analytical tools at hand, but also those same tools have been applied in diverse areas which
appear to have no bounds. A modern business or manufacturing entity without a keyboard and
a screen is an anomaly.
The Editors are cognizant of the competing requirements to offer the user a broad spectrum
of information that has been the hallmark of the Marks’ Handbook since its inception, and yet
to keep the size of the one volume within reason. This has been achieved through the diligent
efforts and cooperation of contributors, reviewers, and the publisher.
Last, the Handbook is ultimately the responsibility of the Editors. Meticulous care has been
exercised to avoid errors, but if any are inadvertently included, the Editors will appreciate
being so informed so that corrections can be incorporated in subsequent printings of this
edition.
Ardsley, NY EUGENE A. AVALLONE
Newark, DE THEODORE BAUMEISTER III
xv

Preface to the First Edition*
This Handbook is intended to supply both the practicing engineer and the student with a
reference work which is authoritative in character and which covers the field of mechanical
engineering in a comprehensive manner. It is no longer possible for a single individual or a
small group of individuals to have so intimate an acquaintance with any major division of
engineering as is necessary if critical judgment is to be exercised in the statement of current
practice and the selection of engineering data. Only by the cooperation of a considerable
number of specialists is it possible to obtain the desirable degree of reliability. This Handbook
represents the work of fifty specialists.
Each contributor is to be regarded as responsible for the accuracy of his section. The
number of contributors required to ensure sufficiently specialized knowledge for all the topics
treated is necessarily large. It was found desirable to enlist the services of thirteen specialists
for an adequate handling of the ‘‘Properties of Engineering Materials.’’ Such topics as ‘‘Auto-
mobiles,’’ ‘‘Aeronautics,’’ ‘‘Illumination,’’ ‘‘Patent Law,’’ ‘‘Cost Accounting,’’ ‘‘Industrial
Buildings,’’ ‘‘Corrosion,’’ ‘‘Air Conditioning,’’ ‘‘Fire Protection,’’ ‘‘Prevention of Acci-
dents,’’ etc., though occupying relatively small spaces in the book, demanded each a separate
writer.
A number of the contributions which deal with engineering practice, after examination by
the Editor-in-Chief, were submitted by him to one or more specialists for criticism and sug-
gestions. Their cooperation has proved of great value in securing greater accuracy and in
ensuring that the subject matter does not embody solely the practice of one individual but is
truly representative.
An accuracy of four significant figures has been assumed as the desirable limit; figures in
excess of this number have been deleted, except in special cases. In the mathematical tables
only four significant figures have been kept.
The Editor-in-Chief desires to express here his appreciation of the spirit of cooperation
shown by the Contributors and of their patience in submitting to modifications of their sec-
tions. He wishes also to thank the Publishers for giving him complete freedom and hearty
assistance in all matters relating to the book from the choice of contributors to the details of
typography.
Cambridge, Mass. LIONEL S. MARKS
April 23, 1916
* Excerpt.
xvii

Symbols and Abbreviations
For symbols of chemical elements, see Sec. 6; for abbreviations applying to metric weights
and measures and SI units, Sec. 1; SI unit prefixes are listed on p. 1-19.
Pairs of parentheses, brackets, etc., are frequently used in this work to indicate correspond-
ing values. For example, the statement that ‘‘the cost per kW of a 30,000-kW plant is $86; of a
15,000-kW plant, $98; and of an 8,000-kW plant, $112,’’ is condensed as follows: The cost
per kW of a 30,000 (15,000) [8,000]-kW plant is $86 (98) [112].
In the citation of references readers should always attempt to consult the latest edition of
referenced publications.
A or Å Angstrom unit ⫽ 10⫺ 10 m; 3.937 ⫻ 10⫺ 11 in
A mass number ⫽ N ⫹ Z; ampere
AA arithmetical average
AAA Am. Automobile Assoc.
AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers’ Assoc.
AAR Assoc. of Am. Railroads
AAS Am. Astronautical Soc.
ABAI Am. Boiler & Affiliated Industries
abs absolute
a.c. aerodynamic center
a-c, ac alternating current
ACI Am. Concrete Inst.
ACM Assoc. for Computing Machinery
ACRMA Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Manufacturers Assoc.
ACS Am. Chemical Soc.
ACSR aluminum cable steel-reinforced
ACV air cushion vehicle
A.D. anno Domini (in the year of our Lord)
AEC Atomic Energy Commission (U.S.)
a-f, af audio frequency
AFBMA Anti-friction Bearings Manufacturers’ Assoc.
AFS Am. Foundrymen’s Soc.
AGA Am. Gas Assoc.
AGMA Am. Gear Manufacturers’ Assoc.
ahp air horsepower
AlChE Am. Inst. of Chemical Engineers
AIEE Am. Inst. of Electrical Engineers (see IEEE)
AIME Am. Inst. of Mining Engineers
AIP Am. Inst. of Physics
AISC American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
AISE Am. Iron & Steel Engineers
AISI Am. Iron and Steel Inst.
a.m. ante meridiem (before noon)
a-m, am amplitude modulation
Am. Mach. Am. Machinist (New York)
AMA Acoustical Materials Assoc.
AMCA Air Moving & Conditioning Assoc., Inc.
amu atomic mass unit
AN ammonium nitrate (explosive); Army-Navy Specification
AN-FO ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (explosive)
ANC Army-Navy Civil Aeronautics Committee
ANS Am. Nuclear Soc.
ANSI American National Standards Institute
antilog antilogarithm of
API Am. Petroleum Inst.
approx approximately
APWA Am. Public Works Assoc.
AREA Am. Railroad Eng. Assoc.
ARI Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Inst.
ARS Am. Rocket Soc.
ASCE Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers
ASHRAE Am. Soc. of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning
Engineers
ASLE Am. Soc. of Lubricating Engineers
ASM Am. Soc. of Metals
ASME Am. Soc. of Mechanical Engineers
ASST Am. Soc. of Steel Treating
ASTM Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials
ASTME Am. Soc. of Tool & Manufacturing Engineers
atm atmosphere
Auto. Ind. Automotive Industries (New York)
avdp avoirdupois
avg, ave average
AWG Am. Wire Gage
AWPA Am. Wood Preservation Assoc.
AWS American Welding Soc.
AWWA American Water Works Assoc.
b barns
bar barometer
B&S Brown & Sharp (gage); Beams and Stringers
bbl barrels
B.C. before Christ
B.C.C. body centered cubic
Bé Baumé (degrees)
B.G. Birmingham gage (hoop and sheet)
bgd billions of gallons per day
BHN Brinnell Hardness Number
bhp brake horsepower
BLC boundary layer control
B.M. board measure; bench mark
bmep brake mean effective pressure
B of M,
BuMines
Bureau of Mines
BOD biochemical oxygen demand
xix

xx SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
bp boiling point
Bq bequerel
bsfc brake specific fuel consumption
BSI British Standards Inst.
Btu British thermal units
Btuh, Btu/h Btu per hr
bu bushels
Bull. Bulletin
Buweaps Bureau of Weapons, U.S. Navy
BWG Birmingham wire gage
c velocity of light
°C degrees Celsius (centigrade)
C coulomb
CAB Civil Aeronautics Board
CAGI Compressed Air & Gas Inst.
cal calories
C-B-R chemical, biological & radiological (filters)
CBS Columbia Broadcasting System
cc, cm3 cubic centimeters
CCR critical compression ratio
c to c center to center
cd candela
c.f. centrifugal force
cf. confer (compare)
cfh, ft3/h cubic feet per hour
cfm, ft3/min cubic feet per minute
C.F.R. Cooperative Fuel Research
cfs, ft3/s cubic feet per second
cg center of gravity
cgs centimeter-gram-second
Chm. Eng. Chemical Eng’g (New York)
chu centrigrade heat unit
C.I. cast iron
cir circular
cir mil circular mils
cm centimeters
CME Chartered Mech. Engr. (IMechE)
C.N. cetane number
coef coefficient
COESA U.S. Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere
col column
colog cologarithm of
const constant
cos cosine of
cos⫺ 1 angle whose cosine is, inverse cosine of
cosh hyperbolic cosine of
cosh⫺ 1 inverse hyperbolic cosine of
cot cotangent of
cot⫺ 1 angle whose cotangent is (see cos⫺ 1)
coth hyperbolic cotangent of
coth⫺ 1 inverse hyperbolic cotangent of
covers coversed sine of
c.p. circular pitch; center of pressure
cp candle power
cp coef of performance
CP chemically pure
CPH close packed hexagonal
cpm,
cycles/min
cycles per minute
cps, cycles/s cycles per second
CSA Canadian Standards Assoc.
csc cosecant of
csc⫺ 1 angle whose cosecant is (see cos⫺ 1)
csch hyperbolic cosecant of
csch⫺ 1 inverse hyperbolic cosecant of
cu cubic
cyl cylinder
db, dB decibel
d-c, dc direct current
def definition
deg degrees
diam. (dia) diameter
DO dissolved oxygen
D2O deuterium (heavy water)
d.p. double pole
DP Diametral pitch
DPH diamond pyramid hardness
DST daylight saving time
d2 tons breaking strength, d ⫽ chain wire diam, in.
DX direct expansion
e base of Napierian logarithmic system (⫽ 2.7182⫹)
EAP equivalent air pressure
EDR equivalent direct radiation
EEI Edison Electric Inst.
eff efficiency
e.g. exempli gratia (for example)
ehp effective horsepower
EHV extra high voltage
El. Wld. Electrical World (New York)
elec electric
elong elongation
emf electromotive force
Engg. Engineering (London)
Engr. The Engineer (London)
ENT emergency negative thrust
EP extreme pressure (lubricant)
ERDA Energy Research & Development Administration (successor
to AEC; see also NRC)
Eq. equation
est estimated
etc. et cetera (and so forth)
et seq. et sequens (and the following)
eV electron volts
evap evaporation
exp exponential function of
exsec exterior secant of
ext external
°F degrees Fahrenheit
F farad
FAA Federal Aviation Agency
F.C. fixed carbon, %
FCC Federal Communications Commission; Federal Constructive
Council
F.C.C. face-centered-cubic (alloys)
ff. following (pages)
fhp friction horsepower
Fig. figure
F.I.T. Federal income tax
f-m, fm frequency modulation
F.O.B. free on board (cars)
FP fore perpendicular
FPC Federal Power Commission
fpm, ft/min feet per minute
fps foot-pound-second system
ft/s feet per second
F.S. Federal Specifications
FSB Federal Specifications Board
fsp fiber saturation point
ft feet
fc foot candles
fL foot lamberts
ft ⭈ lb foot-pounds
g acceleration due to gravity
g grams
gal gallons
gc gigacycles per sec

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxi
GCA ground-controlled approach
g ⭈ cal gram-calories
gd Gudermannian of
G.E. General Electric Co.
GEM ground effect machine
GFI gullet feed index
G.M. General Motors Co.
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
GNP gross national product
gpcd gallons per capita day
gpd gallons per day; grams per denier
gpm, gal/min gallons per minute
gps, gal/s gallons per second
gpt grams per tex
H henry
h Planck’s constant ⫽ 6.624 ⫻ 10⫺ 27 erg-sec
ប Planck’s constant, ប ⫽ h/2␲
HEPA high efficiency particulate matter
h-f, hf high frequency
hhv high heat value
horiz horizontal
hp horsepower
h-p high-pressure
HPAC Heating, Piping, & Air Conditioning (Chicago)
hp ⭈ hr horsepower-hour
hr, h hours
HSS high speed steel
H.T. heat-treated
HTHW high temperature hot water
Hz hertz ⫽ 1 cycle/s (cps)
IACS International Annealed Copper Standard
IAeS Institute of Aerospace Sciences
ibid. ibidem (in the same place)
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC Interstate Commerce Commission
ICE Inst. of Civil Engineers
ICI International Commission on Illumination
I.C.T. International Critical Tables
I.D., ID inside diameter
i.e. id est (that is)
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Inst. of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (successor to
AIEE, q.v.)
IES Illuminating Engineering Soc.
i-f, if intermediate frequency
IGT Inst. of Gas Technology
ihp indicated horsepower
IMechE Inst. of Mechanical Engineers
imep indicated mean effective pressure
Imp Imperial
in., in inches
in. ⭈ lb,
in ⭈ lb
inch-pounds
INA Inst. of Naval Architects
Ind. & Eng.
Chem.
Industrial & Eng’g Chemistry (Easton, PA)
int internal
i-p, ip intermediate pressure
ipm, in/min inches per minute
ipr inches per revolution
IPS iron pipe size
IRE Inst. of Radio Engineers (see IEEE)
IRS Internal Revenue Service
ISO International Organization for Standardization
isoth isothermal
ISTM International Soc. for Testing Materials
IUPAC International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry
J joule
J&P joists and planks
Jour. Journal
JP jet propulsion fuel
k isentropic exponent; conductivity
K degrees Kelvin (Celsius abs)
K Knudsen number
kB kilo Btu (1000 Btu)
kc kilocycles
kcps kilocycles per sec
kg kilograms
kg ⭈ cal kilogram-calories
kg ⭈ m kilogram-meters
kip 1000 lb or 1 kilo-pound
kips thousands of pounds
km kilometers
kmc kilomegacycles per sec
kmcps kilomegacycles per sec
kpsi thousands of pounds per sq in
ksi one kip per sq in, 1000 psi (lb/in2)
kts knots
kVA kilovolt-amperes
kW kilowatts
kWh kilowatt-hours
L lamberts
l, L litres
£ Laplace operational symbol
lb pounds
L.B.P. length between perpendiculars
lhv low heat value
lim limit
lin linear
ln Napierian logarithm of
loc. cit. loco citato (place already cited)
log common logarithm of
LOX liquid oxygen explosive
l-p, lp low pressure
LPG liquified petroleum gas
lpw, lm/W lumens per watt
lx lux
L.W.L. load water line
lm lumen
m metres
M thousand; Mach number; moisture, %
mA milliamperes
Machy. Machinery (New York)
max maximum
MBh thousands of Btu per hr
mc megacycles per sec
m.c. moisture content
Mcf thousand cubic feet
mcps megacycles per sec
Mech. Eng. Mechanical Eng’g (ASME)
mep mean effective pressure
METO maximum, except during take-off
me V million electron volts
MF maintenance factor
mhc mean horizontal candles
mi mile
MIL-STD U.S. Military Standard
min minutes; minimum
mip mean indicated pressure
MKS meter-kilogram-second system
MKSA meter-kilogram-second-ampere system
mL millilamberts
ml, mL millilitre ⫽ 1.000027 cm3
mlhc mean lower hemispherical candles
mm millimetres
mm-free mineral matter free

xxii SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
mmf magnetomotive force
mol mole
mp melting point
MPC maximum permissible concentration
mph, mi/h miles per hour
MRT mean radiant temperature
ms manuscript; milliseconds
msc mean spherical candles
MSS Manufacturers Standardization Soc. of the Valve & Fittings
Industry
Mu micron, micro
MW megawatts
MW day megawatt day
MWT mean water temperature
n polytropic exponent
N number (in mathematical tables)
N number of neutrons; newton
Ns specific speed
NA not available
NAA National Assoc. of Accountants
NACA National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (see NASA)
NACM National Assoc. of Chain Manufacturers
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
nat. natural
NBC National Broadcasting Company
NBFU National Board of Fire Underwriters
NBS National Bureau of Standards
NCN nitrocarbonitrate (explosive)
NDHA National District Hearing Assoc.
NEC® National Electric Code® (National Electrical Code® and
NEC® are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protec-
tion Association, Inc., Quincy, MA.)
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc.
NFPA National Fire Protection Assoc.
NLGI National Lubricating Grease Institute
nm nautical miles
No. (Nos.) number(s)
NPSH net positive suction head
NRC Nuclear Regulator Commission (successor to AEC; see also
ERDA)
NTP normal temperature and pressure
O.D., OD outside diameter (pipes)
O.H. open-hearth (steel)
O.N. octane number
op. cit. opere citato (work already cited)
OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration
OSW Office of Saline Water
OTS Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce
oz ounces
p. (pp.) page (pages)
Pa pascal
P.C. propulsive coefficient
PE polyethylene
PEG polyethylene glycol
P.E.L. proportional elastic limit
PETN an explosive
pf power factor
PFI Pipe Fabrication Inst.
PIV peak inverse voltage
p.m. post meridiem (after noon)
PM preventive maintenance
P.N. performance number
ppb parts per billion
PPI plan position indicator
ppm parts per million
press pressure
Proc. Proceedings
PSD power spectral density, g2/cps
psi, lb/in2 lb per sq in
psia lb per sq in. abs
psig lb per sq in. gage
pt point; pint
PVC polyvinyl chloride
Q 1018 Btu
qt quarts
q.v. quod vide (which see)
r roentgens
R gas constant
R deg Rankine (Fahrenheit abs); Reynolds number
rad radius; radiation absorbed dose; radian
RBE see rem
R-C resistor-capacitor
RCA Radio Corporation of America
R&D research & development
RDX cyclonite, a military explosive
rem Roentgen equivalent man (formerly RBE)
rev revolutions
r-f, rf radio frequency
RMA Rubber Manufacturers Assoc.
rms square root of mean square
rpm, r/min revolutions per minute
rps, r/s revolutions per second
RSHF room sensible heat factor
ry. railway
s entropy
s seconds
S sulfur, %; siemens
SAE Soc. of Automotive Engineers
sat saturated
SBI steel Boiler Inst.
scfm standard cu ft per min
SCR silicon controlled rectifier
sec secant of
sec⫺ 1 angle whose secant is (see cos⫺ 1)
Sec. Section
sech hyperbolic secant of
sech⫺ 1 inverse hyperbolic secant of
segm segment
SE No. steam emulsion number
sfc specific fuel consumption, lb per hphr
sfm, sfpm surface feet per minute
shp shaft horsepower
SI International System of Units (Le Système International
d’Unites)
sin sine of
sin⫺ 1 angle whose sine is (see cos⫺ 1)
sinh hyperbolic sine of
sinh⫺ 1 inverse hyperbolic sine of
SME Society of Manufacturing Engineers (successor
to ASTME)
SNAME Soc. of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
SP static pressure
sp specific
specif specification
sp gr specific gravity
sp ht specific heat
spp species unspecified (botanical)
SPS standard pipe size
sq square
sr steradian
SSF sec Saybolt Furol
SSU seconds Saybolt Universal (same as SUS)
std standard
SUS Saybolt Universal seconds (same as SSU)
SWG Standard (British) wire gage
T tesla

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxiii
TAC Technical Advisory Committee on Weather Design Condi-
tions (ASHRAE)
tan tangent of
tan⫺ 1 angle whose tangent is (see cos⫺ 1)
tanh hyperbolic tangent of
tanh⫺ 1 inverse hyperbolic tangent of
TDH total dynamic head
TEL tetraethyl lead
temp temperature
THI temperature-humidity (discomfort) index
thp thrust horsepower
TNT trinitrotoluol (explosive)
torr ⫽ 1 mm Hg ⫽ 1.332 millibars (1/760) atm
⫽ (1.013250/760) dynes per cm2
TP total pressure
tph tons per hour
tpi turns per in
TR transmitter-receiver
Trans. Transactions
T.S. tensile strength; tensile stress
tsi tons per sq in
ttd terminal temperature difference
UHF ultra high frequency
UKAEA United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
UL Underwriters’ Laboratory
ult ultimate
UMS universal maintenance standards
USAF U.S. Air Force
USCG U.S. Coast Guard
USCS U.S. Commercial Standard; U.S. Customary System
USDA U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
USFPL U.S. Forest Products Laboratory
USGS U.S. Geologic Survey
USHEW U.S. Dept. of Health, Education & Welfare
USN U.S. Navy
USP U.S. Pharmacopoeia
USPHS U.S. Public Health Service
USS United States Standard
USSG U.S. Standard Gage
UTC Coordinated Universal Time
V volt
VCF visual comfort factor
VCI visual comfort index
VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
vel velocity
vers versed sine of
vert vertical
VHF very high frequency
VI viscosity index
viz. videlicet (namely)
V.M. volatile matter, %
vol volume
VP velocity pressure
vs. versus
W watt
Wb weber
W&M Washburn & Moen wire gage
w.g. water gage
WHO World Health Organization
W.I. wrought iron
W.P.A. Western Pine Assoc.
wt weight
yd yards
Y.P. yield point
yr year(s)
Y.S. yield strength; yield stress
z atomic number; figure of merit
Zeit. Zeitschrift
⌬ mass defect
␮c microcurie
␴, s Boltzmann constant
␮ micro (⫽ 10⫺ 6), as in ␮s
␮m micrometer (micron) ⫽ 10⫺ 6 m (10⫺ 3 mm)
⍀ ohm
MATHEMATICAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
⫹ plus (sign of addition)
⫹ positive
⫺ minus (sign of subtraction)
⫺ negative
⫾ (⫿) plus or minus (minus or plus)
⫻ times, by (multiplication sign)
⭈ multiplied by
⫼ sign of division
/ divided by
: ratio sign, divided by, is to
⬋ equals, as (proportion)
⬍ less than
⬎ greater than
⬍
⬍ much less than
⬎
⬎ much greater than
⫽ equals
⬅ identical with
⬃ similar to
⬇ approximately equals
⬵ approximately equals, congruent
艋 qual to or less than
艌 equal to or greater than
⫽
| ⫽ not equal to
: ⬟ approaches
⬀ varies as
⬁ infinity
√ square root of
3
√ cube root of
⬖ therefore
|| parallel to
() [] {} parentheses, brackets and braces; quantities enclosed by them
to be taken together in multiplying, dividing, etc.
AB length of line from A to B
␲ pi ( ⫽ 3.14159⫹)
° degrees
⬘ minutes
⬘⬘ seconds
⬔ angle
dx differential of x
⌬ (delta) difference
⌬x increment of x
⭸u/⭸x partial derivative of u with respect to x
兰 integral of

xxiv SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
冕
a
b
integral of, between limits a and b
养 line integral around a closed path
兺 (sigma) summation of
f (x), F(x) functions of x
exp x ⫽ ex [e ⫽ 2.71828 (base of natural, or Napierian, logarithms)]
ⵜ del or nabla, vector differential operator
ⵜ2 Laplacian operator
£ Laplace operational symbol
4! factorial 4 ⫽ 4 ⫻ 3 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 1
|x| absolute value of x
᝽
x first derivative of x with respect to time
ẍ second derivative of x with respect to time
A ⴒ B vector product; magnitude of A times magnitude of B times
sine of the angle from A to B; AB sin AB
A ⭈ B scalar product; magnitude of A times magnitude of B times
cosine of the angle from A to B; AB cos AB

Section 1
Mathematical Tables
and Measuring Units
BY
GEORGE F. BAUMEISTER President, EMC Process Corp., Newport, DE
DAVID T. GOLDMAN Deputy Manager, U.S. Department of Energy, Chicago Operations Office
1.1 MATHEMATICAL TABLES
by George F. Baumeister
Segments of Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Regular Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Binomial Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Compound Interest and Annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Statistical Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Decimal Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
1.2 MEASURING UNITS
by David T. Goldman
U.S. Customary System (USCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
Metric System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
The International System of Units (SI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Systems of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25
Terrestrial Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25
Mohs Scale of Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25
Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25
Density and Relative Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26
Conversion and Equivalency Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27
1.1 MATHEMATICAL TABLES
by George F. Baumeister
REFERENCES FOR MATHEMATICAL TABLES: Dwight, ‘‘Mathematical Tables of
Elementary and Some Higher Mathematical Functions,’’ McGraw-Hill. Dwight,
‘‘Tables of Integrals and Other Mathematical Data,’’ Macmillan. Jahnke and
Emde, ‘‘Tables of Functions,’’ B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, or Dover. Pierce-Foster,
‘‘A Short Table of Integrals,’’ Ginn. ‘‘Mathematical Tables from Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics,’’ Chemical Rubber Co. ‘‘Handbook of Mathematical
Functions,’’ NBS.
1-1

1-2 MATHEMATICAL TABLES
Table 1.1.1 Segments of Circles, Given h/c
Given: h ⫽ height; c ⫽ chord. To find the diameter of the circle, the length of arc, or the area of the segment, form the ratio h/c, and find from the table the value of
(diam/c), (arc/c); then, by a simple multiplication,
diam ⫽ c ⫻ (diam/c)
arc ⫽ c ⫻ (arc/c)
area ⫽ h ⫻ c ⫻ (area/h ⫻ c)
The table gives also the angle subtended at the center, and the ratio of h to D.
h
c
Diam
c
Diff
Arc
c
Diff
Area
h ⫻ c
Diff Central
angle, v Diff
h
Diam
Diff
.00 1.000 .6667 0.00° .0000
0 0 458 4
1 25.010 1.000 .6667 4.58 .0004
12490 1 2 458 12
2 12.520 1.001 .6669 9.16 .0016
*4157 1 2 457 20
3 8.363 1.002 .6671 13.73 .0036
*2073 2 4 457 28
4 6.290 1.004 .6675 18.30 .0064
*1240 3 5 454 35
.05 5.050 1.007 .6680 22.84° .0099
*823 3 6 453 43
6 4.227 1.010 .6686 27.37 .0142
*586 3 7 451 50
7 3.641 1.013 .6693 31.88 .0192
*436 4 8 448 58
8 3.205 1.017 .6701 36.36 .0250
*337 4 9 446 64
9 2.868 1.021 .6710 40.82 .0314
*268 5 10 442 71
.10 2.600 1.026 .6720 45.24° .0385
*217 6 11 439 77
1 2.383 1.032 .6731 49.63 .0462
*180 6 12 435 83
2 2.203 1.038 .6743 53.98 .0545
*150 6 13 432 88
3 2.053 1.044 .6756 58.30 .0633
*127 7 14 427 94
4 1.926 1.051 .6770 62.57 .0727
*109 8 15 423 99
.15 1.817 1.059 .6785 66.80° .0826
*94 8 16 418 103
6 1.723 1.067 .6801 70.98 .0929
*82 8 17 413 107
7 1.641 1.075 .6818 75.11 .1036
*72 9 18 409 111
8 1.569 1.084 .6836 79.20 .1147
*63 10 19 403 116
9 1.506 1.094 .6855 83.23 .1263
56 9 20 399 116
.20 1.450 1.103 .6875 87.21° .1379
50 11 21 392 120
1 1.400 1.114 .6896 91.13 .1499
44 10 22 387 123
2 1.356 1.124 .6918 95.00 .1622
39 12 23 381 124
3 1.317 1.136 .6941 98.81 .1746
35 11 24 375 127
4 1.282 1.147 .6965 102.56 .1873
32 12 24 370 127
.25 1.250 1.159 .6989 106.26° .2000
28 12 25 364 128
6 1.222 1.171 .7014 109.90 .2128
26 13 27 358 130
7 1.196 1.184 .7041 113.48 .2258
23 13 27 352 129
8 1.173 1.197 .7068 117.00 .2387
21 14 28 345 130
9 1.152 1.211 .7096 120.45 .2517
19 14 29 341 130
.30 1.133 1.225 .7125 123.86° .2647
17 14 29 334 130
1 1.116 1.239 .7154 127.20 .2777
15 15 31 328 129
2 1.101 1.254 .7185 130.48 .2906
13 15 31 322 128
3 1.088 1.269 .7216 133.70 .3034
13 15 32 316 128
4 1.075 1.284 .7248 136.86 .3162
11 16 32 311 127
.35 1.064 1.300 .7280 139.97° .3289
10 16 34 305 125
6 1.054 1.316 .7314 143.02 .3414
8 16 34 299 124
7 1.046 1.332 .7348 146.01 .3538
8 17 35 293 123
8 1.038 1.349 .7383 148.94 .3661
7 17 36 288 122
9 1.031 1.366 .7419 151.82 .3783
6 17 36 282 119
.40 1.025 1.383 .7455 154.64° .3902
5 18 37 277 119
1 1.020 1.401 .7492 157.41 .4021
5 18 38 271 116
2 1.015 1.419 .7530 160.12 .4137
4 18 38 266 115
3 1.011 1.437 .7568 162.78 .4252
3 18 39 261 112
4 1.008 1.455 .7607 165.39 .4364
2 19 40 256 111
.45 1.006 1.474 .7647 167.95° .4475
3 19 40 251 109
6 1.003 1.493 .7687 170.46 .4584
1 19 41 245 107
7 1.002 1.512 .7728 172.91 .4691
1 19 41 241 105
8 1.001 1.531 .7769 175.32 .4796
1 20 42 237 103
9 1.000 1.551 .7811 177.69 .4899
0 20 43 231 101
.50 1.000 1.571 .7854 180.00° .5000
* Interpolation may be inaccurate at these points.

MATHEMATICAL TABLES 1-3
Table 1.1.2 Segments of Circles, Given h/D
Given: h ⫽ height; D ⫽ diameter of circle. To find the chord, the length of arc, or the area of the segment, form the ratio h/D, and find from the table the value of
(chord/D), (arc/D), or (area/D2); then by a simple multiplication,
chord ⫽ D ⫻ (chord/D)
arc ⫽ D ⫻ (arc/D)
area ⫽ D2 ⫻ (area/D2)
This table gives also the angle subtended at the center, the ratio of the arc of the segment to the whole circumference, and the ratio of the area of the segment to the
area of the whole circle.
h
D
Arc
D
Diff
Area
D2
Diff Central
angle, v Diff
Chord
D
Diff
Arc
Circum
Diff
Area
Circle
Diff
.00 0.000 .0000 0.00° .0000 .0000 .0000
2003 13 2296 *1990 *638 17
1 .2003 .0013 22.96 .1990 .0638 .0017
*835 24 *956 *810 *265 31
2 .2838 .0037 32.52 .2800 .0903 .0048
*644 32 *738 *612 *205 39
3 .3482 .0069 39.90 .3412 .1108 .0087
*545 36 *625 *507 *174 47
4 .4027 .0105 46.15 .3919 .1282 .0134
*483 42 *553 *440 *154 53
.05 .4510 .0147 51.68° .4359 .1436 .0187
*439 45 *504 *391 *139 58
6 .4949 .0192 56.72 .4750 .1575 .0245
*406 50 *465 *353 *130 63
7 .5355 .0242 61.37 .5103 .1705 .0308
*380 52 *435 *323 121 67
8 .5735 .0294 65.72 .5426 .1826 .0375
*359 56 *411 *298 114 71
9 .6094 .0350 69.83 .5724 .1940 .0446
*341 59 *391 *276 108 74
.10 .6435 .0409 73.74° .6000 .2048 .0520
*326 61 *374 *258 104 78
1 .6761 .0470 77.48 .6258 .2152 .0598
*314 64 *359 *241 100 82
2 .7075 .0534 81.07 .6499 .2252 .0680
*302 66 *347 *227 96 84
3 .7377 .0600 84.54 .6726 .2348 .0764
*293 68 *335 *214 93 87
4 .7670 .0668 87.89 .6940 .2441 .0851
*284 71 *326 *201 91 90
.15 .7954 .0739 91.15° .7141 .2532 .0941
276 72 316 *191 88 92
6 .8230 .0811 94.31 .7332 .2620 .1033
270 74 309 *181 86 94
7 .8500 .0885 97.40 .7513 .2706 .1127
263 76 302 *171 83 97
8 .8763 .0961 100.42 .7684 .2789 .1224
258 78 295 162 82 99
9 .9021 .1039 103.37 .7846 .2871 .1323
252 79 289 154 81 101
.20 0.9273 .1118 106.26° .8000 .2952 .1424
248 81 284 146 79 103
1 0.9521 .1199 109.10 .8146 .3031 .1527
243 82 279 139 77 104
2 0.9764 .1281 111.89 .8285 .3108 .1631
240 84 274 132 76 107
3 1.0004 .1365 114.63 .8417 .3184 .1738
235 84 271 125 75 108
4 1.0239 .1449 117.34 .8542 .3259 .1846
233 86 266 118 74 109
.25 1.0472 .1535 120.00° .8660 .3333 .1955
229 88 263 113 73 111
6 1.0701 .1623 122.63 .8773 .3406 .2066
227 88 260 106 72 112
7 1.0928 .1711 125.23 .8879 .3478 .2178
224 89 256 101 72 114
8 1.1152 .1800 127.79 .8980 .3550 .2292
222 90 254 95 70 115
9 1.1374 .1890 130.33 .9075 .3620 .2407
219 92 251 90 70 116
.30 1.1593 .1982 132.84° .9165 .3690 .2523
217 92 249 85 69 117
1 1.1810 .2074 135.33 .9250 .3759 .2640
215 93 247 80 69 119
2 1.2025 .2167 137.80 .9330 .3828 .2759
214 93 245 74 68 119
3 1.2239 .2260 140.25 .9404 .3896 .2878
212 95 242 70 67 120
4 1.2451 .2355 142.67 .9474 .3963 .2998
210 95 241 65 67 121
.35 1.2661 .2450 145.08° .9539 .4030 .3119
209 96 240 61 67 122
6 1.2870 .2546 147.48 .9600 .4097 .3241
208 96 238 56 66 123
7 1.3078 .2642 149.86 .9656 .4163 .3364
206 97 237 52 66 123
8 1.3284 .2739 152.23 .9708 .4229 .3487
206 97 235 47 65 124
9 1.3490 .2836 154.58 .9755 .4294 .3611
204 98 235 43 65 124
.40 1.3694 .2934 156.93° .9798 .4359 .3735
204 98 233 39 65 125
1 1.3898 .3032 159.26 .9837 .4424 .3860
203 98 233 34 65 126
2 1.4101 .3130 161.59 .9871 .4489 .3986
202 99 231 31 64 126
3 1.4303 .3229 163.90 .9902 .4553 .4112
202 99 232 26 64 126
4 1.4505 .3328 166.22 .9928 .4617 .4238
201 100 230 22 64 126
.45 1.4706 .3428 168.52° .9950 .4681 .4364
201 99 230 18 64 127
6 1.4907 .3527 170.82 .9968 .4745 .4491
201 100 230 14 64 127
7 1.5108 .3627 173.12 .9982 .4809 .4618
200 100 229 10 64 127
8 1.5308 .3727 175.41 .9992 .4873 .4745
200 100 230 6 63 128
9 1.5508 .3827 177.71 .9998 .4936 .4873
200 100 229 2 64 127
.50 1.5708 .3927 180.00° 1.0000 .5000 .5000
* Interpolation may be inaccurate at these points.

1-4 MATHEMATICAL TABLES
Table 1.1.3 Regular Polygons
n ⫽ number of sides
v ⫽ 360°/n ⫽ angle subtended at the center by one side
a ⫽ length of one side ⫽ R 冉2 sin
v
2
冊⫽ r 冉2 tan
v
2
冊
R ⫽ radius of circumscribed circle ⫽ a 冉1⁄2 csc
v
2
冊⫽ r 冉sec
v
2
冊
r ⫽ radius of inscribed circle ⫽ R 冉cos
v
2
冊⫽ a 冉1⁄2 cot
v
2
冊
Area ⫽ a2
冉1⁄4 n cot
v
2
冊⫽ R2(1⁄2 n sin v) ⫽ r2
冉n tan
v
2
冊
n v
Area
a2
Area
R2
Area
r2
R
a
R
r
a
R
a
r
r
R
r
a
3 120° 0.4330 1.299 5.196 0.5774 2.000 1.732 3.464 0.5000 0.2887
4 90° 1.000 2.000 4.000 0.7071 1.414 1.414 2.000 0.7071 0.5000
5 72° 1.721 2.378 3.633 0.8507 1.236 1.176 1.453 0.8090 0.6882
6 60° 2.598 2.598 3.464 1.0000 1.155 1.000 1.155 0.8660 0.8660
7 51°.43 3.634 2.736 3.371 1.152 1.110 0.8678 0.9631 0.9010 1.038
8 45° 4.828 2.828 3.314 1.307 1.082 0.7654 0.8284 0.9239 1.207
9 40° 6.182 2.893 3.276 1.462 1.064 0.6840 0.7279 0.9397 1.374
10 36° 7.694 2.939 3.249 1.618 1.052 0.6180 0.6498 0.9511 1.539
12 30° 11.20 3.000 3.215 1.932 1.035 0.5176 0.5359 0.9659 1.866
15 24° 17.64 3.051 3.188 2.405 1.022 0.4158 0.4251 0.9781 2.352
16 22°.50 20.11 3.062 3.183 2.563 1.020 0.3902 0.3978 0.9808 2.514
20 18° 31.57 3.090 3.168 3.196 1.013 0.3129 0.3168 0.9877 3.157
24 15° 45.58 3.106 3.160 3.831 1.009 0.2611 0.2633 0.9914 3.798
32 11°.25 81.23 3.121 3.152 5.101 1.005 0.1960 0.1970 0.9952 5.077
48 7°.50 183.1 3.133 3.146 7.645 1.002 0.1308 0.1311 0.9979 7.629
64 5°.625 325.7 3.137 3.144 10.19 1.001 0.0981 0.0983 0.9968 10.18
Table 1.1.4 Binomial Coefficients
(n)0 ⫽ 1 (n)1 ⫽ n (n)2 ⫽
n(n ⫺ 1)
1 ⫻ 2
(n)3 ⫽
n(n ⫺ 1)(n ⫺ 2)
1 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3
etc. in general (n)r ⫽
n(n ⫺ 1)(n ⫺ 2) ⭈ ⭈ ⭈ [n ⫺ (r ⫺ 1)]
1 ⫻ 2 ⫻ 3 ⫻ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈ ⫻ r
. Other notations: nCr ⫽ 冉n
r
冊⫽ (n)r
n (n)0 (n)1 (n)2 (n)3 (n)4 (n)5 (n)6 (n)7 (n)8 (n)9 (n)10 (n)11 (n)12 (n)13
1 1 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
2 1 2 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
3 1 3 3 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
4 1 4 6 4 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
5 1 5 10 10 5 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
9 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1 ...... ...... ...... ......
10 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1 ...... ...... ......
11 1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165 55 11 1 ...... ......
12 1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495 220 66 12 1 ......
13 1 13 78 286 715 1287 1716 1716 1287 715 286 78 13 1
14 1 14 91 364 1001 2002 3003 3432 3003 2002 1001 364 91 14
15 1 15 105 455 1365 3003 5005 6435 6435 5005 3003 1365 455 105
NOTE: For n ⫽ 14, (n)14 ⫽ 1; for n ⫽ 15, (n)14 ⫽ 15, and (n)15 ⫽ 1.

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