The document provides a comprehensive overview of bricks, including their composition, manufacturing process, classifications, and quality tests. It highlights the importance of bricks as a foundational building material, detailing different types of bricks and their specific uses in construction. Additionally, it outlines the qualities of good bricks and various tests conducted to ensure their standards.

1. BRICKS

2. BRICKS
• Introduction
• Size of the brick
• Manufacture of brick
• Classification of brick
• Tests on brick
• Qualities of good brick
• Uses of bricks
• Special types of bricks

3. Introduction
• The common brick is one of the oldest building
material
• Leading building material
• High strength, low cost, easy availability
• Made from soil

4. Introduction
Constituents of brick earth
• Alumina – 20 to 30 %
• Silica -50 to 60 %
• Lime - < 5 %
• Oxides of iron – 5 to 6 %
• Magnesia – 5 %

5. Size of brick
Indian standard size - 19cm x 9cm x 9cm
With mortar joints - 20cm x 10cm x 10cm
FPS system – 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm

6. Manufacture of bricks
1. Preparation of brick earth
2. Moulding of bricks
3. Drying of bricks
4. Burning of bricks

7. Manufacture of bricks
Preparation of brick earth
• Removal of loose soil
• Digging , spreading and cleaning
• Weathering
• Blending and tempering

8. Manufacture of bricks
Moulding of bricks
• Hand moulding
• Machine moulding

9. Manufacture of bricks
Drying of bricks
• Dry under sunlight in specially prepared yards
• Dried for a period of 5 to 12 days
• In rotary kiln, drying and burning done at same place

10. Manufacture of bricks
Burning of bricks
• Clamp burning
clamps are temporary structures
stacked in layers with certain gap
firewood is inserted in these gaps and fired
burning for 6 to 8 weeks

11. Manufacture of bricks
Burning of bricks
• Kiln burning
kilns are permanent structures
burning continuously in kilns
bricks from kilns are of correct size and perfect shape
rate of burning is also high in kiln

12. Classification of bricks
1. Unburnt or sun dried bricks
2. Burnt bricks
a. First class bricks
b. Second class bricks
c. Third class bricks
d. Fourth class bricks (Over burnt bricks)

13. Classification of bricks
Unburnt or sun dried bricks
These are dried under sunlight
These are used for temporary and cheap construction
It is also used for filling works

14. Classification of bricks
First class bricks
First class bricks are well burnt having smooth and even
surface
These should not absorb water more than 20 % of its
weight when immersed in cold water
Minimum compressive strength of these bricks should
be 10.5 N/mm2

15. Classification of bricks
Second class bricks
Second class bricks are with slight irregularities in
shape,size,colour and surface finish
These should not absorb water more than 22 % of its
weight when immersed in cold water for 24 hours
Minimum compressive strength of these bricks should
be 7 N/mm2

16. Classification of bricks
Third class bricks
Third class bricks are not burnt properly
These should not absorb water more than 24 % of its
weight when immersed in cold water for 24 hours
Minimum compressive strength of these bricks should
be 3.5 N/mm2

17. Classification of bricks
Fourth class bricks
Fourth class bricks are over burnt bricks
Dark in colour with irregular size and shape
Over burnt bricks are not used for building construction
These are used as aggregate in concrete and for flooring

18. Tests on bricks
• Crushing strength test
• Water absorption test
• Hardness test
• Test for presence of soluble salt
• Shape and size
• Soundness test
• Toughness
• Structure

19. Tests on bricks
Crushing strength test
Tested by Compression Testing Machine (CTM)
On brick, a load is applied till it breaks and the maximum
load is noted
Compressive strength is obtained by dividing this load by
the area of the face of the brick
The minimum compressive strength should be 3.5 N/mm2

20. Tests on bricks
Water absorption test
To find out the amount of water absorbed by the brick
To do this weight of the brick is noted then kept it in
water for 16 hours , after that it is taken out and
weighed and the increase in weight is found out. it is
expressed as percentage of water absorption. The
permissible value is 20%

21. Tests on bricks
Hardness test
This is to find out the hardness of the brick.scratch it in
by fingernails.if no impression is left on brick, then it is
hard

22. Tests on bricks
Test for presence of soluble salt
This test is done to find out the efflorescence in bricks
To do this brick is immersed in water for 24 hours
Taken out and dried under shade
After drying if a thin layer of white or gray powder is
seen on the surface of the brick, there are soluble salts
in the brick

23. Tests on bricks
Test for presence of soluble salt
Different grades are assumed based on the coverage of
white deposits on the surface
% of white layer on the surface Efflorescence
10% Slight
50% Moderate
>50% heavy

24. Tests on bricks
Shape and size
This is to find out the irregularities in shape and size
20 bricks of size 19cm x 9cm x 9cm are randomly
selected & stacked length wise along the width and
along the height. For good quality bricks, the total
dimension should be within these lengths

25. Tests on bricks
Shape and size
Length : 3680mm to 3920mm
width: 1740mm to 1860mm
Height: 1740mm to 1860mm

26. Tests on bricks
Soundness test
Two bricks are taken and knocked with each other .it
should not break and to give a metallic ringing sound

27. Tests on bricks
Toughness test
A brick is taken and dropped flat from a height of 1m on
a firm platform. If it does not break, then it is tough

28. Tests on bricks
structure
When a brick is broken, it should be homogenous,
compact and free from holes and lumps etc

29. Qualities of good bricks
• Brick should have uniform copper colour
• It should be free from cracks, void and grits
• It should have even surface with sharp and square
edges
• It should be of standard size
• Bricks when broken should show a bright
homogeneous structure

30. Qualities of good bricks
• Bricks should be sufficiently hard. When it is
scratched with fingernail no impression should be left
on brick surface
• Bricks should give clear bell ringing sound when
knocked with each other
• Bricks should be sound proof and have low thermal
conductivity

31. Uses of bricks
• Bricks are used for construction of walls, foundations
of structures
• Used in construction of bridges and dams
• Used for paving and road works
• Firebricks are used for furnaces, chimneys, etc
• Bricks are used for ornamental works

32. Special type of bricks
• Hollow brick
• Perforated brick
• Cow nose brick
• Bull nose brick
• Paving brick

33. Special type of bricks
• Hollow block brick
• Coping brick
• Sand lime brick
• Refractory brick
• Soild block brick

34. THANK YOU