Breadmaking has evolved over thousands of years. The earliest breads in 4000 BC were flat and unleavened. The Egyptians later invented grinding materials and ovens and used leavening to produce lighter breads. Breadmaking skills were further refined by the Greeks and Romans, with the UK later establishing the first guild to standardize baking practices. Modern bread is made through a process including mixing ingredients like flour, water, yeast, and salt; proofing and shaping the dough; and baking. Yeast produces gases that cause the dough to rise during fermentation and baking.

1. BREADMAKING

2. "Let me live upon bread and barley of white
my ale made of grain red“
History of breadmaking

3. Brief history of breadmaking
• 4000 BC- first breads are produced, unleavened flat
breads
• Egyptians- invented the grinding materials, enclosed
earthenware baking containers, crude ovens, and the
use of the leaven process

4. Brief history of baking
• Greeks- expanded on these baking concepts
and became specialists in baking cakes and
pastries
• Romans -first to promote the training and
refining of baking skills and established the
first corps of bakers in the western world.
• UK- established the first guild that set
standards of baking and an apprenticeship of 7
years leading to a master baker certification.

5. Major baking Ingredients

6. Flour
 main ingredient of bread and is
produced by milling the grains of
wheat
 Back bone of the bakery product
 Holds the other ingredient together
 Adds the nutritional value
 Impart flavor and texture

7. Water
 Hydrate the flour
 Activates the yeast
 Helps develop the gluten, to permit
swelling of the starch and provide a
medium for the various reaction to take
place

8. Salt (2% w/w)
 Helps control the yeast activity-
stabilize yeast fermentation
 Improves the taste
 Controls the production of unwanted
acids in dough
 Participates in the lipid binding of the
dough

9. Sugar
 To sweeten the bread
 To provide carbon nourishment for the
yeast
 Increases moistness and tenderness
 Add color to the crust when they bake
e.g. sucrose, glucose corn syrups, honey

10. Fats (3% w/w)
 Fat acts as a tenderizer, adds volume,
structure, flakiness, flavor and color
 It also plays a role in heat transfer
 It adds resistance to staling
 In some cases they act as a leavening
agent
 Enhanced slicing properties
E.g. Butter, lard, vegetable oils

11. Milk
 Added to make the bread more
nutritious
 Help improve the crust color by sugar
caramelization
e.g. skim milk, and blends from various
components including whey, buttermilk
solids, Na and K caseinate

12. Leavening agents
• Leavening- is the production of gases in
baked goods which increases volume
leaveners can be divided into 3 categories:
 Physical
 Chemical
 biological- using yeast to leaven the
bread

13. Yeast
• Strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Primary role in bread is leavening
• act on sugars and changes them into carbon
dioxide gas and alcohol.

14. Factors that affect the leavening action of yeast
1. The nature of the sugar available
- glucose is the preferred substrate for
yeast
-when no sugar added in the dough, the
yeast will utilize the maltose in the flour
-Maltose is produced by the action of
amylases on the wheat

15. Factors that affect the leavening action of yeast
2. Osmotic pressure
-high osmotic pressure inhibit yeast action
 5% sugar –baker’s yeast produce CO2 more
rapidly
 More than 2% salt- inhibitory to yeast, so salt
is added late in the dough fermentation
process

16. Factors that affect the leavening action of yeast
3. Effect of nitrogen and other nutrients
-short fermentation requires no nutrients
-longer fermentations, the addition of
minerals and nitrogen source increases gas
production.
E.g. Ammonium, amino acids and thiamine
from flour

17. Factors that affect the leavening action of yeast
4. Effect of fungal inhibitors (anti-
mycotic agents)
-anti-mycotics added are inhibitory to
yeasts
-0.19% (based on flour weight) of
calcium propionate (widely used anti-
mycotic)

18. Factors that affect the leavening action of yeast
5. Yeast concentration
- yeast weight for baking rarely exceeds 3%
flour weight
-provided that enough sugar is added, the
higher the yeast concentration, the more
rapid is the leavening

19. Principal enzyme present in yeast:
a. Invertase- changes sucrose into an invert sugar
which is directly fermentable by yeast.
b. Maltase- changes the malt sugar, or maltose,
present in malt syrup and the traces of malt sugar
present in flour and other ingredients into dextrose.
c. Zymase- acts upon invert sugar and dextrose and
convert them into carbon dioxide gas, which causes
the dough to rise and expand.

20. Forms and class of yeasts
 Active yeasts include -porous and free
flowing
• Baker’s yeast
• Brewer’s yeast
• Yeasts for alcoholic beverages
 Inactive yeasts, such as:
• Dried brewer’s yeast
• Primary- grown yeasts

21. Yeast
Dry (active) yeasts – most available type of yeast
- stored at room temp. but keeps longer when
refrigerated / frozen
- Water warmed to 115 F(46°C) is ideal for
rehydrating and activating dry yeast
-Once hydrated it should not be exposed to temp.
below 100 F(38°C) w/c lower its activity and
result in a sticky dough.

22. Bread making processes
1. Pre-fermentation(sponge mixing)
-a portion of the ingredient is mixed with a yeast,
with or w/o flour to produce an inoculum
- The yeast becomes adaptive to the growth
conditions of the dough and rapidly multiplies.

23. Bread making processes
2. Dough mixing
- rest of the ingredients are mixed together
with the inoculum to form the dough
-stage when maximum gluten development is
sought

24. Bread making processes
3.Cutting and rounding- the dough formed are cut
into specific weights and rounded by machines
4. Molding –dough is flattened to a sheet then
molded into circles and placed in baking pan

25. Bread making processes
5. First(intermediate) proofing- the dough is
allowed to rest about 15 min. at about 27°C.
-done in overhead proofer
6. Second proofing- consists of holding the dough
for about 1 hour at 35-43°C and in an
atmosphere of high humidity

26. Bread making processes
7.Baking- the final step in bread making
process in which the dough piece is
transformed into a light readily digestible and
flavorful product under the influence of heat.
-subjected to average temperature of 215-225
°C for 17-23 min.
8. Cooling, slicing, wrapping- bread is de-
panned cooled and packed

28. Dough Changes during Fermentation and Baking Process

29. References
• Okafor Ndoka.Fermented Foods and their
processing.Biotechnology. Volume III
• Brown,A.2011. Understanding Food:
Preparation and Principle.Philippine
ed.Cengage Learning Asia Pte.Ltd

30. The end