Introduction to cognitive enhancers (nootropics) and their role in brain aging. The presentation limits itself in over-the-counter 'nootropics' and aims at providing the tools to safely approach these supplements.
Dr. Michele Burklund focused this presentation on brain health with a focus on complementary care for brain cancer patients. Her latest speech was at UCLA. She discusses how to find a qualified naturopathic doctor, what clinical-grade nutraceuticals are, as well as nutrition and treatments to enhance therapy.
A Call to Action: Improving brain & mental health via digital platforms,...SharpBrains
(Session held at the 2014 SharpBrains Virtual Summit; October 28-30th, 2014)
8:15–9:45am. A Call to Action: Improving brain & mental health via digital platforms, neuroplasticity research and the White House BRAIN initiative
- Dr. Thomas Insel, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- Dr. Adam Gazzaley, Director of UCSF Neuroscience Imaging Center and Co-founder of Akili Interactive Labs
- Dr. Daphne Bavelier, Head of the Brain & Learning Lab at the University of Geneva & U. of Rochester
- Jack Young, Head of Qualcomm Life Fund
- Chair: Alvaro Fernandez, CEO of SharpBrains
Learn more here:
http://sharpbrains.com/summit-2014/agenda/
Dr. Michele Burklund focused this presentation on brain health with a focus on complementary care for brain cancer patients. Her latest speech was at UCLA. She discusses how to find a qualified naturopathic doctor, what clinical-grade nutraceuticals are, as well as nutrition and treatments to enhance therapy.
A Call to Action: Improving brain & mental health via digital platforms,...SharpBrains
(Session held at the 2014 SharpBrains Virtual Summit; October 28-30th, 2014)
8:15–9:45am. A Call to Action: Improving brain & mental health via digital platforms, neuroplasticity research and the White House BRAIN initiative
- Dr. Thomas Insel, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- Dr. Adam Gazzaley, Director of UCSF Neuroscience Imaging Center and Co-founder of Akili Interactive Labs
- Dr. Daphne Bavelier, Head of the Brain & Learning Lab at the University of Geneva & U. of Rochester
- Jack Young, Head of Qualcomm Life Fund
- Chair: Alvaro Fernandez, CEO of SharpBrains
Learn more here:
http://sharpbrains.com/summit-2014/agenda/
Understanding the Fundamentals of Brain Health and Chronic Diseases Safdar...S'eclairer
Safdar I. Chaudhary, MD
Medical Director S’eclairer; Clinical Assistant Professor, Chatham
University; Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry by American Board of
Psychiatry and Neurology
The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness (book presentation)SharpBrains
Presentation by co-authors Alvaro Fernandez and Dr. Elkhonon Goldberg of book:
The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness:
18 Interviews with Scientists, Practical Advice, and Product Reviews, To Keep Your Brain Sharp
(May 2009; $24.95)
More info at:
http://www.sharpbrains.com/book/
Description: While most of us have heard the phrase “use it or lose it,” very few understand what “it” means, or how to properly “use it” in order to maintain brain function and fitness. The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness is an invaluable guide that helps readers navigate growing brain research and identify the lifestyle factors and products that contribute to brain fitness. By gathering insights from eighteen of the world’s top scientists and offering tools and detailed descriptions of over twenty products, this book is an essential guide to the field of brain fitness, neuroplasticity and cognitive health. An accessible and thought-provoking read, The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness educates lifelong learners and professionals in healthcare, education, business, etc., on emerging trends and forecasts of what the future will hold.
Slides from the April 21st, 2016 virtual lecture where three well-recognized experts and pioneers–UCLA’s Dr. Bob Bilder, Emotiv’s Tan Le, and SharpBrains’ Alvaro Fernandez–discussed 25 fundamental facts around neuroplasticity, Alzheimer’s prevention, brain training, meditation, neurofeedback, neurogenesis, brain supplements, and more. Available online from anywhere with an Internet connection, this virtual lecture provided participants with the must-know foundation to understand the value and the limitations of emerging brain science and related technologies, empowering them to navigate the growing stream of news articles, research reports and marketing claims.
Overview of neuroplasticity, cognition and brain fitness, based on the book talk for The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness at New York Public Library on September 29th, 2009.
More information on the book available here:
http://www.sharpbrains.com/book/
This presentation has a Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives license, so you can use it for classes and lectures, as appropriate.
During Expo Day selected Summit Sponsors will showcase their latest initiatives and solutions:
-- Preview the Future of Brain Health with Anu Acharya, Founder and CEO of Map My Genome
-- The Alzheimer’s Research and Prevention Foundation (ARPF): Discuss new science and prevention initiatives with President Dr. Dharma Singh Khalsa.
-- FitBrains (a Rosetta Stone company): Explore ongoing big data research with Conny Lin, Data Research Scientist & Policy Analyst.
Presentation @ The 2015 SharpBrains Virtual Summit http://sharpbrains.com/summit-2015/agenda
Biopsychosocial Model in Psychiatry- Revisited.pptxDevashish Konar
Over time our understanding of Psychiatric illnesses has undergone sea changes but yet the age old Bio-psycho-social model of etiology remains relevant. This presentation is an effort to explore the model in context of the newer developments.
Brain Bonanza - 2.3. Breathing and Nervous System Modulation
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Understanding the Fundamentals of Brain Health and Chronic Diseases Safdar...S'eclairer
Safdar I. Chaudhary, MD
Medical Director S’eclairer; Clinical Assistant Professor, Chatham
University; Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry by American Board of
Psychiatry and Neurology
The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness (book presentation)SharpBrains
Presentation by co-authors Alvaro Fernandez and Dr. Elkhonon Goldberg of book:
The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness:
18 Interviews with Scientists, Practical Advice, and Product Reviews, To Keep Your Brain Sharp
(May 2009; $24.95)
More info at:
http://www.sharpbrains.com/book/
Description: While most of us have heard the phrase “use it or lose it,” very few understand what “it” means, or how to properly “use it” in order to maintain brain function and fitness. The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness is an invaluable guide that helps readers navigate growing brain research and identify the lifestyle factors and products that contribute to brain fitness. By gathering insights from eighteen of the world’s top scientists and offering tools and detailed descriptions of over twenty products, this book is an essential guide to the field of brain fitness, neuroplasticity and cognitive health. An accessible and thought-provoking read, The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness educates lifelong learners and professionals in healthcare, education, business, etc., on emerging trends and forecasts of what the future will hold.
Slides from the April 21st, 2016 virtual lecture where three well-recognized experts and pioneers–UCLA’s Dr. Bob Bilder, Emotiv’s Tan Le, and SharpBrains’ Alvaro Fernandez–discussed 25 fundamental facts around neuroplasticity, Alzheimer’s prevention, brain training, meditation, neurofeedback, neurogenesis, brain supplements, and more. Available online from anywhere with an Internet connection, this virtual lecture provided participants with the must-know foundation to understand the value and the limitations of emerging brain science and related technologies, empowering them to navigate the growing stream of news articles, research reports and marketing claims.
Overview of neuroplasticity, cognition and brain fitness, based on the book talk for The SharpBrains Guide to Brain Fitness at New York Public Library on September 29th, 2009.
More information on the book available here:
http://www.sharpbrains.com/book/
This presentation has a Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives license, so you can use it for classes and lectures, as appropriate.
During Expo Day selected Summit Sponsors will showcase their latest initiatives and solutions:
-- Preview the Future of Brain Health with Anu Acharya, Founder and CEO of Map My Genome
-- The Alzheimer’s Research and Prevention Foundation (ARPF): Discuss new science and prevention initiatives with President Dr. Dharma Singh Khalsa.
-- FitBrains (a Rosetta Stone company): Explore ongoing big data research with Conny Lin, Data Research Scientist & Policy Analyst.
Presentation @ The 2015 SharpBrains Virtual Summit http://sharpbrains.com/summit-2015/agenda
Biopsychosocial Model in Psychiatry- Revisited.pptxDevashish Konar
Over time our understanding of Psychiatric illnesses has undergone sea changes but yet the age old Bio-psycho-social model of etiology remains relevant. This presentation is an effort to explore the model in context of the newer developments.
Brain Bonanza - 2.3. Breathing and Nervous System Modulation
Short presentation followed by a practical breathing session incorporating all notions seen until now.
This presentation provides an introductio to the field of nutrition. The approach is a pragmatic illustration of the processes involved in digestion and brain support. In this context, Serotonine is chosen as an example and application. The major field of microbiota is introduced.
This presentation provides an introduction into the aging of internal organs and the impact it has on brain functions. Specific and pragmatic examples are chosen in terms of impact on brain activities: Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 and Magnesium are explored.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
3. A word of gratitude
The Experts
Hugh Gordon Eric Johnson
Frederic County
Association of Realtors
Audio-Video Group
Johnson Tien
Social Media Koi Agency
And all of you making this possible.
3
4. 4
Disclaimers
This presentation was created for informational purposes only. The content is not intended to be
a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of
your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a
medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of
something you have read on this Website.
All graphics not created by me are, to the best of my knowledge, public domain and used for sole
purpose of education. Should one not fall in the public domain category, or should proper credit
be missing, please notify me so that the issue can be corrected immediately.
9. WHO
New WHO Guidelines recommend
specific interventions
for reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia
May 14, 2019
Healthy dietary pattern (e.g. the Mediterranean diet)
https://www.who.int/ageing/
9
11. Discovery
Giurgea. 1973. University of Leuven
Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain.
Attempt at nootropic concept in
psychopharmacology
Piracetam is a relatively simple compound chemically related to GABA:
GABA
Piracetam
H2N – CH2 – (CH2) 2 – COOH →
CH2 – COH – CH2
N
O
11
12. Corneliu Giurgea
Ilya Prigogine
“The main character of any living system is openness.”
“Man is not going to wait passively for millions of years
before evolution offers him a better brain.”
12
15. Original Definition
• Enhances memory and the ability to learn
• Assists brain function under disruptive conditions
such as lack of oxygen and electroconvulsive shock
• Protects the brain from chemical and physical toxins
like anticholinergic drugs and barbiturates
• Increases natural cognitive processes
• Must be non-toxic to humans, nor stimulate or
depress the brain
15
24. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)Bacopa (Bacopa monnieri)
Lion’s Mane Mushroom
(Hericium erinaceus)
American ginseng
(Panax quinquefolius)
24
25. Simple - Herbal
Name Effect Action
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Memory, ADHD,
anxiety, and depression
Improves blood flow to the
brain, anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant
Bacopa (Bacopa monnieri) Memory, learning, and
concentration
Neurotransmitter regulator
American ginseng (Panax
quinquefolius)
Memory (short-term),
reaction times
Antioxidant,
neuroprotective, cognitive
enhancer
Lion’s Mane Mushroom
(Hericium erinaceus)
Antidepressant
properties
Neuroprotective, anti-
inflammatory
25
26. Simple – Non-Herbal
Name Effect Action
L-Theanine Memory, learning, and
concentration
Increases levels of
serotonin, dopamine, and
GABA., alters brainwave
patterns
Tryptophan See previous presentation
Vit. B12 See previous presentation
Vit. D See previous presentation
26
27. A word of caution
• Unknown interactions
• Potential side-effects
Many of the herbal components have anti-platelet aggregation properties
27
29. Where?
Company Site Type
Nootropicsexpert nootropicsexpert.com Information
Mindlabpro mindlabpro.com Stack formulation
Performance Lab performancelab.com Stack formulation
29
30. From the individual to the group
• Cognitive enhancement
• Moral enhancement
• Empathy enhancement
• Altruistic enhancement
30
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https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/14-05-2019-adopting-a-healthy-lifestyle-helps-reduce-the-risk-of-
dementia.
• Agbabiaka, Taofikat B, Neil H Spencer, Sabina Khanom, and Claire Goodman. 2018. “Prevalence of Drug–Herb and
Drug–Supplement Interactions in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey.” The British Journal of General Practice
68 (675): e711–17. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18X699101.
• Agbabiaka, Taofikat, Barbara Wider, Leala Kay Watson, and Claire Goodman. 2016. “Concurrent Use of Prescription
Drugs and Herbal Medicinal Products in Older Adults: A Systematic Review Protocol.” Systematic Reviews 5 (April):
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• Ahlskog, Rafael. 2017. “Moral Enhancement Should Target Self-Interest and Cognitive Capacity.” Neuroethics 10
(3): 363–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-017-9331-x.
• Alban, Deane, and Patrick Alban. 2019. “Cognitive Enhancers: Brain Supplements, Smart Drugs & Nootropics.” Be
Brain Fit (blog). May 5, 2019. https://bebrainfit.com/cognitive-enhancers/.
32
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in Psychiatry 4 (April). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027.
• Ayaz, Muhammad, Abdul Sadiq, Muhammad Junaid, Farhat Ullah, Fazal Subhan, and Jawad Ahmed. 2017.
“Neuroprotective and Anti-Aging Potentials of Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants.” Frontiers in
Aging Neuroscience 9: 168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00168.
• Bard, Imre, George Gaskell, Agnes Allansdottir, Rui Vieira da Cunha, Peter Eduard, Juergen Hampel, Elisabeth Hildt,
et al. 2018. “Bottom Up Ethics - Neuroenhancement in Education and Employment.” Neuroethics 11 (3): 309–22.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-018-9366-7.
• Calabrese, Carlo, William L. Gregory, Michael Leo, Dale Kraemer, Kerry Bone, and Barry Oken. 2008. “Effects of a
Standardized Bacopa Monnieri Extract on Cognitive Performance, Anxiety, and Depression in the Elderly: A
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14 (6):
707–13. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0018.
• Cervenka, F., and J. Jahodár. 2006. “[Plant metabolites as nootropics and cognitives].” Ceska Slov Farm. 55 (2):
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December 12, 2018. https://futurism.com/nootropic-coffees-productivity-cognition-enhancing.
• Colucci, Luisa, Massimiliano Bosco, Antonio Rosario Ziello, Raffaele Rea, Francesco Amenta, and Angiola Maria
Fasanaro. 2012. “Effectiveness of Nootropic Drugs with Cholinergic Activity in Treatment of Cognitive Deficit: A
Review.” Journal of Experimental Pharmacology 4 (December): 163–72. https://doi.org/10.2147/JEP.S35326.
• Cross, A. J., J. George, M. C. Woodward, D. Ames, H. Brodaty, and R. A. Elliott. 2017. “Dietary Supplement Use in
Older People Attending Memory Clinics in Australia.” The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 21 (1): 46–50.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0742-x.
• Darby, R. Ryan, and Alvaro Pascual-Leone. 2017. “Moral Enhancement Using Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation.”
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (February). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00077.
• Denham, Joshua, Francine Z. Marques, Brendan J. O’Brien, and Fadi J. Charchar. 2014. “Exercise: Putting Action
into Our Epigenome.” Sports Medicine 44 (2): 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0114-1.
34
35. • Dresler, Martin, Anders Sandberg, Christoph Bublitz, Kathrin Ohla, Carlos Trenado, Aleksandra Mroczko-Wąsowicz,
Simone Kühn, and Dimitris Repantis. 2019. “Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement.” ACS
Chemical Neuroscience 10 (3): 1137–48. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571.
• Dwivedi, Yogesh. 2009. “Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: Role in Depression and Suicide.” Neuropsychiatric
Disease and Treatment 5: 433–49.
• Dwyer, Johanna T., Paul M. Coates, and Michael J. Smith. 2018. “Dietary Supplements: Regulatory Challenges and
Research Resources.” Nutrients 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010041.
• Eisenberg, Nancy. 2007. “Empathy-Related Responding and Prosocial Behaviour.” Novartis Foundation Symposium
278: 71–80; discussion 80-96, 216–21.
• Erickson, Kirk I., Destiny L. Miller, and Kathryn A. Roecklein. 2012. “The Aging Hippocampus: Interactions between
Exercise, Depression, and BDNF.” The Neuroscientist : A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and
Psychiatry 18 (1): 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858410397054.
35
36. • Feng, Wuwen, Hui Ao, and Cheng Peng. 2018. “Gut Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Herbal Medicines.”
Frontiers in Pharmacology 9 (November). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01354.
• Feng, Wuwen, Hui Ao, Cheng Peng, and Dan Yan. 2019. “Gut Microbiota, a New Frontier to Understand Traditional
Chinese Medicines.” Pharmacological Research 142 (April): 176–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.024.
• Frati, Paola, Chrystalla Kyriakou, Alessandro Del Rio, Enrico Marinelli, Gianluca Montanari Vergallo, Simona Zaami,
and Francesco P. Busardò. 2015. “Smart Drugs and Synthetic Androgens for Cognitive and Physical Enhancement:
Revolving Doors of Cosmetic Neurology.” Current Neuropharmacology 13 (1): 5–11.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X13666141210221750.
• Froestl, Wolfgang, Andreas Muhs, and Andrea Pfeifer. 2012. “Cognitive Enhancers (Nootropics). Part 1: Drugs
Interacting with Receptors.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD 32 (4): 793–887. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-
2012-121186.
• ———. 2013. “Cognitive Enhancers (Nootropics). Part 2: Drugs Interacting with Enzymes.” Journal of Alzheimer’s
Disease: JAD 33 (3): 547–658. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-121537.
36
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Interacting with Targets Other than Receptors or Enzymes. Disease-Modifying Drugs.” Journal of Alzheimer’s
Disease: JAD 34 (1): 1–114. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-121729.
• Giurgea, C. E., M. G. Greindl, and S. Preat. 1983. “Nootropic Drugs and Aging.” Acta Psychiatrica Belgica 83 (4):
349–58.
• Giurgea, Corneliu E. 1972. “Vers Une Pharmacologie de l’active Integrative Du Cerveau: Tentative Du Concept
Nootrope En Psychopharmacologie.” Actual Pharmacol 25: 115–56.
• Giurgea, Corneliu E., and M. Salama. 1977. “Nootropic Drugs.” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology 1 (3–4):
235–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-7722(77)90046-7.
• Gomez-Pinilla, Fernando, and Ethika Tyagi. 2013. “Diet and Cognition: Interplay between Cell Metabolism and
Neuronal Plasticity.” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 16 (6): 726–33.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e328365aae3.
37
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with Pathogenesis of Brain Disorders.” Progress in Neurobiology 169 (October): 76–90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.07.001.
• Heinonen, Ilkka, Kari K. Kalliokoski, Jarna C. Hannukainen, Dirk J. Duncker, Pirjo Nuutila, and Juhani Knuuti. 2014.
“Organ-Specific Physiological Responses to Acute Physical Exercise and Long-Term Training in Humans.” Physiology,
November. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00067.2013.
• Hertzog, Christopher, Arthur F. Kramer, Robert S. Wilson, and Ulman Lindenberger. 2008. “Enrichment Effects on
Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced?”
Psychological Science in the Public Interest: A Journal of the American Psychological Society 9 (1): 1–65.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x.
• Howes, Melanie-Jayne R., and Peter J. Houghton. 2003. “Plants Used in Chinese and Indian Traditional Medicine
for Improvement of Memory and Cognitive Function.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 75 (3): 513–27.
• Kalász, Huba, Shreesh Ojha, Kornélia Tekes, Éva Szőke, Rajesh Mohanraj, Mohamed Fahim, Ernest Adeghate, and
Abdu Adem. 2018. “Pharmacognostical Sources of Popular Medicine To Treat Alzheimer’s Disease.” The Open
Medicinal Chemistry Journal 12 (February): 23–35. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501812010023.
38
39. • Kennedy, David O. 2019. “Phytochemicals for Improving Aspects of Cognitive Function and Psychological State
Potentially Relevant to Sports Performance.” Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.z.) 49 (Suppl 1): 39–58.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1007-0.
• Kennedy, David O., and Andrew B. Scholey. 2003. “Ginseng: Potential for the Enhancement of Cognitive
Performance and Mood.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 75 (3): 687–700.
• Kennedy, David, Edward Okello, Paul Chazot, Melanie-Jayne Howes, Samuel Ohiomokhare, Philippa Jackson,
Crystal Haskell-Ramsay, Julie Khan, Joanne Forster, and Emma Wightman. 2018. “Volatile Terpenes and Brain
Function: Investigation of the Cognitive and Mood Effects of Mentha × Piperita L. Essential Oil with In Vitro
Properties Relevant to Central Nervous System Function.” Nutrients 10 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081029.
• Kongkeaw, Chuenjid, Piyameth Dilokthornsakul, Phurit Thanarangsarit, Nanteetip Limpeanchob, and C. Norman
Scholfield. 2014. “Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Cognitive Effects of Bacopa Monnieri Extract.”
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151 (1): 528–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008.
• Lanni, Cristina, Silvia C. Lenzken, Alessia Pascale, Igor Del Vecchio, Marco Racchi, Francesca Pistoia, and Stefano
Govoni. 2008. “Cognition Enhancers between Treating and Doping the Mind.” Pharmacological Research 57 (3):
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