The document details the morphological characteristics and developmental stages of human skeletal features, specifically comparing male and female traits in bones such as the skull, hip bone, mandible, and femur. It includes age-related changes in various bone structures and emphasizes the significance of bone examination for identification and forensic purposes. Additionally, it outlines the conditions, injuries, and abnormalities that may be present in bones.

1. PRACTICAL
BONES

2. SKULL
 Masto-occipital suture: 70-80 years

4. SKULL
Traits Male Female
Gen. Appearance Larger, rougher Smaller , lighter, thin wall, smoother
Forehead Steeper (sloping), less rounded Vertical, rounder
Glabella Rough, more prominent Smooth, smaller or absent
Orbits Square, smaller, set low on
face
Rounder, higher, larger
Cheek bones Heavier, laterally arched Lighter
Occipital protuberance Prominent Not so prominent
Supra orbital ridge Prominent Less prominent
Mastoid Prominent, large Less pointed, smooth
Palate “U” shaped Parabolic shape

5. HIP BONE
 Fusion of Iliac crest: 17-19 & 19-20 years
 Fusion of Tri radiate cartilage: 13-14 & 15-16 years
 Ischial tuberosity: 20 years.

6. HIP BONE
FEATURES MALE FEMALE
General Heavier, rougher with Muscle Impressions
more prominent
Light, smooth with muscles Impressions
less prominent
Obturator foramen Large, oval Small, triangular
Acetabulum Large, directed laterally Small, directed antero-laterally
Greater sciatic notch Smaller, narrower, deeper Larger, wider, shallower
Ilium High, tends to be vertical Lower, laterally divergent
Iliac crest Steeper anterior, posterior slope Not so
Ischial tuberosity Inverted everted
Body of pubis Narrow, triangular Broad, square

7. MANDIBLE

8. MANDIBLE
Features Male Mandible Female Mandible
Size Large Small
Surface Ragged Smooth
Ms. impression Prominent Not so prominent
Mandibular Angle Everted Inverted
Chin Square shaped Round
Shape of bone “V” shaped “U” shaped
Mental tubercle Large insignificant
Condylar Process Large small

9. MANDIBLE
 Ossifies in dense fibro membranous tissue
 Head of the mandible completely ossifies in 21-30 years.
 Adult
 Mental Foramen is at mid way between upper & lower border
 Condyloid process is at higher level than the coronoid process
 Old age:
 Reduced in size
 Alveolar region is absorbed
 Mental foramen is near to superior border
 Ramus become oblique, the angle is 140 degree
 Neck is inclined backwards.
 Coronoid process again projects higher than condylar process.

10. FEMUR
Features Male Female
General Heavier, rougher, muscles
Impressions prominent
Light, smoother
Head Articular surface is more
than 2/3rd
of the sphere
Articular surface is less than
2/3rd
of the sphere
Angulation of shaft
with condyles
Around 80 degree Around 76 degree
Length 438.4 mm 400 mm

12. STERNUM
 Body of the sternum: 4 segments
 Manubrium
 Xiphoid Process

14. Bone Examination
 To the investigating officer,
 Identification of the bone
 Human Bone
 Which side ?
 Gender? Differentiating features .
 Condition of the bone:-
 Any injuries over it?
 Any abnormality?
 Age
 Inference: Conclusion

15. THANK