A bond is a loan in the form of a security where the issuer borrows money from investors. Bonds are used by firms and governments to finance long-term investments and are traded on primary and secondary markets. The bond market is large, with over $65 trillion in bonds outstanding worldwide in 2007. Bonds have features like maturity date, coupon rate, and call provisions that are defined in the indenture contract between the issuer and investors. The main risks to bond investors include interest rate risk, credit risk, inflation risk, and liquidity risk.

2.  What


is a bond?
A bond is simply a loan, but in the form of a security.
The issuer of the bond is the borrower and investors
(bondholders) are the lenders.
are used to finance a firm’s (usually
long-term) investments.
 Bonds

Bank loans tend to involve shorter term lending periods.

3. Primary market: where new bonds are issued to
investors.
Secondary market: where previously issued bonds
trade.
 Most secondary market trading occurs in a
decentralized (fragmented) OTC market—in part
because no two bonds are alike.
Size of bond market:
Face value of all bonds outstanding worldwide in
2007 was about $65 Trillion.
 Contrast this with the equities where global
capitalization was about $55 Trillion.


4.  Yum!
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Brands
$350,000,000 face value
3.875% coupon
3.89% yield/99.867price
Citigroup, Goldman and
JPM/Chase lead
10 year bonds maturing
November 1st 2020
 US
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10 year
Bonds Issued 8/16
$24 billion
2.625% coupon
2.730% yield

5.  Treasury
Sector: debt issued by US
government:
Treasury bills, notes, and bonds.
US government is largest issuer of securities in th eworld.
 Agency
Sector: securities issued by
government-sponsored organizations.
 Municipal Sector: debt issued by state and
local governments Also called the ―taxexempt‖ sector.

6.  Corporate
Sector: debt issued by
corporations (also called credit sector):
• Commercial paper, notes, bonds.
• Subsectors: investment grade and noninvestment
grade sectors.
Sector – issuer pools loans
and receivables as collateral for the issuance
of securities.
 Mortgage-backed Sector – debt backed by
pool of mortgage loans:
 Asset-backed
• Subsectors: Residential mortgage sector and
Commercial mortgage sector.

7.  Bond
features are outlined in a contract
between the issuer and investors (called
the indenture):
• Term to maturity
• Principal amount
• Coupon rate
• Amortization features
• Embedded options.

8.  Term
to maturity: # of years until the bond
expires.
 Usually just called ―term‖ or ―maturity.
Bond terms:
 Short term: 1 to 5 years.
 Intermediate term: 5 to 12 years.
 Long term: > 12 years.

9.  Principal:
The amount the issuer agrees to
repay to bondholders at the maturity date.
• Also commonly called: face value, par value, maturity
value.
 Coupon
Rate: the annual interest rate the
issuer agrees to pay on the face value
(principal).
• The coupon is the annual amount the issuer promises
to pay (in $):
• coupon = coupon rate *principal
• The coupon is paid semiannually on most bonds.

10.  Some
bonds pay no coupons (zerocoupon bonds).
Zeros are sold at a substantial discount to
face value and redeemed at face value at
expiration.
All interest is therefore received at
expiration.
 Some bonds have floating coupons
The coupon resets periodically, according
to some formula

11.  The
coupon for a floater is determined
by the following general formula:
• Floater coupon = floating reference rate + fixed
margin

12. 
The principal on a bond can be paid
two ways:
• Paid all at once at expiration (―bullet‖ maturity).
• Paid little-by-little over the life of the bond
according to a schedule (amortizing).
 One
advantage of a bond that amortizes
principal is that the issuer won’t have to
fund a big “balloon payment” at
expiration.

13.  Options
are actions that can be taken by
either the issuer or the investor.
 The
most common is a call provision: Grants
issuer the right to retire bonds (fully or
partially) prior to maturity.
 Put
provision: Enables the bondholder to sell
the issue back to issuer at par value prior to
expiration.

14. bond – gives bondholders
the right to exchange the bond for a
specified number of shares of common
stock.
 Convertible
• This is advantageous to investors if firm’s stock
price goes up.
bond – allows
bondholders to exchange the bond for a
specified number of shares of common
stock of another firm.
 Exchangeable

15.  Interest-rate
Risks - Associated with Bond
Investing , thereby reducing a bond’s price
(also called market risk).
• The major risk faced by bond investors.
risk – the risk that the interest
rate at which intermediate cash flows can be
reinvested will fall.
 Reinvestment
risk – the risk the issuer may ―call‖ or
retire all or part of the issue before the
maturity date.
 Call

16. risk – risk that issuer will fail to satisfy
the terms of the bond.
 Credit
Default risk: Risk the issuer does not repay part or
all of its financial obligation.
2. Credit spread risk: Risk that an issuer’s obligation
will decline due to an increase in the credit spread
(the part of the risk premium or yield spread
attributable to default risk).
3. Credit deterioration risk: Risk that the credit quality
of the issuer decreases (closely related to credit
spread risk).
1.

17. risk – the risk that the purchasing
power of a bond’s cash flows may decline.
 Inflation
• Floating rate bonds have a lower level of inflation
risk than coupon bonds.
rate risk – if a bond is
denominated in a foreign currency (e.g.,
the euro), the value of the cash flows in
US$ will be uncertain.
 Exchange

18. risk – the risk that the bond
cannot be sold with ease at (or near) its
current value.
 Liquidity
• Unimportant for investors holding a bond to
maturity.
• Liquidity can be measured by the bid-ask spread.
• The wider the spread the less liquid a bond is.
Sometimes called marketability risk.

19. risk – the value of embedded options
is determined partly by the volatility of interest
rates
 Volatility
• The price of a bond with embedded options will
change as interest rate volatility changes.
risk – The bond market has been a
hotbed of financial innovation.
 Risk
• The risk/return characteristics of innovative securities
are not always understood. Risk risk is ―not knowing
what the risk of a security is.‖

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