BMSCE Presentation 25-11-2022.pptx

25-11-2022 A Technical Paper Writing Presentation by Dr. M. C. Hanumantharaju 1
by
Dr. M. C. Hanumantharaju
Professor and Controller of Examinations
November 25, 2022
A PRESENTATION
ON
TECHNICAL PAPER WRITING

Presentation Outline
1. Introduction
2. How to Read Research Papers
3. Writing Research Papers
4. Publication
5. Conclusions

INTRODUCTION
“If We Knew What it Was We Were Doing, it Would Not be Called
Research, Would it?”
Albert Einstein
German Theoretical – Physicist)
(1875-1955)

RESEARCH
 What is a research?
According to Redman and Morry,
• “Research is a careful and systematized effort of gaining new
knowledge.”
According to Clifford Woody,
• “Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and
evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions. And at
last carefully testing the conclusions, to determine, whether they fit
the formulating hypothesis or not.”

RESEARCH FLOW

RESEARCH PAPER
 What is a research paper?
• A research paper is an investigation, written report based upon
information compiled from variety of resources.
• How to start research, when to start research (B.E/M.Tech/Ph.D/Post
Doc.), how to identify domain, what programming knowledge is
required, how to read the paper effectively, literature survey, how to
get a new idea, how to write a paper, paper templates, structure of the
paper, where to publish, conference/journal/patent, how to identify
conference/journal,

WRITE, ORGANIZE, COMMUNICATION
 Notes
Electronic|Handwritten
 Outline the Paper
Create Outline|Sample Outline
 Incorporate Source Material
Quote|Paraphrase|Summarize

HOW TO READ A PAPER

INTRODUCTION
• Learning to efficiently read a paper is a critical but rarely taught skill.
• Graduate students, learn on their own using trial and error method, but
waste much of their effort in the process and are frequently driven to
frustration.
• A simple and practical approach to efficiently read research papers is
“three-pass” approach.
• First pass: General idea
• Second pass: Grasp the paper’s content, but not details.
• Third pass: Understand the paper in depth.
• Reference: S. Keshav, University of Waterloo, “How to read a Paper”

THE THREE PASS APPROACH

THE FIRST PASS
• The first pass is a quick scan to get a bird's-eye view of the paper.
• Time: five to ten minutes
• Steps:
1. Carefully read the title, abstract, and introduction
2. Read the section and sub-section headings, but ignore everything else
3. Read the conclusions
4. Glance over the references, mentally ticking over the ones you’ve already
read.

THE FIRST PASS CONT.,
• At the end of the first pass, you should be able to answer the five Cs:
1. Category: What type of paper is this? A measurement paper? An
analysis of an existing system? A description of a research prototype?
2. Context: Which other papers is it related to? Which theoretical bases
were used to analyze the problem?
3. Correctness: Do the assumptions appear to be valid?
4. Contributions: What are the paper’s main contributions?
5. Clarity: Is the paper well written?
Using this information, you may choose not to read further. This could
be because
• The paper doesn’t interest you,
• You don’t know enough about the area to understand the paper,
• The authors make invalid assumptions.

THE SECOND PASS
In the second pass, read the paper with greater care, but ignore details
such as proofs. It helps to jot down the key points, or to make
comments in the margins, as you read.
1. Look carefully at the figures, diagrams and other illustrations in the
paper. Pay special attention to graphs. Are the axes properly labeled?
Are results shown with error bars, so that conclusions are
statistically significant? Common mistakes like these will separate
rushed, shoddy work from the truly excellent.
2. Remember to mark relevant unread references for further reading
(this is a good way to learn more about the background of the paper).

The second pass should take up to an hour.
After this pass, you should be able to grasp the content of the paper.
You should be able to summarize the main thrust of the paper, with
supporting evidence, to someone else.
This level of detail is appropriate for a paper in which you are interested,
but does not lie in your research specialty.
THE SECOND PASS CONT.,

THE SECOND PASS CONT.,
• Sometimes you won't understand a paper even at the end of the second
pass.
• This may be because the subject matter is new to you, with unfamiliar
terminology and acronyms. Or the authors may use a proof or
experimental technique that you don't understand, so that the bulk of
the paper is incomprehensible.
The paper may be poorly written with unsubstantiated assertions and
numerous forward references. Or it could just be that it's late at night and
you’re tired.
You can now choose to:
(a) set the paper aside, hoping you don't need to understand the material
to be successful in your career,
(b) Return to the paper later, perhaps after reading background material or
(c) Persevere and go on to the third pass.

THE THIRD PASS
• To fully understand a paper, particularly if you are reviewer, requires a
third pass.
• The key to the third pass is to attempt to virtually re-implement the
paper: that is, making the same assumptions as the authors, re-create
the work.
• By comparing this re-creation with the actual paper, you can easily
identify not only a paper’s innovations, but also its hidden failings and
assumptions.

THE THIRD PASS CONT.,
• This pass requires great attention to detail.
• You should identify and challenge every assumption in every statement.
• Moreover, you should think about how you yourself would present a
particular idea.
• This comparison of the actual with the virtual lends a sharp insight into
the proof and presentation techniques in the paper and you can very
likely add this to your repertoire of tools.
• During this pass, you should also jot down ideas for future work.

THE THIRD PASS CONT.,
• This pass can take about four or five hours for beginners, and about an
hour for an experienced reader.
• At the end of this pass, you should be able to reconstruct the entire
structure of the paper from memory, as well as be able to identify its
strong and weak points.
• In particular, you should be able to pinpoint implicit assumptions,
missing citations to relevant work, and potential issues with
experimental or analytical techniques.

DOING A LITERATURE SURVEY
• Paper reading skills are put to the test in doing a literature survey.
• This will require you to read tens of papers, perhaps in an unfamiliar
field.
• What papers should you read? Here is how you can use the three-pass
approach to help.
• First, use an academic search engine such as Google Scholar or
CiteSeer and some well-chosen keywords to find three to five recent
papers in the area.
• Do one pass on each paper to get a sense of the work, then read their
related work sections. You will find a thumbnail summary of the recent
work, and perhaps, if you are lucky, a pointer to a recent survey paper.
• If you can find such a survey, you are done. Read the survey,
congratulating yourself on your good luck.

DOING A LITERATURE SURVEY
• Otherwise, in the second step, find shared citations and repeated
author names in the bibliography.
• These are the key papers and researchers in that area.
• Download the key papers and set them aside. Then go to the websites of
the key researchers and see where they've published recently.
• That will help you identify the top conferences in that field because the
best researchers usually publish in the top conferences.
• The third step is to go to the website for these top conferences and look
through their recent proceedings.
• A quick scan will usually identify recent high-quality related work.
• These papers, along with the ones you set aside earlier, constitute the
first version of your survey.
• Make two passes through these papers. If they all cite a key paper that
you did not find earlier, obtain and read it, iterating as necessary.

EXPERIENCE
• I've used this approach for the last 10 years to read conference
proceedings, write reviews, do background research, and to quickly
review papers before a discussion.
• This disciplined approach prevents me from drowning in the details
before getting a bird's-eye-view.
• It allows me to estimate the amount of time required to review a set of
papers.
• Moreover, I can adjust the depth of paper evaluation depending on my
needs and how much time I have.

HOW TO WRITE RESEARCH PAPERS

ACADEMIC WRITING
 The clarity: In all these forms you must be very clear in
communicating your idea to the reader.
 Completeness: Each communication should be complete in totality...
we cannot left it open ended like in literature
 Logic: The logic must be there
 Technicality: Technical terms are always used depending on the field
of research.
 Sequencing: Sequence of presenting the information is very important
for smooth transition from one point to the next point.
 Unambiguity: There is no place for ambiguity in AW.
 The reader friendliness is the key point.
Mango: A fruit, juicy, sweet.
(Writing)
Mango: juicy stone fruit (drupe) from numerous species of tropical trees
belonging to the flowering plant genus Mangifera, cultivated mostly for their
edible fruit.
(Academic writing)

DRAFTING A MANUSCRIPT
• A tight or well-defined outline of the article helps a lot in drafting.
• Stick to author guidelines of the journal while drafting the manuscript
• Use either British or American English
• Avoid any typo and grammatical errors.
• Use simple and reader friendly language with good clarity.
• Maintain a systematic flow in writing and presenting information.
• Don’t forget to give due attribution.
• Avoid plagiarism: Do not copy
• Plan a precise aim, split it into objectives and tell what methods were
adopted for getting results and then discuss them properly.

FOCUS EVERY COMPONENT OF AN ARTICLE
 Title: I suggest plan it at last. Keep in mind that it should be simple,
catchy, reader friendly, suitable for the journal to be targeted and
representative of your work.
• “Antidiabetic potential of a medicinal plant” Not Good
• “Anti-diabetic activity of Withania somnifera fruit extract in streptozocin
induced diabetic rats ” Good
 Authorship: Only persons who have given actual contribution in
planning, designing, execution, completion, and drafting of study
should be given authorship. It should not be used as a gift or any favor.
 Affiliation: apart from your institutional address give email which you
use more frequently rather than the one which you do not use
normally.

FOCUS EVERY COMPONENT OF AN ARTICLE
 Abstract: In drafting stage, you should plan the abstract after the
completion of the paper. Make it structured or unstructured as per
requirement of the journal. Give to the point aim/objective, methods,
results and conclusion; and make it concise (generally 300 words).
 Keywords: select the keywords which are not in the title. Right selection
of keywords makes it easy to get your work searched easily on internet
or search engines. Add keywords which are related to your study and
which are more likely to be used by the people to search for the similar
study.

SECTION OF THE PAPER AND CONTENT
Section Content
Abstract The central idea
Introduction Defining problem and objectives; rationality of the work
Materials and Methods The way to solve the problem
Results Findings of the experiments
Discussion Analytical study of obtained results
Conclusion Concluding remark on outcome
Acknowledgement Support received
References Sources of study
Infographics Tables and figures

 Introduction: Try to answer: What is the problem and what is your
hypothesis:
• Give background or origin of idea
• Logically, sequentially, systematically introduce your problem and give
your hypothesis.
• Focus on justifying the rationality of your work.
• Give proper citation to latest and important previous studies.
• Don’t use very old references until they are indispensable or they are
must to discuss.
 Materials and methods: Try to answer: How the problem was studied
following your hypothesis.
• Discuss the methodology logically and in concise way.
• Don’t miss discussing about any modification made by you in standard
method.

 Results: Try to answer: What was the outcome of problem treatment from
your hypothesis.
• This section provides the evidence that leads to the answers of the study
to the question you posed at the start.
• The reader should be guided to these findings by using the text of the
results along with a judicious use of tables and illustrations.
• State the results without any bias.
• Don’t exaggerate the results.
• Don’t be afraid of reporting negative results.
• Report any paradox.
• Use good statistics to show the results
• Don’t repeat the text in figure or table or vice versa
• Cite the table or figure in text.
• Make the tables and figures self-explanatory with suitable legends or
footnotes.
• Equations and special characters: Give attention to presentation of
equations. Its better to write the equations in Microsoft equation. The
special characters like micron (μ), beta (β), Rho (ρ), gamma (γ) etc. should
be checked specially for their accurate presentation.

 Discussion: Try to answer: How was the outcome of problem treatment
correlated and/or contradicted with the previous studies.
• Discussion may be separate section or joined as results and discussion
section as per the journal’s requirement.
• Take the results one by one and discuss them.
• Discuss the results in light of existing knowledge.
• Be critical.
• Don’t be biased.
• Discuss the results with clarity and reader friendliness.
• Use the references freely to support discussion.
 Conclusion: Conclude your study outcome in concise manner. The
conclusion should not just be copied from abstract. Give future direction
also.

 Acknowledgements: Try to answer: Who helped you and supported you
but not eligible to be author on merit.
• Acknowledge only to project grants,
• Gift samples,
• Analytical or other service providers
• Logistic support etc.
• Do not use this section for greasing
• Do not acknowledge senior authors and direct stakeholders like
department, principal/head etc.

 References:
• Stick to uniform formatting and style as prescribed by the journal.
• Don’t unnecessarily increase the references.
• Spell author’s name properly (he/she may be one of the reviewers; none
wants his name printed wrong);
• Don’t miss the pioneer, most important and most relevant studies for your
work.
• Do not forget to cite latest references.
• Limit the references as per the need of your article
• Review article are expected to give as much as references.

 Editing & Revising
• Major Changes: Fill the missing links, correct the flow or the logic,
rewrite/reorganize the text for putting in the logical sequence.
• Polish the style: Refine the content followed by corrections in grammar
and spelling.
• Formatting: Give time to your text so that it is more attractive and easy to
read
Do the work in the given sequence. Otherwise, you will be wasting your time
in revising the things and then deleting the same thing later.
 Self-Revision by the Author(s)
Revision of your writing is an on-going process from the time you begin until
the final copy is submitted. You must write the first draft and then leave it
for a day. Then you can come back to the first draft and begin revising again
and check the things in following order.

 Check
• The sequence of content and idea in each section for logical flow
• Whether there is a strong relationship of ideas between the introduction
and the discussion or not.
• Each paragraph has a main sentence for coherence or not.
• In paragraph, other sentences support the main or lead sentence or not?
• The smooth, natural and logical transitions between paragraphs.
• The accuracy of terminology used.
• For possibility of active voice framing of an existing passive voice.
• For complete removal of any colloquial language.
• For any redundancy of content
• Clarity and brevity of sentences. Try to use fewer words for same sentence.
• Correct citation and formatting.
• The sequence of your infographics.
• The line spacing, font size in text and infographics.
• The page breaks to ensure unbroken infographics.
• The accuracy of names and affiliation of authors

 Reading aloud: Reading the paper aloud is the best and the simplest
strategy to check the error of writing.
• Use spell check/thesaurus: Using spell checker helps a lot in checking the
most typos and spell errors. But watch the replacements carefully do not
allow automatic replacement. Because it may lead to a right but
completely non-contextual/ nonsense word.
• Don’t rely on thesaurus and grammar checker: It may lead to non-
contextual/ nonsense words.
• Get feedback on your manuscript and then revise your manuscript again
• You must get the feedback to improve your article. Ensure that your co-
authors have read and commented on the draft or had the chance of it.
• When it is ready, give the manuscript to some colleagues. Tell them, when
you would like to receive their comments, and what levels
• of information you would like (e.g., comments on the science, logic,
language, and/or style).
• After you get their comments, revise your manuscript to address their
concerns. Do not submit the manuscript until you feel it is completely OK.
Once it is accepted, further changes in your manuscript will be difficult
and may also be costly.

 Final Revision
• Allow you reviewer does, examine the paper again, if it is possible. Co-
authors should check and approve the final draft to ensure that their
inputs were included, and the quality is good now.
• If all the changes have been done to everyone's expectations and
satisfaction, make the last check of overall appearance of the manuscript
and check any break in natural flow of content at grammatical or idea
level.

 Submitting Manuscript & Follow-ups
Once you have prepared final version of manuscript, you should send the
manuscript to the editor of the journal as earlier as possible. The following
steps are needed for the same.
• Identifying mode of submission: online or offline:
• Preparing a Cover Letter: Prepare a simple, short but effective cover letter
for the manuscript submission addressing the editor of the journal with
short description of your study.
• Providing Copyright
• Submitting/uploading the manuscript: Upload the suitable files in desired
format.
• Address the comments of reviewers point to point.
• Understand what the flaw/fault is and try to overcome it.
• Plan and write a good rebuttal letter.
• Be alert on submission of revised manuscript deadline.
• Be on time to return the sent final version received for final checking.
• Be careful in proof reading.
• Once more check typo errors, consistency of text, table and figures in final
pdf version.

 So, to summarize:
Lastly, here are some suggestions for improving a manuscript:
• Write simple language with clarity.
• Rational of the study must be clear and be focused in the entire study.
• Aims and methodology should be clearly explained
• Provide the results systematically and in totality;
• Discuss the results critically and with logical reasoning without any
general and vague
• statements;
• Conclude the study as per the objective of the study and provide future
trend (if any)
• Provide the additional data or spectra also in support of our study.
• Always stick to manuscript guidelines prescribed by the journal with
respect to formatting and all other aspects of the research article.

 Basic rules of effective English in Academic Writing
• Keep it simple....
• Keep it clear/ non-ambiguous
• Keep it short/concise
• Keep it reader friendly
• Do not try to impress by ornamental English, just communicate for better
understanding.
“Readers of scientific papers do not read them to assess them, they read
them to learn from them . . . . What is needed is more simplicity, not more
sophistication!” Aim “to inform, not to impress.”
ENGLISH IN ACADEMIC WRITING

• Do not use passive voice unnecessarily: Until and unless passive voice is
more comfortable and common than that of active voice, do not use it.
• Do not use much Latin words: like modus operandi, prima facia etc., if
they are not absolutely essential.
• Avoid using &, @, ASAP like abbreviations or other slang.
• Avoid punctuations errors: even a missing a comma “,” can alter the
meaning of a sentence.
• Use articles judiciously: Some authors habitually use “the” carelessly
anywhere in their manuscript even if it is not required. And same holds
true for “a” and “an”.
• Avoid very long sentences: Try to break the long sentences because very
long sentences always lose the attention of readers.

 Sometimes, the subject is not required for obvious reasons:
“Animals were sacrificed”
“Animals were sacrificed by the authors.”
or
“Authors sacrificed the animals.”
All these sentences are grammatically correct. But from the point of view of
academic writing, it is but obvious that authors have sacrificed the animals.
So the first sentence is the precise one to be used.

 For emphasis, nonliving objects may become the subject of the sentence:
We often use sentences with the nonliving as subjects, for the sake of
emphasis, as in:
“The result showed that....”, “The article aims to......” etc.
 Use the most appropriate verb: It is the use of verb which gives the
emphasis to the sentence. But be cautious in replacing the verb for
emphasis. The meaning should not be distorted. Synonyms do not have
the same meaning.
e.g. “Observe” in place of “see”
“Determine” in place of “calculate”
“Possess” in place of “have”

 Avoid vague adjectives: To emphasize the degree of results never use the
adjectives in rough or vague manner.
 E.g.: Do not use the language like “very good results or very excellent
results ...were obtained”. “The tablets were too strong”. You are supposed
to precisely mention, compare or present the results statistically, not by
plain adjectives.

 Do not use unnecessary words
 Avoid common or casual words which are used often in spoken English.
E.g. actually, in fact, by the way....
 “The secret of good writing is to strip every sentence to its cleanest
components.
 Every word that serves no function, every long word that could be a short
word, ever adverb that carries the same meaning that’s already in the
verb... these are the thousands and one adulterants that weaken the
strength of a sentence.

 Active and passive voice
• It is better to be Active .....
• Until passive is more comfortable and common, frame the sentences in
active voice.
• “Active voice gives more clarity.”
• But the classic academic writing preferred passive voice. Modern
communicative writing prefers active voice. Where the demarcating line
lies is still a debated question.
• Active voice
• Subject + verb (+ object)
• e.g. He prepared it.
• Passive voice
• Object + auxiliary verb + III form of verb
• e.g. It was prepared (by him).

 Make passive if you want
• to emphasize on the object or objective rather than the subject:
e.g. “Nanotechnology was coined by Eric Drexler.”
• to illustrate a universal or general truth or fact.
e.g. “Animal study protocols were approved by Ethical committee of
institute”
• to be polite in tone
Passive voice is polite in tone or less harsh. E.g. “All the rats were
sacrificed”,
“The formulations with poor results were dropped out for the in vivo
study”,
“The effect was terminated”
• to avoid using first person

 Avoid use of “I” and “we”, and frame a passive voice construction instead.
Skip the subject and if it is unavoidable, use “authors”. For example, “The
effect was studied on diabetic rats.” Or “In previous studies, authors
studied the effect of drug on ......”
 Article “the” is called definite article.
• “The” is used before a singular or plural noun. It is used
• to denote a specific thing or a particular member of a group e.g. “The
formulation 1 showed better activity.”
• before superlatives (the highest, the most...)
• before the geographical areas/places (the US, the Europe, the Tajmahal
etc.)
• before the natural things (the Ganges, The sun, the moon, the Himalaya)
• before a noun which has been mentioned earlier. E.g. “A particle was
observed in the test tube. The particle was removed from the test tube.”

 Among the various punctuation marks, we are generally comfortable in
the use of full stop (.), question mark (?), exclamation mark (!), apostrophe
(‘) etc. Mistakes occur in our use of comma (,), hyphen (-), colon (:), and
semicolon (;). Please refer the very simple and effective text from the free e-
content available on the website of Commonwealth of Learning
(www.col.org).
• “The Comma (,) Commas separate the following:
• two or more adjectives describing one noun: He has a large, boisterous
dog.
• individual items in a list: I shall buy books, pens, paper and a birthday
cake from the shop.

 Review Paper is equivalent to 20+ papers
 Writing survey is a service to research community
 Write review paper in the fields which are on the verge of maturity and do
not qualify for a book,
 If number of papers <10 of the same author, field and already survey
paper exists then do not write a survey paper.
 While writing review paper introduce various terminology, clarification on
the terms, etc is highly important.
 Describe Research challenges in the field.
 Provide an integral view on the research activity of the field.
 Note objective description from various papers.
 Rewrite in your own words
HOW TO WRITE A SURVEY PAPER

 Need to write a good write-up to cover all the papers, not one.
 Identify 3-4 main research directions around which you will organize the
papers.
 Introduce a new taxonomy.
 Review papers shall provide 3-4 big research directions.
 What math techniques or algorithms they rely on (Linear programming,
genetic algorithm, neural network, HMM)
 Is this a theory or application paper
 Is it a continuation or improvement of another work (present in order)
 Do they use theoretical proofs, simulation, hardware, testbed, real,life
deployment.
 Comparison of other technology, which way better, author’s claim, high
performance (assumption), high robustness, lower computational
complexity

 Assemble reading list completely first
 Write down answers to the question as you read
 Citations :Laurel and Hary [2] did this
 Coyot [3] did that
 Politeness towards authors
 Researchers active in the field
 Universities, Labs, Special leaderships role
 Create a big table to summarize them

Your idea
Do
research
Write
paper
WRITING PAPERS: MODEL - 1

Your idea
Do
research
Your idea
Write
paper
Write
paper
Do
research

Your idea
Write
paper
Do
research
• Forces us to be clear, focused
• Crystallizes what we don’t understand
• Opens the way to dialogue with others: reality check,
critique, and collaboration
Writing papers is a primary mechanism for doing research (not
just for reporting it)

GOAL: CONVEY USEFUL AND REUSABLE IDEA
Your idea
Write
paper
Do
research
• You want to infect the mind of your reader with your idea,
like a virus
• Papers are far more durable than programs (think Mozart)
• The greatest ideas are (literally) worthless if you keep them
to yourself

DO NOT INTIMIDATE
 Fallacy
• You need to have a fantastic idea before you can write a paper.
(Everyone else seems to.)
• Write a paper, and give a talk, about any idea, no matter how weedy
and insignificant it may seem to you
• Writing the paper is how you develop the idea in the first place
• It usually turns out to be more interesting and challenging than it
seemed at first
• Write a paper, and give a talk, about any idea, no matter how weedy
and insignificant it may seem to you

THE IDEA
• Your paper should have just one “ping”: one clear, sharp idea
• You may not know exactly what the ping is when you start writing, but
you must know when you finish
• If you have lots of ideas, write lots of papers
Idea: A re-usable insight, useful to the reader
• Many papers contain good ideas, but do not distil what they
are.
• Make certain that the reader is in no doubt about what the
idea is. Be 100% explicit:
“The main idea of this paper is….”
“In this section, we present the main contributions of
the paper.”

TELL A STORY
• Imagine you are explaining on a whiteboard
• Here is a problem
• It’s an interesting problem
• It’s an unsolved problem
• Here is my idea
• My idea works (details, data)
• Here’s how my idea compares to
other people’s approaches
YOUR NARRATIVE FLOW

STRUCTURE OF A CONFERENCE PAPER
• Title (1000 readers)
• Abstract (4 sentences, 100 readers)
• Introduction (1 page, 100 readers)
• The problem (1 page, 10 readers)
• My idea (2 pages, 10 readers)
• The details (5 pages, 3 readers)
• Related work (1-2 pages, 10 readers)
• Conclusions and further work (0.5 pages)

INTRODUCTION
• Describe the problem
• State your contributions
• ...and that is all
ONE PAGE!
Example: “Computer programs often have bugs. It
is very important to eliminate these bugs [1,2].
Many researchers have tried [3,4,5,6]. It really is
very important.”
Yawn!
Example: “Consider this program, which has an
interesting bug. <brief description>. We will show
an automatic technique for identifying and
removing such bugs”
Cool!

INTRODUCTION: DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM
• Use an example to illustrate the problem

STATE YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS
• Write the list of contributions first
• The list of contributions drives the entire paper: the paper substantiates
the claims you have made
• Reader thinks “gosh, if they can really deliver this, that’s exciting; I’d
better read on”
• Do not leave the reader to guess what your contributions are!
Bulleted list
of contributions

STRUCTURE OF A CONFERENCE PAPER
We give the syntax and semantics
of a language that supports
concurrent processes (Section 3).
Its innovative features are...
We prove that the type system is
sound, and that type checking is
decidable (Section 4)
We have built a GUI toolkit in
WizWoz, and used it to implement
a text editor (Section 5). The result
is half the length of the Java
version.
• Contributions should be refutable
We describe the WizWoz system. It is
really cool.
We study its properties
We have used WizWoz in practice
No! Yes!

EVIDENCE
• Your introduction makes claims
• The body of the paper provides
evidence to support each claim
• Check each claim in the
introduction, identify the
evidence, and forward-reference
it from the claim
• “Evidence” can be: analysis and
comparison, theorems,
measurements, case studies

NO REST OF THE PAPER
• Not: “The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2
introduces the problem. Section 3 ...Finally, Section 8
concludes”.
• Instead, use forward references from the narrative in the
introduction. The introduction (including the contributions)
should survey the whole paper, and therefore forward references
to every important part.

STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER
• Abstract (4 sentences)
• Introduction (1 page)
• Related work
• The problem (1 page)
• My idea (2 pages)
• The details (5 pages)
• Conclusions and further
work (0.5 pages)
NO!

STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER
• Related work (1-2 pages)
YES!

NO RELATED WORK, YET
We adopt the notion of the transaction from Brown [1], as
modified for distributed systems by White [2], using the
four-phase interpolation algorithm of Green [3]. Our work
differs from White in our advanced revocation protocol,
which deals with the case of priority inversion as described
by Yellow [4].
Related
work

NO RELATED WORK, YET
• Problem 1: the reader knows nothing about the
problem yet; so your (highly compressed) description
of various technical trade-offs is absolutely
incomprehensible
• Problem 2: describing alternative approaches gets
between the reader and your idea

CREDIT
 Fallacy
• To make my work look good, I have to make other people’s work look bad.
• Warmly acknowledge people who have helped you
• Be generous to the competition.
• Acknowledge weaknesses in your approach
• Giving credit to others does not diminish the credit you get from your
paper

STRUCTURE
• Related work (1-2 pages)

STRUCTURE
• 3. The idea
• Consider a bifircuated semi-lattice D, over a hyper-
modulated signature S. Suppose pi is an element of
D. Then we know for every such pi there is an epi-
modulus j, such that p < p .
• Sounds impressive...but
• Sends readers to sleep, and/or makes them
feel stupid

PRESENTING THE IDEA
• Explain it as if you were speaking to someone
using a whiteboard
• Conveying the intuition is primary, not
secondary
• Once your reader has the intuition, she can
follow the details (but not vice versa)
• Even if she skips the details, she still takes away
something valuable

PRESENTING THE IDEA
• Experts are good
• Non-experts are also very good
• Each reader can only read your paper for the first time once!
So use them carefully
• Explain carefully what you want (“I got lost here” is much
more important than “Jarva is mis-spelt”.)
• Get your paper read by as many friendly
guinea pigs as possible

GETTING EXPERT HELP
• A good plan: when you think you are done, send the draft to
the competition saying “could you help me ensure that I
describe your work fairly?”.
• Often they will respond with helpful critique (they are
interested in the area)
• They are likely to be your referees anyway, so getting their
comments or criticism up front is Jolly Good.
• Get your paper read by as many friendly
guinea pigs as possible

SUMMARY OF A CONFERENCE PAPER
1. Don’t wait: write
2. Identify your key idea
3. Tell a story
4. Nail your contributions
5. Related work: later
6. Put your readers first (examples)
7. Listen to your readers

RELATED WORK
If you are reading a paper to do a review, you should also
read Timothy Roscoe's paper on Writing reviews for sys-
tems conferences" [2]. If you're planning to write a technical
paper, you should refer both to Henning Schulzrinne's com-
prehensive web site [3] and George Whitesides's excellent
overview of the process [4]. Finally, Simon Peyton Jones
has a website that covers the entire spectrum of research
skills [1].

TECHNICAL ENGLISH
Images are produced by a variety of physical devices, including still
and video cameras, x-ray devices, electron microscopes, radar, and
ultrasound, and used for a variety of purposes, including
entertainment, medical, business (e.g., documents), industrial,
military, civil (e.g., traffic), security, and scientific. The goal in each
case is for an observer, human or machine, to extract useful
information about the scene being imaged.
Generated by
various
physical
devices
for various
purposes
Parenthesis

Often the raw image is not directly suitable for this purpose,
and must be processed in some way. Such processing is called
image enhancement; processing by an observer to extract
information is called image analysis. Enhancement and
analysis are distinguished by their output, images vs. scene
information, and by the challenges faced and methods
employed.
is not directly applicable,
must be treated in some
way
distinguished according to
the nature of its output,
that is, whether the
output is an image or
about
the method used
TECHNICAL ENGLISH

this kind of method = this method
Very essential = essential
at the present time = at present，
due to the fact that =because
− At the present time we are behind in our anticipated production due to the fact that
material have become very scarce. ⇒ At present, we are behind in production because
of the shortage of materials.
− Obviously, then, the sharpness of the melting point … delete then
− The results which were obtained … ⇒ The results obtained …
− Reduction of resistance in many cases requires … ⇒ Reduction of resistance often
Requires.
− The results were inconclusive owing to the fact that … ⇒ The results were
inconclusive because …
− … all of the reactions described …⇒ all the reactions described … delete of
− … all of the parts in the system …⇒ all parts in the system … delete of the
TECHNICAL ENGLISH

− It was concluded that a new method be devised. ⇒ A new method must be devised.
− It is recommended that we adopt the plan. ⇒ The plan should be adopted.
− It was found that the chemical is dangerous. ⇒ The chemical is dangerous.
− It can readily be seen that the work is done. ⇒ The work is done.
− It will be seen that … （ can be deleted completely ）
− It is evident that … ⇒ Evidently …
− It would appear that … ⇒ Apparently …
− It is clear that … ⇒ Clearly …
− It is our conclusion that …⇒ We conclude that …

ADVANCED RESEARCH TOOLS

Excel
Mathematica
Origin
Matlab
SPSS
Python using
Libraries
Tableau
PowerBI
R using Libraries
DATA ANALYSIS AND GRAPHING TOOLS

 Plagiarism
 Grammar
 Paraphraser
RESEARCH WRITING TOOLS
Plagiarism
• Turnitin
• Urkund
• iAuthenticate
• Plagiarism checker X
Grammar
• Grammarly
• Ginger
• Quillbot
• Grammar check
• Wordtuner
Paraphraser
• Quillbot Premium
• Paraphraser
• Smallseotools
• Speedwrite

 Turnitin
 Grammarly
 Word tuner
RESEARCH WRITING TOOLS

 SPSS (IBM)
 R (R computing for statistical computing)
 Matlab (The Mathworks)
 SAS (Statistical Analysis Tool)
 Graphpad Prism
 Minitab
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TOOL

 Microsoft Word
 Latex
 Typeset (Developing stage)
FORMATTING TOOLS
LATEX ENVIRONMENT

 Corel Draw
 Canva
 PowerPoint
 Biorender
 Photoshop
SCIENTIFIC IMAGES
CORELDRAW ENVIRONMENT

 Mendeley
 Endnote
 Zotero
 Refworks
 Sciwheel
REFERENCE MANAGER
MANDELEY ENVIRONMENT

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