The document investigates the thermal behavior of symmetric and asymmetric polymer gear teeth using finite element analysis in ANSYS. Symmetric and asymmetric gear tooth profiles were modeled and subjected to thermal loads from 50-125°C. The displacement and contact line deviation of the gear tooth profiles were analyzed. Results showed the displacement and contact line deviation increased with temperature and were higher for symmetric gear teeth profiles compared to asymmetric due to the asymmetric profile's larger surface area and lower thermal expansion. The study provides a new approach for designing polymer composite gears by considering the gear teeth's thermal behavior.
The document describes a study that fabricated Al-10% Al2O3-10% ZrO2 nanocomposite powders using high-energy ball milling. The powders were milled for various time periods up to 45 hours. Characterization of the milled powders found that milling resulted in a uniform distribution of the Al2O3 and ZrO2 reinforcements in the Al matrix. X-ray diffraction analysis showed increased peak broadening with longer milling times, indicating reduced crystallite size and increased lattice strain. Crystallite size measurements found sizes decreased to around 25 nm after 45 hours of milling. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the uniform distribution of reinforcements and decreasing particle size
Investigating the effect of machining parameters on surface roughnessIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used Design of Experiments (DOE) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to investigate the effects of machining parameters on the surface roughness of 6061 aluminum alloy during end milling. The parameters examined were cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. The study found that feed rate had the most significant impact on surface roughness based on ANOVA results. The optimal parameters for a smooth surface were a cutting speed of 500 rpm, depth of cut of 1.2 mm, and feed rate of 15.33 mm/min.
IRJET-Ballistic Performance of Bi-Layer Alumina/Aluminium and Honeycomb Sandw...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes numerical simulations of the ballistic performance of aluminum honeycomb sandwich structures with alumina ceramic face plates compared to a bi-layer alumina/aluminum armor. The simulations were conducted using HyperWorks Radioss finite element software. Validation of the model showed it could approximate the results for a bi-layer armor from a reference with 2.5% error. The simulations found that decreasing the honeycomb foil thickness and increasing the honeycomb thickness (while maintaining total thickness) resulted in lower residual velocities of the projectile, indicating better energy absorption. A honeycomb sandwich structure with 0.04mm foil thickness had the best performance overall compared to the bi-layer armor, absorbing more kinetic energy from the projectile
Characterization of al sic metal matrix by stir-castingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on the production and characterization of Aluminum-Silicon Carbide (AlSiC) metal matrix composites fabricated using stir casting. Samples of AlSiC composites with 5-30% SiC by weight were produced. Testing showed that hardness and impact strength increased with higher SiC content, with maximum values at 25% SiC. Microstructure examination found increasing homogeneous dispersion of SiC particles with methods using mechanical stirring during production. The study demonstrated that stir casting can produce AlSiC composites with improved mechanical properties for engineering applications.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and power consumption when turning 6063 aluminum alloy reinforced with 5% and 10% titanium carbide composites. 27 experimental runs were conducted using a full factorial design varying the machining parameters at three levels. Analysis of variance was used to determine the percentage contribution of each parameter on surface roughness and power consumption. The results showed that feed rate is the most significant parameter affecting surface roughness, while cutting speed has the greatest effect on power consumption. The conclusions provide insights on optimizing the machining parameters to minimize surface roughness and power usage during machining of these metal matrix composites.
The document describes a study that uses finite element analysis and Taguchi's method to optimize the preform shape of a connecting rod forging. The goal is to minimize forging load and produce defect-free forgings. Finite element software was used to simulate hot forging of the connecting rod under different preform design parameters, including flash thickness, width, and radii. Taguchi's method was then applied to design parameter combinations to determine the most influential parameters. Through several optimization iterations, the optimal preform shape that gave minimum forging load and complete die filling was obtained. The approach aims to reduce design time and costs compared to traditional trial and error methods.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of cold swaging on the mechanical and microstructure characteristics o...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this experimental investigation, the post sintering mechanical treatment was implemented by cold swaging the produced tungsten alloy rods with composition (90W-7Ni-3Fe %wt) by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and appling different reductions of cross sectional area varying from 10% up to 50%. On the mechanical and microstructure properties of the tungsten heavy alloy (89.97W-7Ni-3Fe-0.03 Y2O3 %wt). Elemental powders were mixed for 120 min. Green compacted by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and Finally the specimens were sintered at 1480ºC for 90 min under vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength and hardness were remarkably increased by about 39% and 45% respectively, by the application of 50% area reduction by swaging, relative to the sintered specimens. On the other hand, ductility and impact resistance were deeply decreased by about 75% and 53% respectively, by also, the application of 50% area reduction by swaging. Keywords: Cold Swaging, Liquid Phase Sintering, Tungsten Heavy Alloy, Powder Metallurgy.
The document describes a study that fabricated Al-10% Al2O3-10% ZrO2 nanocomposite powders using high-energy ball milling. The powders were milled for various time periods up to 45 hours. Characterization of the milled powders found that milling resulted in a uniform distribution of the Al2O3 and ZrO2 reinforcements in the Al matrix. X-ray diffraction analysis showed increased peak broadening with longer milling times, indicating reduced crystallite size and increased lattice strain. Crystallite size measurements found sizes decreased to around 25 nm after 45 hours of milling. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the uniform distribution of reinforcements and decreasing particle size
Investigating the effect of machining parameters on surface roughnessIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used Design of Experiments (DOE) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to investigate the effects of machining parameters on the surface roughness of 6061 aluminum alloy during end milling. The parameters examined were cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. The study found that feed rate had the most significant impact on surface roughness based on ANOVA results. The optimal parameters for a smooth surface were a cutting speed of 500 rpm, depth of cut of 1.2 mm, and feed rate of 15.33 mm/min.
IRJET-Ballistic Performance of Bi-Layer Alumina/Aluminium and Honeycomb Sandw...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes numerical simulations of the ballistic performance of aluminum honeycomb sandwich structures with alumina ceramic face plates compared to a bi-layer alumina/aluminum armor. The simulations were conducted using HyperWorks Radioss finite element software. Validation of the model showed it could approximate the results for a bi-layer armor from a reference with 2.5% error. The simulations found that decreasing the honeycomb foil thickness and increasing the honeycomb thickness (while maintaining total thickness) resulted in lower residual velocities of the projectile, indicating better energy absorption. A honeycomb sandwich structure with 0.04mm foil thickness had the best performance overall compared to the bi-layer armor, absorbing more kinetic energy from the projectile
Characterization of al sic metal matrix by stir-castingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on the production and characterization of Aluminum-Silicon Carbide (AlSiC) metal matrix composites fabricated using stir casting. Samples of AlSiC composites with 5-30% SiC by weight were produced. Testing showed that hardness and impact strength increased with higher SiC content, with maximum values at 25% SiC. Microstructure examination found increasing homogeneous dispersion of SiC particles with methods using mechanical stirring during production. The study demonstrated that stir casting can produce AlSiC composites with improved mechanical properties for engineering applications.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and power consumption when turning 6063 aluminum alloy reinforced with 5% and 10% titanium carbide composites. 27 experimental runs were conducted using a full factorial design varying the machining parameters at three levels. Analysis of variance was used to determine the percentage contribution of each parameter on surface roughness and power consumption. The results showed that feed rate is the most significant parameter affecting surface roughness, while cutting speed has the greatest effect on power consumption. The conclusions provide insights on optimizing the machining parameters to minimize surface roughness and power usage during machining of these metal matrix composites.
The document describes a study that uses finite element analysis and Taguchi's method to optimize the preform shape of a connecting rod forging. The goal is to minimize forging load and produce defect-free forgings. Finite element software was used to simulate hot forging of the connecting rod under different preform design parameters, including flash thickness, width, and radii. Taguchi's method was then applied to design parameter combinations to determine the most influential parameters. Through several optimization iterations, the optimal preform shape that gave minimum forging load and complete die filling was obtained. The approach aims to reduce design time and costs compared to traditional trial and error methods.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of cold swaging on the mechanical and microstructure characteristics o...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this experimental investigation, the post sintering mechanical treatment was implemented by cold swaging the produced tungsten alloy rods with composition (90W-7Ni-3Fe %wt) by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and appling different reductions of cross sectional area varying from 10% up to 50%. On the mechanical and microstructure properties of the tungsten heavy alloy (89.97W-7Ni-3Fe-0.03 Y2O3 %wt). Elemental powders were mixed for 120 min. Green compacted by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and Finally the specimens were sintered at 1480ºC for 90 min under vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength and hardness were remarkably increased by about 39% and 45% respectively, by the application of 50% area reduction by swaging, relative to the sintered specimens. On the other hand, ductility and impact resistance were deeply decreased by about 75% and 53% respectively, by also, the application of 50% area reduction by swaging. Keywords: Cold Swaging, Liquid Phase Sintering, Tungsten Heavy Alloy, Powder Metallurgy.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
1) The study aims to optimize the shape of an aluminum billet to minimize forging load through finite element analysis.
2) An initial finite element model of the closed die forging process was created in ANSYS with the billet represented by finite elements.
3) The billet height-to-diameter ratio was identified as the design variable to be optimized, with the goal of minimizing forging load while limiting equivalent plastic strain to less than the fracture strain of 1.05.
Computer-Aided Optimal Design and Finite Element Analysis of a Plain Milling ...IJMER
The document discusses the computer-aided optimal design and finite element analysis of a plain milling cutter. It describes modeling a plain milling cutter using CATIA software and analyzing it using ANSYS to determine stresses and deformations. The analysis is done at different cutting speeds to calculate stresses and compare them to theoretical values. The results show the model values are close to the theoretical stress values for the plain milling cutter.
This document summarizes a study on using simulated annealing algorithm to predict weld bead geometry in gas metal arc welding. Key points:
1. The study develops mathematical models using multiple regression to predict four dimensions of weld bead geometry based on welding process parameters.
2. Experiments are conducted using a central composite design with five levels and factors including current, welding speed, gun angle, contact tip distance, and pinch.
3. The developed models are checked for adequacy and significance. Bead geometry is then predicted again using a simulated annealing algorithm for comparison.
Study of mechanical properties in mild steel using metal inert gas weldingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis and simulation of chip formation & thermal effects on tool life usin...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used finite element modeling to analyze chip formation and thermal effects on tool life during metal cutting operations. The study modeled orthogonal cutting using MARC software to simulate the cutting process and predict tool temperature distributions and vibration. A Johnson-Cook material model was used to represent the workpiece material. Friction during cutting was also modeled. The simulation analyzed how factors like cutting speed and depth affected tool temperature and stability.
Parametric Optimization on MIG Welded EN8 Material Joints by using Taguchi Me...ijsrd.com
Welding is a manufacturing process, which is carried out for joining of metals. By MIG Welding it is possible to weld in all positions. Optimization of the parameter will be carried out by Taguchi method. We will use EN-8 material which is more use in Automobile parts. EN8 plate with dimensions 250mm x 125mm x 6mm with V- Groove 650.Where the input parameters are welding current, Wire feed and gas flow rate and output parameters are tensile strength and Hardness.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to simulate machining of Inconel 718, a nickel-based superalloy. Orthogonal cutting experiments were conducted with cutting speeds of 50 m/min and a feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model was used to represent the material's flow behavior. The results showed that chip segmentation did not occur at low cutting speeds and residual stresses were highest near the machined surface and lowest near the uncut surface and deformed chip. Plastic strain was highest in the primary shear zone and lowest at the free end of the chip.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to simulate sheet metal crimping processes. The study modeled the crimping of aluminum sheet metal with different angles of inclination. Results showed reducing crimp load requirements and improving contact with increasing inclination angles from 10 to 30 degrees. A three-layer crimp formation was also achieved through adjustments to better enable leak-proof joints. The finite element analysis provided insights into reducing stresses, loads, and material needs for more efficient and higher quality crimping processes.
IRJET- A Study on Wear and Microstructure Properties of AA7075 Reinforced...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the wear and microstructure properties of AA7075 aluminum alloy reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particles produced using powder metallurgy. AA7075 aluminum powder was mixed with 4%, 6%, and 10% SiC powder by weight and sintered at 600°C. Wear tests found that increasing the SiC content decreased the wear rate. Microstructure images showed a uniform distribution of SiC particles and decreased porosity after heat treatment. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of aluminum and silicon carbide in the composites.
To analyses the effects of turning parameters on material removal rate of ais...eSAT Journals
Abstract This experimental investigation analyses the influence of cutting conditions on material removal rate (MRR) during turning of AISI 4041 die alloy steel. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to investigate the influence of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on material removal rate (MRR). Conducting the experiments by varying the parameters of turning like cutting speed from 100 m/min to 300 m/min, feed 0.02 mm/rev to 0.06 mm/rev, and depth of cut from 0.2 mm to 0.7 mm are studied in details according to Taguhi's design of experiments. At last results are analyzed using Taguchi, ANOVA and parametric optimization is done for maximum material removal rate (MRR). From the experimentation, it is concluded that for turning of AISI 4041 die alloy steel optimum machining condition for higher material removal rate (MRR) with cutting speed (300 m/min), feed rate (0.06 mm/rev), and depth of cut (0.2 mm). Index Terms: ANOVA, MRR, Taguch.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Wear Characteristics of...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the optimization of wear characteristics of brass metal matrix composite reinforced with molybdenum disulphide using Taguchi technique. Brass composite samples with 2%, 4%, and 6% molybdenum disulphide by weight were fabricated using stir casting. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted to analyze the wear rate while varying percentage reinforcement, load, temperature, and sliding velocity. Taguchi design of experiments was used to determine the optimal levels of parameters that minimize wear rate. Analysis of variance found that applied load had the greatest influence on wear rate, followed by percentage reinforcement and temperature. A regression model was developed that correlates the input parameters to wear rate.
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- Examination of Hardness Values for Ti-6Al-4V Welded Specimens and Micr...IRJET Journal
This document examines the hardness values and microstructural characterization of welded Ti-6Al-4V specimens. Hardness tests were conducted on different zones of welded specimens with different weld bead shapes. The fusion zone and heat-affected zone showed higher hardness than the base metal. Tensile tests revealed that specimens failed at the weld with a yield strength of 820 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 890 MPa. Fractured surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to understand failure modes. SEM images showed ductile failure with dimples in the base metal and no cracks in the welded region.
Effect of machining parameters on surface roughness for 6063 al tic (5 & 10 %...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides an overview of spur gear design, including surface durability concepts, common failure modes, and equations for calculating contact stress. It discusses Buckingham's contact stress equation and modifications made by AGMA to account for factors like velocity, overload, and load distribution. Methods for determining the surface fatigue strength of gear materials are presented. Finally, common materials used for gears like cast iron, steel, and bronze are described.
Microstructure analysis and wear behaviour of al based metal matrix composite...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses the microstructure analysis and wear behavior of an aluminum-based metal matrix composite reinforced with ceramic silicon carbide particles.
2) Specimens with varying amounts of silicon carbide (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) were produced using stir casting and analyzed using XRD, SEM, hardness testing, and a pin-on-disk wear test.
3) The results showed that increasing the percentage of silicon carbide reinforcement led to higher hardness and better wear resistance of the aluminum composite material.
This document discusses a proposed framework for securing biometric templates using encryption and error correction. It begins with an introduction to biometric systems and their use of templates to identify individuals. It then discusses existing issues with transmitting biometric templates due to noise and errors. The proposed framework encrypts biometric templates using a secret key generated from braid groups before transmission. It also uses fuzzy error correction codes to detect and correct any errors introduced during transmission. The framework aims to provide both security of biometric templates and accuracy of identification by addressing noise issues.
This document discusses performance evaluation of channel estimation in TD-SCDMA systems. It begins by describing the Steiner channel estimation algorithm previously used in TD-SCDMA, but notes there are errors due to noise. An improved method is proposed using a standard model with a transfer function. Simulation results show the improved method estimates the channel impulse response more accurately and increases system performance, reducing bit error rate compared to the Steiner algorithm. In conclusion, the adaptive channel estimation implemented at the receiver significantly reduces the bit error rate of the system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
1) The study aims to optimize the shape of an aluminum billet to minimize forging load through finite element analysis.
2) An initial finite element model of the closed die forging process was created in ANSYS with the billet represented by finite elements.
3) The billet height-to-diameter ratio was identified as the design variable to be optimized, with the goal of minimizing forging load while limiting equivalent plastic strain to less than the fracture strain of 1.05.
Computer-Aided Optimal Design and Finite Element Analysis of a Plain Milling ...IJMER
The document discusses the computer-aided optimal design and finite element analysis of a plain milling cutter. It describes modeling a plain milling cutter using CATIA software and analyzing it using ANSYS to determine stresses and deformations. The analysis is done at different cutting speeds to calculate stresses and compare them to theoretical values. The results show the model values are close to the theoretical stress values for the plain milling cutter.
This document summarizes a study on using simulated annealing algorithm to predict weld bead geometry in gas metal arc welding. Key points:
1. The study develops mathematical models using multiple regression to predict four dimensions of weld bead geometry based on welding process parameters.
2. Experiments are conducted using a central composite design with five levels and factors including current, welding speed, gun angle, contact tip distance, and pinch.
3. The developed models are checked for adequacy and significance. Bead geometry is then predicted again using a simulated annealing algorithm for comparison.
Study of mechanical properties in mild steel using metal inert gas weldingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis and simulation of chip formation & thermal effects on tool life usin...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used finite element modeling to analyze chip formation and thermal effects on tool life during metal cutting operations. The study modeled orthogonal cutting using MARC software to simulate the cutting process and predict tool temperature distributions and vibration. A Johnson-Cook material model was used to represent the workpiece material. Friction during cutting was also modeled. The simulation analyzed how factors like cutting speed and depth affected tool temperature and stability.
Parametric Optimization on MIG Welded EN8 Material Joints by using Taguchi Me...ijsrd.com
Welding is a manufacturing process, which is carried out for joining of metals. By MIG Welding it is possible to weld in all positions. Optimization of the parameter will be carried out by Taguchi method. We will use EN-8 material which is more use in Automobile parts. EN8 plate with dimensions 250mm x 125mm x 6mm with V- Groove 650.Where the input parameters are welding current, Wire feed and gas flow rate and output parameters are tensile strength and Hardness.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to simulate machining of Inconel 718, a nickel-based superalloy. Orthogonal cutting experiments were conducted with cutting speeds of 50 m/min and a feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model was used to represent the material's flow behavior. The results showed that chip segmentation did not occur at low cutting speeds and residual stresses were highest near the machined surface and lowest near the uncut surface and deformed chip. Plastic strain was highest in the primary shear zone and lowest at the free end of the chip.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to simulate sheet metal crimping processes. The study modeled the crimping of aluminum sheet metal with different angles of inclination. Results showed reducing crimp load requirements and improving contact with increasing inclination angles from 10 to 30 degrees. A three-layer crimp formation was also achieved through adjustments to better enable leak-proof joints. The finite element analysis provided insights into reducing stresses, loads, and material needs for more efficient and higher quality crimping processes.
IRJET- A Study on Wear and Microstructure Properties of AA7075 Reinforced...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the wear and microstructure properties of AA7075 aluminum alloy reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particles produced using powder metallurgy. AA7075 aluminum powder was mixed with 4%, 6%, and 10% SiC powder by weight and sintered at 600°C. Wear tests found that increasing the SiC content decreased the wear rate. Microstructure images showed a uniform distribution of SiC particles and decreased porosity after heat treatment. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of aluminum and silicon carbide in the composites.
To analyses the effects of turning parameters on material removal rate of ais...eSAT Journals
Abstract This experimental investigation analyses the influence of cutting conditions on material removal rate (MRR) during turning of AISI 4041 die alloy steel. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to investigate the influence of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on material removal rate (MRR). Conducting the experiments by varying the parameters of turning like cutting speed from 100 m/min to 300 m/min, feed 0.02 mm/rev to 0.06 mm/rev, and depth of cut from 0.2 mm to 0.7 mm are studied in details according to Taguhi's design of experiments. At last results are analyzed using Taguchi, ANOVA and parametric optimization is done for maximum material removal rate (MRR). From the experimentation, it is concluded that for turning of AISI 4041 die alloy steel optimum machining condition for higher material removal rate (MRR) with cutting speed (300 m/min), feed rate (0.06 mm/rev), and depth of cut (0.2 mm). Index Terms: ANOVA, MRR, Taguch.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Wear Characteristics of...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the optimization of wear characteristics of brass metal matrix composite reinforced with molybdenum disulphide using Taguchi technique. Brass composite samples with 2%, 4%, and 6% molybdenum disulphide by weight were fabricated using stir casting. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted to analyze the wear rate while varying percentage reinforcement, load, temperature, and sliding velocity. Taguchi design of experiments was used to determine the optimal levels of parameters that minimize wear rate. Analysis of variance found that applied load had the greatest influence on wear rate, followed by percentage reinforcement and temperature. A regression model was developed that correlates the input parameters to wear rate.
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- Examination of Hardness Values for Ti-6Al-4V Welded Specimens and Micr...IRJET Journal
This document examines the hardness values and microstructural characterization of welded Ti-6Al-4V specimens. Hardness tests were conducted on different zones of welded specimens with different weld bead shapes. The fusion zone and heat-affected zone showed higher hardness than the base metal. Tensile tests revealed that specimens failed at the weld with a yield strength of 820 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 890 MPa. Fractured surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to understand failure modes. SEM images showed ductile failure with dimples in the base metal and no cracks in the welded region.
Effect of machining parameters on surface roughness for 6063 al tic (5 & 10 %...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides an overview of spur gear design, including surface durability concepts, common failure modes, and equations for calculating contact stress. It discusses Buckingham's contact stress equation and modifications made by AGMA to account for factors like velocity, overload, and load distribution. Methods for determining the surface fatigue strength of gear materials are presented. Finally, common materials used for gears like cast iron, steel, and bronze are described.
Microstructure analysis and wear behaviour of al based metal matrix composite...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses the microstructure analysis and wear behavior of an aluminum-based metal matrix composite reinforced with ceramic silicon carbide particles.
2) Specimens with varying amounts of silicon carbide (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) were produced using stir casting and analyzed using XRD, SEM, hardness testing, and a pin-on-disk wear test.
3) The results showed that increasing the percentage of silicon carbide reinforcement led to higher hardness and better wear resistance of the aluminum composite material.
This document discusses a proposed framework for securing biometric templates using encryption and error correction. It begins with an introduction to biometric systems and their use of templates to identify individuals. It then discusses existing issues with transmitting biometric templates due to noise and errors. The proposed framework encrypts biometric templates using a secret key generated from braid groups before transmission. It also uses fuzzy error correction codes to detect and correct any errors introduced during transmission. The framework aims to provide both security of biometric templates and accuracy of identification by addressing noise issues.
This document discusses performance evaluation of channel estimation in TD-SCDMA systems. It begins by describing the Steiner channel estimation algorithm previously used in TD-SCDMA, but notes there are errors due to noise. An improved method is proposed using a standard model with a transfer function. Simulation results show the improved method estimates the channel impulse response more accurately and increases system performance, reducing bit error rate compared to the Steiner algorithm. In conclusion, the adaptive channel estimation implemented at the receiver significantly reduces the bit error rate of the system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
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Impact of Misalignments on Root Stresses of Hypoid Gear Setsijceronline
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Impact of Misalignments on Root Stresses of Hypoid Gear Sets
Bm25379383
1. Sri Rama Chandra Rao, E. Venkateswara Rao, G. Raghavendra, T.Ramakrishna /
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.379-383
Investigation In To The Polymer Gear Tooth Thermal By Using
Ansys
Sri Rama Chandra Rao*, E. Venkateswara Rao**, G. Raghavendra***,
T.Ramakrishna****
* Mechanical Department, C R Reddy engg. College, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
** Mechanical Department, C R Reddy engg. College, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
*** Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, INDIA
**** Mechanical Department, C R Reddy engg. College, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
ABSTRACT
sensitive polymeric material necessitates new gear
Polymer composite gears are replacing
design procedures.
metallic gears in many applications due to their
high extraordinary properties and low weight. In The symmetry and asymmetric of geometry is one
gear studies temperature generation between the of the main criteria to study and analyse. An
two teeth is the main problem so to replace the additional alteration that is very rarely used is to
metallic gear with polymer Temperature sensitive make the gears asymmetric with different pressure
polymeric material necessitates occurs new gear angles for each side of the tooth. The study of
design procedures so an attempt in this work a symmetric and asymmetric geometry of the gear
polymeric symmetric and asymmetric gear was teeth by using ansys and other modelling were done
designed by using ANSYS and studied the by various scientists.[5],[6]. Pedersen [7] shown that
Temperature effects and displacement and significant improvements in the bending stress for
contact line deviation... gears can be found by the use of asymmetric gears.
The largest reduction in the bending stress can be
Keywords - Gear, Asymmetric, Symmetric, found with drive side pressure angle greater than
Thermal expansion, Contact line deviation coast side pressure angle. Park [8] developed a time
dependent thermal model to predict local and
I. INTRODUCTION maximum surface temperature with time. Mao [9]
Weight reduction becomes major objective proposed a new design method for polymer
in most of the part design, particularly in the composite gear based on the correlation between
automobile industries. In recent years, focus has polymer gear wear rate and its surface temperature.
been shifted to the transmission elements, where Youqiang et al. [10] developed a numerical method
there is a more scope for weight reduction. Weight for the transient thermo hydrodynamic lubrication
reduction of a gear can be achieved by two major problem of an involute spur gear by using multigrid
means, one is through the change in basic design method. Seireg [11] investigated the effect of
and other is through the utilization of light weight thermal shock and thermal stress cycling on pitting,
materials for gear manufacturing. In present days micro pitting and wear for different gear geometries,
with the advent of computer engineering analysis is materials, operating conditions, machining
getting more dependent on computer. In a product processes and surface treatments.
design process involving engineering analysis,
design alternative has been developed in the In the present work, a new polymer composite gear
geometric modelling process. Gear is a toothed is generated of 20-20 symmetric gear and 20-34
wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in asymmetric gears were modelled by commercial
order to change the speed or direction of transmitted finite element software, ANSYS which are then
motion. It is used to transmit motion and power subjected to thermal load. Change in gear tooth
between rotating shafts by means of progressive profile at involute and non involute region of gear
engagement of projections called teeth. Gear teeth tooth was estimated. And study of the Contact line
geometry and analysis is one of the complex one. deviation of the gear teeth...
Many researchers developed a finite element model
to analyse the behaviour of a different gear II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
[1],[2],[3],[4]. 2.1 Spur gear: Spur gears are the most
In recent years, polymer composite gears are common type used. Tooth contact is primarily
replacing metallic gears in many applications due to rolling, with sliding occurring during engagement
its low costs, low weight and quiet performance and disengagement. Some noise is normal, but it
compared with the metal gears. Temperature
379 | P a g e
2. Sri Rama Chandra Rao, E. Venkateswara Rao, G. Raghavendra, T.Ramakrishna /
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.379-383
may become objectionable at high speeds. The spur Table 1 Gear tooth parameters used
gear is shown in figure 1 Parameter Value
Pressure angle () 20 34
Module (mm) 3
Number of teeth 18
Pitch circle diameter (mm) 54
Tip circle diameter (mm) 60
Fig 1. spur gear
Root circle diameter (mm) 46.50
2.2 Procedure to find the contact line deviation
Contact line Deviation is observed by Base circle diameter (mm) 50.74
importing the gear tooth profile co-ordinates from
ANSYS to AUTOCAD and the contact points of the Face width (mm) 8
mating teeth is pointed out by rotating those mating Root fillet radius (mm) 1.14
teeth to different angles like 5°, 10°,15° with respect
to their base centers. Line joining the contact points
forms the contact line. Comparison study is done
Table 2 Properties of material used in analysis
between the contact lines at room temperature to the
lines at different elevated temperatures for both Material Poly
propylene
symmetric and Asymmetric gears.
Modulus of elasticity(MPa) 900
2.3 Terminology
Poisson’s ratio 0.42
The first step of learning gear design is to
know the basic terminology of the gear the basic
Density (Kg/m3) 893
terminology shown in figure 2. Since spur gears are
the most common form of gearing, it will be used to Thermal Expansion secant 3.3E-5
illustrate the nomenclature of gear teeth. The coefficient (/ 0C)
following figure is presented by Shigley et al. [12]
Thermal Conductivity(W/m-0C) 0.3
and displays the nomenclature of spur gear teeth.
Gear tooth parameters used in this work are given in
table 1 and the material specifications are given in
table 2.
The symmetric and asymmetric shapes of the gear
tooth profile which is developed in ANSYS is given
in the figure and the meshed figures are given
(a)
Fig.2 Nomenclature of spur gear teeth
(b)
380 | P a g e
3. Sri Rama Chandra Rao, E. Venkateswara Rao, G. Raghavendra, T.Ramakrishna /
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.379-383
Fig.3 (a,b) shows the ANSYS developed symmetric (a)
and asymmetric gear teeth
(a) (b)
(b)
Fig.4 (a,b) shows the ANSYS developed symmetric (c)
and asymmetric gear teeth after meshed.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From figures 5 (a-d) represent the
displacement of teeth profile at different elevated
temperatures like 50°C, 75°C, 100°C, 125°C. As the
temperature increases, the amount of expansion in
the profile area increases. The enlarged view of the
excel plots are shown for the understanding clear
picture of thermal expansion at different
temperatures. In the enlarged view, the displacement
is clearly visible at highest temperature where as for
other temperatures it is almost seems to be
coinciding due to very less displacement.
Fig.5 (a-d) shows the displacement symmetric of
teeth profile at different elevated temperatures like
50°C, 75°C, 100°C, 125°C
From figures 6 (a-d) represent the displacement of
asymmetric teeth profile at different elevated
temperatures like 50°C, 75°C, 100°C, 125°C. As the
temperature increases, the amount of expansion in
the profile area increases. The enlarged view of the
excel plots are shown for the understanding clear
picture of thermal expansion at different
temperatures. In the enlarged view, the displacement
381 | P a g e
4. Sri Rama Chandra Rao, E. Venkateswara Rao, G. Raghavendra, T.Ramakrishna /
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.379-383
is clearly visible at highest temperature where as for Fig 6 (a-d) shows the displacement asymmetric of
other temperatures it is almost seems to be teeth profile at different elevated temperatures like
coinciding due to very less displacement. 50°C, 75°C, 100°C, 125°C
(a)
Fig 7 Comparison curve of contact lines between
200 profiles of asymmetric and symmetric gear teeth
profiles from tip to bottom of the involute.
Comparison curve for contact lines is drawn
between Symmetric and Asymmetric with 200 side
gear tooth involute portions. The contact line
deviation due to temperature rise is observed to be
higher in Symmetric gear teeth profile when
(b)
compared with Asymmetric gear teeth of 20° side
(As seen in Fig 7). The contact line mates exactly at
the pitch point and deviates the most at the top and
bottom positions which is analogous to the tip and
base circle position of the gear teeth.
(c)
Fig 8 Comparison curve of contact lines between
340 profile of Asymmetric gear teeth and
Symmetric gear teeth from tip to bottom of the
involute.
Comparison curve for contact lines is drawn
between Symmetric and Asymmetric with 340 side
(d) gear tooth involute portions. It is found that contact
382 | P a g e
5. Sri Rama Chandra Rao, E. Venkateswara Rao, G. Raghavendra, T.Ramakrishna /
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.379-383
line deviation due to elevated temperature is more in of size and weight. Gear Technology,
Symmetric gear teeth when compared with September/October 1997, pp. 47-51.
Asymmetric gear teeth profile of 34° side(As seen in [5] L. Faydor Litvin, L. Qiming and L.
Fig 8). The contact line mates exactly at the pitch Alexander Kapelevich, Asymmetric
point and deviate most at the top and bottom of the modified spur gear drives: Reduction of
involute positions. As the surface area of the noise, localization of contact, simulation of
Asymmetric gear teeth is more than the Symmetric, meshing and stress analysis, Comput.
the temperature distribution is higher and hence less Methods Appl. Mech. Engg, Vol. 188, 363-
thermal expansion resulting in low contact line 390, 2000.
deviation [6] F. Karpat, O. Stephen Ekwaro, K. Cavdar
and C. Fatih Babalik, Dynamic analysis of
IV. CONCLUSION involute spur gears with asymmetric teeth,
Based on this study of the following International Journal of Mechanical
conclusions can be drawn: Sciences, Vol. 50, 1598–1610, 2008.
[7] L. Niels Pedersen, Improving bending
1. Finite element analysis was carried out on stress in spur gears using asymmetric gears
symmetric and asymmetric gear teeth to understand and shape optimization, Mechanism and
the profile change at involute and non involute Machine Theory, Vol. 45, 1707-1720,
region of gear tooth. With modified tooth profile, 2010.
contact line deviation was also estimated [8] Park, Plastic Gear surface temperature and
graphically. wear behaviour, MSc. Thesis, Department
2. In the symmetric as well as asymmetric of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio State
gear, the change in gear tooth profile was found to University, USA, 2007.
be larger in tip region than that of root region. [9] K.Mao, A new approach for polymer
However when both the mating gear profile are composite gear design, Wear, Vol. 262,
assumed to be affected by temperature, contact line 432-441, 2007.
deviation is found to be maximum at the beginning [10] Y. Wang, O. Li, J. Tong and P. Yang,
and at the end of engagement; while at the pitch Transient thermo-hydrodynamic
point no deviation is observed. lubrication analysis of an involute spur
3. Profile deviation exhibited by the involute gear, Tribology International, Vol. 37, 773-
region of asymmetric gear tooth found to be lesser 782, 2004.
than that of symmetric gear tooth due to the more [11] A Seireg, Thermal stress effects on the
available area for thermal expansion. However due surface durability of gear teeth, Journal of
to the larger base circle, steepness in the curvature Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 215,
of the fillet portion at asymmetric gear is higher than 2041-2983, 2001.
that of symmetric gear fillet region. This steepness [12] Shigley, J.E., Mischke, C.R. and Budynas,
in the fillet region contributes to the larger profile R.G. (2004). Mechanical Engineering
deviation at asymmetric gear than that of symmetric Design. Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill
gear. Companies Inc. New York
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