Biomaterials for Ingestible Electronics
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The materials for transient electronics are being chosen based on their inherent characteristics, such as permeability, degradation rates, morphology, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, chemical properties, and mechanical properties of the polymer. In a study on bioresorbable silicon electronic sensors, devices were fabricated on silicon nanomembranes, thin SiO2 layers, and magnesium foils and molybdenum interconnects that can dissolve or disintegrate in a time-controlled manner. Another study demonstrated a range of functional transient devices fabricated on polyanhydride substrates (~124 μm thick) where transience was triggered by moisture and time-controlled by the polymeric chemistry. The anhydride groups in the polymeric substrate absorbed the surrounding moisture to cause its hydrolysis and eventually degrade into a viscous liquid. Various transient electronic devices were fabricated from metals (e.g., copper, nickel, and aluminum), semiconductors (e.g., indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO)), and dielectrics (e.g., magnesium oxide).
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:Analytical Modeling of the Ion Number Fluctuations in Biological Ion Channels"
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Vol. 12, 2489–2495, 2012
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Deutmeyer, A. , Raman, R. , Murphy, P. and Pandey, S. (2011) Effect of magnetic field on the fermentation kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2, 207-213.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2011.24031.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=6857
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Kalwa U, Legner C, Wlezien E, Tylka G, Pandey S (2019) New methods of removing debris and high-throughput counting of cyst nematode eggs extracted from field soil. PLOS ONE 14(10): e0223386.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
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Kalwa U, Legner C, Wlezien E, Tylka G, Pandey S (2019), New methods of removing debris and high-throughput counting of cyst nematode eggs extracted from field soil. PLOS ONE 14(10): e0223386.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasitic Worms in MicroChips
This study uses the model organism, C. elegans, to investigate its sensitivity and response to static magnetic fields. Wild-type C. elegans are put into microfluidic channels and exposed to permanent magnets for five cycles of thirty-second time intervals at field strengths ranging from 5 milli Tesla to 120 milli Tesla. Recorded and analyzed with custom software, the results of the worm's movement - the average velocity, turning and curling percentage - were compared to control experiments. Surprisingly, the results did not show any significant difference, indicating that C. elegans may not be able to sense static magnetic fields at the range of field strengths tested.
Njus, Z. , Feldmann, D. , Brien, R. , Kong, T. , Kalwa, U. and Pandey, S. (2015) Characterizing the Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on C. elegans Using Microfluidics. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6, 583-591.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2015.69061.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=59434
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"Amplitude-modulated sinusoidal microchannels
for observing adaptability in C. elegans locomotion",
Biomicrofluidics 5, 024112 (2011)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3604391
Automated sorting of parasitic worms using sine-wave channels
This paper explores how the adaptability of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion behavior can be assessed through a movement-based assay. This assay is set up with a series of sinusoidal microchannels, featuring a fixed wavelength and modulating amplitude. These channels are comparable to the body diameter of the organism, and worms are allowed to travel from the input port to the output port. In regions that closely fit the worms' natural undulations, progress is quick and steady. As the channel amplitude changes along the device, the worm struggles to generate propulsive force, slows down, and eventually is unable to move forward. An array of locomotion parameters (average forward velocity, number and duration of pauses, range of contact angle, and cut-off region) are generated from the recorded videos to measure how the worm moves in the modulated sinusoidal channels. The device is tested on wild-type (N2) and two mutant (lev-8 and unc-38) C. elegans. We suggest that this passive, movement-based assay can be used to differentiate between nematodes with distinct locomotion phenotypes.
Field Robot to Extract Parasite Eggs from Soil
Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous diseases, especially the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Identifying the presence of SCN and measuring its population densities in the field is challenging as there are no visible signs of disease. The only sure way to evaluate SCN population levels is to extract the cysts from the soil, extract the eggs from the cysts, and count them. Currently, this extraction process is typically done in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and requires multiple steps. To make this process easier, we have created a robotic instrument that can automate the extraction of nematode cysts from soil and the subsequent release of their eggs. This technology is operated using a touchscreen interface and is tested using soil samples from two farms. The results are comparable to the conventional technique. Our robotic instrument makes SCN soil diagnostics more efficient, aiding in the long-term integrated pest management of this harmful soybean pest.
Paper Title: Robotic agricultural instrument
for automated extraction
of nematode cysts and eggs
from soil to improve integrated
pest management,
Scientific Reports (2021) 11:3212.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82261-w
Robotic Soil Instrument to Extract Parasite Eggs
Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous diseases, especially the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Identifying the presence of SCN and measuring its population densities in the field is challenging as there are no visible signs of disease. The only sure way to evaluate SCN population levels is to extract the cysts from the soil, extract the eggs from the cysts, and count them. Currently, this extraction process is typically done in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and requires multiple steps. To make this process easier, we have created a robotic instrument that can automate the extraction of nematode cysts from soil and the subsequent release of their eggs. This technology is operated using a touchscreen interface and is tested using soil samples from two farms. The results are comparable to the conventional technique. Our robotic instrument makes SCN soil diagnostics more efficient, aiding in the long-term integrated pest management of this harmful soybean pest.
Commercialized Video Capsule Endoscopy Review
In this review, we focus on the hardware and software technologies used for the purpose of gastrointestinal tract monitoring in a safe and comfortable manner. We review the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices, and the features incorporated in capsule systems such as microrobotics, closed-loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, panoramic imaging and rapid reading software. Both experimental and commercialized capsule systems with their sensors, devices, and circuits are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in biocompatible materials and batteries, edible electronics and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems are presented. The clinical studies are reviewed to examine the safety and effectiveness of capsule procedures and the current challenges and outlook are summarized.
Wireless Capsule Endoscopy and Rapid Reading - A review of latest technologies
By reviewing hardware and software technologies used for capsule endoscopy and remote patient monitoring, this paper examines the up-to-date progress in ingestible capsule systems that offer a safe and comfortable means of tracking the gastrointestinal tract. It goes on to discuss the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices, as well as the advanced features incorporated in the capsule systems such as microrobotics, closed loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, adaptive frame rates, and software. It looks into the examples of both experimental and commercialized capsule systems, along with their sensors, devices, and circuits for gastrointestinal health monitoring. Additionally, the paper presents research about biocompatible materials, batteries, edible electronics, and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems. Lastly, it reviews the clinical studies and assesses the performance indicators related to the safety and effectiveness of ingestible capsule procedures. It also outlines the challenges and the future outlook for the risks to health, clinical testing and approval process, and technology adoption.
Decision making ability of Microorganisms in Maze BioChips
In this paper, we present a microfluidic method to observe and analyze the physical elements of nematode navigation in real-time. We use microfluidic devices consisting of T-maze or cylindrical structures with varying geometry to study how nematodes make decisions. We found that the angle of the T-maze intersections affects the decision-making of these microscopic, soil-dwelling worms. Additionally, we were able to passively guide nematodes in a linear direction by adjusting the position and spacing of cylindrical obstacles in their path. To test our method, we conducted experiments on two nematode species (C. elegans and Oesophagostomum dentatum) without the use of chemical or electrical stimulants.
Decision making T Maze for nematode parasites
We developed a micro-fluidic method to observe the physical aspects of nematode navigation in real-time. This method involves constructing a series of interconnected T-maze or cylindrical structures of varying geometry. Through this, we were able to demonstrate that the decision-making of nematodes is affected by the angle of the T-maze intersections and that they can be directed to move in a linear direction by adjusting the position and spacing of cylindrical obstacles. Our experiments were conducted on two nematodes (C. elegans and Oesophagostomum dentatum) and no chemical or electrical stimulants were employed.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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Fast, reconfigurable switch for chemical sensors
A method to create smart and flexible switches for the regulation of liquid flow across multiple channels is essential in paper microfluidics. Prior approaches are hampered by long response times, high actuation fluid volumes, and external control circuitry. To diminish these problems, we designed a distinctive actuator device fashioned entirely from chromatography paper and featuring folds. The fold can be selectively wetted by an actuation fluid at either the crest or trough, resulting in the raising or lowering of the actuator's tip and thus bringing about the connection or severance of fluidic channels. This actuation principle reduces the response time to only two seconds and the amount of fluid used to merely four microliters. We have also added six switch arrangements which can be divided into single-pole single-throw (normally OFF and normally ON) and single-pole double-throw (with single and double break). The utilization of six actuators in a parallel system allowed us to construct an autonomous colorimetric assay for the detection of three analytes - glucose, protein, and nitrite - in artificial saliva. This study has brought the concept of origami to paper microfluidics, allowing the use of multiple-fold geometries for the programmable switching of fluidic connections.
Taejoon Kong et al, "A fast, reconfigurable flow switch for paper
microfluidics based on selective wetting of folded
paper actuator strips", Lab on Chip, 2017, 17, 3621
Opening and Closing of Transmembrane Proteins in Single Cells
The transmembrane proteins known as ion channels play a role in controlling and preserving the ionic concentrations across the cell membrane. Modeling the flux of ions in and out of these channels on an atomic level is essential for understanding several neurological diseases and related pharmaceutical discoveries. Recent experimental research has provided information on the channel's physical structure which can be used to create realistic ion transport models. Different trajectories exist for the ions entering the channel, each having its own probability of occurrence. Variables that measure these trajectories are the translocation and return probabilities, average lifetime, and spectral density of the ion number fluctuations. Theoretical analysis of ion transport has been restricted to low-resolution continuum diffusion-based or kinetic-based models which do not consider important factors that have an effect on ionic conduction. This paper extends previous models by an electro-diffusion model which takes into account the effects of electric fields, energy barriers, and rate-limited association/dissociation of ions with surface charges present inside the channel. Derived from the analytical model are the survival probability and spectral density.
:Analytical Modeling of the Ion Number Fluctuations in Biological Ion Channels"
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Vol. 12, 2489–2495, 2012
Ion Channel Fluctuations in Transmemembrane Proteins within Cell Membranes
The transmembrane proteins known as ion channels play a role in controlling and preserving the ionic concentrations across the cell membrane. Modeling the flux of ions in and out of these channels on an atomic level is essential for understanding several neurological diseases and related pharmaceutical discoveries. Recent experimental research has provided information on the channel's physical structure which can be used to create realistic ion transport models. Different trajectories exist for the ions entering the channel, each having its own probability of occurrence. Variables that measure these trajectories are the translocation and return probabilities, average lifetime, and spectral density of the ion number fluctuations. Theoretical analysis of ion transport has been restricted to low-resolution continuum diffusion-based or kinetic-based models which do not consider important factors that have an effect on ionic conduction. This paper extends previous models by an electro-diffusion model which takes into account the effects of electric fields, energy barriers, and rate-limited association/dissociation of ions with surface charges present inside the channel. Derived from the analytical model are the survival probability and spectral density.
Electronics to Monitor Animal Behavior Remotely
This paper presents a remote monitoring tool for the objective measurement of behavioral indicators that can help in assessing the health and welfare of pigs in precision swine production. The multiparameter electronic sensor board can measure posture, gait, vocalization, and external temperature, and has been characterized through laboratory measurements and animal tests. Machine learning algorithms and decision support tools can be implemented to detect animal lameness, lethargy, pain, injury, and distress. The adoption of this technology could lead to more efficient management of farm animals, better targeting of sick animals, lower medical costs, and fewer antibiotics being used. Challenges and a road map for technology adoption are discussed, along with suggestions for future improvements.
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092665
Electronic Ear Tag for Farm Animals
We propose a remote monitoring device for measuring behavioral indicators like posture, gait, vocalization, and external temperature which can help in evaluating the health and welfare of pigs. The multiparameter electronic sensor board was tested in a laboratory and on animals. Machine learning algorithms and decision support tools can be used to detect lameness, lethargy, pain, injury, and distress. The roadmap for technology adoption, potential benefits, and further challenges are discussed. This technology could help in efficient management of farm animals, providing targeted attention to sick animals, saving medical costs, and reducing the use of antibiotics.
"Behavioral Monitoring Tool for Pig Farmers: Ear Tag Sensors,
Machine Intelligence, and Technology Adoption Roadmap",
Animals 2021, 11, 2665.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092665
Magnetic Field to enhance ethanol production
In this study, two sets of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the impact of static magnetic fields on the growth and ethanol production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first experiment ran for 25 hours with a 2% dextrose loading rate, while the second ran for 30 hours with a 6% dextrose loading rate. The magnetic fields used were homogeneous and non-homogeneous, with strengths of 100 mT and 200 mT, respectively. The results showed that the homogenous magnetic field had no significant effect on cell growth, whilst the non-homogeneous field yielded an increase of approximately 8% in peak ethanol concentration compared to the control.
Deutmeyer, A. , Raman, R. , Murphy, P. and Pandey, S. (2011) Effect of magnetic field on the fermentation kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2, 207-213.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2011.24031.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=6857
Magnetic field to improve fermentation kinetics for ethanol production
Two experiments were conducted to analyze the influence that magnetic fields have on cell growth and ethanol production during fermentation. The first experiment was conducted for 25 hours at a 2% dextrose loading rate with a homogeneous and non-homogeneous static magnetic field of 100 mT and 200 mT, respectively. The second experiment was conducted for 30 hours at a 6% dextrose loading rate with a non-homogeneous static magnetic field of 200 mT. The results indicated that homogeneous magnetic fields did not have a significant effect on the yeast cell growth. However, the non-homogeneous static magnetic field resulted in about 8% more peak ethanol concentration than the control for the 2% dextrose loading rate.
Parasite Nematode Egg Extraction and Counting
To evaluate the severity of SCN infections in the field, population densities of nematode eggs must be calculated. A method utilizing OptiPrep as a density gradient medium has been shown to provide more effective separation and recovery of extracted eggs compared to sucrose centrifugation. Furthermore, computerized processes have been established to facilitate the discernment and enumeration of eggs from processed samples. A high-resolution scanner was employed to capture static images of eggs and debris on filter papers, and a deep learning network was trained to distinguish and count the eggs from the debris. Additionally, a lensless imaging setup was established using standard components, and the egg samples were allowed to pass through a microfluidic flow chip created from double-sided adhesive tape. Holographic videos were then recorded of the eggs and debris as they moved through, which were reconstructed and processed by a custom software program to obtain the egg counts. The software programs' efficacy for egg counting was validated using soil samples obtained from two farms, and the results were compared to those obtained through manual counting.
Kalwa U, Legner C, Wlezien E, Tylka G, Pandey S (2019) New methods of removing debris and high-throughput counting of cyst nematode eggs extracted from field soil. PLOS ONE 14(10): e0223386.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
Extracting and counting of parasite eggs from soil
To evaluate the level of infestation of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, in the field, egg population densities are determined from soil samples. Sucrose centrifugation is a common technique for separating debris from the extracted SCN eggs. We have developed a procedure, however, that employs OptiPrep as a density gradient medium, with improved extraction and recovery of the eggs compared to the sucrose centrifugation technique. Also, we have built computerized methods to automate the identification and counting of the nematode eggs from the processed samples. One approach uses a high-resolution scanner to capture static images of the eggs and debris on filter papers and a deep learning network is trained to detect and count the eggs. The second approach utilizes a lensless imaging setup with off-the-shelf components and the egg samples flow through a microfluidic flowchip. Holographic videos are taken of the passing eggs and debris, which are then reconstructed and processed by a custom software program to calculate egg counts. To evaluate the performance of the software programs, SCN-infested soils were collected from two farms and the results were compared with manual counts.
Kalwa U, Legner C, Wlezien E, Tylka G, Pandey S (2019), New methods of removing debris and high-throughput counting of cyst nematode eggs extracted from field soil. PLOS ONE 14(10): e0223386.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasitic Worms in MicroChips
This study uses the model organism, C. elegans, to investigate its sensitivity and response to static magnetic fields. Wild-type C. elegans are put into microfluidic channels and exposed to permanent magnets for five cycles of thirty-second time intervals at field strengths ranging from 5 milli Tesla to 120 milli Tesla. Recorded and analyzed with custom software, the results of the worm's movement - the average velocity, turning and curling percentage - were compared to control experiments. Surprisingly, the results did not show any significant difference, indicating that C. elegans may not be able to sense static magnetic fields at the range of field strengths tested.
Njus, Z. , Feldmann, D. , Brien, R. , Kong, T. , Kalwa, U. and Pandey, S. (2015) Characterizing the Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on C. elegans Using Microfluidics. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6, 583-591.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2015.69061.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=59434
Sweat sensing - a comprehensive review
The integration of physical and chemical sensing mechanisms found in nature has been harnessed to enable the development of wearable devices that can track the biochemical and physiological signals of the human body. Numerous consumer electronics have been developed to measure activity, posture, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood oxygen level. Sweat sampling provides a source of biomarkers that is accessible in a continuous, on-the-go, and non-invasive way, allowing for unique developments in wearable sweat sensing. This review focuses on recent trends in material science, device development, sensing mechanisms, power generation, and data management related to these devices. Additionally, exemplary wearable sweat sensors and commercialization efforts in this area are discussed, with an emphasis on the multifunctional sensing platforms that integrate data from both physical and biochemical sweat sensors.
Sweat sensors - a Review of latest technologies
Recent developments in wearable physical sensors have enabled the development of a number of consumer electronics products which measure parameters related to activity, posture, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood oxygen level. However, progress in the development of wearable chemical sensors has been slower due to the inherent challenges in retrieving and processing bodily fluids. Sweat is a valuable source of biomarkers which can be accessed continuously, on-the-go, and non-invasively. This review provides an overview of recent trends in the area of wearable sweat sensing, looking at topics such as material science, device development, sensing mechanisms, power generation, and data management. Examples of wearable sweat sensors published in recent years, as well as commercialization efforts in this field are also presented. The review highlights the trends in multifunctional sensing platforms which incorporate flexible electronics to integrate data from both physical and biochemical sensors.
Worm sorting in Amplitude Modulated Microfluidic channels
This paper explores how the adaptability of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion behavior can be assessed through a movement-based assay. This assay is set up with a series of sinusoidal microchannels, featuring a fixed wavelength and modulating amplitude. These channels are comparable to the body diameter of the organism, and worms are allowed to travel from the input port to the output port. In regions that closely fit the worms' natural undulations, progress is quick and steady. As the channel amplitude changes along the device, the worm struggles to generate propulsive force, slows down, and eventually is unable to move forward. An array of locomotion parameters (average forward velocity, number and duration of pauses, range of contact angle, and cut-off region) are generated from the recorded videos to measure how the worm moves in the modulated sinusoidal channels. The device is tested on wild-type (N2) and two mutant (lev-8 and unc-38) C. elegans. We suggest that this passive, movement-based assay can be used to differentiate between nematodes with distinct locomotion phenotypes.
"Amplitude-modulated sinusoidal microchannels
for observing adaptability in C. elegans locomotion",
Biomicrofluidics 5, 024112 (2011)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3604391
Automated sorting of parasitic worms using sine-wave channels
This paper explores how the adaptability of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion behavior can be assessed through a movement-based assay. This assay is set up with a series of sinusoidal microchannels, featuring a fixed wavelength and modulating amplitude. These channels are comparable to the body diameter of the organism, and worms are allowed to travel from the input port to the output port. In regions that closely fit the worms' natural undulations, progress is quick and steady. As the channel amplitude changes along the device, the worm struggles to generate propulsive force, slows down, and eventually is unable to move forward. An array of locomotion parameters (average forward velocity, number and duration of pauses, range of contact angle, and cut-off region) are generated from the recorded videos to measure how the worm moves in the modulated sinusoidal channels. The device is tested on wild-type (N2) and two mutant (lev-8 and unc-38) C. elegans. We suggest that this passive, movement-based assay can be used to differentiate between nematodes with distinct locomotion phenotypes.
Field Robot to Extract Parasite Eggs from Soil
Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous diseases, especially the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Identifying the presence of SCN and measuring its population densities in the field is challenging as there are no visible signs of disease. The only sure way to evaluate SCN population levels is to extract the cysts from the soil, extract the eggs from the cysts, and count them. Currently, this extraction process is typically done in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and requires multiple steps. To make this process easier, we have created a robotic instrument that can automate the extraction of nematode cysts from soil and the subsequent release of their eggs. This technology is operated using a touchscreen interface and is tested using soil samples from two farms. The results are comparable to the conventional technique. Our robotic instrument makes SCN soil diagnostics more efficient, aiding in the long-term integrated pest management of this harmful soybean pest.
Paper Title: Robotic agricultural instrument
for automated extraction
of nematode cysts and eggs
from soil to improve integrated
pest management,
Scientific Reports (2021) 11:3212.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82261-w
Robotic Soil Instrument to Extract Parasite Eggs
Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous diseases, especially the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Identifying the presence of SCN and measuring its population densities in the field is challenging as there are no visible signs of disease. The only sure way to evaluate SCN population levels is to extract the cysts from the soil, extract the eggs from the cysts, and count them. Currently, this extraction process is typically done in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and requires multiple steps. To make this process easier, we have created a robotic instrument that can automate the extraction of nematode cysts from soil and the subsequent release of their eggs. This technology is operated using a touchscreen interface and is tested using soil samples from two farms. The results are comparable to the conventional technique. Our robotic instrument makes SCN soil diagnostics more efficient, aiding in the long-term integrated pest management of this harmful soybean pest.
Commercialized Video Capsule Endoscopy Review
In this review, we focus on the hardware and software technologies used for the purpose of gastrointestinal tract monitoring in a safe and comfortable manner. We review the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices, and the features incorporated in capsule systems such as microrobotics, closed-loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, panoramic imaging and rapid reading software. Both experimental and commercialized capsule systems with their sensors, devices, and circuits are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in biocompatible materials and batteries, edible electronics and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems are presented. The clinical studies are reviewed to examine the safety and effectiveness of capsule procedures and the current challenges and outlook are summarized.
Wireless Capsule Endoscopy and Rapid Reading - A review of latest technologies
By reviewing hardware and software technologies used for capsule endoscopy and remote patient monitoring, this paper examines the up-to-date progress in ingestible capsule systems that offer a safe and comfortable means of tracking the gastrointestinal tract. It goes on to discuss the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices, as well as the advanced features incorporated in the capsule systems such as microrobotics, closed loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, adaptive frame rates, and software. It looks into the examples of both experimental and commercialized capsule systems, along with their sensors, devices, and circuits for gastrointestinal health monitoring. Additionally, the paper presents research about biocompatible materials, batteries, edible electronics, and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems. Lastly, it reviews the clinical studies and assesses the performance indicators related to the safety and effectiveness of ingestible capsule procedures. It also outlines the challenges and the future outlook for the risks to health, clinical testing and approval process, and technology adoption.
Decision making ability of Microorganisms in Maze BioChips
In this paper, we present a microfluidic method to observe and analyze the physical elements of nematode navigation in real-time. We use microfluidic devices consisting of T-maze or cylindrical structures with varying geometry to study how nematodes make decisions. We found that the angle of the T-maze intersections affects the decision-making of these microscopic, soil-dwelling worms. Additionally, we were able to passively guide nematodes in a linear direction by adjusting the position and spacing of cylindrical obstacles in their path. To test our method, we conducted experiments on two nematode species (C. elegans and Oesophagostomum dentatum) without the use of chemical or electrical stimulants.
Decision making T Maze for nematode parasites
We developed a micro-fluidic method to observe the physical aspects of nematode navigation in real-time. This method involves constructing a series of interconnected T-maze or cylindrical structures of varying geometry. Through this, we were able to demonstrate that the decision-making of nematodes is affected by the angle of the T-maze intersections and that they can be directed to move in a linear direction by adjusting the position and spacing of cylindrical obstacles. Our experiments were conducted on two nematodes (C. elegans and Oesophagostomum dentatum) and no chemical or electrical stimulants were employed.
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Opening and Closing of Transmembrane Proteins in Single Cells
Opening and Closing of Transmembrane Proteins in Single Cells
Ion Channel Fluctuations in Transmemembrane Proteins within Cell Membranes
Ion Channel Fluctuations in Transmemembrane Proteins within Cell Membranes
Magnetic field to improve fermentation kinetics for ethanol production
Magnetic field to improve fermentation kinetics for ethanol production
Extracting and counting of parasite eggs from soil
Extracting and counting of parasite eggs from soil
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasitic Worms in MicroChips
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasitic Worms in MicroChips
Worm sorting in Amplitude Modulated Microfluidic channels
Worm sorting in Amplitude Modulated Microfluidic channels
Automated sorting of parasitic worms using sine-wave channels
Automated sorting of parasitic worms using sine-wave channels
Wireless Capsule Endoscopy and Rapid Reading - A review of latest technologies
Wireless Capsule Endoscopy and Rapid Reading - A review of latest technologies
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6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
在线办理(ANU毕业证书)澳洲国立大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(ANU毕业证书)澳洲国立大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Water billing management system project report.pdf
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
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Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdfWater Industry Process Automation & Control
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.The Role of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in IOT Technology.pdf
The Role of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in IOT Technology.pdfNettur Technical Training Foundation
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/一比一原版(IIT毕业证)伊利诺伊理工大学毕业证成绩单专业办理
IIT毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【伊利诺伊理工大学毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
学历顾问：微信：176555708
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.
Thank me later.
samsarthak31@gmail.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Heap Sort (SS).ppt FOR ENGINEERING GRADUATES, BCA, MCA, MTECH, BSC STUDENTS
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Investor-Presentation-Q1FY2024 investor presentation document.pptx
this is the investor presemtaiton document for qurrter 1 2024
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
一比一原版(UofT毕业证)多伦多大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
UofT毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【多伦多大学毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
学历顾问：微信：176555708
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