The document discusses the bioenergy and biofuel industries in Brazil and the United States, and opportunities for cooperation between the two countries. It provides an overview of key policies and timelines that have shaped biofuel development in Brazil, including the national ethanol program established in 1975. It also summarizes Brazil's leadership in sugarcane ethanol production and flex-fuel vehicles. The document outlines priority areas for collaborative research between the US and Brazil, such as improving sugarcane and corn varieties to increase yields and stress tolerance, and developing cellulosic ethanol and other advanced biofuels.

1. Bioenergy and Biofuel Industry in the USA and Brazil
– Path to cooperation
Geraldo Eugenio de Franca
Fulbright Association
UNL – IANR & ARS-USDA
ITEP – The Technology Institute of Pernambuco
Lincoln, NE – Nov 28 2012

2. Acknowledgments
• Brazil • USA
• ITEP – The Technology • UNL – IANR – Dr. Ron Yoder
Institute of Pernambuco –
Dr. Frederico Montenegro
• ARS-USDA Lincoln – Dr. Ken
• IPA – The Agriculture Vogel and ARS team
Research Institute of PE –
Dr. Julio Zoe
• Fulbright Association – Dr. • IIE – International Institute
Luiz Vlacov of Education – Mr. Jake Silva

3. Summary
. Bioenergy policies in Brazil
. The sugarcane and the ethanol industry
. The second generation ethanol and other hydrocarbons
. Biological and industrial R&D demands
. The cooperation between Brazil and the USA

4. Biofuels World Map

5. Bioenergy Policies in Brazil - A brief account
• 1931 – 5% mixture of ethanol in gasoline
• 1966 – 25% is the allowable mixture
• 1975 – Brazilian Alcohol National Program – Proalcool
• 1979 – Proalcool – Second phase
- Iran-Iraq war – Crude prices jumped from US$ 14.00 to US$
30.00/barrel
• 1983 – Brazilian Energy Nation Program – Biodiesel research – Univ. Fed.
of Parana

6. Bioenergy Policies in Brazil - A brief account
• 2002 - Ethanol – gasoline mixtures ranges from 20 to 25%
• 2003 – Automobile industry launches the ‘flex-fuel’ vehicle –
(ethanol – gasoline)
• 2005 – Law 10097 – Biodiesel legislation and National Agrienergy
Plan
• 2010 – The Brazilian National Laboratory of Bioethanol – CTBE
inaugurated
• 2010 – Embrapa’s National Agrienergy Research Center

9. Sugarcane acreage in Brazil – million hectares
Gráfico 1 - Evolução da área de cana
8,0
7,0
6,0
Milhões de Hectares
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Soca Reformada Expansão Em reforma
Fonte: Elaboração EPE a partir de INPE [20]

10. Sugarcane production in Brazil – million tonnes
Gráfico 2– Histórico anual de produção de cana
700
622,6 627,3
600
565,8
500
Milhões de toneladas
400
300
254,9
200
100
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fonte: EPE com base em MAPA [26]

11. Sugarcane primary energy – 1 ton
1/3 juice: ethanol and sugar – 608 x 109 kcal
153 kg sugar or 90 l ethanol
1/3 bagasse: vapour and electricity – 598 x 109 kcal
1/3 leafs and tops - 512 x 109 kcal
Total 1,718 x 109 kcal
1 crude barrel 1,386x 109 kcal

12. Sugarcane geography in Brazil

13. Brazilian ethanol supply
Gráfico 3 – Oferta de etanol
30,0 28,0
26,1
25,0
23,0
19,9
19,1
Milhões de m³
20,0
14,3
15,0
11,5
10,0 8,0 8,7
6,5 7,0
5,0
5,0
0,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Anidro Hidratado Etanol Total
Fonte: Elaboração EPE a partir de MAPA [30]

14. Flex-fuels vehicles sales in Brazil – 2003 - 2011
Veículos Flex Fuel
Participação nas vendas de veículos leves - em milhões de unidades
3.5 100%
87.2% 88.2% 86.4%
85.6% 90%
3.0 83.1%
78.1%
2.9 80%
2.8
2.5 2.7
70%
2.3
60%
2.0
Millions
50.2% 2.0
50%
1.5
40%
1.4
1.0 30%
21.6%
0.8 20%
0.5 3.7%
10%
0.0 0.3
- 0%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Vendas de veículos flex Participação de veículos flex nas vendas de veículos leves
Source: EPE 2012

15. Brazilian ethanol production and oil price
Fonte: BP e EPE

16. USA RFS Program requirements

17. Ethanol Production in the USA and Brazil

18. Projected ethanol importation from the USA
Gráfico 7 – Projeções de Importação – Estados Unidos
3,0
2,6
2,5 2,3
2,2
2,0
2,0
1,7
Bilhõe s de litros
1,6 1,6
1,5
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,0
0,5
0,0
200 8 200 9 2010 2011 2012 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17
Fonte: elaboração EPE a partir de EIA [19].

19. USA and Brazil R&D collaborative program
Environmental
Agronomy
issues
Priority areas
Biochemistry and
Industrial issues
Biotechnology

20. Agronomy - R&D demands
Sugarcane and Corn
• Abiotic stresses – cold, heat, drought
• Lignocellulose material - content and quality
• Water use efficiency
• Transportation logistics
Sweet Sorghum
• Total biomass production and quality
• Juice and fermentable sugars content
• Lodging tolerance
• Photoperiod response
• Leaf diseases resistance
C4 Grasses – Switchgrass, Napier grass
• Resilience
• Total biomass production and quality
• Carbon sequestration
• Life cycle analysis

21. Biotechnology and Biochemistry – R&D
Sucrose Starch Lignocellulose
• Yeast strains tolerant • Yeast strains tolerant • Designing enzymes
to high temperature to high temperature for conversion – C5
• Yeast strains tolerant • Yeast strains tolerant • Lignin use
to high ethanol to high ethanol
content in the beer content in the beer • NIRS analysis
• Modified starch • Identification and use
molecules of specific traits

22. Environmental issues
Climate Change Life Cycle Analysis Mechanization
• GHG emissions • Net energy ratio
• Harvesting
• Carbon sequestration • Reduction in use of
• Soil compaction
agrochemicals
• Water use efficiency
in biomass production • Transportation of
• Biological N fixation
leafs and tops
• WUE in industrial • P and K
activities bioremediation

23. Industrial demands
Liquid fuels Energy Byproducts
• Sugar extraction • Electricity • Bio-plastics
• Enzymatic conversion • Thermal conversion • New materials
• Lignin use • Biogas
• Hydrocarbons

24. USA and Brazil – Mechanisms of cooperation
2007 – Agreement - President Bush and President Lula
da Silva
. Bioenergy, ethanol, joint projects
2011 – MOU on Scientific Cooperation - President Barak
Obama and President Dilma Roussef
• Agriculture, health, aerospace engineering, bioenergy
2011 – The Science without Borders Program
• Brazil is sending 100,000 students abroad in 4 years
• 75,000 students with public funds.
• 18,000 selected. Around 4,000 to the USA

25. PhD and MSc students graduated – 1998 - 2011
Source: MCTI 2012

26. Fulbright Association – UNL & ARS-USDA
Thanking you!
Geraldo Eugenio
geugenio@itep.br

29. 1G Ethanol – Opportunities and challenges in the industry
1G – Sugarcane ethanol refinery Sugar
Energy source
Bioethanol GI (liquid fuel)
Juice
(sucrose)
Yeast Polymers
stalks
Sugarcane
Others
Energy to the plant
Trash Bagasse (thermal and electric)
Bioelectricity
(to the grid)
Burn before
Field
harvesting Cattle feed
Source: CTBE

30. 2G Ethanol – Opportunities and challenges in the industry
2G – Bio-refinery
Bioethanol GII
Furane Chemistry
Xilose - Xilytol
Pentoses
Bagasse Energy to the plant
(thermal and electric)
Energy (biogas)
Pretreatment Bioelectricity
(to the grid)
Bioethanol GII
Trash
Lignin cellulose Hexoses
slurry Sugar Chemistry
Hydrolysis
Lignin Chemistry
Phenolic route
Energy
Source: CTBE