The document provides information about binary logic and how computers use it. It explains that computers represent true as 1 and false as 0. It introduces logic gates such as AND, OR, and NOT and how they are represented. Truth tables are used to show the output of logic gates given different inputs. Combining multiple logic gates allows modeling more complex relationships between inputs and outputs. Being able to understand binary logic, read logic gate diagrams, and create truth tables is important for understanding how computers work.
This document provides an introduction to computer science and programming concepts. It discusses that computers are everywhere and not just personal computers. It also covers binary, algorithms, data structures, programming languages, conditions, loops, and games to demonstrate computer science concepts. The document encourages learning computer science through online courses and communities.
This document provides an introduction to computers and binary numbering. It explains that computers operate using binary, which has only two digits (0 and 1) compared to the human decimal system which uses base 10. Binary is used because computer circuits can only be in two states, on or off. The document gives examples of counting in binary and converting numbers between decimal and binary. It also discusses memes and provides chat acronyms and their meanings. Students are assigned a group project to present on a meme, explaining its four phases of spread.
This document provides an introduction to computers and binary numbering. It explains that computers operate using binary, which has only two digits (0 and 1) compared to the human decimal system which uses base 10. Binary is used because computer circuits can only be in two states, on or off. The document gives examples of counting in binary and converting numbers between decimal and binary. It also discusses memes and provides chat acronyms and their meanings. Students are assigned a group project to present on a meme, explaining its four phases of spread.
This talk covers techniques for counting large data sets using computers in a space-efficient manner. It discusses using probabilistic methods and estimators to trade accuracy for space. For counting unique elements, sampling is inaccurate due to replication in data. Instead, hashing data makes the problem of estimating unique elements similar to finding the minimum value in a uniformly distributed range, allowing cardinality to be estimated. Probabilistic Counting, developed by Philippe Flajolet, provides an algorithm for this cardinality estimation problem.
- The document discusses improving a basic calculator program by using loops to allow multiple calculations instead of prompting the user each time.
- It introduces while and for loops, providing examples of each. While loops repeat an action while a condition is true, and for loops repeat a set number of times.
- An infinite loop is discussed, which will repeat forever if the terminating condition is not met. The break and continue keywords are also demonstrated.
- As an example, a FizzBuzz program is described that prints numbers from 1 to 100, replacing multiples of 3 with "Fizz" and multiples of 5 with "Buzz".
This guide provides a refresher on basic computer programming concepts without using a specific programming language. It defines key terms like variables, which represent values that can change throughout a program, and statements, which are the smallest standalone elements a computer can understand. It also explains functions and methods as named sets of instructions that can be reused, and parameters as values passed into functions. Finally, it outlines different data types like integers, doubles, strings, and booleans that variables can take on to store different kinds of values.
Transcript - Data Visualisation - Tools and TechniquesARDC
Martin Schweitzer presents on data visualization tools and techniques. He demonstrates Matplotlib, Pandas, Seaborn, Bokeh, Plotly, and Basemap. With Matplotlib, he creates simple plots with just one or two lines of code, as well as more advanced plots. Pandas allows plotting data from CSV files easily. Seaborn builds on Matplotlib to provide publication-ready styling and includes sample datasets. Web-based tools like Bokeh and Plotly allow interactive visualizations. Basemap supports geographic data visualization.
This document provides an overview of the field of computer science. It discusses that computer science involves developing new techniques to solve problems that were previously unsolvable, unlike information technology which focuses on applying existing solutions. It outlines several subfields of computer science like computer vision, machine learning, cryptography etc. It explains that theoretical computer science uses logic and math to prove truths, while empirical research relies on experiments. Algorithms are fundamental as they provide step-by-step instructions for computers. Some tasks are impossible to solve according to computability theory. The document ends by discussing the complexity of different algorithms.
This document provides an introduction to computer science and programming concepts. It discusses that computers are everywhere and not just personal computers. It also covers binary, algorithms, data structures, programming languages, conditions, loops, and games to demonstrate computer science concepts. The document encourages learning computer science through online courses and communities.
This document provides an introduction to computers and binary numbering. It explains that computers operate using binary, which has only two digits (0 and 1) compared to the human decimal system which uses base 10. Binary is used because computer circuits can only be in two states, on or off. The document gives examples of counting in binary and converting numbers between decimal and binary. It also discusses memes and provides chat acronyms and their meanings. Students are assigned a group project to present on a meme, explaining its four phases of spread.
This document provides an introduction to computers and binary numbering. It explains that computers operate using binary, which has only two digits (0 and 1) compared to the human decimal system which uses base 10. Binary is used because computer circuits can only be in two states, on or off. The document gives examples of counting in binary and converting numbers between decimal and binary. It also discusses memes and provides chat acronyms and their meanings. Students are assigned a group project to present on a meme, explaining its four phases of spread.
This talk covers techniques for counting large data sets using computers in a space-efficient manner. It discusses using probabilistic methods and estimators to trade accuracy for space. For counting unique elements, sampling is inaccurate due to replication in data. Instead, hashing data makes the problem of estimating unique elements similar to finding the minimum value in a uniformly distributed range, allowing cardinality to be estimated. Probabilistic Counting, developed by Philippe Flajolet, provides an algorithm for this cardinality estimation problem.
- The document discusses improving a basic calculator program by using loops to allow multiple calculations instead of prompting the user each time.
- It introduces while and for loops, providing examples of each. While loops repeat an action while a condition is true, and for loops repeat a set number of times.
- An infinite loop is discussed, which will repeat forever if the terminating condition is not met. The break and continue keywords are also demonstrated.
- As an example, a FizzBuzz program is described that prints numbers from 1 to 100, replacing multiples of 3 with "Fizz" and multiples of 5 with "Buzz".
This guide provides a refresher on basic computer programming concepts without using a specific programming language. It defines key terms like variables, which represent values that can change throughout a program, and statements, which are the smallest standalone elements a computer can understand. It also explains functions and methods as named sets of instructions that can be reused, and parameters as values passed into functions. Finally, it outlines different data types like integers, doubles, strings, and booleans that variables can take on to store different kinds of values.
Transcript - Data Visualisation - Tools and TechniquesARDC
Martin Schweitzer presents on data visualization tools and techniques. He demonstrates Matplotlib, Pandas, Seaborn, Bokeh, Plotly, and Basemap. With Matplotlib, he creates simple plots with just one or two lines of code, as well as more advanced plots. Pandas allows plotting data from CSV files easily. Seaborn builds on Matplotlib to provide publication-ready styling and includes sample datasets. Web-based tools like Bokeh and Plotly allow interactive visualizations. Basemap supports geographic data visualization.
This document provides an overview of the field of computer science. It discusses that computer science involves developing new techniques to solve problems that were previously unsolvable, unlike information technology which focuses on applying existing solutions. It outlines several subfields of computer science like computer vision, machine learning, cryptography etc. It explains that theoretical computer science uses logic and math to prove truths, while empirical research relies on experiments. Algorithms are fundamental as they provide step-by-step instructions for computers. Some tasks are impossible to solve according to computability theory. The document ends by discussing the complexity of different algorithms.
This document provides an introduction to programming by outlining what programming is and the process involved. It explains that programming involves breaking tasks down into small, precise steps that a computer can understand. This is because computers are very limited in their abilities and need complete, detailed instructions. The document also discusses who might be suited to programming, noting it helps to be logical, patient, and enjoy intellectual challenges. It concludes by describing the typical programming process of writing code, compiling it, running it, debugging any issues, and repeating until the program is complete.
Linda Liukas
Author, illustrator and programmer – Hello Ruby
Linda is an internationally acclaimed speaker whose past clients include for example Google (US), Nokia Siemens (FI), Wired (UK). Linda is also a software programmer, a best-selling author and illustrator of Hello Ruby.
How To Run a 5 Whys (With Humans, Not Robots)Dan Milstein
Slides from a talk at the Lean Startup conference (video link below).
Update: I've interleaved slides covering what I actually talked about onstage.
Update Update: video is up at http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/27482093/highlight/310486
This document discusses how computers represent and store data using binary sequences. It explains that all digital data is ultimately stored as sequences of zeros and ones at the lowest level of abstraction. Higher-level abstractions include integers, floating point numbers, text strings, and other data types which are interpreted based on how many bits are used. The document also discusses limitations of fixed bit representations and different units for measuring data transmission capabilities.
Spreadsheets are often dismissed by developers for not being "proper programming" but that is not true. Since I have shown that spreadsheets are Turing complete, you have no excuse to diss them any longer. In this session, I will implement various algorithms in Excel to show you its power and elegance. After all, spreadsheets are 'live' and functional, so they have everything going for them! Furthermore they are very fit for TDD and rapid prototyping.
Don't fight spreadsheets any longer, but learn to love them.
DEF CON 27 - workshop - EIGENTOURIST - hacking with monadsFelipe Prado
Functional programming uses mathematical concepts like pure functions, immutability, monoids and monads to reduce side effects and make code more predictable. It encourages describing what a program should do rather than how to do it. While not a perfect solution, functional programming techniques help manage complexity and minimize state manipulation, thus creating more reliable software.
The document describes a protocol called VSCP (Very Simple Control Protocol) that was created in 2000 to allow Internet of Things devices to communicate with each other regardless of differences in hardware or communication methods. VSCP defines common properties like identifiers and descriptions that each device must have to identify itself and share information. It also establishes standard ways for devices to send events, read/write properties, and update firmware over different connection types so that all IoT things can interact in a consistent, machine-readable manner. The goal was to make communication very simple for low-powered devices while providing an extensible framework.
This document provides an introduction to programming by explaining what programming is and whether it is the right career choice. It defines programming as breaking tasks down into small, step-by-step instructions that a computer can understand. It notes that while humans can perform tasks intuitively, computers are very limited and need precise, complete instructions. Therefore, programmers must learn to think differently by decomposing problems in a way that accounts for a computer's capabilities and limitations. Overall, the document aims to give readers a basic understanding of the nature of programming to help them decide if it aligns with their interests and skills.
CPAP.com Introduction to Coding: Part 1johnnygoodman
This document provides an introduction to coding concepts. It discusses storing values in variables and data types like strings and integers. Key coding concepts covered include comments, running code, comparisons, arrays, and if/else statements. The document outlines what future sessions will cover, including loops, classes, methods, connecting to databases, and using other people's code.
This document provides an introduction to representing algorithms using flowcharts and pseudocode. It walks through creating a simple flowchart using the Flowgorithm program to represent the algorithm of displaying "Hello, World!" and a personalized greeting. It discusses the differences between using text-based "Display" vs. Flowgorithm's "Output" and explores syntax errors that can occur. It demonstrates displaying numeric values vs. strings and arithmetic operations in flowcharts. In particular, it notes that numbers without quotes will be treated as numeric values while numbers in quotes are treated as strings. The document concludes by showing how to join multiple strings together using the ampersand operator.
This document discusses using symbolic computation in Perl to represent and manipulate mathematical objects like rational numbers, complex numbers, polynomials, and linear/quadratic equations. It presents examples of implementing rational numbers as ordered pairs of integers, complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, and polynomials as ordered tuples. The key steps are to figure out the rules/properties of the mathematical objects, eliminate extraneous details, and find a representation to encode the objects as data structures that support defined arithmetic operations and algorithms. This allows performing symbolic rather than numeric computations natively in Perl.
The document discusses negative results in using Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) to play the game of Go. It summarizes that:
1) MCTS has achieved great success in games but faces challenges in Go situations requiring abstract thinking and divide-and-conquer strategies.
2) Trivial situations in Go like "semeai" (liberty racing) are solved poorly by MCTS due to an inability to generalize across similar situations.
3) The paper examines techniques like parallelization, machine learning, genetic programming, and nested MCTS that have not fully addressed these challenges, showing the importance of continued work on these open problems.
Disappointing results & open problems in Monte-Carlo Tree SearchOlivier Teytaud
This document summarizes negative results from experiments using Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) techniques to play the game of Go. The key points are:
1) MCTS achieved early successes in Go but struggles with situations requiring abstract thinking and divide-and-conquer strategies.
2) Attempts to address these weaknesses through parallelization, machine learning, genetic programming, and nested MCTS provided only marginal improvements over random play or shallow search depths.
3) The results highlight important challenges that MCTS does not currently solve and indicate the most important areas of research are improving abstract reasoning and combination of local fights, not hardware or search improvements.
This document provides an introduction to programming and some key skills needed. It discusses a simplified model of programming using a calculator to perform tasks like calculating an average. It notes computers require precise instructions and details everything. The document outlines four key skills: attention to detail, thinking like a "stupid" computer, good memory, and ability to think abstractly on several levels by compartmentalizing tasks. Real programming requires care, craftsmanship and managing complexity through abstraction.
How to Run a Post-Mortem (With Humans, Not Robots), Velocity 2013Dan Milstein
Slides (with annotations) from a talk on post-mortems at Velocity CA, 2013.
This is an expanded version of my earlier slides, from the Lean Startup Conf.
Human-Computer Interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them” -ACM/IEEE
The document provides an overview of a class on building a virtual pet with JavaScript. It includes an agenda for the class which covers reviewing starter code, learning key JavaScript concepts, building the app, reviewing solutions, and discussing next steps. The class will teach students how to use variables, objects, functions, conditionals and more to create an interactive virtual pet. Students are encouraged to work through challenges on their own and use resources like Google when problem solving.
The Biological Imperative for Intelligent ContentNoz Urbina
[Originally presented at Intelligent Content 2014] It's been about 1000 years since the last time our basic understanding of communicating content has changed as much as it's changing today. Under the pressures of multi-channel and multi-device content challenges, the old rules we learned about good content and processes are breaking down. How do we optimize for all this diversity? There is a way to understand, master, and even leverage all this change before competitors beat you to it. This isn’t an industry issue. The challenges around discussing and making full use of today’s digital communication platforms are faced by all cultures around the world as they adopt them.
Contemporary research in cognitive science and neurobiology, leads us to new ways of thinking about communication at a basic, human level. This session could be considered a study in empathy. It offers cognitive science and neurolobiology lessons relevant to today's content landscape, and a common language to help you bridge the communication issues with your clients, colleagues, managers, and end users.
Don’t worry – this session isn't a jargon-filled nerd-fest, but a roadmap to navigating the world of content, today and tomorrow. It will cover techniques and methodologies to better structure content, optimize editorial processes, and build effective, influential strategies.
This document provides an introduction to programming by outlining what programming is and the process involved. It explains that programming involves breaking tasks down into small, precise steps that a computer can understand. This is because computers are very limited in their abilities and need complete, detailed instructions. The document also discusses who might be suited to programming, noting it helps to be logical, patient, and enjoy intellectual challenges. It concludes by describing the typical programming process of writing code, compiling it, running it, debugging any issues, and repeating until the program is complete.
Linda Liukas
Author, illustrator and programmer – Hello Ruby
Linda is an internationally acclaimed speaker whose past clients include for example Google (US), Nokia Siemens (FI), Wired (UK). Linda is also a software programmer, a best-selling author and illustrator of Hello Ruby.
How To Run a 5 Whys (With Humans, Not Robots)Dan Milstein
Slides from a talk at the Lean Startup conference (video link below).
Update: I've interleaved slides covering what I actually talked about onstage.
Update Update: video is up at http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/27482093/highlight/310486
This document discusses how computers represent and store data using binary sequences. It explains that all digital data is ultimately stored as sequences of zeros and ones at the lowest level of abstraction. Higher-level abstractions include integers, floating point numbers, text strings, and other data types which are interpreted based on how many bits are used. The document also discusses limitations of fixed bit representations and different units for measuring data transmission capabilities.
Spreadsheets are often dismissed by developers for not being "proper programming" but that is not true. Since I have shown that spreadsheets are Turing complete, you have no excuse to diss them any longer. In this session, I will implement various algorithms in Excel to show you its power and elegance. After all, spreadsheets are 'live' and functional, so they have everything going for them! Furthermore they are very fit for TDD and rapid prototyping.
Don't fight spreadsheets any longer, but learn to love them.
DEF CON 27 - workshop - EIGENTOURIST - hacking with monadsFelipe Prado
Functional programming uses mathematical concepts like pure functions, immutability, monoids and monads to reduce side effects and make code more predictable. It encourages describing what a program should do rather than how to do it. While not a perfect solution, functional programming techniques help manage complexity and minimize state manipulation, thus creating more reliable software.
The document describes a protocol called VSCP (Very Simple Control Protocol) that was created in 2000 to allow Internet of Things devices to communicate with each other regardless of differences in hardware or communication methods. VSCP defines common properties like identifiers and descriptions that each device must have to identify itself and share information. It also establishes standard ways for devices to send events, read/write properties, and update firmware over different connection types so that all IoT things can interact in a consistent, machine-readable manner. The goal was to make communication very simple for low-powered devices while providing an extensible framework.
This document provides an introduction to programming by explaining what programming is and whether it is the right career choice. It defines programming as breaking tasks down into small, step-by-step instructions that a computer can understand. It notes that while humans can perform tasks intuitively, computers are very limited and need precise, complete instructions. Therefore, programmers must learn to think differently by decomposing problems in a way that accounts for a computer's capabilities and limitations. Overall, the document aims to give readers a basic understanding of the nature of programming to help them decide if it aligns with their interests and skills.
CPAP.com Introduction to Coding: Part 1johnnygoodman
This document provides an introduction to coding concepts. It discusses storing values in variables and data types like strings and integers. Key coding concepts covered include comments, running code, comparisons, arrays, and if/else statements. The document outlines what future sessions will cover, including loops, classes, methods, connecting to databases, and using other people's code.
This document provides an introduction to representing algorithms using flowcharts and pseudocode. It walks through creating a simple flowchart using the Flowgorithm program to represent the algorithm of displaying "Hello, World!" and a personalized greeting. It discusses the differences between using text-based "Display" vs. Flowgorithm's "Output" and explores syntax errors that can occur. It demonstrates displaying numeric values vs. strings and arithmetic operations in flowcharts. In particular, it notes that numbers without quotes will be treated as numeric values while numbers in quotes are treated as strings. The document concludes by showing how to join multiple strings together using the ampersand operator.
This document discusses using symbolic computation in Perl to represent and manipulate mathematical objects like rational numbers, complex numbers, polynomials, and linear/quadratic equations. It presents examples of implementing rational numbers as ordered pairs of integers, complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, and polynomials as ordered tuples. The key steps are to figure out the rules/properties of the mathematical objects, eliminate extraneous details, and find a representation to encode the objects as data structures that support defined arithmetic operations and algorithms. This allows performing symbolic rather than numeric computations natively in Perl.
The document discusses negative results in using Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) to play the game of Go. It summarizes that:
1) MCTS has achieved great success in games but faces challenges in Go situations requiring abstract thinking and divide-and-conquer strategies.
2) Trivial situations in Go like "semeai" (liberty racing) are solved poorly by MCTS due to an inability to generalize across similar situations.
3) The paper examines techniques like parallelization, machine learning, genetic programming, and nested MCTS that have not fully addressed these challenges, showing the importance of continued work on these open problems.
Disappointing results & open problems in Monte-Carlo Tree SearchOlivier Teytaud
This document summarizes negative results from experiments using Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) techniques to play the game of Go. The key points are:
1) MCTS achieved early successes in Go but struggles with situations requiring abstract thinking and divide-and-conquer strategies.
2) Attempts to address these weaknesses through parallelization, machine learning, genetic programming, and nested MCTS provided only marginal improvements over random play or shallow search depths.
3) The results highlight important challenges that MCTS does not currently solve and indicate the most important areas of research are improving abstract reasoning and combination of local fights, not hardware or search improvements.
This document provides an introduction to programming and some key skills needed. It discusses a simplified model of programming using a calculator to perform tasks like calculating an average. It notes computers require precise instructions and details everything. The document outlines four key skills: attention to detail, thinking like a "stupid" computer, good memory, and ability to think abstractly on several levels by compartmentalizing tasks. Real programming requires care, craftsmanship and managing complexity through abstraction.
How to Run a Post-Mortem (With Humans, Not Robots), Velocity 2013Dan Milstein
Slides (with annotations) from a talk on post-mortems at Velocity CA, 2013.
This is an expanded version of my earlier slides, from the Lean Startup Conf.
Human-Computer Interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them” -ACM/IEEE
The document provides an overview of a class on building a virtual pet with JavaScript. It includes an agenda for the class which covers reviewing starter code, learning key JavaScript concepts, building the app, reviewing solutions, and discussing next steps. The class will teach students how to use variables, objects, functions, conditionals and more to create an interactive virtual pet. Students are encouraged to work through challenges on their own and use resources like Google when problem solving.
The Biological Imperative for Intelligent ContentNoz Urbina
[Originally presented at Intelligent Content 2014] It's been about 1000 years since the last time our basic understanding of communicating content has changed as much as it's changing today. Under the pressures of multi-channel and multi-device content challenges, the old rules we learned about good content and processes are breaking down. How do we optimize for all this diversity? There is a way to understand, master, and even leverage all this change before competitors beat you to it. This isn’t an industry issue. The challenges around discussing and making full use of today’s digital communication platforms are faced by all cultures around the world as they adopt them.
Contemporary research in cognitive science and neurobiology, leads us to new ways of thinking about communication at a basic, human level. This session could be considered a study in empathy. It offers cognitive science and neurolobiology lessons relevant to today's content landscape, and a common language to help you bridge the communication issues with your clients, colleagues, managers, and end users.
Don’t worry – this session isn't a jargon-filled nerd-fest, but a roadmap to navigating the world of content, today and tomorrow. It will cover techniques and methodologies to better structure content, optimize editorial processes, and build effective, influential strategies.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
binary_logic.pptx
1. Computers in the real world
Objectives
• Understand what is meant by binary
• Why do computers use binary?
• Understand what is meant by a truth table.
• Be able to read simple logic gate circuit
diagrams
• Be able to create and append to circuit
diagrams.
2. Computers in the real world
Binary 1 or 0
Computer only understand binary. A binary digit can only be either 1 or
0.
By arranging 1’s and 0’s together in special ways we can create anything!
•Numbers
•Letters
•Pictures
•Music
•Software!
When you read text on a screen the computer sees
a series of 1’s and 0’s!
3. Computers in the real world
Why?
0 Voltage
High Voltage
Low Voltage
Computers communicate binary by setting a voltage on a wire. A high voltage
represents a 1 and a low voltage represents a 0. 0 voltage DOES NOT means a 0
binary digit! It means the line is broke!
4. Computers in the real world
Why?
The voltage is measured at fixed time intervals. That way a binary value can be
“read”. The value here is 10011!
5. Computers in the real world
Why?
What is wrong with this? Voltages sometimes fluctuate. When the values are
close together (like in the diagram below) a fluctuation could mean the difference
between a 7 being seen as a 9! As this is very common it would mean the
computer would crash MUCH more often!
0 Voltage
1
3
7
5
1
9
6. Computers in the real world
Why?
In order to represent two values we need two separate voltages. In a perfect
world we could have more than two voltages. The diagram below shows what a
signal along a 10 (or normal number) line may look like.
0 Voltage
1
3
7
5
1
7. Computers in the real world
Why?
0 Voltage
High Voltage
Low Voltage
Lets see what happens if a voltage changes in this example.
Middle Voltage
8. Computers in the real world
Why?
0 Voltage
High Voltage
Low Voltage
Even though it has moved it is still clearly in the low voltage area. The computer
would have no problem recognising this as a 0. Computers and binary go
together like bread and butter. Or cake and chocolate... Mmm chocolate cake
Middle Voltage
9. Computers in the real world
Implications of binary
Ever wondered why computer memory has odd sizes? Like 512 Mb or
1024 Mb?
We already know computers use binary...
This means we use binary or “base 2” for sizes.
ALL sizes on computers are 2x
So the pattern will be 2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,4048 and so on.
10. Computers in the real world
Activity
Add a new section to your revision notes called binary logic. Explain
•What is binary?
•Why do computers use binary?
You are not expected to be able to convert number
or text into binary!!
11. Computers in the real world
Computers and logic
You may not believe this but...
Computers are logical!
Honest!
12. Computers in the real world
What is binary logic
Computers use binary logic to do many great things. It is one of the key
skills needed in order to be able to program a computer. It also helps to
understand why computers can be a “bit thick” sometimes. More on that
later
Binary logic is where we say if something is either true or false. There is
no maybes or kind of. Just true or false.
For example “Is that a car?” would result in true or false. Or “Mr Hamflett
has a beard today”. Statements like “Is Mr Hamflett awesome?” would
NOT be binary logic as the answer will not be answered the same by
different people.
13. Computers in the real world
Predictable
Binary logic must be predictable. That means that if you asked anyone
you would always get the same true or false answer. We must be able to
predict the outcome.
It has a posh name. Binary logic is deterministic. You do not need to know
that word but it may be good way to confuse your mates!
Computers are deterministic. That means that their behaviour must be
predictable given the same input and circumstances. As I have already
said you may thing computers have a mind of their own and are NOT
predictable. I can assure you they are and there are reasons why they act
the way they do. More on that later!
14. Computers in the real world
Activity
Some students like to travel on trains. Not all students like cheese.
Discuss in groups which of the following statements are true based on the
statements above.
a) Students who like cheese do not like to travel on a train
b) Student who travel by train like eating cheese
c) Some students who travel by train will like cheese
d) Students who do not like cheese may still like the train.
15. Computers in the real world
Answers
Some students like to travel on trains. Not all students like cheese.
Discuss in groups which of the following statements are true based on the
statements above.
a) Students who like cheese do not like to travel on a train
b) Student who travel by train like eating cheese
c) Some students who travel by train will like cheese
d) Students who do not like cheese may still like the train.
16. Computers in the real world
Activity
Open the “understanding logic” work sheet and answer all of the
questions.
17. Computers in the real world
Binary operators
We can connect truth statements together by using special words. We call
these binary (or Boolean) operators.
The words we can use are –
AND
OR
NOT
By doing this we can derive something else which is true. For example -
1. It is raining
2. I have an umbrella
It is raining AND I have an umbrella means I will not get wet
18. Computers in the real world
Truth tables
We can consider all of the possibilities of the last statement in a little
table. This is known as a truth table.
It is raining I have an umbrella I wont get wet
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False
The above table shows the truth for AND. Both things MUST be true for
the result to be true. But hang on there is a mistake! If it is not raining i
will not get wet either! Duh! We need to use our boolean operators to try
and fix this. Let us look at what OR and NOT do!
19. Computers in the real world
AND
AND – If A and B are both true then A AND B is true.
A B A AND B
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False
Key point – Both MUST be true for AND to be true!
20. Computers in the real world
OR
OR– If either A or B are true then A OR B is true
A B A OR B
True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False
Key point – At least one of A or B must be true!
21. Computers in the real world
NOT
NOT– reverses truth. True becomes false and false becomes true!
A NOT A
True False
False True
Key point – This flips truth!
22. Computers in the real world
Activity
For all of these questions assume that A = True and B = false. Write down
if the result will be true or false.
1) A AND B
2) NOT B
3) NOT A
4) A OR B
5) NOT (A AND B)
23. Computers in the real world
Coming back to our problem
We already know there are issues with the statement below. We want the
truth below but AND / OR / NOT on their own will create it! We will need
to combine them in order to create the correct table.
It is raining I have an umbrella I wont get wet
True True True
True False False
False True True
False False True
We need to get creative to create the correct truth table!
24. Computers in the real world
Coming back to our problem
If we flip the raining we get the column in yellow. So rather that say true if
it is raining, we say false.
It is raining NOT (It is
raining)
I have an
umbrella
I wont get
wet
True False True True
True False False False
False True True True
False True False True
Now look at what we have. We can now use OR to get the required
answers on the left. So our final truth statement is
NOT (it is raining) OR I have an umbrella
25. Computers in the real world
Activity
For all of these questions assume that A = True and B = false. Write down
if the result will be true or false.
1) (NOT A) AND (NOT B)
2) NOT (A OR B)
3) (A OR B) AND (B OR A)
4) NOT (A OR B) OR (A AND B)
Once we have gone over the answers you should do the “truth table”
worksheet
26. Computers in the real world
Truth is a matter of on or off!
Now that we have an idea of what we mean by AND / OR / NOT we can
start looking at how truth is represented on a computer. If you do
electronics then you will already know this!
True = 1 (on)
False = 0 (off)
So rather than writing True or false we can write 1 or 0.
Let us see how this changes the truth tables.
Exam tip – You will be using 1 / 0 in the exam so get used to doing it this
way!
27. Computers in the real world
AND
AND – If A and B are both 1 then A AND B is 1.
A B A AND B
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
Key point – Both MUST be 1 for AND to be 1!
28. Computers in the real world
OR
OR– If either A or B are 1 then A OR B is 1
A B A OR B
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
Key point – At least one of A or B must be 1!
29. Computers in the real world
NOT
NOT– reverses truth. 1 becomes 0 and 0 becomes 1!
A NOT A
1 0
0 1
Key point – This flips truth!
30. Computers in the real world
Activity
Copy the truth tables into your revision notes. Make sure you copy the
ones with 1’s and 0’s!
Yes i did say copy! It does not happen very often I know! Bask in the lazy
glow!
31. Computers in the real world
Logic gates
Now that we have an idea of truth and understand this on / off / 1 / 0
malarkey we can move onto logic gates.
You will need to be able to read them, append to them and create them.
You will also be expected to create truth tables from them.
Below are what AND / OR and NOT look like
32. Computers in the real world
Remembering them!
You need to remember these symbols. Let us use some memory
techniques to help.
The OR looks a bit like a badge. There is lots
of badges to choose from but your only
allowed to wear one. So could it be that one
OR that one OR that one ....
NOT has a circle at the end which is a bit like
a full stop. You are NOT having that, full
stop!!!
AND looks a bit like a pac man ghost.
Pacman needs to eat power kills AND avoid
ghosts.
33. Computers in the real world
Activity
In your revision notes copy the symbols. Now think of a fun / interesting
way to remember what they look like. Note it down next to the icon.
This may seem silly but lets face it what does AND look like??? It will be
hard to remember in a years time!
34. Computers in the real world
Reading results off a logic gate
The diagram below has been labelled with letters. It has two Inputs and
one out put. The inputs are labelled X and Y while the output is Labelled P.
X
Y
P
What would be the output if the inputs were –
X = 1
Y = 0
P = ???
35. Computers in the real world
Reading results off a logic gate
X
Y
P
X Y P
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
Here is the truth table for this diagram.
Do you recognise it? You should because
this is....
36. Computers in the real world
Activity
Complete the questions below
X
Y
P
What would be the output if the inputs were –
X = 1
Y = 0
P = ???
Create the truth table for this.
37. Computers in the real world
Combining gates
The diagram below is P = NOT (X OR B)
X
Y
P
How? Well the output of the OR is fed into the NOT. So we do X OR Y and
then NOT it. When you want to NOT the whole of a truth statement you
need to put the NOT at the end. Even though we write it down at the
front.
Bit confusing but it will become clearer over time.
38. Computers in the real world
Truth table of P = NOT( X AND Y)
X Y P
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
X
Y
P
39. Computers in the real world
Need help? TRUTH TABLE IT!
X Y X OR Y P
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
X
Y
P
If you add a column for each stage then it will help you work out the
answer! With all these 1’s and 0’s floating around it is easy to get
confuzzled.
40. Computers in the real world
Activity
Create the truth table (including any help) for the logic gate diagram
below.
L
D
K
You may wish you create a extra column for the first symbol!
41. Computers in the real world
More that 2 inputs
It is possible to have more than 2 inputs. The diagram below shows three
inputs (A, B and C). The equation is Z = (A OR B) AND (NOT C)
A
B
Z
You can create truth tables for these beasts as well!
C
42. Computers in the real world
More that 2 inputs
It is possible to have more than 2 inputs. The diagram below shows three
inputs (A, B and C). The equation is Z = (A OR B) AND (NOT C)
A B C Z
1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0
So how did I make this? I will
take you through the steps
43. Computers in the real world
Step 1 – Write out all the permutations
The first step is write down all of the possibilities. As there are now 3
inputs there are extra rows.
A B C
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
Every possibility must be
written down. As a rule of
thumb
1 input = 2 rows
2 inputs = 4 rows
3 inputs = 8 rows
4 inputs = 16 rows..
They double each time!
As a tip. When you add a extra
output copy all of the rows and
then add 0’s in the new input
for the first half and 1’s for the
second half.
44. Computers in the real world
Step 2 – Perform the first logic gate
Now we create a new column for the first logic gate. That will help us
work out the output of that gate. This will then be the input to the next!
A B C A OR B
1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0
45. Computers in the real world
Step 3 – Do the same for the next logic gate
We just add a new column for each logic gate. Things are starting to take
shape!
A B C A OR B NOT C
1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
46. Computers in the real world
Step 4 – The result!
Z = (NOT C) AND (A OR B)
A B C A OR
B
NOT C Z
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
47. Computers in the real world
Activity
Write down the equation related to this diagram and then create a truth
table.
L
D
K
The key to success here is HOW you do it, not the answer!
A