This workshop is a deliverable of TRAC project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº777823.
Presentation 5:
Recycling in construction material: case studies
Quoc-Bao Bui, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam
Dr. Quoc-Bao Bui received his PhD in 2008 at ENTPE (Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat) Lyon, France. From 2008 to 2011, he continued at ENTPE as Postdoc researcher funded by Filiaterre company. From 2011 to 2016, he worked as Associate Professor at Polytech Annecy-Chambery, University Savoie Mont-Blanc, France. Since 2016, he has joined Ton Duc Thang University (Vietnam) as Associate Professor. His research interests cover non-conventional materials (soil-based materials, recycled materials) and structural analyses (RC structures, dynamic behaviour). He has recently been involved in research activities related to chemical activations, especially alkaline-activated materials. He has published about 60 articles in international journals.
Shear strength of compacted soils using geopolymerSUT Soe Thiha
To assess the shear strength development of soils using geopolymer in the three-ring direct shear testing device, the results from the laboratory tests will be compared on a same graph to figure out shear strength behavior between water only and water plus 10% geopolymer.
Challenges for Concrete. Presenterat av professor Karen Scrivener, vinnare av Swedish Concrete Award 2015, på Träffpunkt Betong 15 den 7 oktober i Stockholm.
This workshop is a deliverable of TRAC project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº777823.
Presentation 5:
Recycling in construction material: case studies
Quoc-Bao Bui, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam
Dr. Quoc-Bao Bui received his PhD in 2008 at ENTPE (Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat) Lyon, France. From 2008 to 2011, he continued at ENTPE as Postdoc researcher funded by Filiaterre company. From 2011 to 2016, he worked as Associate Professor at Polytech Annecy-Chambery, University Savoie Mont-Blanc, France. Since 2016, he has joined Ton Duc Thang University (Vietnam) as Associate Professor. His research interests cover non-conventional materials (soil-based materials, recycled materials) and structural analyses (RC structures, dynamic behaviour). He has recently been involved in research activities related to chemical activations, especially alkaline-activated materials. He has published about 60 articles in international journals.
Shear strength of compacted soils using geopolymerSUT Soe Thiha
To assess the shear strength development of soils using geopolymer in the three-ring direct shear testing device, the results from the laboratory tests will be compared on a same graph to figure out shear strength behavior between water only and water plus 10% geopolymer.
Challenges for Concrete. Presenterat av professor Karen Scrivener, vinnare av Swedish Concrete Award 2015, på Träffpunkt Betong 15 den 7 oktober i Stockholm.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
Presentation by
Primary Information Services
www.primaryinfo.com
mailto:primaryinfo@gmail.com
Download PDF Version at
https://www.slideshare.net/thorapadi/presentations
See You tube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/user/ch600091/videos?view_as=subscriber
Concrete is one of the most versatile materials used in infrastructural development. It plays a critical role in in construction industry and making it sustainable is of paramount importance. How do we do it? Let us look here!!
Concrete is the most versatile, durable and reliable construction material on the planet. But sustainability becomes the major concern as the conventional concrete is not eco-friendly due the large carbon footprint of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) industries. Efforts are needed to develop an eco-friendly material with minimal environmental damage. A concrete with complete replacement of OPC by pozzolanic materials like fly-ash, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) etc. having a polymeric binder is called Geopolymer concrete (GPC). In Geopolymer concrete, most of the research work has been focused on fly ash based binders. However, the RHA has the potential to be used as a source material in Geopolymer concrete as the RHA is a pozzolanic material containing about 85-90% of silicon dioxide (SiO2).This paper briefly reviews the work carried by various researchers and scientists on RHA based Geopolymer concrete.
Keywords- Rice Husk Ash, Geopolymer, Pozzolanic material, Ground granulated blast furnace slag
As cement is been involved in various contrived effects to the environment, an alternative is necessary for its impacts reduction.Such alternative is done by completely replacing the cement with silicafume and flyash which are the by-products.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
Presentation by
Primary Information Services
www.primaryinfo.com
mailto:primaryinfo@gmail.com
Download PDF Version at
https://www.slideshare.net/thorapadi/presentations
See You tube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/user/ch600091/videos?view_as=subscriber
Concrete is one of the most versatile materials used in infrastructural development. It plays a critical role in in construction industry and making it sustainable is of paramount importance. How do we do it? Let us look here!!
Concrete is the most versatile, durable and reliable construction material on the planet. But sustainability becomes the major concern as the conventional concrete is not eco-friendly due the large carbon footprint of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) industries. Efforts are needed to develop an eco-friendly material with minimal environmental damage. A concrete with complete replacement of OPC by pozzolanic materials like fly-ash, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) etc. having a polymeric binder is called Geopolymer concrete (GPC). In Geopolymer concrete, most of the research work has been focused on fly ash based binders. However, the RHA has the potential to be used as a source material in Geopolymer concrete as the RHA is a pozzolanic material containing about 85-90% of silicon dioxide (SiO2).This paper briefly reviews the work carried by various researchers and scientists on RHA based Geopolymer concrete.
Keywords- Rice Husk Ash, Geopolymer, Pozzolanic material, Ground granulated blast furnace slag
As cement is been involved in various contrived effects to the environment, an alternative is necessary for its impacts reduction.Such alternative is done by completely replacing the cement with silicafume and flyash which are the by-products.
The presentation describes shortly the project GeoMaterials and the coordinating organisation KAMK. In addition, it provides some examples on geomaterials binder mix development for structural applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Micro additives on Macrostructure of Autoclavedaerated Concreteinventionjournals
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a construction material with porous macrostructure prepared of finely milled siliceous aggregate, lime, water and Portland cement with the addition of aluminium powder and being steam-cured under the pressure in an autoclave. Today AAC (light construction material) is a widely used in the constructions as a material that is compared to concrete or conventional stone material, which has a high insulation properties and fireresistant. Previous studies have shown that application of microadditives in AAC enhances physical-mechanical properties of AAC samples. Most of these changes are duo to an even distribution of pores. The influence of such additives, as amorphous SiO2 (AS) and carbon fibres (CF), reduced to microsizeparticles, on formation of AAC macrostructure was investigated. The investigations were carried out with AAC forming mixture where 10% lime was replaced by equivalent content of Portland cement. Research results have showed, that the optimal replacement of sand by AS was 1.0% and by CF – 0.1%, and resulted in an equal distribution of pores and optimal macrostructure formation (higher amount of small pores, lower amount of merged pores) which leads to highest compressive and flexural strengths of modified AAC samples
Influence of Micro additives on Macrostructure of Autoclavedaerated Concreteinventionjournals
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a construction material with porous macrostructure prepared of finely milled siliceous aggregate, lime, water and Portland cement with the addition of aluminium powder and being steam-cured under the pressure in an autoclave. Today AAC (light construction material) is a widely used in the constructions as a material that is compared to concrete or conventional stone material, which has a high insulation properties and fireresistant. Previous studies have shown that application of microadditives in AAC enhances physical-mechanical properties of AAC samples. Most of these changes are duo to an even distribution of pores. The influence of such additives, as amorphous SiO2 (AS) and carbon fibres (CF), reduced to microsizeparticles, on formation of AAC macrostructure was investigated. The investigations were carried out with AAC forming mixture where 10% lime was replaced by equivalent content of Portland cement. Research results have showed, that the optimal replacement of sand by AS was 1.0% and by CF – 0.1%, and resulted in an equal distribution of pores and optimal macrostructure formation (higher amount of small pores, lower amount of merged pores) which leads to highest compressive and flexural strengths of modified AAC samples
MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST ...IEI GSC
Presentation on MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
made by Daxesh Patel under guidance of Prof Sonal Thakkar at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
Similar to Betong med alkali-aktiverad slagg och nano-impregnerat kolfibernät (20)
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Betong med alkali-aktiverad slagg och nano-impregnerat kolfibernät
1. 2021-04-29
1
Concrete with Alkali-Activated Slag and
Nano-Impregnated Carbon fibre Mesh
Tang Luping
Full professor of Building Materials
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg, Sweden
2021-04-29
This presentation try to address
2
What is alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete? Which factors
affect the strength and shrinkage of AAS concrete?
What is the general durability of AAS concrete? How is the acid
resistance and temperature stability of the concrete affected
when using AAS?
What potential structures can AAS concrete be suitable for?
What are the obstacles to the application of AAS concrete in
ordinary structures?
How to improve adhesion between carbon fiber mesh and
concrete?
1
2
2. 2021-04-29
2
2021-04-29
Background
•What is alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete?
3
2021-04-29
Problem in Portland Cement Production
4
600
400
200
800
1000
1200
1400
5 20 25 30 35
10 min
˚C
Mass
portions
CO2
Pre-Heating
Burning
Calcining Transiting
1200-1500 C
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Calcining process
Molecular weight 56 44
+ CO2 release from fuel
0.9 kg CO2 per kg cement
3
4
3. 2021-04-29
3
2021-04-29
History of Alkali-Activated Materials (AAM)
5
Year Researcher Country Main work
1930 Kuhl Germany Setting of slags + caustic potash
1937 Chassevent unknown Reactivity of slags + caustic potash and soda solution
1940 Purdon Belgium Clinker-free cement: slag + caustic soda or alkalis
produced by a base and an alkaline salt
1957 Glukhovsky USSR Soil cement: hydrous or anhydrous aluminosilicates
(glassy rocks, clays metallurgical slags, etc.) + alkalis,
proposed cementing system M2O-MeO-Me2O3-SiO2-H2O
1982 Davidovites France Geopolymer: alkalis + a burnt mixture of kaolinite,
limestone and dolomite
1990 Tomas Kutti Sweden Alkali Activated Slag Mortar – Mechanical strengths,
shrinkage and structure, Chalmers PhD thesis P-90:6
(M: alkali metal; Me: alkaline earth metal)
2021-04-29
A Hot Topic since 2000
6
2006 2014
2014
5
6
4. 2021-04-29
4
2021-04-29
Some Example Buildings Made of AAM
7
A 24-storey buildig built with AAS on
Berezinsa street 2, City of Lipetsk, Russia
Residential building in Mariupol, Ukraine,
constructed from AAS precast blocks
(exterior clad in plaster)
6-storey office and retail building built with AAS in
Anyang City, Henan Province, China
2021-04-29
Groups of Alkali-activator
8
1. Caustic alkali: MOH (e.g. NaOH, KOH)
2. Non-silicate weak acid salts: M2CO3, M2SO3, M2PO4, MF, etc.
(e.g. Na2CO3, K2CO3)
3. Silicates: M2OnSiO2 (e.g. Na2OnSiO2, K2OnSiO2)
4. Aluminates: M2On Al2O3
5. Aluminosilicates: M2OAl2O3 (2-6) SiO2
6. Non-silicate strong acid salts: M2SO4 (e.g. Na2SO4 )
(Glukhovsky et al., 1980)
7
8
5. 2021-04-29
5
2021-04-29
Two Big Problems in AAS
9
• Low CaO/SiO2 (only about 1) resulting in high
shrinkage
• Variable setting time (sometimes it is advantage but
sometimes it is too quick to complete casting)
2021-04-29
Vinnova research project
10
Green Cement Based on Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS)
(2018 – 2021)
Merox
Aim of the project:
Develop fiber reinforced sustainable, competitive and advanced
cementitious materials for industrial applications ranging from
construction to transportation
Mainly based on alkali-activated GGBS (AAS)
9
10
6. 2021-04-29
6
2021-04-29
Important Parameters in Proportioning AAS
Concrete
11
• Alkali content (Na2O by wt% of slag)
• Silica content (SiO2 by wt% of slag)
• Gypsum content (CaSO42H2O by wt% of slag)
(Which factors affect the strength and shrinkage of AAS concrete?)
2021-04-29
Results from Compressive Strength Test
12
Alkali-activated slag with different additions of alkali and silica
OPC
3d
OPC
7d
OPC
28d
OPC
3d
OPC
7d
OPC
28d
11
12
7. 2021-04-29
7
2021-04-29
Effect of Combined Additions
13
Effect of Combined Additions
CA = Na2O% + 0.3SiO2% - 0.3Gypsum%
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Effect of Combined Additions
14
CA = Na2O% + 0.3SiO2% - 0.3Gypsum%
13
14
9. 2021-04-29
9
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Effect of Combined Additions for Shrinkage
17
Shrinkage (‰) = a1·Na2O% + a2 · SiO2% + a3 ·Gypsum% + b
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 100 200 300 400
Drying duration, days
a1
a2
a3
SiO2
Na2O
Gypsum Expansion
Shrinkage
2021-04-29
Exemple of Alkali-Activated Binder
18
80% Slag
Water
(w/b 0.4-0.6)
20%
Cement
Na2O (4-6% of binder)
SiO2 (4-8% of binder)
Gypsum (2-5% of slag)
waterglass
17
18
10. 2021-04-29
10
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Durability of AAS Concrete
19
• General durability (frost attack, chloride ingress,
carbonation)
• Acid resistance
• High temperature stability
(What is the general durability of AAS concrete? How is the acid
resistance and temperature stability of the concrete affected when
using AAS?)
2021-04-29
Resistance to Frost Scaling
20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Scaling
[kg/m
2
]
Freeze-Thaw cycles
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Scaling
after
28
FT
cycles
[kg/m
2
]
w/b 0.40 w/b 0.50
w/b 0.45
• Similar level of concretes with 5% silica and 30% GGBS,
• Better than those with commercial cement CEM I and CEM II/A.
19
20
11. 2021-04-29
11
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Resistance to Chloride Ingress
21
• Significantly better than that of concrete with Portland cement,
even blended with GGBS.
0
5
10
15
20
25
AAS555 PC PCSL20 PCSL30 PCSL40 PCSL60 PCFA20
Chloride
migration
coefficient
[x12
m
2
/s]
28 days
2021-04-29
Resistance to Carbonation
22
• Higher than the plain
Portland cement
• Similar as those blended
with mineral additions
(due to the lack of
portlandite as a buffer for
carbonation)
Tested under the accelerated
and relatively dry condition!
21
22
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13
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Acid Resistance of AAS Mortar
25
2021-04-29
Acid Resistance of AAS Concrete
26
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
1%
0 5 10 15 20
Weight
change
Immersion duration [weeks]
PC High
AAS555
pH 2.5
pH 2.0
pH 1.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
AAS555 PC High PC Low
Compressive
strength
[MPa]
in water pH 2.5/1m+2.0/1m
pH 2.5/1m+2.0/1m+1.0/2w pH 2.5/1m+2.0/1m+1.0/4w
pH 2.5/1m+2.0/1m+1.0/8w pH >1.0/2m
25
26
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High Temperature Stability of AAS
Mortar
27
2021-04-29
High Temperature Stability of AAS
Concrete
28
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 60 120 180 240
Temp/°C
Time/min
OVEN
R1
L2
L1
initial mass=1970g
mass loss= 14%
init. mass=1280g
mass loss= 39%
R = AAS concrete
L = AAS lightweight
concrete (with
vermiculite)
27
28
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Potential Applications
• Sewage pipes, blocks and elements for infrastructures of wastewater purification;
29
(What potential structures can AAS concrete be suitable for?)
2021-04-29
Potential Applications
• Composite concrete beams or walls for potential use in modular fireproof safes
and vaults
30
(What potential structures can AAS concrete be suitable for?)
29
30
16. 2021-04-29
16
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Potential Applications
• Improved aggregate from recycled concrete or waste mineral tailings.
31
(What potential structures can AAS concrete be suitable for?)
2021-04-29
Mortar with Fine Recycled Concrete
Aggregate and Bottom Ash
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Compressive
strength
[MPa]
2 days
7 days
28 days
EnergiForsk project 2019-118
”Bottom Ash for Green Aggregate”
31
32
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17
2021-04-29
Obstacles to Application of AAS
33
(What are the obstacles to the application of AAS concrete in
ordinary structures?)
• Relatively larger drying shrinkage (about 3 times as much as OPC concrete);
• Relatively poor resistance to carbonation (similar to the other SCMs);
• Uncertain air-entraining for resistance to frost scaling; and
• Uncertain superplasticizers for adjusting workability of fresh concrete
Technical obstacles:
• National regulations or standardization!!!
Non-technical obstacles:
USSR Industry standard OST 67-11-84: “Slag Alkaline Binders. Technical Specifi cations” (1984)
Ukrainian Technical Specifications TU 10.20 UkrSSR 169-91: “A slag alkaline binder on sulfate-containing
compounds of alkali metals” (1991)
BSI PAS 8820: “Construction Materials -Alkali Activated Cementitious Materials – Specification” (2016)
Chinese standard JGJ/T439 “Technical standard for application of alkali-activated slag concrete” (2018)
2021-04-29
Carbon fiber mesh from China
4 mm, 12k 10 mm
3 mm, 6k
8 mm
(How to improve adhesion between carbon fiber mesh
and concrete?)
33
34
20. 2021-04-29
20
2021-04-29
Nano Impregated Carbon Fiber Mesh
Large plate 900x200x20 mm
Prism 160x40x40 mm
5 mm
2021-04-29
Cracks after 1st Bending Test (OPC)
Crack wideness 0.12 mm
Ref: No fiber mesh
N0: Original fiber mesh
N1: Nano-CS treated fiber mesh
39
40
21. 2021-04-29
21
2021-04-29
Results from Prisms with OPC
• Dramatically increase the bonding between
fibers and cementitious materials
• Significantly increase the flexural strength
• Significantly increase the ductility
Broken after 3rd bending
Broken after 11th bending
Ref: No fiber mesh
N0: Original fiber mesh
N1: Nano-CS treated fiber mesh
2021-04-29
Five Different Types of Fiber Meshs
Resin-
impregnated
basalt fiber
SBR impregnated
carbon fiber
Original
carbon fiber
from China
Geopolymer
impregnated
carbon fiber
Nano-CSH
impregnated
carbon fiber
41
42
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27
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Results form 4-Point Bending Test
53
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Force
[N]
Mid-span deflection [mm]
2021-04-29
Concluding Remarks
on AAS Concrete
54
• The main contributor to the strength of alkali-activated slag (AAS) materials is
alkali (Na2O in this study), whilst the addition of molecular silica contributes to
the strength by 30% of that of alkali;
• Addition of gypsum negatively contribute to the strength but positively
contribute to the reduction of shrinkage;
• Partial addition of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and/or gypsum can
markedly reduce drying shrinkage of AAS materials;
• A combination of 20% OPC and 5% gypsum can reduce the drying shrinkage
of AAS at the early age (about 10 days) to a level similar to hardened OPC;
• AAS showed a better resistances to chloride ingress and acid attack, as well
as better stability under high temperatures.
53
54
28. 2021-04-29
28
2021-04-29
Concluding Remarks
on Nano-Impregnated Carbon Fiber
55
• Increased bonding with concrete by a factor of 2-3;
• Concrete reinforced by nano-impregnated carbon fiber mesh revealed
good loading capacity with shear failure, similar as over-sized steel
reinforcement.
• It is possible to produce bendable concrete plate with nano-impregnated
carbon fiber mesh.
55
56