SS
Uploaded byShalini Sharma
176 views

BCA 1st semester Problem Solving Notes using C.pdf

Problem solving technique using C language in Software Programming

Embed presentation

Download to read offline
1 / 123
2 / 123
Most read
3 / 123
Most read
4 / 123
5 / 123
6 / 123
7 / 123
8 / 123
9 / 123
10 / 123
11 / 123
12 / 123
13 / 123
14 / 123
15 / 123
16 / 123
17 / 123
18 / 123
Most read
19 / 123
20 / 123
21 / 123
22 / 123
23 / 123
24 / 123
25 / 123
26 / 123
27 / 123
28 / 123
29 / 123
30 / 123
31 / 123
32 / 123
33 / 123
34 / 123
35 / 123
36 / 123
37 / 123
38 / 123
39 / 123
40 / 123
41 / 123
42 / 123
43 / 123
44 / 123
45 / 123
46 / 123
47 / 123
48 / 123
49 / 123
50 / 123
51 / 123
52 / 123
53 / 123
54 / 123
55 / 123
56 / 123
57 / 123
58 / 123
59 / 123
60 / 123
61 / 123
62 / 123
63 / 123
64 / 123
65 / 123
66 / 123
67 / 123
68 / 123
69 / 123
70 / 123
71 / 123
72 / 123
73 / 123
74 / 123
75 / 123
76 / 123
77 / 123
78 / 123
79 / 123
80 / 123
81 / 123
82 / 123
83 / 123
84 / 123
85 / 123
86 / 123
87 / 123
88 / 123
89 / 123
90 / 123
91 / 123
92 / 123
93 / 123
94 / 123
95 / 123
96 / 123
97 / 123
98 / 123
99 / 123
100 / 123
101 / 123
102 / 123
103 / 123
104 / 123
105 / 123
106 / 123
107 / 123
108 / 123
109 / 123
110 / 123
111 / 123
112 / 123
113 / 123
114 / 123
115 / 123
116 / 123
117 / 123
118 / 123
119 / 123
120 / 123
121 / 123
122 / 123
123 / 123
Problem solving techniques using ‘C’ Unit-1 Introduction to Problem Solving Techniques
What is a Computer System?  A computer is a very powerful and versatile machine capable of performing a multitude of different tasks, yet it has no intelligence or thinking power.  . A computer is a symbol-manipulating machine that follows a set of stored instructions called a program. A computer performs manipulations very quickly and has memory for storing input, process and output.  A computer is a system made of two major components: hardware and software. The computer hardware is the physical equipment. The software is the collection of programs (instructions) that allow the hardware to do its job.
Computer Hardware  The Input device is usually a keyboard where programs and data are entered into the computers. Examples of other input devices include a mouse, a pen or stylus, a touch screen, or an audio input unit.  The Central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for executing instructions such as arithmetic calculations , comparisons among data, and movement of data inside the system. Today’s computers may have one ,two, or more CPUs .  Primary storage ,also known as main memory, is a place where the programs and data are stored temporarily during processing. The data in primary storage are erased when we turn off a personal computer or when we log off from a time-sharing system.  The Output device is usually a monitor or a printer to show output. If the output is shown on the monitor, we say we have a soft copy. If it is printed on the printer, we say we have a hard copy.
Computer hardware  The output device is usually a monitor or a printer to show output. If the output is shown on the monitor, we say we have a soft copy. If it is printed on the printer, we say we have a hard copy.  Auxiliary storage, also known as secondary storage, is used for both input and output. It is the place where the programs and data are stored permanently. When we turn off the computer, or programs and data remain in the secondary storage, ready for the next time we need them.
Computer Software  Computer software is divided in to two broad categories: system software and application software .  System software manages the computer resources .It provides the interface between the hardware and the users.  Application software, on the other hand is directly responsible for helping users solve their problems.
System S/W and Application S/W  System software consists of programs that manage the hardware resources of a computer and perform required information processing tasks. These programs are divided into three classes: the operating system, system support, and system development.  Application software is broken in to two classes :general-purpose software and application – specific software.  General purpose software is purchased from a software developer and can be used for more than one application. Examples of general purpose software include word processors ,database management systems ,and computer aided design systems. They are labeled general purpose because they can solve a variety of user computing problems.  Application –specific software can be used only for its intended purpose.
Computer languages  Machine Language-Each computer has its own machine language, which is made of streams of 0’s and 1’s. The internal circuits of a computer are made of switches transistors and other electronic devices that can be in one of two states: off or on. The off state is represented by 0 , the on state is represented by 1.  Assembly/Symbolic Language-symbols of mnemonics to represent the various machine language instructions. A special program called assembler translates symbolic code into machine language.  High-Level language-High-level languages are designed to relieve the programmer from the details of the assembly language.They must be converted into machine language. The process of converting them is known as compilation.
‘C’  ‘C’ is a high-level language used for system software and new application code.  ‘C’ language was developed by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1972.
What is a Problem Solving Approach?  It is a systematic approach to find and implement the solution to a problem  A computer cannot solve a problem on its own.  One has to provide step by step solutions of the problem to the computer.
What is Program and how it runs?  It is a set of instructions written in any computer language.  Set of instructions of the high level language used to code a problem to find its solution is reffered to as Source Program.  A translator program called a compiler or interpreter, translates the source program into the object program. This is the compilation or interpretation phase.  If there is no error, the source program is transformed into the machine language program called Object Program.  The Object Program is executed to perform calculations. This stage is the execution phase. Data, if required by the program, are supplied now and the results are obtained on the output device.
Steps of Problem solving 1.Understanding the problem- Understand the problem to be solved completely. 2. Analyzing the problem- Search/analyze an appropriate solution to the problem under consideration. 3. Developing the solution- Form a detailed step by step solution to the problem under consideration. 4. Coding and implementation- The last stage of the problem solving is the conversion of the detailed sequence of operations in to a language that the computer can understand.
Algorithm  An algorithm can be defined as “a complete, unambiguous, finite number of logical steps for solving a specific problem “. It is language independent. Steps Involved are- Step1. Identification of input: The input is to be indentified first for any specified problem. Step2: Identification of output: at least one quantity is produced for any specified problem. Step3 : Identification the processing operations : All the calculations to be performed in order to lead to output from the input are to be identified in an orderly manner. Step4 : Processing Definiteness : The instructions composing the algorithm must be clear and there should not be any ambiguity in them. Step5 : Processing Finiteness : If we go through the algorithm, then for all cases, the algorithm should terminate after a finite number of steps. Step6 : Possessing Effectiveness : The instructions in the algorithm must be sufficiently basic and in practice they can be carries out easily.
Algorithm possess following properties:-  1. Finiteness: An algorithm must terminate in a finite number of steps 2. Definiteness: Each step of the algorithm must be precisely and unambiguously stated  3. Effectiveness: Each step must be effective, in the sense that it should be primitive easily convert able into program statement) can be performed exactly in a finite amount of time.  4. Generality: The algorithm must be complete in itself so that it can be used to solve problems of a specific type for any input data.  5. Input/output: Each algorithm must take zero, one or more quantities as input data produce one or more output values.
Algorithm Ex-1 Ex- Algorithm/pseudo code to add two numbers  Step 1: Start  Step 2:Read the two numbers in to a,b  Step 3: c=a+b  Step 4: write/print c  Step 5: Stop.
Algorithm Ex-2 To find the average of three numbers Step 1 Read the numbers a, b, c Step 2 Compute the sum of a, b and c Step 3 Divide the sum by 3 Step 4 Store the result in variable Avg Step 5 Print the value of Avg as Average. Step 6 End of the program
Q1- Write an algorithm to calculate the simple interest using the formula. Simple interest = P*N* R/100. Where P is principle Amount, N is the number of years and R is the rate of interest. Soln. - Step 1: Read the three input quantities as P, N and R. Step 2 : Calculate simple interest as Simple interest = P* N* R/100 Step 3: Print simple interest. Step 4: Stop.
Q2-To Convert temperature in Celsius to Fahrenheit. (Given-F=9/5*C+32) Step 1:Start Step 2: Input c Step 3: calculate f=9/5*c+32 Step 4: Print output f as Fahrenheit. Step 5:stop
Write an algorithm to find the largest of three numbers X, Y,Z.  Step 1: Read the numbers X,Y,Z.  Step 2: if (X > Y) then Big = X else BIG = Y  Step 3 : if (BIG < Z) then Big=Z  Step 4: Print the largest number as Big  Step 5: Stop.
Algorithm to print the sum of first 10 natural numbers. Step1-Start. Step 2. Intialize and set i = 0, n = 10, sum = 0 Step 3. Repeat steps 3 through 5 while i<=n Step 4. Set sum = sum + i Step 5. Set i = i + 1 Step 6. Print sum Step 7 Stop
Write an algorithm to find the area of the triangle. Soln :- Let b, c be the sides of the triangle ABC and A the included angle between the given sides. Step 1: Input the given elements of the triangle namely sides b, c and angle between the sides A. Step 2: Area = (1/2) *b*C* sin A Step 3: Output the Area Step 4: Stop.
Write an algorithm to swap/exchange values to two variables  Step 1: Start  Step 2: Read two numbers as A and B.  Step 3: temp = A  A = B  B = temp  Step 4: Display A and B  Step 5: Stop
Flowchart
Algorithm to calculate factorial  Step 1: Start  Step 2: Input number of which factorial need to be calculated as num.  Step 2: Declare and initialize variables fact = 1 and i = 1  Step 4: Repeat the loop until i<=num  fact = fact * i  i = i++  Step 5: Print fact as the factorial of a given number  Step 6: Stop
Flowchart to calculate factorial
Fibonacci Series Algorithm:  Algorithm of Fibonacci Series  Step 1: START  Step 2: Declare variable n1, n2, sum, n, i  Step 2: Initialize variables: n1 = 0, n2 = 1, i = 2  Step 3: Read n  Step 4: Print n1 , n2  Step 5: Repeat this step until i <= n sum = n1 + n2 print sum n1 = n2 n2 = sum i = i + 1  Step 6: STOP
Flowchart to reverse the digits of a number
Introduction to ‘C’  ‘C’ is high level language and is the upgraded version of another language (Basic Combined Program Language).  C language was designed at Bell laboratories in the early 1970’s by Dennis Ritchie.  The most popular Operating system UNIX is written in C language.  This language also has the features of low level languages and hence called as “System Programming Language”
Features of C language  Simple, versatile, general purpose language  It has rich set of Operators  Program execution are fast and efficient  Can easily manipulates with bits, bytes and addresses  Varieties of data types are available  Separate compilation of functions is possible and such functions can be called by any C program  Block- structured language  Can be applied in System programming areas like operating systems, compilers & Interpreters, Assembles, Text Editors, Print Spoolers, Network Drivers, Modern Programs, Data Bases, Language Interpreters, Utilities etc.
Character Set  The character set is the fundamental raw-material for any language. Like natural languages, computer languages will also have well defined character-set, which is useful to build the programs.  The C language consists of two character sets namely – source character set and execution character set.  Source character set is useful to construct the statements in the source program.  Execution character set is employed at the time of execution of the program.
Source character set This type of character set includes three types of characters namely alphabets, Decimals and special symbols. Alphabets : A to Z, a to z and Underscore( _ ) Decimal digits : 0 to 9 Special symbols : + - * / ^ % = & ! ( ) { } [ ] “ etc White Spaces : blank spaces
Execution Character Set In C  The execution character set, also known as the control character set in C programming, comprises character sets that are used during the execution of a C program.  Control characters are vital for managing the flow of the program, formatting output, and handling input.  Control Characters: Characters that do not represent a printable symbol but rather perform a control function, such as n (newline), t (tab), b (backspace), and r (carriage return).
Escape Sequence Character
Structure of a ‘C’ Program  The basic components of a C program are:  main()  pair of braces { }  declarations and statements  user defined functions
C TOKENS  The smallest individual units in a C program are called tokens.  The alphabets, numbers and special symbols are combined to forms these tokens. The types of tokens in C are : - 1. Keywords 2. Identifiers 3. Constants 4. Strings 5. Special Symbols 6. Operators
Keywords  Keywords are words whose meanings have already been defined and these meanings cannot be changed.  Keywords are also called as reserved words. Keywords should not be used as variable names (though some compilers allow you to construct variable names like keywords).  All the keywords must be written in lowercase.  There are 32 keywords in C as given below : auto double if static break else int struct case enum long switch char extern near typedef const float register union continue far return unsigned default for short void do goto signed while
Identifiers  Identifiers are names given to variables, functions and arrays.  These are the names which are user defined. Rules to Name an Identifier in C  A programmer has to follow certain rules while naming variables. For the valid identifier, we must follow the given below set of rules.  An identifier can include letters (a-z or A-Z), and digits (0-9).  An identifier cannot include special characters except the ‘_’ underscore.  Spaces are not allowed while naming an identifier.  An identifier can only begin with an underscore or letters.  We cannot name identifiers the same as keywords because they are reserved words to perform a specific task. For example, printf, scanf, int, char, struct, etc. If we use a keyword’s name as an identifier the compiler will throw an error.  The identifier must be unique in its namespace.  C language is case-sensitive so, ‘name’ and ‘NAME’ are different identifiers.
Constant A constant in C is a fixed value which does not change during the execution of a program. They are defined using keyword ‘const’ like const int i= 5; The basic classification of constants is : Numeric Constants like 9, 6.7 Character constants like ‘A’, ‘Ashu’ , ‘Ram Kumar’
Strings Strings are nothing but an array of characters ended with a null character (‘0’). This null character indicates the end of the string. Strings are always enclosed in double quotes. Whereas, a character is enclosed in single quotes in C and C++. For example- Char name[50] = “Problem Solving Techniques”; char string[20] = “geeksforgeeks”;
Special Symbols  The following special symbols are used in C having some special meaning and thus, cannot be used for some other purpose. Some of these are listed below:  Brackets[]: Opening and closing brackets are used as array element references. These indicate single and multidimensional subscripts.  Parentheses(): These special symbols are used to indicate function calls and function parameters.  Braces{}: These opening and ending curly braces mark the start and end of a block of code containing more than one executable statement.  Comma (, ): It is used to separate more than one statement like for separating parameters in function calls.  Colon(:): It is an operator that essentially invokes something called an initialization list.  Semicolon(;): It is known as a statement terminator. It indicates the end of one logical entity. That’s why each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon.  Asterisk (*): It is used to create a pointer variable and for the multiplication of variables.  Assignment operator(=): It is used to assign values and for logical operation validation.  Pre-processor (#): The preprocessor is a macro processor that is used automatically by the compiler to transform your program before actual compilation.  Period (.): Used to access members of a structure or union.  Tilde(~): Bitwise One’s Complement Operator.
Variable  A variable is a data name used to store a data value.  A variable name is a combination of alphabets, digits or underscores.  The first character however must be an alphabet. No commas, or blanks are allowed while constructing variables.  The variable name should not be a keyword.  Variables are case sensitive i.e. sum and SUM are two distinct variables.  Some valid variable names are :Max_length , age , sum , xyz , avg , a1 , T1 etc  Int sum=6;
Data Types in ‘C’  Data types in C refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types.  The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage
Instructions in C  The four basic types of instructions in C are:  Type Declaration Instructions : These instructions are used to declare the type of the variables in a C program.  Input/Output Instructions : These instructions perform the function of supplying input data and obtain the output results from the program.  Arithmetic Instructions: These instructions are used to perform arithmetic on variables and constants.  Control Instructions : The control instructions are used to control the sequence of execution of the various statements in a C program.
Type declaration instructions  Type declaration instructions are used to declare the type of the variables in a C program.  The four fundamental or primary data types are :  Integer (int)  Character (char)  Floating point (float)  double precision floating point (double).  These primary data types themselves are of many types. eg. integers could be long or short, signed or unsigned etc.
Character Data Type (char)  Character Data Type : A single character is defined as char type data. Characters are usually stored in 8 bits i.e. one byte of internal storage.  The signed or unsigned qualifiers may be applied to char. By default, char is assumed to be signed and hence has a range of values from -128 to 127.  On the other hand, declaring unsigned char causes the range of values to fall between 0 to 255, with all values being positive.  char grade=‘A’;  Char name= ‘Ashu’;  char myText = 'Hello'; printf("%c", myText);
Program to print Character datatype #include <stdio.h> int main() { char myLetter = 'S'; printf("%c", myLetter); return 0; }
Program to print Character datatype #include <stdio.h> int main() { char a = 87, b = 66, c = 75; printf("%cn", a); printf("%cn", b); printf("%c", c); return 0; }
Integer (int) Data Type Integer (int) Data Type : The range of values of the int data type is between -32,768 to 32,767. Integers are whole numbers. The range of values of integers is dependent upon the particular machine being used. Integers generally occupy two bytes of memory storage. Therefore for a 16-bit word length, the range of integer values is between -32,768 to 32,767. eg. 2809, -3888 , 0, 32, -18 are all valid integers. Out of the two bytes used to store an integer, the sixteenth bit is used to store the sign (+ or -) of the integer. This sixteenth bit is 0 if the number is positive and 1 if the number is negative. Eg.  int myNum = 1000; printf("%d", myNum);
Program to print integer values #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 9; // Integer value with positive data. int b = -9; // integer value with negative data. printf("Integer value with positive data: %dn", a); printf("Integer value with negative data: %dn", b); return 0; }
Floating Point (float) Data Type  Floating Point (float) Data Type : In order to declare real numbers we make use of the floating point data type.  Floating point numbers are stored as 32 bits i.e. they occupy four bytes of memory, with 6 digits of precision (on 16 bit as well as 32 bit machines).  Six bit precision means that there would be six digits after the decimal point. We use the float keyword to declare variables of floating point type.  eg. 78.22, -9012.5988, 0.00988, 356.8 are examples of float data type.  float myNum = 5.75; printf("%f", myNum);  double myNum = 19.998765; printf("%lf", myNum);
Program to print Float and Double datatype #include <stdio.h> int main() { Int num=56; // declaring integer Char alpha=‘A’; // declaring character float myNum = 6.85; // declaring float double dnum = 20.6389; // declaring double printf("%d", num); // printing integer printf("%c", alpha); // printing character printf("%f", myNum); // printing float value printf("%lf", num); // printing double value return 0; }
Scanf()-input value from user Calculate the area of a rectangle by getting its length and breadth from user #include<stdio.h> int main() { float len, breadth, area; printf(“nEnter values for length and breadthn”); scanf(“%f”,&len) ; scanf(“%f”, &breadth); area = len * breadth; printf(“Length = %f Breadth =%f Area = %f”, len, breadth,area); return 0; }
Operators – Unary,Binary and Ternary  Operators are symbols that trigger an action when applied to C variables and other objects. The data items on which operators act are called operands. Depending on the number of operands that an operator can act upon, operators can be classified as follows:
Unary Operator  Unary Operators: Those operators that require only a single operand to act upon are known as unary operators. For Example increment (++) and decrement operators (--)
Unary-Increment and Decrement Operators  C has ++ as the increment and — as the decrement operator.  The increment operator adds 1 to the operand and the decrement operator subtracts 1 from the operand.  Both are unary operators.  Form of the increment operator: ++a ; or a++; which is equivalent to a = a + 1;  Form of the decrement operator: --a; or a-- which is equivalent to a = a -1;  ++a and a++ behave differently when they are used in expressions on the right side of an assignment.  Consider the following :  a = 5;  b = ++a;  Here the variable b will be assigned the value 6.  However a = 5; b = a++; will assign the value 5 to b first and then the value of a will be incremented.  Thus the prefix operator will first increment or decrement the operand by 1 and then assign the value to the variable on the left, whereas the postfix operator will first assign the value to the variable on the left and then increment or decrement the value of the operand by 1.
Write a C program to demonstrate the use of the increment and decrement operators main() { /* Program to illustrate the use of ++ and —) */ int a, b; a = 10; b = 20; printf(“The value of a : %d”, a); printf(“The value of b : %d”, b); a++; b++; printf(“The incremented value of a : %d”, a); printf(“The incremented value of b : %d, b); a--; b--; printf(“The decremented value of a : %d”, a); printf(“The decremented value of b : %d, b); }
Output The output of the program will be: The value of a : 10 The value of b : 20 The incremented value of a : 11 The incremented value of b : 21 The decremented value of a : 10 The decremented value of b : 20
Conditional Operator (or) Ternary operator (? :)  C has one conditional operator.  The syntax of the conditional operator in C is exp1 ? exp2 : exp3; where exp1, exp2 and exp3 are expressions.  Here, exp1 is evaluated first.  If it is true (non zero), then exp2 is evaluated and it becomes the value of the expression.  On the other hand if exp1 is false, then exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression.  Thus if  a = 10;  b = 5;  z = (a >b)? a : b;  Here exp1 is (a > b) exp2 is a and exp3 is b First (a > b) is evaluated. Since in this case, a > b is false, exp3 is evaluated. Therefore z is assigned the value of b.
Check and write output values What values will the variables have in the following: a) z = (a < b) ? a+b : a - b for a = 5 and b = 10 ? z = b) i = 10; i++; a = i + 10; a = i = c) z = (i + 10 < j) ? 100:10 for i = 10, j = 5 z =
Operators - Binary Binary Operators: Those operators that require two operands to act upon are called binary operators. Binary operators can further are classified into:  Arithmetic operators like ‘+’,’-’,’*’ and ‘/’  Relational Operators like <, >, ==, != , >= , <=  Logical Operators like AND (&&), OR(||), and NOT (!)  Assignment Operators like = , += , -= , *= , /= etc.  Bitwise Operator- Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit−by−bit operation. Like AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), NOT (~), left shift (<<), and right shift (>>)
Arithmatic Operators  All basic arithmetic operators are present in C. operator meaning + add - subtract * multiplication / division % modulo division(remainder)
/* programs to exhibit the use of arithmetic operators */ main() { int sum, mul, modu; float sub, divi; int i,j; float l, m; printf("Enter two integers "); scanf("%d%d",&i,&j); printf("Enter two real numbers"); scanf("%f%f",&l,&m); sum=i+j; mul=i*j; modu=i%j; sub=l-m; divi=l/m; printf("sum is %d", sum); printf("mul is %d", mul); printf("Remainder is %d", modu); printf("subtraction of float is %f", sub); printf("division of float is %f", divi); }
RELATIONAL OPERATORS  We often compare two quantities and depending on their relation take certain decisions for that comparison we use relational operators. Operator meaning < is less than > is greater than <= is less than or equal to >= is greater than or equal to == is equal to != is not equal to
Logical Operator  A logical operator is used to evaluate logical and relational expressions.  The logical operators act upon operands that are themselves logical expressions.  There are three logical operators. Operators Expression && Logical AND || Logical OR ! Logical NOT
Logical Operators  Logical And (&&): A compound Expression is true when two expression when two expressions are true. The && is used in the following manner. Exp1 && Exp2. The result of a logical AND operation will be true only if both operands are true  Logical OR: A compound expression is false when all expression are false otherwise the compound expression is true. The operator “||” is used as It evaluates to true if either exp-1 or exp-2 is true.  Logical NOT: The NOT ( ! ) operator takes single expression and evaluates to true(1) if the expression is false (0) or it evaluates to false (0) if expression is true (1).
Assignment Operator  An assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. The most commonly used assignment operator is =  I = 3.3 3 ( Value of I )  Multiple assignment  . a = b = c = 3; and . a = j = 5.6  I + = 5 is same as I = I + 5  I - = 5 is same as I = I – 5  I * = 5 is same as I = I * 5  I / = 5 is same as I = I / 5
BIT WISE OPERATORS  C supports special operators known as bit wise operators for manipulation of data at bit level. They are not applied to float or double. operator meaning & Bitwise AND | Bitwise OR ^ Bitwise exclusive OR << left shift >> right shift ~ one's complement
Calculate sum of three numbers #include<stdio.h> int main() { int a, b, c, sum; a = 30; b = 50; c = 85; sum = a + b + c; printf(“nThe sum of a,b, c is :%d”, sum); return 0; } The output of the program The sum of a,b, c is : 165
Calculate the area of a rectangle given its length and breadth #include<stdio.h> int main() { float len, breadth, area; len = 4.5; breadth = 2.8; area = len * breadth; printf(“nLength = %fnBreadth =%fnArea = %f”, len, breadth,area); return 0; } The Output of the program will be: Length = 4.500000 Breadth = 2.800000 The area is : 12.599999
Output Enter values for length and breadth 10.0 25.0 Length = 10.000000 Breadth = 25.000000 Area = 250.000000 The scanf will read the values for the length first and then the breadth. When you input multiple values, separate them by using a white space like a space, tab or newline. Note that we have used the %f for reading floating point values. Area will then be calculated and printed on the screen. The & symbol is to be used before the variable name while reading data with the scanf. & is a pointer operator.
Calculate sum of digits of a two digit number int main() { /*Calculate sum of digits of a two digit number */ int a,b,c, sum; printf(“nEnter a two digit number:”); scanf(“%d”, &a); c = a/10; b = a%10; sum = c + b; printf(“nThe sum of digits is : %d”, sum); return 0; } Output is Enter a two digit number: 83 The sum of digits is : 11
Calculate the simple interest using the formula : simple interest= pnr/100, where p is the principal amount, n is the number of years and r is the rate of interest. main() { /*Program to calculate simple interest */ int n; float p, r, interest; printf(“n Enter principal amount:”); scanf(“%f”,&p); printf(“n Enter number of years :”); scanf(“%d”,&n); printf(“n Enter rate of interest:”); scanf(“%f”,&r); interest = p * n * r/100; printf(“nThe simple interest is : %f”, interest); return 0; }
Output Enter principal amount: 1000.0 Enter number of years : 2 Enter rate of interest :10.0 The simple interest is : 200.000000
Write a program to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius int main() { /*Temperature Conversion Program */ float faren, cel; printf(“nEnter temperature in Fahrenheit:”); scanf(“%f”, &faren); cel = (faren - 32.0)/ 9*5; printf(“nThe temperature in Celsius is : %f”, cel); return 0; } output: Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: 100.0 The temperature in Celsius is :37.777779
To read the radius of the circle and to find area and circumference. #include<stdio.h> void main() { float radius, area, cf; printf("Enter Radius of Circlen"); scanf("%f",&radius); //value of pi is 3.14 area=3.14*radius*radius; printf("The area of Circle is %f",area); cf=2*3.14*radius; printf("nThe Circumference of Circle is %f",cf); }
Conditional Statements  The conditional expressions are mainly used for decision making.  The following statements are used to perform the task of the conditional operations.  a. if statement.  b. If-else statement. Or 2 way if statement  c. Nested else-if statement.  d. Nested if –else statement.  e. Switch statement.
The IF statement  if (test condition)  First, the test condition is evaluated.  If it is true then the statement (or set of statements) following if are executed.  If the condition evaluates to false, the statement (or set of statements) following if are skipped.
Program to show IF statement ,to print square of a number if number is less than 10 #include<stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter a number:"); scanf("%d",&n); if(n<10) { printf("%d is less than 10 n ",n); printf("Square = %d n", n*n); } return 0; }
IF Else Statement  It consists of two blocks of statements each enclosed inside if block and else block respectively.  If the condition inside if statement is true, statements inside if block are executed, otherwise statements inside else block are executed. if (condition) { statements; ... ... … } else { statements; ... ... ... }
C program to find if a number is odd or even. #include<stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf(“Enter a number : ”); scanf(“%d”,&n); If(n%2==0) printf(“%d is even “,n); Else printf(“%d is odd”,n); return 0; }
Nested Else-if statement if (condition 1) { statements ... ... ... } else if (condition 2) { statements; ... ... ... } else if (condition n) { statements ... ... ... } else { statements; ... ... ... }
C program to find if a number is negative, positive or zero. #include<stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter a number:"); scanf("%d", &n); if(n<0) printf("Number is negative"); else if(n>0) printf("Number is positive"); else printf("Number is equal to zero"); return 0; }
NESTED if Statement if (condition 1) { statements; if (sub condition 1) { statements; } statements; } else if (condition 2) { statements; if (sub condition 2) { statements; } statements; } ... ... ... ... ... ... else { statements; if (sub condition n) { statements; } statements; }
C program to check if a number is less than 100 or not. If it is less than 100 then check if it is odd or even. #include<stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter a number:"); scanf("%d",&n); if(n<100) { printf("%d is less than 100n",n); if(n%2 == 0) printf("%d is even",n); else printf("%d is odd",n); } else printf("%d is equal to or greater than 100",n);
int main(){ int a = 21; int b = 10; int c ; printf("a: %d b: %dn", a,b); if(a == b){ printf("Line 1 - a is equal to bn" ); } else { printf("Line 1 - a is not equal to bn" ); } if (a < b){ printf("Line 2 - a is less than bn" ); } else { printf("Line 2 - a is not less than bn" ); } if (a > b){ printf("Line 3 - a is greater than bn" ); } else { printf("Line 3 - a is not greater than b nn" ); } /* Lets change value of a and b */ a = 5; b = 20; printf("a: %d b: %dn", a,b); if (a <= b){ printf("Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to bn" ); } if (b >= a){ printf("Line 5 - b is either greater than or equal to an" ); } if(a != b){ printf("Line 6 - a is not equal to bn" ); } else { printf("Line 6 - a is equal to bn" ); } return 0; } Relational Operator
Logical And Operator && #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 20; int b = 30; if (a > 10 && b > 10) printf("Both numbers are greater than 10n"); Return 0; }
True means 1 and False means 0 #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> int main () { int n = 20; // use Logical AND (&&) operator to check the condition printf (" %d n", (n == 20 && n >= 8)); // condition is true, therefore it returns 1 printf (" %d n", (n >= 1 && n >= 20)); printf (" %d n", (n == 10 && n >= 0)); printf (" %d n", (n >= 20 && n <= 40)); return 0; }
Logical OR || #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf(“Enter 2 numbers from 1-100 n”); scanf(“%d,%d”,&a,&b); if (a > 10 || b > 10) printf("At least one of the numbers is greater than 10"); Return 0; }
#include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> int main () { // declare integer type variable int x, y, z; printf (" Enter the first number: "); scanf ("%d", &x); printf (" Enter the second number: "); scanf ("%d", &y); printf (" Enter the third number: "); scanf ("%d", &z); // use logical AND operator to validate the condition if ( x >= y && x >= z ) { printf (" %d is the largest number of all. ", x); } else if ( y >= x && y >= z) { printf (" %d is the largest number of all. ", y); } else { printf ( " %d is the largest number of all. ", z); } return 0; } Largest Number using logical AND operator
Program using logical and relational operator #include main() { int i, j, k; printf("Enter any three numbers "); scanf("%d%d%d", &i, &j, &k); if((i<j)&&(j<k )) printf("k is largest"); elseif ( (i<j) || (j>k) ) { if i<j && j>k printf("j is largest"); else printf("j is not largest of all"); } }
Switch Case #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num = 2; switch (num) { case 1: printf("Value is 1n"); break; case 2: printf("Value is 2n"); break; case 3: printf("Value is 3n"); break; default: printf("Value is not 1, 2, or 3n"); break; } return 0;
Int main() { int number=0; printf("enter a number:"); scanf("%d",&number); switch(number) { case 10: printf("number is equals to10"); break; case,50: printf("number is equal to 50"); break; case 100: printf("number is equal to100"); break; default: printf("number is not equal to 10, 50 or100"); } Return 0; } Switch Case Usage Program
main() { char choice; printf(“Enter Your Color (Red - R/r, White – W/w)”); choice=getchar(); switch(choice) { case‘r’: case‘R’: printf (“Red”); break; case‘w’: case‘W’: printf (“white”); break; default : printf (“no colour”); } } Switch Case Demo Program
Loop statements – While , Do-While and For loop  Loop statements are used to execute the statements repeatedly as long as an expression is true.  When the expression becomes false then the control transferred out of the loop.  There are three kinds of loops in C. a) while b) do-while c) for
While Loop  While statement - while loop will be executed as long as the exp is true.  Syntax: while (exp) { statements; }  The statements will be executed repeatedly as long as the exp is true.  If the exp is false then the control is transferred out of the while loop.
While Loop – Program to print 1-10 number #include<stdio.h> int main() { int i=1; while(i<=10) { printf("%d n",i); i++; } return 0; }
Program to print table for the given number using while loop in C #include<stdio.h> int main() { int i=1,number=0,b=9; printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d",&number); while(i<=10) { printf("%d n",(number*i)); i++; } return 0; }
do-while statement  The do-while loop evaluates the condition after the execution of the statements in the body.  Syntax: do Statement; While<condition>;  Here also the statements will be executed as long as the condition expression value is true.  If the expression is false the control come out of the loop.
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 1; // do while loop execution Do { printf("Hello Worldn"); a++; } while(a <= 5); printf("End of loop"); return 0; } Do while loop demo program- will print Hello World 5 times
Program using Do while loop #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 0; do { printf("%dn", i+1); i++; } while (i < 10); return 0; } The above code prints numbers from 1 to 10
For Loop  The for loop is used to executing the structure number of times.  The for loop includes three expressions.  First expression specifies an initial value for an index (initial value), second expression that determines whether or not the loop is continued (conditional statement) and a third expression used to modify the index (increment or decrement) of each pass. for(initialization; test condition; update expression) { //code to be executed }
For Loop program- print 1-10 // Print numbers from 1 to 10 #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i; for (i = 1; i < 11; i++) { printf("%d ", i); } return 0; }
// Program to calculate the sum of first n natural numbers // Positive integers 1,2,3...n are known as natural numbers #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num, count, sum = 0; printf("Enter a positive integer: "); scanf("%d", &num); // for loop terminates when count exceeds num for(count = 1; count <= num; count++) { sum += count; } printf("Sum = %d", sum); return 0; } For loop to add first n numbers
C program for password check #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main() { char password[] = "secret"; char input[20]; Do { printf("Enter the password: "); scanf("%s", input); } while (strcmp(input, password) != 0); printf("Access granted!n"); return 0; }
Nested For Loop Syntax Outer_loop { Inner_loop { // inner loop statements. } // outer loop statements. }
Nested for loop demo program int main() { int i, j; // Outer loop for (i = 1; i <= 2; ++i) { printf("Outer: %dn", i); // Executes 2 times // Inner loop for (j = 1; j <= 3; ++j) { printf(" Inner: %dn", j); // Executes 6 times, 3 inner loop for each outer loop } } return 0; } Output: Outer: 1 Inner: 1 Inner: 2 Inner: 3 Outer: 2 Inner: 1 Inner: 2 Inner: 3
Nested For Loop Demo Program int main() { int i, j; for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) { printf("%d ", j); } // end of inner loop printf("n"); } // end of outer loop return 0; } // end of main function Output 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5
Nested For loop demo program int main() { int i, j, n; printf("Enter Number : "); scanf ("%d", &n); for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) { printf("* "); } printf("n"); } return 0; } Enter Number : 4 * * * * * * * * * *
C Program to print full star pattern int main() { int rows = 5; // first loop to print all rows for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { // inner loop 1 to print white spaces for (int j = 0; j < 2 * (rows - i) - 1; j++) { printf(" "); } // inner loop 2 to print star * character for (int k = 0; k < 2 * i + 1; k++) { printf("* "); } printf("n"); } return 0; OUTPUT:
Break and Continue statement  The break statement ends the loop immediately when it is encountered.  Break keyword is used. break;  Continue keyword will skip over the remaining body of the current loop, and continue to the next iteration.  Continue keyword is used. continue;
C Program to demonstrate break statement with for loop #include <stdio.h> int main() { // using break inside for loop to terminate after 2 // iteration printf("break in for loopn"); for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { if (i == 3) { break; } else { printf("%d ", i); } }
using break inside while loop to terminate after 2 iteration printf("nbreak in while loopn"); int i = 1; while (i < 20) { if (i == 3) break; else printf("%d ", i); i++; } return 0;
Program to calculate the sum of numbers (10 numbers max) int main() { int i, number, sum = 0; for (i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) { printf("Enter number %d: ", i); scanf(“%d", &number); // if the user enters a negative number, break the loop if (number < 0) { break; } sum += number; // sum = sum + number; } printf("Sum = %d", sum); return 0; } Break usage program
C program to demo Continue stmt.(in for loop) int main() { int i; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i == 4) { continue; } printf("%dn", i); } return 0; }
int i = 0; while (i < 8) // while loop to print 1 to 8 { i++; if (i == 4) { continue; // when i = 4, the iteration will be skipped and 4 will not be printed } printf("%d ", i); } return 0; } C program to explain the use of continue statement with while loop
Program to calculate the sum of numbers (10 numbers max) If the user enters a negative number, it's not added to the result int main() { int i, number, sum = 0; for (i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) { printf("Enter a number%d: ", i); scanf("%d", &number); if (number < 0) { continue; } sum += number; // sum = sum + number; } printf("Sum of entered numbers is = %d", sum); return 0; }
Goto and Labels When a goto statement is encountered in a C program, the control jumps directly to the label mentioned in the goto statement int main() { int sum=0; for(int i = 0; i<=10; i++) { sum = sum+i; if(i==5) { goto addition; } } addition: printf("%d", sum); return 0; } Output- 15 will get printed
Program to calculate the sum and average of positive numbers If the user enters a negative number, the sum and average are displayed. int main() { int maxInput = 100, i; float number, average, sum = 0.0; for (i = 1; i <= maxInput; ++i) { printf("%d. Enter a number: ", i); scanf("%f", &number); if (number < 0.0) { goto jump; // go to jump if the user enters a negative number } sum += number; } jump: average = sum / (i - 1); printf("Sum = %fn", sum); printf("Average = %f", average); return 0; }
Arrays  Array in C is one of the most used data structures in C programming.  An array in C is a fixed-size collection of similar data items stored in contiguous memory locations.  Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable, instead of declaring separate variables for each value.  To access an array element, refer to its index number.  Array indexes start with 0: [0] is the first element. [1] is the second element, etc.  For example : int marks[] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; printf("%d", myNumbers[0]); // print 25
Demo Program for Array in C #include <stdio.h> int main() { int myNumbers[] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; int i; for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) { printf("%dn", myNumbers[i]); } return 0; } OUTPUT: 25 50 75 100
Demo Program for Array in C #include <stdio.h> int main() { int myNumbers[] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; myNumbers[0] = 33; printf("%d", myNumbers[0]); return 0; } Output is 33
C Program to illustrate element access using array subscript int main() { // array declaration and initialization int arr[5] = { 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 }; // accessing element at index 2 i.e 3rd element printf("Element at arr[2]: %dn", arr[2]); // accessing element at index 4 i.e last element printf("Element at arr[4]: %dn", arr[4]); // accessing element at index 0 i.e first element printf("Element at arr[0]: %d", arr[0]); return 0; } OUTPUT: Element at arr[2]: 35 Element at arr[4]: 55 Element at arr[0]: 15

More Related Content

PPTX
An Online Car Parking System (Features & Diagrams Only)
byJubayer Al Mahmud
 
PDF
IBM WebSphere Liberty and Docker Deep Dive
byDavid Currie
 
PPT
DFD For E-learning Project
byShobhit Saxena
 
PPT
Core java
bykasaragaddaslide
 
PPT
Java non access modifiers
bySrinivas Reddy
 
PDF
Artificial Intelligence Game Search by Examples
byAhmed Gad
 
PPTX
Quizz app By Raihan Sikdar
byraihansikdar
 
PPTX
Fajarul Akbar - Introduction & Installation to Flutter.pptx
byIndahSariSitorus2MIM
 
An Online Car Parking System (Features & Diagrams Only)
byJubayer Al Mahmud
 
IBM WebSphere Liberty and Docker Deep Dive
byDavid Currie
 
DFD For E-learning Project
byShobhit Saxena
 
Core java
bykasaragaddaslide
 
Java non access modifiers
bySrinivas Reddy
 
Artificial Intelligence Game Search by Examples
byAhmed Gad
 
Quizz app By Raihan Sikdar
byraihansikdar
 
Fajarul Akbar - Introduction & Installation to Flutter.pptx
byIndahSariSitorus2MIM
 

What's hot

PDF
Image processing python
byYAZIDI Imran
 
PPTX
Core java complete ppt(note)
byarvind pandey
 
PDF
Object Oriented Programming - 5. Class & Object
byAndiNurkholis1
 
PPTX
VIPER ( ? OR : AND) MVVM
byIndeema Software Inc.
 
PPTX
Web assembly: a brief overview
byPavlo Iatsiuk
 
PDF
Online Exam System_Industrial Report
byManmeet Sinha
 
PDF
Object Oriented Programming Lab Manual
byAbdul Hannan
 
PPTX
Android Project Presentation
byLaxmi Kant Yadav
 
PPTX
Algorithm and flowchart
byElizabeth de Leon Aler
 
PPTX
Contact management system , phone book management system
byromie1995
 
PDF
Hacker techniques, exploit and incident handling
byRafel Ivgi
 
PPSX
Php and MySQL
byTiji Thomas
 
PDF
Daily Expense Tracker BSc.CSIT Project Nepal
byRashna Maharjan
 
PPT
Waste Management System
byAbhishek Chawda
 
PDF
Advanced javascript
byDoeun KOCH
 
PPTX
School management system
byAkhilesh Chauhan
 
PPTX
Vb.net (loop structure)
byAbhishek Pachisia
 
PPTX
ONLINE EXAMINATION on ASP.NET
byRupam Dey
 
DOCX
BANK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM report
byNandana Priyanka Eluri
 
PPTX
Graphics Programming in C
byKasun Ranga Wijeweera
 
Image processing python
byYAZIDI Imran
 
Core java complete ppt(note)
byarvind pandey
 
Object Oriented Programming - 5. Class & Object
byAndiNurkholis1
 
VIPER ( ? OR : AND) MVVM
byIndeema Software Inc.
 
Web assembly: a brief overview
byPavlo Iatsiuk
 
Online Exam System_Industrial Report
byManmeet Sinha
 
Object Oriented Programming Lab Manual
byAbdul Hannan
 
Android Project Presentation
byLaxmi Kant Yadav
 
Algorithm and flowchart
byElizabeth de Leon Aler
 
Contact management system , phone book management system
byromie1995
 
Hacker techniques, exploit and incident handling
byRafel Ivgi
 
Php and MySQL
byTiji Thomas
 
Daily Expense Tracker BSc.CSIT Project Nepal
byRashna Maharjan
 
Waste Management System
byAbhishek Chawda
 
Advanced javascript
byDoeun KOCH
 
School management system
byAkhilesh Chauhan
 
Vb.net (loop structure)
byAbhishek Pachisia
 
ONLINE EXAMINATION on ASP.NET
byRupam Dey
 
BANK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM report
byNandana Priyanka Eluri
 
Graphics Programming in C
byKasun Ranga Wijeweera
 

Similar to BCA 1st semester Problem Solving Notes using C.pdf

PPT
01CHAP_1.PPT
byManoRanjani30
 
PPT
Computer Programming Computer Programming
byarifhasan88
 
PPTX
UNIT-1.pptx
byarchana gunakala
 
PPTX
Csci101 lect00 introduction
byElsayed Hemayed
 
PDF
Get Ready to C.pdf introduction to C just basic
byachsah15
 
PPTX
Unit no_1.pptx
byGaneshpatil499846
 
PPT
C++ programming program design including data structures
byAhmad Idrees
 
PDF
PPS Unit-1.pdf
byNenavathSurendhar
 
PPTX
Introduction to computer programming
bySangheethaa Sukumaran
 
PDF
C progrmming
byShivam Singhal
 
PDF
6272 cnote
byP Kiran Sree
 
PPTX
Mcs lec2
byFaiza Gull
 
PPSX
CC-112-Lec.1.ppsx
byAamir Shahzad
 
PDF
Problem Solving and Programming using C.pdf
byPradeepT42
 
PPT
computer programming introduction ppt.ppt
byAlazarAlemayehu2
 
PPTX
Introduction to Basics C Programming.pptx
byBalaji Ganesh
 
PPTX
Problem solving and programming in c language
bymanohar25689
 
PDF
C_Dayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy1.pdf
byamanpathak160605
 
PPTX
Introduction.pptx
byssusera8c91a
 
PPT
Introduction to Programming
byChaffey College
 
01CHAP_1.PPT
byManoRanjani30
 
Computer Programming Computer Programming
byarifhasan88
 
UNIT-1.pptx
byarchana gunakala
 
Csci101 lect00 introduction
byElsayed Hemayed
 
Get Ready to C.pdf introduction to C just basic
byachsah15
 
Unit no_1.pptx
byGaneshpatil499846
 
C++ programming program design including data structures
byAhmad Idrees
 
PPS Unit-1.pdf
byNenavathSurendhar
 
Introduction to computer programming
bySangheethaa Sukumaran
 
C progrmming
byShivam Singhal
 
6272 cnote
byP Kiran Sree
 
Mcs lec2
byFaiza Gull
 
CC-112-Lec.1.ppsx
byAamir Shahzad
 
Problem Solving and Programming using C.pdf
byPradeepT42
 
computer programming introduction ppt.ppt
byAlazarAlemayehu2
 
Introduction to Basics C Programming.pptx
byBalaji Ganesh
 
Problem solving and programming in c language
bymanohar25689
 
C_Dayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy1.pdf
byamanpathak160605
 
Introduction.pptx
byssusera8c91a
 
Introduction to Programming
byChaffey College
 

Recently uploaded

PPTX
Drugs modulating serotonergic system.pptx
byNorman Arockiaraj G
 
PDF
Fast Followers Project, Embedding Net Zero into Wakefield Metropolitan Distri...
byAssociation for Project Management
 
PPTX
ALL London Event, January 17th 2026, at the British Film Institite, South Bank.
bySteve Smith
 
PPTX
Statistical Data Analysis using R Programming.pptx
byVETRISELVIP1
 
PPTX
Setting Up and Processing Down Payments in Odoo 18 Sales
byCeline George
 
PDF
Agents in Artificial Intelligence: Types, Architecture and Real-World Examples
byARTHIDEVARANIP
 
PDF
VIVA or SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS or 2 MARKS QUESTIONS CHILD HEALTH NURSING.pdf
byPRADEEP ABOTHU
 
PDF
Risks and opportunities of artificial intelligence in education: A critical view
byYannis
 
DOCX
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING OSCE CHECKLIST.docx
byGeetha S R
 
PDF
GIÁO ÁN KẾ HOẠCH BÀI DẠY NĂNG LỰC SỐ MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUC...
byNguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
PDF
Take This Quirky Quiz! - QGI 1st Anniversary .pdf
byNiyati Jois
 
PDF
Problem Solving Agents in Artificial Intelligence with Examples and Water Jug...
byARTHIDEVARANIP
 
PPTX
Poster Based Ethical Reflection - Dharma and Values Poster.pptx
byRajshreeBeneymadoo
 
PDF
Lamarckism: Theory of Evolution, Principles, Examples, Objections and Neo-Lam...
byIPGDCWA,NAMPALLY
 
PPTX
Unit 3- Culture.pptx....................
byAkanksha Kotangale
 
PPTX
LEGAL AND RIGHTS ASPECTS OF FAMILY PLANNING.pptx
bysonia
 
PPTX
Nanomaterials and its types - Dr.M.Jothimuniyandi
byJothimuniyandi
 
PPTX
HABIT. Cognitive process. I Semester Shilpa Hotakar pptx
bySHILPA HOTAKAR
 
PPTX
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles - The Americas 1-18-2026
byYale School of Public Health - The Virtual Medical Operations Center (VMOC)
 
PPTX
How to Manage Empty Location in Odoo 18 Inventory
byCeline George
 
Drugs modulating serotonergic system.pptx
byNorman Arockiaraj G
 
Fast Followers Project, Embedding Net Zero into Wakefield Metropolitan Distri...
byAssociation for Project Management
 
ALL London Event, January 17th 2026, at the British Film Institite, South Bank.
bySteve Smith
 
Statistical Data Analysis using R Programming.pptx
byVETRISELVIP1
 
Setting Up and Processing Down Payments in Odoo 18 Sales
byCeline George
 
Agents in Artificial Intelligence: Types, Architecture and Real-World Examples
byARTHIDEVARANIP
 
VIVA or SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS or 2 MARKS QUESTIONS CHILD HEALTH NURSING.pdf
byPRADEEP ABOTHU
 
Risks and opportunities of artificial intelligence in education: A critical view
byYannis
 
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING OSCE CHECKLIST.docx
byGeetha S R
 
GIÁO ÁN KẾ HOẠCH BÀI DẠY NĂNG LỰC SỐ MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUC...
byNguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Take This Quirky Quiz! - QGI 1st Anniversary .pdf
byNiyati Jois
 
Problem Solving Agents in Artificial Intelligence with Examples and Water Jug...
byARTHIDEVARANIP
 
Poster Based Ethical Reflection - Dharma and Values Poster.pptx
byRajshreeBeneymadoo
 
Lamarckism: Theory of Evolution, Principles, Examples, Objections and Neo-Lam...
byIPGDCWA,NAMPALLY
 
Unit 3- Culture.pptx....................
byAkanksha Kotangale
 
LEGAL AND RIGHTS ASPECTS OF FAMILY PLANNING.pptx
bysonia
 
Nanomaterials and its types - Dr.M.Jothimuniyandi
byJothimuniyandi
 
HABIT. Cognitive process. I Semester Shilpa Hotakar pptx
bySHILPA HOTAKAR
 
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles - The Americas 1-18-2026
byYale School of Public Health - The Virtual Medical Operations Center (VMOC)
 
How to Manage Empty Location in Odoo 18 Inventory
byCeline George
 

BCA 1st semester Problem Solving Notes using C.pdf

  • 1.
    Problem solving techniques using‘C’ Unit-1 Introduction to Problem Solving Techniques
  • 2.
    What is aComputer System?  A computer is a very powerful and versatile machine capable of performing a multitude of different tasks, yet it has no intelligence or thinking power.  . A computer is a symbol-manipulating machine that follows a set of stored instructions called a program. A computer performs manipulations very quickly and has memory for storing input, process and output.  A computer is a system made of two major components: hardware and software. The computer hardware is the physical equipment. The software is the collection of programs (instructions) that allow the hardware to do its job.
  • 3.
    Computer Hardware  TheInput device is usually a keyboard where programs and data are entered into the computers. Examples of other input devices include a mouse, a pen or stylus, a touch screen, or an audio input unit.  The Central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for executing instructions such as arithmetic calculations , comparisons among data, and movement of data inside the system. Today’s computers may have one ,two, or more CPUs .  Primary storage ,also known as main memory, is a place where the programs and data are stored temporarily during processing. The data in primary storage are erased when we turn off a personal computer or when we log off from a time-sharing system.  The Output device is usually a monitor or a printer to show output. If the output is shown on the monitor, we say we have a soft copy. If it is printed on the printer, we say we have a hard copy.
  • 4.
    Computer hardware  Theoutput device is usually a monitor or a printer to show output. If the output is shown on the monitor, we say we have a soft copy. If it is printed on the printer, we say we have a hard copy.  Auxiliary storage, also known as secondary storage, is used for both input and output. It is the place where the programs and data are stored permanently. When we turn off the computer, or programs and data remain in the secondary storage, ready for the next time we need them.
  • 5.
    Computer Software  Computersoftware is divided in to two broad categories: system software and application software .  System software manages the computer resources .It provides the interface between the hardware and the users.  Application software, on the other hand is directly responsible for helping users solve their problems.
  • 6.
    System S/W andApplication S/W  System software consists of programs that manage the hardware resources of a computer and perform required information processing tasks. These programs are divided into three classes: the operating system, system support, and system development.  Application software is broken in to two classes :general-purpose software and application – specific software.  General purpose software is purchased from a software developer and can be used for more than one application. Examples of general purpose software include word processors ,database management systems ,and computer aided design systems. They are labeled general purpose because they can solve a variety of user computing problems.  Application –specific software can be used only for its intended purpose.
  • 7.
    Computer languages  MachineLanguage-Each computer has its own machine language, which is made of streams of 0’s and 1’s. The internal circuits of a computer are made of switches transistors and other electronic devices that can be in one of two states: off or on. The off state is represented by 0 , the on state is represented by 1.  Assembly/Symbolic Language-symbols of mnemonics to represent the various machine language instructions. A special program called assembler translates symbolic code into machine language.  High-Level language-High-level languages are designed to relieve the programmer from the details of the assembly language.They must be converted into machine language. The process of converting them is known as compilation.
  • 8.
    ‘C’  ‘C’ isa high-level language used for system software and new application code.  ‘C’ language was developed by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1972.
  • 9.
    What is aProblem Solving Approach?  It is a systematic approach to find and implement the solution to a problem  A computer cannot solve a problem on its own.  One has to provide step by step solutions of the problem to the computer.
  • 10.
    What is Programand how it runs?  It is a set of instructions written in any computer language.  Set of instructions of the high level language used to code a problem to find its solution is reffered to as Source Program.  A translator program called a compiler or interpreter, translates the source program into the object program. This is the compilation or interpretation phase.  If there is no error, the source program is transformed into the machine language program called Object Program.  The Object Program is executed to perform calculations. This stage is the execution phase. Data, if required by the program, are supplied now and the results are obtained on the output device.
  • 11.
    Steps of Problemsolving 1.Understanding the problem- Understand the problem to be solved completely. 2. Analyzing the problem- Search/analyze an appropriate solution to the problem under consideration. 3. Developing the solution- Form a detailed step by step solution to the problem under consideration. 4. Coding and implementation- The last stage of the problem solving is the conversion of the detailed sequence of operations in to a language that the computer can understand.
  • 12.
    Algorithm  An algorithmcan be defined as “a complete, unambiguous, finite number of logical steps for solving a specific problem “. It is language independent. Steps Involved are- Step1. Identification of input: The input is to be indentified first for any specified problem. Step2: Identification of output: at least one quantity is produced for any specified problem. Step3 : Identification the processing operations : All the calculations to be performed in order to lead to output from the input are to be identified in an orderly manner. Step4 : Processing Definiteness : The instructions composing the algorithm must be clear and there should not be any ambiguity in them. Step5 : Processing Finiteness : If we go through the algorithm, then for all cases, the algorithm should terminate after a finite number of steps. Step6 : Possessing Effectiveness : The instructions in the algorithm must be sufficiently basic and in practice they can be carries out easily.
  • 13.
    Algorithm possess followingproperties:-  1. Finiteness: An algorithm must terminate in a finite number of steps 2. Definiteness: Each step of the algorithm must be precisely and unambiguously stated  3. Effectiveness: Each step must be effective, in the sense that it should be primitive easily convert able into program statement) can be performed exactly in a finite amount of time.  4. Generality: The algorithm must be complete in itself so that it can be used to solve problems of a specific type for any input data.  5. Input/output: Each algorithm must take zero, one or more quantities as input data produce one or more output values.
  • 14.
    Algorithm Ex-1 Ex- Algorithm/pseudocode to add two numbers  Step 1: Start  Step 2:Read the two numbers in to a,b  Step 3: c=a+b  Step 4: write/print c  Step 5: Stop.
  • 15.
    Algorithm Ex-2 To findthe average of three numbers Step 1 Read the numbers a, b, c Step 2 Compute the sum of a, b and c Step 3 Divide the sum by 3 Step 4 Store the result in variable Avg Step 5 Print the value of Avg as Average. Step 6 End of the program
  • 16.
    Q1- Write analgorithm to calculate the simple interest using the formula. Simple interest = P*N* R/100. Where P is principle Amount, N is the number of years and R is the rate of interest. Soln. - Step 1: Read the three input quantities as P, N and R. Step 2 : Calculate simple interest as Simple interest = P* N* R/100 Step 3: Print simple interest. Step 4: Stop.
  • 17.
    Q2-To Convert temperaturein Celsius to Fahrenheit. (Given-F=9/5*C+32) Step 1:Start Step 2: Input c Step 3: calculate f=9/5*c+32 Step 4: Print output f as Fahrenheit. Step 5:stop
  • 18.
    Write an algorithmto find the largest of three numbers X, Y,Z.  Step 1: Read the numbers X,Y,Z.  Step 2: if (X > Y) then Big = X else BIG = Y  Step 3 : if (BIG < Z) then Big=Z  Step 4: Print the largest number as Big  Step 5: Stop.
  • 19.
    Algorithm to printthe sum of first 10 natural numbers. Step1-Start. Step 2. Intialize and set i = 0, n = 10, sum = 0 Step 3. Repeat steps 3 through 5 while i<=n Step 4. Set sum = sum + i Step 5. Set i = i + 1 Step 6. Print sum Step 7 Stop
  • 20.
    Write an algorithmto find the area of the triangle. Soln :- Let b, c be the sides of the triangle ABC and A the included angle between the given sides. Step 1: Input the given elements of the triangle namely sides b, c and angle between the sides A. Step 2: Area = (1/2) *b*C* sin A Step 3: Output the Area Step 4: Stop.
  • 21.
    Write an algorithmto swap/exchange values to two variables  Step 1: Start  Step 2: Read two numbers as A and B.  Step 3: temp = A  A = B  B = temp  Step 4: Display A and B  Step 5: Stop
  • 22.
  • 23.
    Algorithm to calculatefactorial  Step 1: Start  Step 2: Input number of which factorial need to be calculated as num.  Step 2: Declare and initialize variables fact = 1 and i = 1  Step 4: Repeat the loop until i<=num  fact = fact * i  i = i++  Step 5: Print fact as the factorial of a given number  Step 6: Stop
  • 24.
  • 25.
    Fibonacci Series Algorithm: Algorithm of Fibonacci Series  Step 1: START  Step 2: Declare variable n1, n2, sum, n, i  Step 2: Initialize variables: n1 = 0, n2 = 1, i = 2  Step 3: Read n  Step 4: Print n1 , n2  Step 5: Repeat this step until i <= n sum = n1 + n2 print sum n1 = n2 n2 = sum i = i + 1  Step 6: STOP
  • 27.
    Flowchart to reversethe digits of a number
  • 28.
    Introduction to ‘C’ ‘C’ is high level language and is the upgraded version of another language (Basic Combined Program Language).  C language was designed at Bell laboratories in the early 1970’s by Dennis Ritchie.  The most popular Operating system UNIX is written in C language.  This language also has the features of low level languages and hence called as “System Programming Language”
  • 29.
    Features of Clanguage  Simple, versatile, general purpose language  It has rich set of Operators  Program execution are fast and efficient  Can easily manipulates with bits, bytes and addresses  Varieties of data types are available  Separate compilation of functions is possible and such functions can be called by any C program  Block- structured language  Can be applied in System programming areas like operating systems, compilers & Interpreters, Assembles, Text Editors, Print Spoolers, Network Drivers, Modern Programs, Data Bases, Language Interpreters, Utilities etc.
  • 30.
    Character Set  Thecharacter set is the fundamental raw-material for any language. Like natural languages, computer languages will also have well defined character-set, which is useful to build the programs.  The C language consists of two character sets namely – source character set and execution character set.  Source character set is useful to construct the statements in the source program.  Execution character set is employed at the time of execution of the program.
  • 31.
    Source character set Thistype of character set includes three types of characters namely alphabets, Decimals and special symbols. Alphabets : A to Z, a to z and Underscore( _ ) Decimal digits : 0 to 9 Special symbols : + - * / ^ % = & ! ( ) { } [ ] “ etc White Spaces : blank spaces
  • 32.
    Execution Character SetIn C  The execution character set, also known as the control character set in C programming, comprises character sets that are used during the execution of a C program.  Control characters are vital for managing the flow of the program, formatting output, and handling input.  Control Characters: Characters that do not represent a printable symbol but rather perform a control function, such as n (newline), t (tab), b (backspace), and r (carriage return).
  • 33.
  • 34.
    Structure of a‘C’ Program  The basic components of a C program are:  main()  pair of braces { }  declarations and statements  user defined functions
  • 35.
    C TOKENS  Thesmallest individual units in a C program are called tokens.  The alphabets, numbers and special symbols are combined to forms these tokens. The types of tokens in C are : - 1. Keywords 2. Identifiers 3. Constants 4. Strings 5. Special Symbols 6. Operators
  • 36.
    Keywords  Keywords arewords whose meanings have already been defined and these meanings cannot be changed.  Keywords are also called as reserved words. Keywords should not be used as variable names (though some compilers allow you to construct variable names like keywords).  All the keywords must be written in lowercase.  There are 32 keywords in C as given below : auto double if static break else int struct case enum long switch char extern near typedef const float register union continue far return unsigned default for short void do goto signed while
  • 37.
    Identifiers  Identifiers arenames given to variables, functions and arrays.  These are the names which are user defined. Rules to Name an Identifier in C  A programmer has to follow certain rules while naming variables. For the valid identifier, we must follow the given below set of rules.  An identifier can include letters (a-z or A-Z), and digits (0-9).  An identifier cannot include special characters except the ‘_’ underscore.  Spaces are not allowed while naming an identifier.  An identifier can only begin with an underscore or letters.  We cannot name identifiers the same as keywords because they are reserved words to perform a specific task. For example, printf, scanf, int, char, struct, etc. If we use a keyword’s name as an identifier the compiler will throw an error.  The identifier must be unique in its namespace.  C language is case-sensitive so, ‘name’ and ‘NAME’ are different identifiers.
  • 38.
    Constant A constant inC is a fixed value which does not change during the execution of a program. They are defined using keyword ‘const’ like const int i= 5; The basic classification of constants is : Numeric Constants like 9, 6.7 Character constants like ‘A’, ‘Ashu’ , ‘Ram Kumar’
  • 39.
    Strings Strings are nothingbut an array of characters ended with a null character (‘0’). This null character indicates the end of the string. Strings are always enclosed in double quotes. Whereas, a character is enclosed in single quotes in C and C++. For example- Char name[50] = “Problem Solving Techniques”; char string[20] = “geeksforgeeks”;
  • 40.
    Special Symbols  Thefollowing special symbols are used in C having some special meaning and thus, cannot be used for some other purpose. Some of these are listed below:  Brackets[]: Opening and closing brackets are used as array element references. These indicate single and multidimensional subscripts.  Parentheses(): These special symbols are used to indicate function calls and function parameters.  Braces{}: These opening and ending curly braces mark the start and end of a block of code containing more than one executable statement.  Comma (, ): It is used to separate more than one statement like for separating parameters in function calls.  Colon(:): It is an operator that essentially invokes something called an initialization list.  Semicolon(;): It is known as a statement terminator. It indicates the end of one logical entity. That’s why each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon.  Asterisk (*): It is used to create a pointer variable and for the multiplication of variables.  Assignment operator(=): It is used to assign values and for logical operation validation.  Pre-processor (#): The preprocessor is a macro processor that is used automatically by the compiler to transform your program before actual compilation.  Period (.): Used to access members of a structure or union.  Tilde(~): Bitwise One’s Complement Operator.
  • 41.
    Variable  A variableis a data name used to store a data value.  A variable name is a combination of alphabets, digits or underscores.  The first character however must be an alphabet. No commas, or blanks are allowed while constructing variables.  The variable name should not be a keyword.  Variables are case sensitive i.e. sum and SUM are two distinct variables.  Some valid variable names are :Max_length , age , sum , xyz , avg , a1 , T1 etc  Int sum=6;
  • 42.
    Data Types in‘C’  Data types in C refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types.  The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage
  • 44.
    Instructions in C The four basic types of instructions in C are:  Type Declaration Instructions : These instructions are used to declare the type of the variables in a C program.  Input/Output Instructions : These instructions perform the function of supplying input data and obtain the output results from the program.  Arithmetic Instructions: These instructions are used to perform arithmetic on variables and constants.  Control Instructions : The control instructions are used to control the sequence of execution of the various statements in a C program.
  • 45.
    Type declaration instructions Type declaration instructions are used to declare the type of the variables in a C program.  The four fundamental or primary data types are :  Integer (int)  Character (char)  Floating point (float)  double precision floating point (double).  These primary data types themselves are of many types. eg. integers could be long or short, signed or unsigned etc.
  • 46.
    Character Data Type(char)  Character Data Type : A single character is defined as char type data. Characters are usually stored in 8 bits i.e. one byte of internal storage.  The signed or unsigned qualifiers may be applied to char. By default, char is assumed to be signed and hence has a range of values from -128 to 127.  On the other hand, declaring unsigned char causes the range of values to fall between 0 to 255, with all values being positive.  char grade=‘A’;  Char name= ‘Ashu’;  char myText = 'Hello'; printf("%c", myText);
  • 47.
    Program to printCharacter datatype #include <stdio.h> int main() { char myLetter = 'S'; printf("%c", myLetter); return 0; }
  • 48.
    Program to printCharacter datatype #include <stdio.h> int main() { char a = 87, b = 66, c = 75; printf("%cn", a); printf("%cn", b); printf("%c", c); return 0; }
  • 49.
    Integer (int) DataType Integer (int) Data Type : The range of values of the int data type is between -32,768 to 32,767. Integers are whole numbers. The range of values of integers is dependent upon the particular machine being used. Integers generally occupy two bytes of memory storage. Therefore for a 16-bit word length, the range of integer values is between -32,768 to 32,767. eg. 2809, -3888 , 0, 32, -18 are all valid integers. Out of the two bytes used to store an integer, the sixteenth bit is used to store the sign (+ or -) of the integer. This sixteenth bit is 0 if the number is positive and 1 if the number is negative. Eg.  int myNum = 1000; printf("%d", myNum);
  • 50.
    Program to printinteger values #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 9; // Integer value with positive data. int b = -9; // integer value with negative data. printf("Integer value with positive data: %dn", a); printf("Integer value with negative data: %dn", b); return 0; }
  • 51.
    Floating Point (float)Data Type  Floating Point (float) Data Type : In order to declare real numbers we make use of the floating point data type.  Floating point numbers are stored as 32 bits i.e. they occupy four bytes of memory, with 6 digits of precision (on 16 bit as well as 32 bit machines).  Six bit precision means that there would be six digits after the decimal point. We use the float keyword to declare variables of floating point type.  eg. 78.22, -9012.5988, 0.00988, 356.8 are examples of float data type.  float myNum = 5.75; printf("%f", myNum);  double myNum = 19.998765; printf("%lf", myNum);
  • 52.
    Program to printFloat and Double datatype #include <stdio.h> int main() { Int num=56; // declaring integer Char alpha=‘A’; // declaring character float myNum = 6.85; // declaring float double dnum = 20.6389; // declaring double printf("%d", num); // printing integer printf("%c", alpha); // printing character printf("%f", myNum); // printing float value printf("%lf", num); // printing double value return 0; }
  • 53.
    Scanf()-input value fromuser Calculate the area of a rectangle by getting its length and breadth from user #include<stdio.h> int main() { float len, breadth, area; printf(“nEnter values for length and breadthn”); scanf(“%f”,&len) ; scanf(“%f”, &breadth); area = len * breadth; printf(“Length = %f Breadth =%f Area = %f”, len, breadth,area); return 0; }
  • 54.
    Operators – Unary,Binaryand Ternary  Operators are symbols that trigger an action when applied to C variables and other objects. The data items on which operators act are called operands. Depending on the number of operands that an operator can act upon, operators can be classified as follows:
  • 55.
    Unary Operator  UnaryOperators: Those operators that require only a single operand to act upon are known as unary operators. For Example increment (++) and decrement operators (--)
  • 56.
    Unary-Increment and DecrementOperators  C has ++ as the increment and — as the decrement operator.  The increment operator adds 1 to the operand and the decrement operator subtracts 1 from the operand.  Both are unary operators.  Form of the increment operator: ++a ; or a++; which is equivalent to a = a + 1;  Form of the decrement operator: --a; or a-- which is equivalent to a = a -1;  ++a and a++ behave differently when they are used in expressions on the right side of an assignment.  Consider the following :  a = 5;  b = ++a;  Here the variable b will be assigned the value 6.  However a = 5; b = a++; will assign the value 5 to b first and then the value of a will be incremented.  Thus the prefix operator will first increment or decrement the operand by 1 and then assign the value to the variable on the left, whereas the postfix operator will first assign the value to the variable on the left and then increment or decrement the value of the operand by 1.
  • 57.
    Write a Cprogram to demonstrate the use of the increment and decrement operators main() { /* Program to illustrate the use of ++ and —) */ int a, b; a = 10; b = 20; printf(“The value of a : %d”, a); printf(“The value of b : %d”, b); a++; b++; printf(“The incremented value of a : %d”, a); printf(“The incremented value of b : %d, b); a--; b--; printf(“The decremented value of a : %d”, a); printf(“The decremented value of b : %d, b); }
  • 58.
    Output The output ofthe program will be: The value of a : 10 The value of b : 20 The incremented value of a : 11 The incremented value of b : 21 The decremented value of a : 10 The decremented value of b : 20
  • 59.
    Conditional Operator (or)Ternary operator (? :)  C has one conditional operator.  The syntax of the conditional operator in C is exp1 ? exp2 : exp3; where exp1, exp2 and exp3 are expressions.  Here, exp1 is evaluated first.  If it is true (non zero), then exp2 is evaluated and it becomes the value of the expression.  On the other hand if exp1 is false, then exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression.  Thus if  a = 10;  b = 5;  z = (a >b)? a : b;  Here exp1 is (a > b) exp2 is a and exp3 is b First (a > b) is evaluated. Since in this case, a > b is false, exp3 is evaluated. Therefore z is assigned the value of b.
  • 60.
    Check and writeoutput values What values will the variables have in the following: a) z = (a < b) ? a+b : a - b for a = 5 and b = 10 ? z = b) i = 10; i++; a = i + 10; a = i = c) z = (i + 10 < j) ? 100:10 for i = 10, j = 5 z =
  • 61.
    Operators - Binary BinaryOperators: Those operators that require two operands to act upon are called binary operators. Binary operators can further are classified into:  Arithmetic operators like ‘+’,’-’,’*’ and ‘/’  Relational Operators like <, >, ==, != , >= , <=  Logical Operators like AND (&&), OR(||), and NOT (!)  Assignment Operators like = , += , -= , *= , /= etc.  Bitwise Operator- Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit−by−bit operation. Like AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), NOT (~), left shift (<<), and right shift (>>)
  • 62.
    Arithmatic Operators  Allbasic arithmetic operators are present in C. operator meaning + add - subtract * multiplication / division % modulo division(remainder)
  • 63.
    /* programs toexhibit the use of arithmetic operators */ main() { int sum, mul, modu; float sub, divi; int i,j; float l, m; printf("Enter two integers "); scanf("%d%d",&i,&j); printf("Enter two real numbers"); scanf("%f%f",&l,&m); sum=i+j; mul=i*j; modu=i%j; sub=l-m; divi=l/m; printf("sum is %d", sum); printf("mul is %d", mul); printf("Remainder is %d", modu); printf("subtraction of float is %f", sub); printf("division of float is %f", divi); }
  • 64.
    RELATIONAL OPERATORS  Weoften compare two quantities and depending on their relation take certain decisions for that comparison we use relational operators. Operator meaning < is less than > is greater than <= is less than or equal to >= is greater than or equal to == is equal to != is not equal to
  • 65.
    Logical Operator  Alogical operator is used to evaluate logical and relational expressions.  The logical operators act upon operands that are themselves logical expressions.  There are three logical operators. Operators Expression && Logical AND || Logical OR ! Logical NOT
  • 66.
    Logical Operators  LogicalAnd (&&): A compound Expression is true when two expression when two expressions are true. The && is used in the following manner. Exp1 && Exp2. The result of a logical AND operation will be true only if both operands are true  Logical OR: A compound expression is false when all expression are false otherwise the compound expression is true. The operator “||” is used as It evaluates to true if either exp-1 or exp-2 is true.  Logical NOT: The NOT ( ! ) operator takes single expression and evaluates to true(1) if the expression is false (0) or it evaluates to false (0) if expression is true (1).
  • 67.
    Assignment Operator  Anassignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. The most commonly used assignment operator is =  I = 3.3 3 ( Value of I )  Multiple assignment  . a = b = c = 3; and . a = j = 5.6  I + = 5 is same as I = I + 5  I - = 5 is same as I = I – 5  I * = 5 is same as I = I * 5  I / = 5 is same as I = I / 5
  • 68.
    BIT WISE OPERATORS C supports special operators known as bit wise operators for manipulation of data at bit level. They are not applied to float or double. operator meaning & Bitwise AND | Bitwise OR ^ Bitwise exclusive OR << left shift >> right shift ~ one's complement
  • 69.
    Calculate sum ofthree numbers #include<stdio.h> int main() { int a, b, c, sum; a = 30; b = 50; c = 85; sum = a + b + c; printf(“nThe sum of a,b, c is :%d”, sum); return 0; } The output of the program The sum of a,b, c is : 165
  • 70.
    Calculate the areaof a rectangle given its length and breadth #include<stdio.h> int main() { float len, breadth, area; len = 4.5; breadth = 2.8; area = len * breadth; printf(“nLength = %fnBreadth =%fnArea = %f”, len, breadth,area); return 0; } The Output of the program will be: Length = 4.500000 Breadth = 2.800000 The area is : 12.599999
  • 71.
    Output Enter values forlength and breadth 10.0 25.0 Length = 10.000000 Breadth = 25.000000 Area = 250.000000 The scanf will read the values for the length first and then the breadth. When you input multiple values, separate them by using a white space like a space, tab or newline. Note that we have used the %f for reading floating point values. Area will then be calculated and printed on the screen. The & symbol is to be used before the variable name while reading data with the scanf. & is a pointer operator.
  • 72.
    Calculate sum ofdigits of a two digit number int main() { /*Calculate sum of digits of a two digit number */ int a,b,c, sum; printf(“nEnter a two digit number:”); scanf(“%d”, &a); c = a/10; b = a%10; sum = c + b; printf(“nThe sum of digits is : %d”, sum); return 0; } Output is Enter a two digit number: 83 The sum of digits is : 11
  • 73.
    Calculate the simpleinterest using the formula : simple interest= pnr/100, where p is the principal amount, n is the number of years and r is the rate of interest. main() { /*Program to calculate simple interest */ int n; float p, r, interest; printf(“n Enter principal amount:”); scanf(“%f”,&p); printf(“n Enter number of years :”); scanf(“%d”,&n); printf(“n Enter rate of interest:”); scanf(“%f”,&r); interest = p * n * r/100; printf(“nThe simple interest is : %f”, interest); return 0; }
  • 74.
    Output Enter principal amount:1000.0 Enter number of years : 2 Enter rate of interest :10.0 The simple interest is : 200.000000
  • 75.
    Write a programto convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius int main() { /*Temperature Conversion Program */ float faren, cel; printf(“nEnter temperature in Fahrenheit:”); scanf(“%f”, &faren); cel = (faren - 32.0)/ 9*5; printf(“nThe temperature in Celsius is : %f”, cel); return 0; } output: Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: 100.0 The temperature in Celsius is :37.777779
  • 76.
    To read theradius of the circle and to find area and circumference. #include<stdio.h> void main() { float radius, area, cf; printf("Enter Radius of Circlen"); scanf("%f",&radius); //value of pi is 3.14 area=3.14*radius*radius; printf("The area of Circle is %f",area); cf=2*3.14*radius; printf("nThe Circumference of Circle is %f",cf); }
  • 77.
    Conditional Statements  Theconditional expressions are mainly used for decision making.  The following statements are used to perform the task of the conditional operations.  a. if statement.  b. If-else statement. Or 2 way if statement  c. Nested else-if statement.  d. Nested if –else statement.  e. Switch statement.
  • 78.
    The IF statement if (test condition)  First, the test condition is evaluated.  If it is true then the statement (or set of statements) following if are executed.  If the condition evaluates to false, the statement (or set of statements) following if are skipped.
  • 79.
    Program to showIF statement ,to print square of a number if number is less than 10 #include<stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter a number:"); scanf("%d",&n); if(n<10) { printf("%d is less than 10 n ",n); printf("Square = %d n", n*n); } return 0; }
  • 80.
    IF Else Statement It consists of two blocks of statements each enclosed inside if block and else block respectively.  If the condition inside if statement is true, statements inside if block are executed, otherwise statements inside else block are executed. if (condition) { statements; ... ... … } else { statements; ... ... ... }
  • 81.
    C program tofind if a number is odd or even. #include<stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf(“Enter a number : ”); scanf(“%d”,&n); If(n%2==0) printf(“%d is even “,n); Else printf(“%d is odd”,n); return 0; }
  • 82.
    Nested Else-if statement if(condition 1) { statements ... ... ... } else if (condition 2) { statements; ... ... ... } else if (condition n) { statements ... ... ... } else { statements; ... ... ... }
  • 83.
    C program tofind if a number is negative, positive or zero. #include<stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter a number:"); scanf("%d", &n); if(n<0) printf("Number is negative"); else if(n>0) printf("Number is positive"); else printf("Number is equal to zero"); return 0; }
  • 84.
    NESTED if Statement if(condition 1) { statements; if (sub condition 1) { statements; } statements; } else if (condition 2) { statements; if (sub condition 2) { statements; } statements; } ... ... ... ... ... ... else { statements; if (sub condition n) { statements; } statements; }
  • 85.
    C program tocheck if a number is less than 100 or not. If it is less than 100 then check if it is odd or even. #include<stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter a number:"); scanf("%d",&n); if(n<100) { printf("%d is less than 100n",n); if(n%2 == 0) printf("%d is even",n); else printf("%d is odd",n); } else printf("%d is equal to or greater than 100",n);
  • 86.
    int main(){ int a= 21; int b = 10; int c ; printf("a: %d b: %dn", a,b); if(a == b){ printf("Line 1 - a is equal to bn" ); } else { printf("Line 1 - a is not equal to bn" ); } if (a < b){ printf("Line 2 - a is less than bn" ); } else { printf("Line 2 - a is not less than bn" ); } if (a > b){ printf("Line 3 - a is greater than bn" ); } else { printf("Line 3 - a is not greater than b nn" ); } /* Lets change value of a and b */ a = 5; b = 20; printf("a: %d b: %dn", a,b); if (a <= b){ printf("Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to bn" ); } if (b >= a){ printf("Line 5 - b is either greater than or equal to an" ); } if(a != b){ printf("Line 6 - a is not equal to bn" ); } else { printf("Line 6 - a is equal to bn" ); } return 0; } Relational Operator
  • 87.
    Logical And Operator&& #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 20; int b = 30; if (a > 10 && b > 10) printf("Both numbers are greater than 10n"); Return 0; }
  • 88.
    True means 1and False means 0 #include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> int main () { int n = 20; // use Logical AND (&&) operator to check the condition printf (" %d n", (n == 20 && n >= 8)); // condition is true, therefore it returns 1 printf (" %d n", (n >= 1 && n >= 20)); printf (" %d n", (n == 10 && n >= 0)); printf (" %d n", (n >= 20 && n <= 40)); return 0; }
  • 89.
    Logical OR || #include<stdio.h> int main() { printf(“Enter 2 numbers from 1-100 n”); scanf(“%d,%d”,&a,&b); if (a > 10 || b > 10) printf("At least one of the numbers is greater than 10"); Return 0; }
  • 90.
    #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> intmain () { // declare integer type variable int x, y, z; printf (" Enter the first number: "); scanf ("%d", &x); printf (" Enter the second number: "); scanf ("%d", &y); printf (" Enter the third number: "); scanf ("%d", &z); // use logical AND operator to validate the condition if ( x >= y && x >= z ) { printf (" %d is the largest number of all. ", x); } else if ( y >= x && y >= z) { printf (" %d is the largest number of all. ", y); } else { printf ( " %d is the largest number of all. ", z); } return 0; } Largest Number using logical AND operator
  • 91.
    Program using logicaland relational operator #include main() { int i, j, k; printf("Enter any three numbers "); scanf("%d%d%d", &i, &j, &k); if((i<j)&&(j<k )) printf("k is largest"); elseif ( (i<j) || (j>k) ) { if i<j && j>k printf("j is largest"); else printf("j is not largest of all"); } }
  • 92.
    Switch Case #include <stdio.h> intmain() { int num = 2; switch (num) { case 1: printf("Value is 1n"); break; case 2: printf("Value is 2n"); break; case 3: printf("Value is 3n"); break; default: printf("Value is not 1, 2, or 3n"); break; } return 0;
  • 93.
    Int main() { int number=0; printf("entera number:"); scanf("%d",&number); switch(number) { case 10: printf("number is equals to10"); break; case,50: printf("number is equal to 50"); break; case 100: printf("number is equal to100"); break; default: printf("number is not equal to 10, 50 or100"); } Return 0; } Switch Case Usage Program
  • 94.
    main() { char choice; printf(“Enter YourColor (Red - R/r, White – W/w)”); choice=getchar(); switch(choice) { case‘r’: case‘R’: printf (“Red”); break; case‘w’: case‘W’: printf (“white”); break; default : printf (“no colour”); } } Switch Case Demo Program
  • 95.
    Loop statements –While , Do-While and For loop  Loop statements are used to execute the statements repeatedly as long as an expression is true.  When the expression becomes false then the control transferred out of the loop.  There are three kinds of loops in C. a) while b) do-while c) for
  • 96.
    While Loop  Whilestatement - while loop will be executed as long as the exp is true.  Syntax: while (exp) { statements; }  The statements will be executed repeatedly as long as the exp is true.  If the exp is false then the control is transferred out of the while loop.
  • 97.
    While Loop –Program to print 1-10 number #include<stdio.h> int main() { int i=1; while(i<=10) { printf("%d n",i); i++; } return 0; }
  • 98.
    Program to printtable for the given number using while loop in C #include<stdio.h> int main() { int i=1,number=0,b=9; printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d",&number); while(i<=10) { printf("%d n",(number*i)); i++; } return 0; }
  • 99.
    do-while statement  Thedo-while loop evaluates the condition after the execution of the statements in the body.  Syntax: do Statement; While<condition>;  Here also the statements will be executed as long as the condition expression value is true.  If the expression is false the control come out of the loop.
  • 100.
    #include <stdio.h> int main() { inta = 1; // do while loop execution Do { printf("Hello Worldn"); a++; } while(a <= 5); printf("End of loop"); return 0; } Do while loop demo program- will print Hello World 5 times
  • 101.
    Program using Dowhile loop #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i = 0; do { printf("%dn", i+1); i++; } while (i < 10); return 0; } The above code prints numbers from 1 to 10
  • 102.
    For Loop  Thefor loop is used to executing the structure number of times.  The for loop includes three expressions.  First expression specifies an initial value for an index (initial value), second expression that determines whether or not the loop is continued (conditional statement) and a third expression used to modify the index (increment or decrement) of each pass. for(initialization; test condition; update expression) { //code to be executed }
  • 103.
    For Loop program-print 1-10 // Print numbers from 1 to 10 #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i; for (i = 1; i < 11; i++) { printf("%d ", i); } return 0; }
  • 104.
    // Program tocalculate the sum of first n natural numbers // Positive integers 1,2,3...n are known as natural numbers #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num, count, sum = 0; printf("Enter a positive integer: "); scanf("%d", &num); // for loop terminates when count exceeds num for(count = 1; count <= num; count++) { sum += count; } printf("Sum = %d", sum); return 0; } For loop to add first n numbers
  • 105.
    C program forpassword check #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main() { char password[] = "secret"; char input[20]; Do { printf("Enter the password: "); scanf("%s", input); } while (strcmp(input, password) != 0); printf("Access granted!n"); return 0; }
  • 106.
    Nested For Loop Syntax Outer_loop { Inner_loop { //inner loop statements. } // outer loop statements. }
  • 107.
    Nested for loopdemo program int main() { int i, j; // Outer loop for (i = 1; i <= 2; ++i) { printf("Outer: %dn", i); // Executes 2 times // Inner loop for (j = 1; j <= 3; ++j) { printf(" Inner: %dn", j); // Executes 6 times, 3 inner loop for each outer loop } } return 0; } Output: Outer: 1 Inner: 1 Inner: 2 Inner: 3 Outer: 2 Inner: 1 Inner: 2 Inner: 3
  • 108.
    Nested For LoopDemo Program int main() { int i, j; for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) { printf("%d ", j); } // end of inner loop printf("n"); } // end of outer loop return 0; } // end of main function Output 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5
  • 109.
    Nested For loopdemo program int main() { int i, j, n; printf("Enter Number : "); scanf ("%d", &n); for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) { printf("* "); } printf("n"); } return 0; } Enter Number : 4 * * * * * * * * * *
  • 110.
    C Program toprint full star pattern int main() { int rows = 5; // first loop to print all rows for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { // inner loop 1 to print white spaces for (int j = 0; j < 2 * (rows - i) - 1; j++) { printf(" "); } // inner loop 2 to print star * character for (int k = 0; k < 2 * i + 1; k++) { printf("* "); } printf("n"); } return 0; OUTPUT:
  • 111.
    Break and Continuestatement  The break statement ends the loop immediately when it is encountered.  Break keyword is used. break;  Continue keyword will skip over the remaining body of the current loop, and continue to the next iteration.  Continue keyword is used. continue;
  • 112.
    C Program todemonstrate break statement with for loop #include <stdio.h> int main() { // using break inside for loop to terminate after 2 // iteration printf("break in for loopn"); for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { if (i == 3) { break; } else { printf("%d ", i); } }
  • 113.
    using break insidewhile loop to terminate after 2 iteration printf("nbreak in while loopn"); int i = 1; while (i < 20) { if (i == 3) break; else printf("%d ", i); i++; } return 0;
  • 114.
    Program to calculatethe sum of numbers (10 numbers max) int main() { int i, number, sum = 0; for (i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) { printf("Enter number %d: ", i); scanf(“%d", &number); // if the user enters a negative number, break the loop if (number < 0) { break; } sum += number; // sum = sum + number; } printf("Sum = %d", sum); return 0; } Break usage program
  • 115.
    C program todemo Continue stmt.(in for loop) int main() { int i; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i == 4) { continue; } printf("%dn", i); } return 0; }
  • 116.
    int i =0; while (i < 8) // while loop to print 1 to 8 { i++; if (i == 4) { continue; // when i = 4, the iteration will be skipped and 4 will not be printed } printf("%d ", i); } return 0; } C program to explain the use of continue statement with while loop
  • 117.
    Program to calculatethe sum of numbers (10 numbers max) If the user enters a negative number, it's not added to the result int main() { int i, number, sum = 0; for (i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) { printf("Enter a number%d: ", i); scanf("%d", &number); if (number < 0) { continue; } sum += number; // sum = sum + number; } printf("Sum of entered numbers is = %d", sum); return 0; }
  • 118.
    Goto and Labels Whena goto statement is encountered in a C program, the control jumps directly to the label mentioned in the goto statement int main() { int sum=0; for(int i = 0; i<=10; i++) { sum = sum+i; if(i==5) { goto addition; } } addition: printf("%d", sum); return 0; } Output- 15 will get printed
  • 119.
    Program to calculatethe sum and average of positive numbers If the user enters a negative number, the sum and average are displayed. int main() { int maxInput = 100, i; float number, average, sum = 0.0; for (i = 1; i <= maxInput; ++i) { printf("%d. Enter a number: ", i); scanf("%f", &number); if (number < 0.0) { goto jump; // go to jump if the user enters a negative number } sum += number; } jump: average = sum / (i - 1); printf("Sum = %fn", sum); printf("Average = %f", average); return 0; }
  • 120.
    Arrays  Array inC is one of the most used data structures in C programming.  An array in C is a fixed-size collection of similar data items stored in contiguous memory locations.  Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable, instead of declaring separate variables for each value.  To access an array element, refer to its index number.  Array indexes start with 0: [0] is the first element. [1] is the second element, etc.  For example : int marks[] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; printf("%d", myNumbers[0]); // print 25
  • 121.
    Demo Program forArray in C #include <stdio.h> int main() { int myNumbers[] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; int i; for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) { printf("%dn", myNumbers[i]); } return 0; } OUTPUT: 25 50 75 100
  • 122.
    Demo Program forArray in C #include <stdio.h> int main() { int myNumbers[] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; myNumbers[0] = 33; printf("%d", myNumbers[0]); return 0; } Output is 33
  • 123.
    C Program toillustrate element access using array subscript int main() { // array declaration and initialization int arr[5] = { 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 }; // accessing element at index 2 i.e 3rd element printf("Element at arr[2]: %dn", arr[2]); // accessing element at index 4 i.e last element printf("Element at arr[4]: %dn", arr[4]); // accessing element at index 0 i.e first element printf("Element at arr[0]: %d", arr[0]); return 0; } OUTPUT: Element at arr[2]: 35 Element at arr[4]: 55 Element at arr[0]: 15