Ethernet intro

1. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011

2. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet Introduction
Shane Duffy
Product Development EngineerProduct Manager

3. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Agenda

4. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• A network is defined as an interconnection of
computing devices
• Network types
– Personal Area Network (PAN)
– Local Area Network (LAN)
– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Wide Area Network (WAN)
Ethernet Introduction
The Basics

5. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Ethernet defines the wiring and signalling
standards for the Physical Layer.
– Network access at the Media Access
Control(MAC)/Data link Layer
– Common addressing format
Transmission Media
Cat5e/Cat6 twisted pairs
Single Mode / Multi Mode fibre
Ethernet Introduction
What is Ethernet

6. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
www.ieee.org
“Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, international non-profit, professional
organisation for the advancement of technology related to electricity”
IEE Standards affect a wide range of industries including:
Information Technology
Telecommunications
Biomedical & Healthcare
Transportation
Power & Energy
Active portfolio of 1300 standards and projects under development.
•IEEE 802: LAN/MAN group of standards which includes the
–IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard
–IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking standard
Ethernet Introduction
IEEE Standards – IEEE 802

7. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet Introduction
Cabling
 Coaxial cable
 Unshielded
twisted pair
 Fiber optic

8. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet Introduction
Cabling Categories
Category 1 Voice only (Telephone)
Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps
Category 3 Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
Category 4 Data to 20 Mbps (Token ring)
Category 5
Category 5e
Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)
Data to 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)
Category 6
Category 6a
Data to 2500 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)
Data to 10000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)

9. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet Introduction
Cabling – RJ45 Connectors
RJ45 Crimp RJ45 Crimping tool
Note 1 - Pair 1 and 4 are not used for 10Mb or 100Mb but are used for 1Gb and 10Gb Ethernet
Note 2 - Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Mid Span uses pair 1 and 4 to deliver 48vdc to power connected devices instead of
running separate power to the device. PoE End Span uses the pairs 2 and 3 (Active Pair)

10. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Ethernet Introduction
Cabling – Fibre Connectors

11. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
IEEE Standards – IEEE 802
SC ST
LC

12. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
OSI Model

13. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
OSI Model
ApplicationApplication
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
LinkLink
OSI ModelOSI Model TCP/IPTCP/IP ProtocolsProtocols
HTTPHTTP SMTPSMTP POP3POP3 FTPFTP
……
TCPTCP UDPUDP
IPIP
ETHERNETETHERNET PPPPPP
……
Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card
Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing
Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts
Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application

14. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Data is sent down the protocol stack
• Each layer will at to the packet by prepending headers
ApplicationApplication
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
LinkLink
DataData
DataDataTCP/UDP
header
TCP/UDP
header
DataDataTCP/UDP
header
TCP/UDP
header
IP
header
IP
header
DataDataTCP/UDP
header
TCP/UDP
header
IP
header
IP
header
Frame
header
Frame
header
Frame
trailer
Frame
trailer
Addressing
Protocol Stack
Application Data
TCP segment / UDP packet
IP Datagram
22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 4Bytes
64 to 1500 BytesPhysicalPhysical
Network Frame

15. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Layer 2 communication
– Computer <-> Computer on same network
– Each device has unique MAC address (48 bits)
• 00:0E:BE:12:D4:0E
Addressing
Layer 2 Addressing
00 0E BE 12 D4 0E
48 BITS
24 BITS
ORGANIZATIONALLY UNIQUE
IDENTIFIER (OUI)
24 BITS
UNIQUE DEVICE ID

16. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• ARP – Address Resolution Protocol
– Low level network protocol
– Layer 2 OSI Model
– Used by Internet Protocol (IP) to map IP network
address to the hardware address used by the
data link protocol
Addressing
ARP

17. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• ARP Request
• ARP Reply
• Broadcast ARP
– To all machines on LAN FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Who has 192.168.0.12?
– Device with 192.168.0.12 will reply
• Its me, 00:0E:BE:12:D4:0E
• ARP Cache stores list of mappings
Addressing
ARP Messaging

18. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
IPv4 Addressing
• 32-bit number in “dotted-quad” notation
– www.bb-elec.com --- 174.143.40.161
10101110 10001111 0101000 10100001
Network (16 bits) Host (16 bits)
174 143 40 161
• Problem: 232
addresses is a lot of table entries 4,294,967,296
• Solution: Routing based on network and host
– 174.143.0.0/16 is a 16-bit prefix with 216
IP addresses

19. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
IPv4 Classful subnetting
Network ID Host ID
8 16
Class A
32
0
Class B 10
Class C 110
24
/8 blocks (e.g., MIT has 18.0.0.0/8)
/16 blocks (e.g., Georgia Tech has 130.207.0.0/16)
/24 blocks (e.g., AT&T Labs has 192.20.225.0/24)

20. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
IPv4 Solutions to routing table growth
• Get rid of global addresses
– NAT
• Get more addresses
– IPv6
• Change route aggregation strategies
– Classless Interdomain routing

21. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
IPv4 Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
IP Address: 209.85.128.5 “Mask”: 255.255.128.0
11010001 01010101 10000000 00000101
11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000
Use two 32-bit numbers to represent a network.
Network number = IP address + Mask
Example: Google Prefix: 209.85.128.0/17
Address no longer specifies network ID range.
New forwarding trick: Longest Prefix Match

22. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
CIDR aggregation
• Efficiency: Can allocate blocks of prefixes on a finer
granularity
• Hierarchy: Prefixes can be aggregated into supernets. (Not
always done. Typically not, in fact.)
Customer 1
Customer 2
Colt
Telecom Internet
12.20.249.0/24
12.20.231.0/24
12.0.0.0/8

23. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• 32bit to 128bit Addressing
– IPv4  IPv6
• 4,294,967,296 
340,282,366,920,938,000,000,
000,000,000,000,000,000
• Easy address auto-configuration
• Ability to deploy end-to-end IPsec
(NATs no longer needed)
Addressing
IPv4 to IPv6

24. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
IPv4 to IPv6
• 128-bit addresses
– Top 48-bits: Public Routing Topology (PRT)
• 3 bits for aggregation
• 13 bits for TLA (like “tier-1 ISPs”)
• 8 reserved bits
• 24 bits for NLA
– 16-bit Site Identifier: aggregation within an AS
– 64-bit Interface ID: 48-bit Ethernet + 16 more bits
– Pure provider-based addressing
• Changing ISPs requires renumbering

25. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Addressing
IPv6
IP Service IPv4 Solution IPv6 Solution
Mobile IP with Direct
Routing
DHCP
Mobile IP
IGMP/PIM/Multicast
BGP
IP Multicast MLD/PIM/Multicast
BGP,Scope Identifier
Mobility
Autoconfiguration
Serverless,
Reconfiguration, DHCP
32-bit, Network
Address Translation
128-bit, Multiple
Scopes
Addressing Range
Quality-of-Service
Differentiated Service,
Integrated Service
Differentiated Service,
Integrated Service
Security IPSec Mandated,
works End-to-End
IPSec

26. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Where is IPv6 now?
– Tick the box excersise for sales
• World IPv6 Day. 8th
June 2011
• Comcast
• Google
• Yahoo
• Facebook
• Youtube
• Akamai
• Microsoft Bing
• AOL
• Cisco
• Mastercard
• BBC
Addressing
IPv6
There were more than 400 participants included
some of the biggest destinations on the Internet,
CDNs, ISPs, Large content providers.

27. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
– Standard protocol
– Defined by RFC 1541 (Superseded by RFC 2131)
– Created by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• Runs over UDP
– Port 67 – Connections to Server
– Port 68 – Connections to Client
– Uses client-server model
Services
DHCP

28. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• DHCP Server has address pool of available
addressess
• Client initiates interaction with
DHCPDISCOVER
• Server returns DHCPOFFER
• Client confirms with DHCPREQUEST
• ACK , NAK, DECLINE, RELEASE
Services
DHCP

29. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• DHCP gives the device
– IP Address and Subnet Mask
– Gateway Address
– DNS servers
– NTP (Time Sync)
– ++ More options
Services
DHCP

30. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• www.bb-elec.com  174.143.40.161
• Provides mapping from ASCII domain names to IP addresses
– Hierarchical naming system.
– The set of names is divided into mutually exclusive parts.
• Supplies mechanism for global data storage and information
retrieval.
• Most important principles:
– Distributed system – set of servers sharing information.
– Efficiency - most of the requests resolved by local servers.
• Use of Caching.
– Reliability – works even if some of the servers fail.
Services
DNS

31. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Services
DNS
root
orgcom gov net
bb-elecibm
www mail

32. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• SD-MacBook-Pro:~ ShaneDuffy$ dig www.bb-elec.com
• ; <<>> DiG 9.6.0-APPLE-P2 <<>> www.bb-elec.com
• ;; QUESTION SECTION:
• ;www.bb-elec.com. IN A
• ;; ANSWER SECTION:
• www.bb-elec.com. 900 IN A 174.143.40.161
• ;; Query time: 2208 msec
• ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1)
• ;; WHEN: Thu Jun 16 09:07:46 2011
• ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 49
Services
DNS

33. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• The resolver sends a DNS request message over UDP to a local
domain name server.
• DNS caches store data for a short time defined by TTL on the
Record.
• When a name server does not have the requested information,
it starts at longest match on query name it has when looking for
data.
• The root server knows the IP address of each second-level domain
name server.
• Every server knows how to reach servers that are authorities for
names further down the hierarchy.
• The resolver follows delegations until it receives an answer.
Services
DNS

34. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Private Address Space
– 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 /24 256
– 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 /16 16
– 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 /8 1
– 127.0.0.0/8
• RFC 1918
• Network Address Translation
– Static and Dynamic
• Port Address Translation
Services
NAT

35. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Services
NAT
 Static NAT is designed to allow one-to-one mapping of local and
global addresses.
 Dynamic NAT is designed to map a private IP address to a public
address.

36. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Services
NAT
 PAT uses unique source port numbers on the inside global IP
address to distinguish between translations.

37. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• NAT can be static or dynamic
• Uses a set of predefined private addresses
• Conserves legal IPv4 addresses
• NAT plus PAT often used
• PAT uses unique source port numbers on the
inside global IP address to distinguish
between translations
• Provides a level of security
Services
NAT

38. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• Bridge
• Gateway (Protocols)
• Firewalls
Infrastructure Devices
Device types

39. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Layer 2 – Physical Topology
– Physical
– Topology
– STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)
– VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)
• Layer 3 – Logical Topology
– Routing
Redundancy in network design
Device types

40. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Routing
– External
• BGP
• IS-IS
– Internal
• OSPF
• IS-IS
• RIP
Wide Area Networks
Routing

41. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
– SSL
– PPTP
– L2TP
– IPSec
Wide Area Networks
Virtual Private Networks
LAN LAN
Internet

42. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• ARP
• PING
• TRACEROUTE
• TELNET
• NSLOOKUP / DIG
• WHOIS
• WIRESHARK
Tools & Trouble Shooting
Tools

43. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• Are hosts online? (ping)
• How do you get to hosts? (traceroute)
• What are hosts running? (nmap, angryip)
• “The network is slow” (Netspeed, iperf)
• DHCP and DNS (nslookup/dig)
• Packet sniffing (wireshark)
Tools & Trouble Shooting
Trouble Shooting

44. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• 3G Router & VPN
Applications
Remote CCTV Monitoring
Remote
CCTV
Monitoring Station
Internet

45. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
Training
Where Next
To infinity and beyond!
Thank you!

46. Channel Partner Event
Galway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011
• CompTIA Network+
• Talk to your B&B Electronics contacts we
have a wide range of knowledge.
• We can also deliver more training if required.
Training
Further Training