The document provides an overview of networking concepts, including types of networks such as PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN, each with distinct characteristics and uses. It discusses key networking devices, network topologies, IP addressing, basic networking protocols, and security measures necessary for maintaining network integrity. Overall, it emphasizes the crucial role of networking in modern communication and technology.

1. Basics of Networking
Introduction to Networking
Concepts, Devices, and Protocols

2. What is Network?
• A network is a system of interconnected
devices that share resources and
communicate with each other.
• Networking is essential for modern
communication, enabling the Internet, cloud
services, and business operations.

3. Types of Networks
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)

4. Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Personal Area Network (PAN) is a small
network designed for personal use, typically
within a range of a few meters.
• Short-range
• Eg: Bluetooth, Zigbee, USB
• File sharing
• Printing
• Sync data

5. Local Area Network (LAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects devices
within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or
campus.
Key features of a LAN include:
• High-speed communication: LANs typically operate at high
speeds, ranging from 100 Mbps to several Gbps, ensuring fast
data transfer within the network.
• Limited range: LANs cover small areas, usually up to a few
kilometers.
• Wired or wireless: LANs can use Ethernet cables (wired LANs)
or Wi-Fi (wireless LANs) for connectivity.

7. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

8. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

9. Wide Area Network (WAN)
• WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large geographical area, often a country or
continent.
• WANs are used to connect smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs, allowing
devices in different locations to communicate and share resources over vast
distances.
Key features of a WAN include:
Lower speed compared to LAN: WANs generally have lower data transfer speeds
compared to LANs due to the long distances data needs to travel.
Variety of technologies: WANs use a combination of technologies like fiber optics,
satellite links, and microwave transmission for long-distance communication.

10. Networking Devices
• Router: Connects different networks and directs traffic.
• Switch: Connects devices within a LAN and forwards data.
• Hub: A basic device that broadcasts data to all devices.
• Modem: Converts digital data to analog for transmission.
• Access Points: Provides wireless connectivity.

11. Network Topologies
• Bus Topology: Single central cable connects all
devices.
• Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub.
• Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular
fashion.
• Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected,
ensuring multiple data paths.

12. Network Topologies

13. IP Addressing
• IP Address: A unique identifier for a device on
a network.
• IPv4 vs IPv6: 32-bit vs 128-bit addressing
• Public vs Private IPs: Used for internet vs local
network communication.
• Static vs Dynamic IP: Permanent vs temporary
addresses.

14. Basic Networking Protocols
• • TCP/IP: Governs Internet communication.
• • HTTP/HTTPS: Web traffic protocols; HTTPS is secure.
• • DNS: Translates domain names to IP addresses.
• • FTP: Protocol for file transfer.
• • SMTP: Protocol for sending emails.

15. Network Security Basics
• • Firewalls: Control network traffic.
• • Encryption: Encodes data to protect it.
• • VPN: Provides secure communication over
public networks.
• • Common Threats: Malware, phishing, DDoS
attacks.