INTRODUCTION TO YOGA, DEFINITION,ORIGIN,THEORY OF EVOLUTION, ACCORDING TO SANKHY, ACCORDING TO YOGA THE SCHOOLS OF YOGA, BHAVANA YOG, PRANASAMYAMA YOGA,APPLICATIONS OF YOGA, EDUCATION,THERAPY STRESS MANAGEMENT SPORTS HEALTH PROMOTION BASIC PRINCIPLES OF YOGA

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
YOGA
DR. SATYENDRA SINGH
BNYS,MD

2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF YOGA
INTRODUCTION TO YOGA
DEFINITION
ORIGIN
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
ACCORDING TO SANKHYA
ACCORDING TO YOGA
THE SCHOOLS OF YOGA
BHAVANA YOGA
PRANASAMYAMA YOGA
APPLICATIONS OF YOGA
EDUCATION
THERAPY
STRESS MANAGEMENT
SPORTS
HEALTH PROMOTION
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF YOGA

3. Ancient Indian art and science of healthy living .
Sanskrit word - ‘YUJ’.
Meaning -to join.
Yujyathe Anena ithi Yogaha
That which joins is yoga. Joining of individual soul(atma) with universal soul(paramatma)
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DR. ABHAY M. SHANKARGOUDA 3

4. Various definitions of yoga
According to Maharshi Patanjali:
Yoga Chitta Vrithi Nirodhaha
According to Bhagwad Geeta:
Samatvam Yoga Uchyathe
Yoga Karmasu Kushalam
According to yoga vasistha:
Mana Prasamanaupayaha Yoga Ithhyabhideeyathe

5. According to Shree Aurobindo:
Yoga is a methodical effort towards self perfection by the development of the potentialities latent in the
individual.
According to B K S IYENGAR:
Yoga is an education and character building.
According to Satyananda saraswati-
YOGA is complete science of consciousness for physical and mental well being and even for the higher spiritual
attainment.
According to Katho upanishad-
YOGA IS THE STEADY CONTROL OVER SENSES AND MIND.
ACCORDING TO MAHADEW DESAI
YOGA is the yoking of all our powers of our body , mind and soul to god.
According to Swami vivekananda –
YOGA is a means of compressing ones own evolution into a single life of a few months or hours of ones own
bodily existence.

6. The earliest evidence of Yoga seen is during the Pre-Vedic Harappan civilization the most ancient
human civilization known dated as back as 2700 B.C.
It is explained in the various texts and scriptures
◦ Pathanjali Yoga Sutras by Maharshi Pathanjali
◦ Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Swamy Swathmarama
◦ Gheranda Samhita by Gheranda
◦ Upanishads
◦ Vedas
◦ And many other texts in the ancient Indian Philosophies
SEMINAR ON BASIC PRINCIPLES OF YOGA- DR. ABHAY M. SHANKARGOUDA 6

7. SAMADHI
[SALVATION, MOKSHA, SUPER CONCIOUSNESS,
SUPREME KNOWLEDGE]
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8.  SANKHYA PHILOSOPHY
 YOGA PHILOSOPHY
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9. SANKHYA
Among the 6 Indian philosophies Sankhya can be classified as the philosophy of
Personalism founded by the Sage Kapila before 200 AD. Sankhya means numbers
and also means perfect knowledge. It gives us the 24 components of Evolution.
The evolution takes place because of the contact between prakriti and the purusa.
The purusa alone cannot create because he is inactive, and in the same manner
prakriti cannot create unassisted because it is material. The contact of these two is
necessary for the purpose of creation.
This contact creates disturbance in the stability of the gunas of prakriti and
evolution starts
Samkya philosophy is similar to yoga philosophy.
But in samkya philosophy’ iswara’ concept is not there.

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1. Hand
2. Foot
3. Tongue
4. Anus
5. Sexual Organs
1. Eyes
2. Ear
3. Tongue
4. Nose
5. Skin
1. Rasa
2. Roopa
3. Gandha
4. Sparsha
5. Shabdha
1. Earth
2. Water
3. Fire
4. Air
5. Space

11. YOGA
Patanjali accepts the existence of God ( isvara ).
According to him God is the perfect supreme being who is eternal, all-pervading, omnipotent,
omniscient, and omnipresent.
God is that particular purusa who is unaffected by the afflictions of ignorance, egoism, desire,
aversion, and fear of death.
He is also free from all karma (actions), from the results of action, and from all latent impressions.
Patanjali says that the individual has the same essence as God, but because of the limitations
produced by afflictions and karma , one separates oneself from God- consciousness and becomes a
victim of the material world.
There is only one God. It is ignorance that creates duality from the one single reality called God.
When ignorance is dissolved into the light of knowledge, all dualities are dissolved and full union is
achieved. When one overcomes ignorance, duality dissolves and he merges with the perfect single
Being.

12. Schools Of Yoga
2 main schools of yoga:
Bhavana yoga
Pranasamyama yoga

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Bhavana Yoga
 Karma Yoga
 Bhakti Yoga
 Jnana Yoga
Pranasamyamana Yoga
 Kundalini Yoga
 Mantra Yoga
 Hatha yoga
 Raja Yoga

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Yoga of work and action
According to Bhagavad-Gita-
Yogaha Karmasu Koushalam
Yoga is perfection in action

15. What determines the karma of each
individual?
3 things
Influence of previous birth
Genetic transfer
Environment and personal association

16. How can one become free from Karma?
There is only one way, and that is to realise ones own
self.
Each action has an equal and opposite reaction.

17. Can destiny be changed by yoga?
2 paths
Path of ignorance
Path of knowledge

18. Classification of Karma yoga (time)
•Sanchita Karma
•Prarabdha Karma
•Kriyamana / agamana Karma

19. Five Fold Karma
Vedic seers divide into 5
categories
Nithya
Naimittika
Kamya
Nishiddha
Prayaschitta

20. Other Classifications (mode)
Threefold classification
•Kayika Karma
•Vachika Karma
•Manasika Karma

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•Yoga of devotion
•Intense love towards God (Bhakti)
•9 types of Bhakti (worship)
Smarana (remembrance) Sravana (hearing) Keerthana (singing)
Vandana (prostration to
god)
Dasya (cultivating as
servant)
Sakya (cultivation as
friend)
Archana (worship) Pada Sevana (service of
his feet)
Athma Nivedana
(complete surrender)

22. Fruits of Bhakti
YALLABDHVA PUMAN SIDDHO BHAVATI, AMRITO BHAVATI,
TRIPTO BHAVATI
Meaning:
on attaining it (this supreme love) man becomes perfect, immortal
and (fully) satisfied.

23. Categories In Bhakti Yoga
Types of
Bhakti
Nishkamya
Vaidhi Ragatmika
Kamya

24. Jnana Yoga
Jnana – wisdom, insight
Jnana yoga is yoga of knowledge.
It is a type of intellectual analysis.
Upanishads explains- Reality can be reached by silencing all our thoughts and feeling.
As we start calming down the mind, we move from gross to subtle states of the mind. The laws of
inner world gets revealed.
This process of getting to the very basis of intellect through analysis is called “Jnana Yoga.
Kenopanishad – search for the root of any thought that arises in the mind.
As the search proceeds, the intense quest replaces all other thoughts and a state of questioning,
featured by keen attention, is achieved.

25. Path Of Quest
This is documented in the upanishads with two major
conclusions:
Our causal state is Reality which is a state of silence and highest
bliss.
It is from this state that the whole universe is created and hence
the state of highest knowledge and creativity.

26. Qualifications For Jnana Yoga Sadhana
These qualities are called “ SADHANA CHATUSTHAYA”
 VIVEKA - discrimination
 VAIRAGYA - dispassion
 SHAT SAMPATH – six fold virtues
1. Shama - serenity of mind
2. Dama – Control of senses
3. Uparati – Renunciation of selfish actions
4. Titiksha – Capacity to endure pairs of opposites
5. Shraddha – Faith in God or self within
6. Samadhana – Tranquil flow of mind to God
 MUMUKSHATWA – burning aspiration for god realisation

27. Practises In Jnana Yoga
SHRAVANA - listening
MANANA - reflection
NIDIDHYASANA - meditation
AATMA SAAKSHATKARA – self realisation

28. Obstacles In The Path Of Jnana Yoga
Laya ( sleep)
Vikshepa ( distraction of the mind)
Kashay (presence of subtle complexes)
Rasaswada ( enjoying the bliss of lower Samadhi.)

29. Laya – sleep or laziness.
Types of laya :
Physical sleep
Psychological sleep
Remedies for the cause of laya:
Should create good impression
Practise manana
Should practise abhayasa and vairagya
Practise certain Hatha yoga techniques
Promote creativity in life.

30. Vikshepa– mental distraction
symptoms of Chitta Vikshepa according to Patanjali
Vyadhi – illness
Stayana – langour
Samshaya – doubt
Pramada – carelessness
Alaysa- sloth

31. Avirati- wordly mindedness
Brantidarshana- hallucination
Anavasthi Tatva- instability
They should be overcomed with patience, effort and clear
understanding of the self.

32. Kashaya and Rasaswadha
Here the person is not affected by laya or vikshepa but
lingers on the joys of lower Samadhi.
When the person enjoys the bliss of lower Samadhi and is
unable to proceed further, he becomes entranced by higher
powers and cant continue his journey to self.
This state should be overcome or else he wont be able to
go on further.

33. Kundalini Yoga
Called by practitioners "the yoga of awareness“.
•Arousing the Dominant energy residing in Mooladhara Chakra
•There are 7 Chakras
 Mooladhara- base of the Spine
 Swadhistana- 2 inches below the naval
 Manipura- at the level of naval
 Anahata- at the centre of chest
 Vishuddhi- related to the thyroid gland
 Ajna- in between eyebrows
 Sahasrara- at the top of the head

34. Kundalini yoga
• Deha Shuddhi by Kriyas, Manas Shuddhi by Bandhas
& Mudras, Buddhi Shuddhi, Gnana Shuddhi are
required to create balance between the 3 Nadis-
Ida, Pingala & Sushumna
• Shushumna opens when Ida & Pingala are Balanced
and the Kundalini is awakened
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35. Hatha Yoga
Ha – Pingala nadi or sun principle
Tha – Ida nadi or moon principle
Hatha is balance between Pingala and Ida
Nadi is Pranic Energy channel or passage

36. SEMINAR ON BASIC PRINCIPLES OF YOGA- DR. ABHAY M. SHANKARGOUDA 36
• Science of Self Illumination by Self Purification.
• It is explained by Swamy Swathmarama in the Hatha Yoga
Pradipika and the Gheranda Samhita by Gheranda
• Practical Yoga Practice, Suitable for all
• Bodily Purification first with the practice of Shatkarmas,
Pranayama, Asanas, Bandhas, Mudras and later Mental
Practices.

37. Mantra Yoga
Definition:
It is a repeated word or phrase, prayer or chants.
Mantra – Sanskrit word ‘manas’ –mind
‘ tria’ – protect
Therefore Mantra in literal sense means ‘free from the mind’.
Mantra is that which saves the mind from itself, or leads to salvation.
It belongs to the 5th stage in astanga yoga (pratyahara).
Mantra is sound that empowers the mind or that is empowered by the mind. It is
a vehicle of meditative transformation.

38. Benefits of using a Mantra
Improves the power of concentration, attention
Controls the emotions develops the love that awaken the further level of
consciousness.
Mind becomes free from worries, loneliness and fear.
Control the anger and disappointment

39. Mantra And Healing
Mantra can have a healing effect by releasing the emotions and
bringing a state of calmness and deep relaxation both in the chanter
and in any one listening.
Example: chanting the mantra ‘AHAM BRAHMASMI’ meaning I am
Brahman.
When a person chants this mantra repeatedly he or she will think the
same leading to positive thinking and there will be little room to
sickness at any level- physical, mental or emotional.

40. Laya Yoga
Laya Yoga is an ancient form of meditation, with concentration on energy centers or chakras.
 Laya Yoga is a form of Yoga that focuses on listening to Nada, or internal sounds, which can be
heard even with closed ears.
Laya Yoga focuses on mantras, mudras, yantras, and mandalas during practice.
Sage Gorakshnatha Rishi is the founder of Modern Laya yoga.
Laya yoga is different from other traditional yoga because it focuses on meditation and brings
the absorption of the mind in sound.
 It calms the nervous system by focusing on the sounds within the body.
The spiritual goal of Laya Yoga is to achieve Ananda state, which is described as a state of
peaceful bliss and ultimate happiness

41. Raja Yoga
•Also called as Ashtanga Yoga explained in the
Patanjali Yoga Sutras
•He explains the details of the science of yoga as:
Yogah Chittavritti nirodha.
Yoga is the cessation of movements in the
consciousness.

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• Chitta is made up of 3 components.
• Manas, Buddhi, Ahankara.
• Manas(mind) is the modification of the impression
gathered by the senses from the external world.
• Buddhi(Intellect) is the modification of these impressions
& the reaction to them.
• Ahankara(ego) is the modification of the inner organ,
which claims these impressions as its own & stress them
up as individual knowledge.

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Forms of Chitta.
Chitta is the nature of the 3 gunas. It remains changing due to its
preponderance.
1. Prakchya: Chitta is the predominated by satva & the tamas.
2. Pravritti: when Tamas becomes weak & The chitta is predominated
by Rajas, it appears as enlightened.
3. Sthithi: As the Rajas is subordinated the chitta gets established in
its own form and attains discriminating reason.

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There are several causes of disturbances in the chitta, like disease,
false knowledge, inactivity, carelessness etc; due to these
disturbances in the chitta sufferings follow.
Avidya or ignorance breeds false knowledge & false knowledge
breeds Kleshas of 5 types
1. Avidya: impure not self.
2. Asmita: False conception
3. Raga: seeking for temporal pleasures.
4. Dvesa: Anger in the means of suffering .
5. Abhinivesha: Fear of death.

45. EIGHT LIMBS OF YOGA- Ashtanga Yoga
To get rid of these Kleshas ,the chitta must be controlled and
concentrated. Patanjali prescribed 8 sadhanas for this purpose
1. Yama
2. Niyama
3. Asana
4. Pranayama
5. Prathyahara
6. Dharana
7. Dhyana
8. Samadhi

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Education
Therapy
Stress Management
Sports
Health Promotion
Religion

47. SEMINAR ON BASIC PRINCIPLES OF YOGA- DR. ABHAY M. SHANKARGOUDA 47
The Adhis lead to Vyadhi and Yoga believes in righteous living
by correcting the five sheaths of human existence thus
correcting the imbalances- Psychosomatic Theory of Disease,
Psycho-neuro-immunology, Panchakosha Theory, Integrated
Approach of Yogic Therapy (IAYT)

48. Health management
Yoga helps in promotion of positive health.
Annamaya Kosha
Praanaamaya Kosha
Manomaya Kosha
Vijnanamaya Kosha
Anandamaya Kosha

49. Basic principles of yoga
Four basic principles underlie the teachings and practices of yoga's healing system.
The first principle is the human body is a holistic entity comprised of various interrelated dimensions
inseparable from one another and the health or illness of any one dimension affects the other
dimensions.
The second principle is individuals and their needs are unique and therefore must be approached in a
way that acknowledges this individuality and their practice must be tailored accordingly.
The third principle is yoga is self-empowering; the student is his or her own healer. Yoga engages the
student in the healing process; by playing an active role in their journey toward health, the healing
comes from within, instead of from an outside source and a greater sense of autonomy is achieved.
The fourth principle is that the quality and state of an individuals mind is crucial to healing. When
the individual has a positive mind-state healing happens more quickly, whereas if the mind-state is
negative, healing may be prolonged.
Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of lifeCatherine Woodyard

50. THANK YOU