Based on the given abstract and introduction to this journal article, what is/are: a.) The goals and need of the study? b.) The theory/theories used to frame the research? MOLECULAR ECOLOGY Molecular Eoology (20ts) 24,5813-SE28 Genetic diversity loss in a biodiversity hotspot: ancient DNA quantifies genetic decline and former connectivity in a critically endangered marsupial NTOFT, t TIMOTHY G. VAUGHAN MORTEN E. ALLE CARLO PACIONI HELEN HUNT ADRIAN F. WAYNE, ALEXANDER BAYNES, DALAL HAOUCHAR, JOE DORTCH\" and MICHAEL BUNCE tt wA 62ss, Australie, sniedem Antralinn Masnam. Lacked Beg 49, Weldrpool DC, WA 6986, Parker and Willlife, Marjamap, M257, unirersiyof western Auestralia. 35 Stirling Highnny, Nindlamas, WA 6009, Australia. DTartwamt Eneinartment and Agricalturer. Tror and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Kent Street. Bently, Perti, WA Abstract The extent of genetic diversity loss and former connectivity between fragmented popu- lations are often unknown factors when studying endangered species. While genetic commonly applied in extant Populations to assess temporal and spatial it is no substitute for directly measuring past diversity using emographic changes, ancient DNA (aDNA. We analysed both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear microsatellite loci from 64 historical fossil and skin samples of the critically endan- gered Western Australian woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi, and compared them with 231 152 for mtDNA) modem samples. In modern woylie Populations 15 mito- chondrial control region (CR) haplotypes were identified. Interestingly, mtDNA CR data from only 29 historical samples demonstrated 15 previously unknown haplotypes and detected extinct divergent clade. Through modelling we estimated the loss of CR mtDNA diversity to be between 46% and 91% and estimated this to have occurred in the past 2000-4000 years in association with a dramatic population decline. In addi tion, we obtained near-com plete 11-oci microsatellite profiles from 21 historical sam- ples. In agreement with the mtDNA data, a number of new\" microsatellite alleles was only detected in the historical populations despite extensive modem sampling indicat. ing a nuclear genetic diversity loss 20%. Calculations of genetic diversity 0heterozy gosity and alleli rarefaction) showed that these were significantly higher in the past and that there was a high degree of gene flow across the woylie\'s historical range. These findings have an immediate impact on how the extant populations are managed and we recommend the implementation of an assisted migration programme further of genetic diversity. our study demonstrates the value of integrating data conservation strategies. ancient DNA Bettorgia, biodiversity loss, genetic diversity, population botdeneck Racinad 22 May 2014 reision receioed 7 October 2015. accepted 13 october 2015 Introduction spedes and populations that are adversely affected by Correspondence Michael Bunce, Fax: +él 8926 2495; E-mail anthropogenic activit.

1. Based on the given abstract and introduction to this journal article, what is/are:
a.) The goals and need of the study?
b.) The theory/theories used to frame the research? MOLECULAR ECOLOGY Molecular
Eoology (20ts) 24,5813-SE28 Genetic diversity loss in a biodiversity hotspot: ancient DNA
quantifies genetic decline and former connectivity in a critically endangered marsupial NTOFT, t
TIMOTHY G. VAUGHAN MORTEN E. ALLE CARLO PACIONI HELEN HUNT ADRIAN
F. WAYNE, ALEXANDER BAYNES, DALAL HAOUCHAR, JOE DORTCH" and
MICHAEL BUNCE tt wA 62ss, Australie, sniedem Antralinn Masnam. Lacked Beg 49,
Weldrpool DC, WA 6986, Parker and Willlife, Marjamap, M257, unirersiyof western Auestralia.
35 Stirling Highnny, Nindlamas, WA 6009, Australia. DTartwamt Eneinartment and
Agricalturer. Tror and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Kent Street. Bently, Perti, WA Abstract
The extent of genetic diversity loss and former connectivity between fragmented popu- lations
are often unknown factors when studying endangered species. While genetic commonly applied
in extant Populations to assess temporal and spatial it is no substitute for directly measuring past
diversity using emographic changes, ancient DNA (aDNA. We analysed both mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear microsatellite loci from 64 historical fossil and skin samples of the
critically endan- gered Western Australian woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi, and compared
them with 231 152 for mtDNA) modem samples. In modern woylie Populations 15 mito-
chondrial control region (CR) haplotypes were identified. Interestingly, mtDNA CR data from
only 29 historical samples demonstrated 15 previously unknown haplotypes and detected extinct
divergent clade. Through modelling we estimated the loss of CR mtDNA diversity to be between
46% and 91% and estimated this to have occurred in the past 2000-4000 years in association
with a dramatic population decline. In addi tion, we obtained near-com plete 11-oci
microsatellite profiles from 21 historical sam- ples. In agreement with the mtDNA data, a
number of new" microsatellite alleles was only detected in the historical populations despite
extensive modem sampling indicat. ing a nuclear genetic diversity loss 20%. Calculations of
genetic diversity 0heterozy gosity and alleli rarefaction) showed that these were significantly
higher in the past and that there was a high degree of gene flow across the woylie's historical
range. These findings have an immediate impact on how the extant populations are managed and
we recommend the implementation of an assisted migration programme further of genetic
diversity. our study demonstrates the value of integrating data conservation strategies. ancient
DNA Bettorgia, biodiversity loss, genetic diversity, population botdeneck Racinad 22 May 2014
reision receioed 7 October 2015. accepted 13 october 2015 Introduction spedes and populations
that are adversely affected by Correspondence Michael Bunce, Fax: +él 8926 2495; E-mail
anthropogenic activities, including habitat modification. are a global phenomenon CAndrén 199.

2. Ewers & o 201%hn Wiley & Sons Led
Solution
a.) The goals and need of the study?
The goals and need of the study are:
b.) The theory/theories used to frame the research?
Following theories/methodologies need to used to frame the research work:
c.) The hypothesis/hypotheses the study is testing?
The study is testing the degree of loss in genetic diversity or genetic decline among historical
samples and modern populations samples using DNA-based methodology/techniques.
The output of the study: