Bamboo pannel used for construction Seminar-I.pdf

A
SEMINAR-I REPORT
ON
ANALYSIS OF
BAMBOO REINFORCED SANDWICH WALL PANEL
Submitted in partial fulfillment
for the Postgraduate Degree of
ME Civil
(Structural Engineering)
Submitted to
SAVAITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERCITY, PUNE
Submitted By
Mr. Ravi Vitthal Sartape
Under the Guidance of
Prof. K. S. Patil
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JSPM’s
IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH,
WAGHOLI, PUNE-412207
A.Y 2022-2023

ii
JSPM’s
IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND RESEARCH WAGHOLI, PUNE –
412207
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation report entitled
ANALYSIS OF
BAMBOO REINFORCED SANDWICH WALL PANEL
Submitted By
RAVI VITTHAL SARTAPE
(ROLL NO: ME22STR03)
is a bonafide work carried out by him, under the supervision of Prof. K.S.Patil andit is
submitted towards the partial fulfilment of the requirement of Savitribai Phule University,
Pune for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering in Structural Engineering.
Prof. K. S. Patil
Guide
Department of civil
Prof. V. P. Bhusare
ME Co-ordinator
Department of Civil
Dr. N. V. Khadake
Head of Department
Department of Civil
Dr. R.S. Deshpande
Principal
I.C.O.E.R, Pune
Place: Pune
Date:

iii
JSPM’s
IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND RESEARCH WAGHOLI, PUNE –
412207
EXAMINER’S APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
The seminar report entitled ANALYSIS OF BAMBOO REINFORCED SANDWICH WALL
PANEL submitted by RAVI VITTHAL SARTAPE (ME22STR03) in partial fulfilment for the
award of the degree of Masterof Engineering in Structural Engineering during the academic
year 2022-23, of Savitribai Phule University, Pune, is hereby approved.
Panel of Examiners:
1. Prof. V. P. Bhusare
(M.E. Coordinator) ………………………..
2. Prof. K. S. Patil
(Guide) …………………………
3.
(External)
Date: ………….
Place: …………..
…………………………

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am indebted to my seminar-I guide Prof. K. S. Patil for his continuous guidance,
enthusiasm, and cooperation during this seminar work. His unassuming approach to
research and science is a source of inspiration, which I hope to carry forward throughout
my career.
I sincerely thank Prof. V. P. Bhusare ME coordinator, Department of Civil Engineering,
Imperial collageof Engineering and research, Wagholi, Pune, for his invaluable assistance
leading to the completion of this dissertation.
I warmly thank Dr. N. V. Khadake , Head, Department of Civil Engineering and, Dr.
R.S. Deshpande, Principle, ICOER,Wagholi, Pune for providing me with all the facilities
to carry out my seminar.
I express gratefulness and thankfulness to my parents for their immense love, affection,
help, contribution, and encouragement to complete this course.
Finally, a special thanks to all of my fellow classmates and friends for their help and
inspiration in completing my dissertation work successfully.
– RAVI VITTHAL SARTAPE
(ME22STR03)

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
INDEX v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES x
ABSTRACT xii
Sr. No. PARTICULARS Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.1 1 Sandwich Wall Panel 3
1.1.2 Bamboo As An Engineering Material 6
1.2 Aim 9
1.3 Objectives 9
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 General 10
2.2 Literature Related To Sandwich Panel 10
2.3 Literature Related To Bamboo 15

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3 SELECTION OF BAMBOO 17
3.1 General 17
3.2 Selection Bamboo As Per IS 15912:2018 17
4 METHODOLOGY
19
4.1 General
19
4.2. Physical Properties Of Bamboo 19
4.2.1. Moisture Content Test 19
4.2.2. Compression Test 19
4.2.3. Tensile Test 19
4.3. Flexural Strength Test of Sandwich Wall Panel 19
4.3.1 Flexural Strength Test of Setup 20
5 CONCLUSIONS
21
5.1. Conclusion
21
5.2. Recommendations
21
5.3. Future Scope
21
6 REFERENCES
22

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No.
Title of Figures Page
No.
1.1 Construction Of Dubai Rotating Tower With Precast Segments 2
1.2 Typical Sandwich Panel 3
1.3 Polyurethane Sandwich Panel 5
1.4 Polystyrene Sandwich Panel 5
1.5 Rockwool Sandwich Pane 5
1.6 Fiberglass Sandwich Panel 6
1.7 Life Cycle Assessment Of Sustainable Engineering Material 7
1.8 Use Of Bamboo In Construction Industry 8
3.1 Physical And Mechanical Properties Of Bamboo Source: IS
15912: 2018
17
3.2 Properties Of Structural Bamboo Source: IS 15912: 2018 18
3.3 Safe Permissible Stresses Of Bamboo For Structural Designing
Source: IS 15912: 2018
18
3.18 3-Point Flexural Test Setup 20

viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
No.
Title of Tables Page
No.
1.1 Advantages and possible applications of sandwich panels 6
4.1 Moisture Content Test 19

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ABSTRACT
Energy efficiency and sustainability are becoming integral to innovation. Precast
building components are a well-known method of construction, and they have
significant potential in the current era of energy efficiency. Precast building
components provide many benefits, including faster, more affordable, and safer
construction. Lightweight structures have been extensively used in high-performance
applications recently, including those in the civil engineering, automotive, and
aerospace industries, among many others. Due to their superior mechanical
performance and energy absorption qualities, sandwich structures have also attracted
a lot of interest. Since the designer can modify the qualities of the sandwich panels by
changing its components and geometrical parameters, finding the best sandwich panel
design has proven difficult. Core geometry and core/face adhesion are two of the
many characteristics that are heavily weighted towards the core and face parts. The
present research studies the load carrying capacity of bamboo reinforced sandwich
wall panels. Locally available bamboo species are compared according to the IS code
and bamboo species with good results is selected for the purpose. Physical and
mechanical properties testing is carried out for the selected bamboo. Also water
absorption test and pull out test is conducted for the same. Total 12 sandwich panels
are casted into different variations based on grade of concrete and spacing in bamboo
mesh used. Three point flexural test is performed to analyse flexural behaviour of
sandwich panels. The outcome of the results shows that sandwich panel’s casted using
M30 grade of concrete and 100X100 mm of bamboo mesh have better flexural
strength as compared to other variation of specimens.
Keywords: Sandwich Wall Panels, Dendrocalamus Strictus (Manvel) bamboo,
Concrete wythes, Flexural strength.

Analysis of Bamboo Reinforced Sandwich Wall Panel
1
Department of Civil Engineering, I.C.O.E.R, Wagholi, Pune.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL
The global financial crisis and environmental protection requirements are the two
biggest issues the construction industry is currently facing. The new, inventive
construction technologies, materials, components, and structures as a whole can handle
both problems. Energy efficiency and sustainability are becoming integral to
innovation. Additionally, greater quality standards, quick construction, and quality
performance guarantees are all aspects of the construction business that architects and
civil engineers must deal with.
Because there will always be customers (with high and low purchasing power) willing
to invest in real estate that is unique in some way from typical properties and because
investors will always be interested in projects that are visually appealing, energy-
efficient buildings are an intriguing sector of the stock market. Making buildings more
energy-efficient has significant side advantages as well, such as boosting industrial
competitiveness, reducing fuel poverty, creating jobs, and improving health. It is
important to emphasise that keeping just a few individual low- or zero-energy buildings
is insufficient. In order to achieve effective energy efficiency, humanity must adopt a
wide perspective and strive to build entirely low- or zero-energy communities and
cities. Engineers must consider building construction as a whole, rather than just
concentrating on energy-efficient materials, in order to produce energy-efficient
structures.
Precast building components are a well-known method of construction, and they have
significant potential in the current era of energy efficiency. Precast building
components provide many benefits, including faster, more affordable, and safer
construction. With the precast method of building, the construction is essentially
transported to the factory and done there under controlled circumstances. The Ultimate
Limit State (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) requirements for mechanical
resistance and stability must be met by precast structures in order for them to be at least
as energy-efficient as conventionally constructed buildings. The technology used in
construction is what makes the difference most. If we look at the finished product (the
energy-efficient building) in terms of time, money, natural resources, sustainability, and

2
the achieved level of energy efficiency of the building, we can say that buildings

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constructed with precast panels (and other precast construction elements) are structural
revolutions. Construction expenses are reduced since precast construction takes less
time to complete. A safer and less wasteful construction procedure is also achieved by
producing as much as possible in the factory. In the building's load-bearing frame on
the construction site, precast panels are embedded. The market for construction is
growing and more employment is being created thanks to precast panels and other
precast construction components. Modern precast construction imposes new
restrictions and difficulties.
Fig 1.1 Construction of Dubai Rotating Tower with precast segments
Lightweight structures have been extensively used in high-performance applications
recently, including those in the civil engineering, automotive, and aerospace industries,
among many others. Due to their superior mechanical performance and energy
absorption qualities, sandwich structures have also attracted a lot of interest. Since the
designer can modify the qualities of the sandwich panels by changing its components
and geometrical parameters, finding the best sandwich panel design has proven
difficult. Core geometry and core/face adhesion are two of the many characteristics that
are heavily weighted towards the core and face parts. As the adhesive layer must ensure
an effective skin-core load transmission, skin-core bonding is crucial for sandwich
panels. Controlling the amount of adhesive or giving the skin surface treatments can
improve structural stiffness, especially when considering metallic surfaces. The most
typical kind of structural adhesive is made of epoxy polymers, which provide the
structure with a reasonably high modulus and level of strength. Unchecked population
increase in recent years has resulted in high levels of material production and

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consumption, which have led to waste accumulation and resource depletion. The
development of effective and affordable products is a challenge for materials scientists
and engineers, but they also need to stay up with technological advancements without
endangering the availability of resources for future generations. More research is
required to lessen the environmental impact of disposing of materials used in high-end
sustainable industrial products that use natural and biodegradable resources.
1.1.1. SANDWICH WALL PANEL
Sandwich wall panels are a method that shields buildings from outside influences and
offers the most practical and affordable way to provide them with a solid basis to
withstand the requirements. Sandwich wall panels are prefabricated building elements
that include a core material (often composed of foam, rock wool or mineral wool)
placed between two exterior layers (typically made of metal, concrete or composite
materials). Since they combine a number of desirable qualities, such as durability, cost-
effectiveness, convenience, fire resistance, vertical and horizontal load-bearing
capacity, and excellent insulation properties, sandwich panels have gained more
attention in recent years. This is because they outperform many other types of walls in
terms of energy efficiency.
Fig 1.2 Typical sandwich panel
Sandwich wall panels are often used to clad roofs and external walls of commercial as
well as industrial buildings, warehouses, cold storage facilities, and other applications
where insulation and energy efficiency are important considerations. They are also
commonly used in the construction of modular homes and other prefabricated
structures. Additionally, they might be utilised as shear walls or bearing walls, or they
could be employed only as cladding (i.e., non-structural components). For a variety of

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building types, including low-rise residential structures and high-rise office buildings,
RC sandwich panels are frequently employed as exterior and inner walls. Any kind of
structural frame, such as reinforced concrete and precast/prestressed concrete, may be
attached to these panels. Typically, the panels are prefabricated in a production facility,
trucked to the construction site, and then craned into place. Sometimes only the
formworks are precast at manufacturing plants, and the structural concrete is cast in situ
after the formworks and additional reinforcements are positioned. Panels are generally
placed vertically, to connect the foundation with the first-floor slab or contiguous slabs,
and in this way, they contribute to the structural system, these panels, however, may be
placed between contiguous columns, and in such a case they act as infills.
The need for sandwich wall panels in buildings arises as sandwich wall panels are quick
and easy to install, which can help to reduce construction time and costs. They are also
available in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and colours, allowing architects and builders
to create customized designs that meet their specific needs. Additionally, sandwich wall
panels are highly resistant to fire, moisture, and other environmental factors, making
them a popular choice for building exteriors. Sandwich panels are identical to other RC
members in terms of their design, details, manufacture, handling, shipping, and
erection; yet, due to the intermediate layer of insulation, they do display some
characteristics and behave in a particular way. These pre-assembled building
components are created on continuous lines and, despite being relatively light
themselves, offer a considerable load-carrying capacity. Table 1 shows few advantages
and possible applications of sandwich panels. There are different types of sandwich
wall panels available, and they can be classified based on their core material, outer layer
material, and installation method.
Some common types of sandwich panels that are already being used in the industry are
listed below.
1. Polyurethane (PU) sandwich wall panels: These panels have a polyurethane foam
core and metal or aluminium outer layers. They are lightweight, easy to install, and
have excellent thermal insulation properties.

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Fig 1.3 Polyurethane Sandwich Panel
2. Polystyrene (EPS) sandwich wall panels: These panels have a polystyrene foam core
and metal or plastic outer layers. They are also lightweight and easy to install and
provide good thermal insulation properties.
Fig 1.4 Polystyrene Sandwich Panel
3. Rock wool sandwich wall panels: These panels have a rock wool core and metal or
aluminium outer layers. They are fire-resistant and provide good acoustic insulation
properties.
Fig 1.5 Rockwool Sandwich Panel
4. Fiberglass sandwich wall panels: These panels have a fibreglass core and metal or
aluminium outer layers. They are lightweight, durable, and provide good thermal
insulation properties.

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Fig 1.6 Fiberglass Sandwich Panel
Table 1.1. Advantages and possible applications of sandwich panels
ADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS
Excellent thermal mass properties Hotels
Excellent acoustic properties Retail and bulky goods
Faster construction time: quick installation by
highly skilled crews; less weather dependent
Industrial – warehouses and
factories
Simplified and safer construction process: less
trades on site; less waste; less materials handling
Multi – unit residential,
housing
Controlled conditions in factory Airports
Quality product: off - site manufacture means
high quality
Railways
Minimal site disturbance Education
Fire resistant Correctional facilities
Design flexibility: many surface finishes and
patterns available
Health and aged care
Durable: high strength; factory produced, precast
concrete offers the ultimate outcome with
minimal maintenance
Cinemas and theatres
Decreased life costs (HVAC costs) during the
exploitation of building
Clubs, libraries, churches and
community centres
1.1.2. BAMBOO AS AN ENGINEERING MATERIAL
Conventional materials used for the construction are likely to have huge cost and its
production have made a huge impact on environmental degradation in terms of
pollution. To eradicate this problem the naturally available bamboo is taken as best
alternate material. Bamboo is one material, which will have a tremendous economical
advantage, as it reaches its full growth in just a few months and reaches its maximum
mechanical resistance in just few years. Moreover, it exists in abundance in tropical and
subtropical regions of the globe.

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Fig 1.7 Life cycle assessment of sustainable engineering material
Bamboo is gifted resource from nature which is having formidable strength to weight
ratio and the workability is very simple using the normal tools for reinforcing in
concrete. Bamboo has been in use of mankind for various purposes since a long time.
There are more than 1000 species of bamboos and are used for more than 1500 uses all
over the world. Bamboo regenerates and can be used within four years, Bamboo has,
therefore, acquired a place in the list of material of green technology and renewable
source. Bamboo has been used for building construction in different parts of world.
Various techniques have been developed for housing. Walls, Roofs, Trusses, Doors,
Composite laminates made up of bamboo have been used.
Experiments conducted on bamboo over the years prove that the tensile strength of
bamboo is comparable to that of mild steel and compressive strength of bamboo is
slightly less than that of steel. The physical and mechanical properties of bamboo have
been studied and compared with steel which describes its suitability as a replacement
to steel reinforcement. Use of bamboo as a reinforcing material in concrete was first
investigated by US Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, California and have published
report in 1966 to assist the construction personnel in design and construction of bamboo
reinforced concrete structural members. Indian Standards have published several codes
on bamboo, however, there are only few for bamboo as a structural material. Bamboo
has a number of benefits in the construction industry, including:
1. Sustainability: Bamboo is a rapidly renewable resource that can be harvested in
just a few years, making it more sustainable than traditional wood. It is also a
plant that grows naturally without the use of pesticides or fertilizers.
2. Strength and durability: Bamboo has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is
stronger than many types of wood. It is also resistant to moisture, insects, and
fire, making it a durable building material.

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3. Versatility: Bamboo can be used in a variety of applications, including structural
elements, flooring, cladding, and furniture. It can also be used as a decorative
element due to its unique texture and appearance.
4. Cost-effectiveness: Bamboo is often less expensive than other building
materials, such as concrete or steel, and can be locally sourced in many regions,
reducing transportation costs.
5. Carbon sequestration: Bamboo is a fast-growing plant that absorbs carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere and releases oxygen, making it an effective tool in
mitigating climate change.
6. Aesthetics: Bamboo has a unique and attractive appearance that can add a
natural and organic feel to a building's design.
Overall, bamboo is a versatile and sustainable material that offers a range of benefits
for the construction industry. As designers and builders seek to create more sustainable
and environmentally friendly buildings, bamboo is emerging as a popular choice for a
variety of applications.
Fig 1.8 Use of bamboo in construction industry

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1.2. AIM
The aim of the research is analysis of the flexural behaviour of bamboo-reinforced
sandwich wall panels.
1.3. OBJECTIVES
1. To identify locally available bamboo species in Maharashtra, India, based on
Indian standard codes.
2. To Study sandwich wall panel model.
3. To analyze the load-carrying capacity of bamboo-reinforced sandwich wall
panels.
4. To observe the deflection and crack pattern of the bamboo-reinforced sandwich
wall panels.
5. To analyze the flexural strength of bamboo-reinforced sandwich wall panels.

Analysis Of Bamboo Reinforced Sandwich Wall Panel
11
Department of Civil Engineering, I.C.O.E.R. Wagholi, Pune.
CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes various literature paper which are related to analysis as well
as experiments carried out in this project. The survey gives ideas about extent of
work to be carried out during project.
2.2 LITERATURE RELATED TO SANDWICH PANEL
This topic covers the detailed review on previous researches done on sandwich
panels.
Ivana Banjad Pečur [1] studied an innovative way of construction as Precast Sandwich
Panel. This paper represented one solution for the Period of Economic Recovery: ECO-
SANDWICH- an innovative ventilated prefabricated concrete wall panel with
integrated Ecose mineral wool insulation. It resulted from collaboration between
academic community and construction industry and on principles of ‘’turnkey’’
construction provided user a high quality, affordable, energy saving and aesthetically
attractive concrete building.
Utilization of Bamboo as Lightweight Sandwich Panels was studied by Suthon
SRIVARO [2] in which lightweight sandwich panels from bamboo faces and oil palm
trunk core were manufactured using melamine urea formaldehyde with the resin content
of 250 g/m2 (solid basis). The parameters examined were node and density of bamboo
faces. Physical (board density, thickness swelling and water absorption) and
mechanical (modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture) properties of the sandwich
board obtained were investigated and compared with other bamboo products and
commercial wood based products. Result showed that this panel had better dimensional
stability than those of other bamboo products but lower bending strength. Node of
bamboo had no significant effect on any board properties examined. Most of board
properties were influenced by bamboo face density. The properties were compared to
commercial wood based products, and was noted that this panel can be used as

12
Department of Civil Engineering, I.C.O.E.R. Wagholi, Pune.
wall/floor applications.

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Sustainable Sandwich Panels Made of Aluminium Skins and Bamboo Rings studied by
Lívia Ávila de Oliveira [3] stated the mechanical behaviour of a sustainable sandwich
panel, consisting of bamboo rings core, treated aluminium skins and epoxy adhesive.
A Design of Experiment (DoE) was used to identify the effects of bamboo diameters
(30 and 45 mm) and aluminium skin treatments (alkaline degreasing and application of
primer) on the mechanical and physical properties of sandwich panels. The aluminium
skins were treated with the wash primer significantly to increase adhesion to the
polymer, resulting in greater maximum load, flexural strength, maximum skin stress
and maximum core shear stress; while the skins treated with NaOH resulted in a greater
flexural and core shear modulus. Relatively more rigid and resistant structures were
obtained with Ø30 mm rings, due to the increased surface contact area and the number
of constraints on the core. The samples failed due to the skin fracture, implying an
efficient face-core bond that was attributed to the proper absorption of the polymer by
bamboo and the treatment of the aluminium surface. The proposed panels presented
good mechanical performance, proving to be a feasible and promising alternative for
secondary structural applications.
Lívia Ávila de Oliveira [4] studied the experimental and numerical assessment of
sustainable bamboo core sandwich panels under low-velocity impact. This work
describes the experimental and numerical behaviour of sandwich panels made of
aluminium skins and bamboo core under low-velocity impact test. A statistical design
was carried out to evaluate the effect of the bamboo diameter (Ø20 and Ø30 mm) and
the adhesive type (epoxy and biopolymer) on the maximum load, energy to maximum
load, total deflection and total energy of the panels, which were assessed through
graphical and failure analysis. A non-linear finite element (FE) analysis was developed
to simulate the low-velocity impact test and to predict the failure mechanisms of the
skins, bamboo core and adhesive. The experimental results showed that, unlike the
adhesive type, the bamboo diameter variation does not significantly affect the impact
properties. Sandwich panels made of epoxy adhesive exhibited greater rigidity and
lower maximum load than those with biopolymer, resulting in premature core-face
debonding. On the other hand, sandwich panels made with biopolymer had a greater
capacity for absorbing energy and maintaining structural integrity. The numerical
simulation indicated a good correlation with the experimental data for load–

14
displacement impact curves, kinematic energy-time curves, perforation process and
failure modes.
Experimental investigation and design method on a lightweight bamboo-concrete
sandwich panel under bending load by A. Basit F. Alla Fadlelmola [5] proposed the
structural behaviour of the bamboo-concrete sandwich panel. The resulting bamboo
sandwich panel can be used as a structural or non-structural element for low costs and
low-rise housing construction. Ten bamboo-concrete sandwich panels, four steel-
concrete sandwich panels and four ALC panels were designed, fabricated and
investigated through a three-point bending test to study their strength and ductility
responses. The experimental results showed that the failure modes were attributed to
bamboo tensile yielding at the middle of the bottom face, followed by ALC shear cracks
at the maximum shear point. The results indicated using bamboo in sandwich panels
highly increased the structural properties such as moment capacity, ductility and
bending stiffness. Besides, the experimental results proved that in the bamboo-concrete
sandwich panel under bending test, increasing face thickness from 9 mm to 13.5 mm
the ductility, moment capacity and bending stiffness increased by 3.5 %, 42.1 % and
127 %, respectively. However, face thickness was the more effective parameter. In
addition, the experimental load of the bamboo-concrete sandwich panel was higher than
the steel-concrete sandwich panel with the same weight.
A novel sandwich panel made of prepreg flax skins and bamboo core was studied by
Livia Ávila de Oliveira [6]. This work described the bending and shear mechanical
properties of a novel concept of sustainable sandwich panel made from unidirectional
prepreg flax tape skins and bamboo rings as a circular core material. A Design of
Experiment (DoE) was used to determine the influence of the bamboo diameter and the
type of adhesive bonding between core and skins on the equivalent density, flexural
and shear properties of these panels. Numerical analysis were also performed using
cohesive surface contacts between skins and bamboo rings to investigate the structural
behaviour and failure mechanisms of the sandwich panels. The equivalent density was
affected by both factors, with an overall decrease when larger bamboo rings and lower
density adhesive were used. Although sandwich panels with the larger bamboo rings as
core showed superior flexural properties and skin stress, smaller bamboo rings cores

15
showed an increase in the core transverse shear modulus. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the adhesives directly affected the failure mode and the overall
structural integrity of the panels.
The structural behaviour of precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) under flexure was
studied both experimentally and theoretically by A. Benayoune [7]. The theoretical
investigation consisted of finite element modelling of the test specimens. The finite
element results were compared with the experimental data. The effect of steel shear
connector’s stiffness as measured by its diameter on the ultimate strength and the
compositeness of the panels was also investigated. Test results showed that the mode
of failure and crack pattern of PCSP acting as slab elements were very similar to those
of solid slabs especially when the two concrete wythes acted in a fully composite
manner. The finite element analysis of the PCSP resulted in reasonable estimation of
the experimental load–deflection curves as well strain in shear connectors. The ultimate
strength and the degree of composite action desired were found to depend to a large
extent upon the stiffness of the shear connector used. Two-dimensional finite element
model was proposed to determine the degree of composite action in PCSP systems with
truss shaped shear connectors.
Structural Performance of 3-D Sandwich Panels Under Shear and Flexural Loading by
M.Z.Kabir [8] investigated the mechanical characteristics of 3-D wall panels under
static shear and bending loads, in order to better understand their structural components.
The numerical model was loaded in increments to simulate the test and allow the
detection of a failure in flexural tests of horizontal and vertical bearing panels and also
for direct shear. Maximum loads in flexural tests for both wall and floor panels were
same to the experimental ultimate loads. The failure mechanism started after moving
from the elastic zone at the load stage of 700kg, by tension failure in the lower wythe
of concrete. The maximum load reported was 2200kg. In direct shear analysis, the panel
behaved as a cantilever deep beam. The load-displacement curves from finite element
analysis were very similar to those tested specimens.
Seismic Behaviour of Sandwich Panel Walls was studied by Fatima A.I. Refaei [9].
This paper presented the results of testing seven two-thirds-scale sandwich panels squat

16
walls with and without openings. Wall panel tests were conducted under Quasi-static
horizontal loads with constant axial load. The specimens were designed such that the
effect of key parameters on their seismic behaviour could be investigated. These
parameters comprised: boundary elements type, horizontal reinforcement ratios, axial
load level and the presence of openings in the walls. Test results showed that specimens
were fully composite. Good detailing of wall end corners and wall/footing connections
resulted in diagonal tension failure mode. The tested walls experienced low dissipated
energy.
Modelling the seismic performance of an innovative structural system consisting in
lightly-reinforced concrete sandwich panels was the subject of this paper which was
studied by Michele Palermo [10]. Thin shotcrete layers were sprayed on the two
surfaces of a polystyrene panel (support panel), after placing on each surface a small-
diameter wire mesh. The novel structural system here analyzed was based on the
production and use of prefabricated reinforced polystyrene panels (referred to as
modular panels) with a length of 1120 mm and height equal to the interstorey height.
The panels were made of a single expanded polystyrene layer (with thickness between
60 and 160 mm), reinforced by two nets of Ø 2.5 mm steel wire mesh. To assess the
seismic performance of RC sandwich panels, an experimental campaign was carried
out. A total of five Planar Wall (PW) specimens were tested under cyclic horizontal
loads with load reversals and a constant vertical load (the vertical load was kept
constant throughout each test). The model was validated against experimental results
from cyclic tests on single solid walls and walls with a central opening. The
comparisons between experimental and numerical results showed that the model was
able to well reproduce the global in-plane force–displacement response and to
adequately describe the evolution of the mechanisms of damage. Data and information
gathered from experimental and numerical results may be used to enhance actual codes
prescriptions for the design of constructions made by RC sandwich panels.
A new precast concrete sandwich panel system with a high thermal resistance and
optimum structural performance was developed by Amin Einea [11]. A hybrid truss
was provided as a connector in this panel system - the diagonals were fiber-reinforced
plastic bars and the chords was prestressed steel strands. Each connector consists of a

17
fiber-reinforced plastic bar fabricated in a deformed spiral shape through which a pair
of prestressing strands was threaded to provide anchorage in the concrete wythes. The
experimental program included testing of small scale specimens by push-off (pure
shear) loading, small scale specimens by flexural loading, and full scale panels by
flexural loading. Eight specimens with identical overall dimensions were constructed
for shear testing. Eight specimens with identical overall dimensions were constructed
for shear testing. For small scale flexural testing two specimens were constructed with
one FRPBB connector in each. Two identical specimens were used for full scale
flexural testing. The analytical investigation included finite element modelling of the
tested small scale specimens and comparisons with theory of elasticity solutions.
Experimental and analytical results from finite element modelling and from theory of
elasticity equations correlated well and showed that the developed panel system meets
the objectives of the research and is expected to have a promising future.
2.2 LITERATURE RELATED TO BAMBOO
This topic covers the detaild review on previous researches done on bamboo.
R. Sutharsan [12] studied bamboo as a reinforcing material in concrete. The main
target of the study was to reimburse the conventional materials like steel by naturally
available bamboo sticks. Epoxy was coated on bamboo to improve its bonding.
Compression test, tensile test and flexural test were conducted. The test results showed
that using bamboo increased the load carrying capacity of beam. Flexural strength
of bamboo reinforced concrete was 77% more than that of plain concrete.
Dinesh Bhonde [13] investigated bamboo as a reinforcement in concrete slab. An
experimental investigation of bamboo reinforced concrete slab cast in the laboratory
and subjected to concentrated load at mid span was presented in this paper. The slab
under uniformly increasing testing load under UTM was carefully observed. The result
of testing was noted as a maximum bending moment was at mid-section and the crack
developed under the load and extended along the horizontal line. As a part of conclusion
it was concluded that BRC elements followed same pattern as those in steel RCC
structural members. The design moment was found less than experimental ultimate
moment and thus working stress method can be used to design BRC structural members
safely.

18
Ajinkya Kaware[14] analyzed bamboo reinforced concrete column. This paper
represented design and testing of bamboo reinforced concrete column which were
casted with bamboo reinforcement varying from 2.5 % to 4 % at an increment of 0.5
with 3 rectangular specimen of size 230 x 150 x 750 mm3, 3 specimen of square column
150 x 150 x 750 mm3 and 230 mm diameter and 750 mm length 3 circular specimens
for each increment in reinforcement. Above mentioned column were compared with
steel reinforced concrete column of similar dimension, numbers and shape with
minimum steel reinforcement as mentioned in IS 456: 2000. The specimens were tested
under UTM. These test result suggested that with increase in reinforcement with similar
lateral dimension there was relative difference in strengths. The increase in
reinforcement resulted in lower cracking load and further caused decrease in ultimate
strength of column. The bamboo reinforced column showed typical load- deformation
and compression stress-strain as of steel reinforced column. Failure pattern of bamboo
reinforced column were of similar pattern with fissures at edges and cracks along the
length. This research paper concludes that bamboo can potentially be used as a
substitute for steel reinforcement.

19
CHAPTER 3
SELECTION OF BAMBOO
3.1. INTRODUCTION
As per the objectives and scope of work, a detailed investigation was carried out
through a comprehensive experimental program. This chapter includes all raw material
used for making of sandwich panel.
3.2. SELECTION BAMBOO AS PER IS 15912: 2018
In India, around 125 species of bamboo are found. Few of them are solid but most of
them are hollow in structure. 20 species have been systematically tested in India so far.
From them, sixteen species of bamboo are recommended for structural use as per IS
15912: 2018 which are further classified in three groups on the basis of their strength
properties which includes modulus of elasticity (E) in bending in green condition and
modulus of rupture (R) extreme fiber stress in bending. Fig 3.1 shows physical and
mechanical properties of sixteen Indian Bamboos in round form. Density, modulus of
rupture, modulus of elasticity and maximum compressive strength of bamboo are
specified.

20
Fig 3.1 Physical and Mechanical properties of Bamboo Source: IS 15912: 2018

21
The bamboo-bearing area under Maharashtra is 13,526 sq. km, distributed across 10
districts. Vidarbha produces over 90% of the total yield. The varieties grown here are
Dendrocalamus strictus locally called as Manvel, Bambusa bambos locally called as
Katang or thorny bamboo, Dendrocalamus stocksii and Munrochloa ritchiei. The
Konkan region is home to Manga bamboo. In fig 3 . 1 , there are sixteen species of
bamboo recommended to be used in construction. The limits in ultimate strength
values of the groups are shown in fig 3.2.
Fig 3.2 Properties of Structural Bamboo Source: IS 15912: 2018
For bamboo to be used, their strength characteristics should be more than the limits
specified in fig 3.2. The data for safe working stresses for sixteen species of bamboos
are shown in fig 3.3 as specified in IS 15912:2018 in clause 5.2.3.
Fig 3.3 Safe Permissible Stresses of Bamboo for Structural Designing Source: IS
15912: 2018

22
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes the obtained results by experimental study and discusses causes
for variation in result from standard results.
4.2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The physical properties includes moisture contentand density. The results were noted
during tests and are calculated.
4.2.1. MOISTURE CONTENT TEST
Moisture content is an important parameter of bamboo. With decrease of moisture
content, strength of bamboo increases exponentially.
Table 4.1 Moisture Content Test
4.2.2. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
. The compressive strength of Manvel is found to be 16% more than the specified
valuein IS Code IS15912:2018.
4.2.3. TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
The tensile strength of bamboo is very high but varies from species to species. The
test was performed on manvel. Aluminum tabs were provided to prevent slipping and
better grip while testing.
4.3. FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF SANDWICH WALL PANELS
As ‘a’ > 200mm was noted during test. Where ‘a’ is the distance between line of fracture
and nearest support. The flexural strength of the specimen is calculated as,
Fb =
PXL
bX𝑑2
[As per IS 516-1959, Cl. 8.4]
Where, P= Maximum load applied in N,
L= Length of the span on which the specimen was supported in mm,
b= Breadth of the testing specimen in mm, and
Specimen
Initial
Mass(gm)
Oven
Dry(gm)
Moisture Content
(%)
Manvel 34.64 32.53 6.48

23
d= Depth of the testing specimen in mm.
4.3.1. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST SETUP
The stresses caused by bending moment are called as flexural stress. The ability of a
member to resist bending deflection when load is applied on it is called as Flexural
strength. It is stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. In this test, a
rectangular section is bent until fracture or yielding using a three point flexural test
technique as shown in fig 3.18. Flexural strength represents highest stress experienced
within the member at its moment of yield. It is measured in terms of stress. Test is
performed in accordance with IS Code: 516(1959): Methods of tests for strength of
concrete. The testing is done after curing the panels for 28 days.
Figure 4.1 3-Point Flexural Test Setup

24
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1. CONCLUSION
Based on the case study results and observations, following conclusions are drawn
from theresearch work.
1.) Manvel bamboo has good properties when compared with katang as per IS
code.
2.) Water Absorption for untreated manvel bamboo was up to 60% but when coated
with bitumen it reduced to 33%.
3.) The treatment on bamboo surfaces with hot bitumen of VG-30 grade decreased
the bond strength by 40% and the addition of aggregates improved the bond
strength by 18%. Use of aggregates on treated bamboo results in better bond
strength.
4.) The flexural strength of M30 grade of concrete having bamboo mesh of
(100X100) mm was noted to be better when compared with other specimen
variations.
5.2.RECOMMENDATIONS
The results compared in various studies shows that treatment of bamboo surface with
VG- 30 bitumen is effective in reducing water absorption and also having better
bond strength with concrete as compared to other treatments. Bitumen is
recommended asaneffective surface treatment on bamboos.
5.3.FUTURE SCOPE
The study on concrete sandwich panels has mostly concentrated on three aspects: i)
composite action, ii) static performance, and iii) seismic behavior. Researchers have
looked at the static performance of concrete sandwich panel structures in three main
areas: shear performance, compressive characteristics, and bending properties.
However, only a small number of studies on the seismic performances and structural
behavior of sandwich panels have been published. Also different possible insulation
materials are needed to be studied.

25
REFERENCES
1. Sustainable Sandwich Panels Made of Aluminium Skins and Bamboo Rings by
Lívia Ávila de Oliveira, Materials Research. 2021; 24(4): e20200543.
2. Experimental and numerical assessment of sustainable bamboo core sandwich
panels under low-velocity impact by Lívia Ávila de Oliveira,Elsevier,
Construction and Building Materials 292 (2021) 123437.
3. A.Basit F. Alla Fadlelmola studied Experimental investigation and design
method on a lightweight bamboo-concrete sandwich panel under bending load,
Elsevier, Structures 34 (2021) 856–874.
4. A novel sandwich panel made of prepreg flax skins and bamboo core by Lívia
Ávila de Oliveira, Elsevier, Composites Part C: Open Access 3 (2020) 100048.
5. Flexural behaviour of pre-cast concrete sandwich composite panel –
Experimental and theoretical investigations by A. Benayoune, Elsevier,
Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 580–592.
6. Seismic Behaviour of Sandwich Panel Walls was studied by Fatima A.I.
Refaei, Scientia Iranica, vol 12.
7. Seismic Behavior of Sandwich Panel Walls by Fatima A.I. Refaei, World
Applied Sciences Journal 33 (11): 1718-1731, 2015.
8. Experimentally-validated modelling of thin RC sandwich walls subjected to
seismic loads by Michele Palermo, Elsevier, Engineering Structures 119
(2016) 95–109.
9. Amin Einea studied a new structurally and thermally efficient precast
sandwich panel system, PCI JOURNAL.
10. Suthon SRIVARO, Utilization of Bamboo as Lightweight Sandwich Panels,
ISSN 1392–1320 MATERIALS SCIENCE (MEDŽIAGOTYRA). Vol. 22, No.
1. 2016.
11. R. Sutharsan, Experimental Study on Bamboo as a Reinforcing Material in
Concrete. AIP Conference Proceedings 2204, (2020). (020024).
12. Experimental Investigation of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Slab, Dinesh
Bhonde, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN : 2320-
0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-03, Issue-01, pp-128-131.

26
13. Analysis of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Column, Ajinkya Kaware, Analysis
of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Column. International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, (2013). (Vol. 2, Issue 6).
14. K. Ghavami, Bamboo as reinforcement in structural concrete elements.
Cement and Concrete Composites, (2005). (Vol. 27, Issue 6, 637-649).

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