The document summarizes India's balance of payments over different plan periods. It notes that India generally experienced a deficit balance of payments as it required imports for industrialization. During early plans, the deficit was manageable due to favorable economic conditions. However, from the second plan period onwards, India faced a heavy trade deficit and sharply declining foreign exchange reserves, forcing it to restrict imports and expand exports. Subsequent plans saw fluctuations in the balance of payments and current account deficit depending on economic reforms and trade policies.
BOP or Balance of International Payments is the systematic and summary record of a country’s economic and financial transactionswith the rest of the worldover a period of time. As per IMF, BOP is a statistical statement for a given period showing: (a) transactions in goods & services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that country’s monetary gold, SDRs, and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and (c) unrequited transfersand counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting. – IMF, Balance of Payments Manual.
Provides an overview of the reseach of Ghosh and Ramakrishnan on current account deficits: what they are, how they are measured and whether they matter.
BOP or Balance of International Payments is the systematic and summary record of a country’s economic and financial transactionswith the rest of the worldover a period of time. As per IMF, BOP is a statistical statement for a given period showing: (a) transactions in goods & services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that country’s monetary gold, SDRs, and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and (c) unrequited transfersand counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting. – IMF, Balance of Payments Manual.
Provides an overview of the reseach of Ghosh and Ramakrishnan on current account deficits: what they are, how they are measured and whether they matter.
| Balance of Payment | BOP | Balance of Payment and Pakistan | Differences Be...Ahmad Hassan
Overview of balance of payment, definition and items included in balance of payment, balance of payment and balance of trade key difference, concept of balance of payment, causes of adverse balance of payment in the context of Pakistan
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Balance of Payment is the
systematic record of all the
international economic or
monetary transactions of a
country during a given period of
time usually one year.
International transactions
include exchanges of goods,
services or assets.
3. › The Current Account
› The Capital Account
› Official Reserves Account
› Errors and Omissions
4. Goods account (Include all import and export
of visible)
Service Account (Include all import and export
of invisible)
Unilateral Transfers Account (Gifts,Grants,etc).
5. › Long term Capital Account
(Pvt. Direct Investment & Portfolio Investment & Govt.
Loans to foreign government.
› Short Term Capital Account
(Bank accounts & Other short term Payments)
6. Official reserves assets include gold reserves,
foreign currencies, SDRs, reserve positions in
the IMF.
7. This is the last component of the
balance of payments and principally
exists to correct any possible errors
made in accounting for the three other
accounts
They are often referred to as "balancing
items".
8. Balance of Payments
Red = deficit (more imports than exports)
Blue = surplus (more exports than imports)
Grey = no data
9. A country, like India, which is on the path
of development generally, experiences
a deficit balance of payments situation.
This is because such a country requires
imported machines, technology and
capital equipments in order to
successfully launch and carry out the
programme of industrialization
10. During the first plan period, the balance of
payments was affected by the Korean War
boom, American recession of 1953 and
favorable monsoon at home which helped
to boost agricultural and industrial
production.
balance of payment during the first plan
was only Rs. 42 crores.
11. An important feature of the second plan
period was the heavy deficit in the
balance of trade which aggregated to
Rs. 2339 crores.
The foreign exchange reserves sharply
declined and the country was left with
no choice but to think of ways and
means to restrict imports and expand
exports
12. The balance of current account was
unfavorable during the third plan .
The serious adverse balance of
payments which started with the second
plan continued relentlessly during the
third and annual plans.
Heavy amount had to be paid by India
in the form of interest payments on loans
13. One of the objectives of the fourth plan
was self-reliance – i.e., import substitution
of certain critical commodities on the
one side and export promotion so as to
match the rising import bill, on the other
Accordingly the government managed
to restrict imports and succeeded in
expanding exports.
14. During the whole of the Fifth Plan India
experienced a surplus balance of payments due to
a sharp increase in the exports surplus on account
of invisibles.
From 1979-80 onwards, India started experiencing
very adverse balance of payments.
India had to meet this colossal deficit in the current
account through withdrawals and borrowings from
IMF .
15. The Sixth plan characterize the balance
of payments position acute.
The annual average current account
deficit was of the order of rs.2600 crores
during the Sixth Plan.
During the Sixth Plan, the trade deficit
was 3.3 per cent of GDP and current
account deficit was 1.4 per cent of GDP.
16. Exports performance substantially improved in the
Seventh Plan with average volume growth
exceeding 7 per cent.
The share of net invisible earnings in financing trade
deficit declines from 63 per cent during the Sixth
Plan to 29.5 per cent during the Seventh Plan.
The average current account deficit as a per cenr
of GDP increased to 2.4 per cent in the Seventh
Plan.
17. BOP BOT
Include all international Part of BOP
transactions Only Visible
Both Visible and invisible items
items. Smaller than
Wider than BOT BOP
Always in balance No need to be
balance
18.
19.
20. Period Features
I. Up to 1975-76 I. Deterioration
II.1976-77 to 1979-80 II. Transition &
Improvement
III.1980-81 to 1989-90 III. Emergence &
IV.1990-90 to 1995-96 Persistence of structural
Imbalance
V. 1996-97 to 2010-11
IV. Stabilization &
Strengthening
V. Resilience in addition to
growth
21. Difficulty in India’s BOP
Slow growth of exports in relation to
import
92% CAD was financed by external
assistance at concessional terms
CAD was 1.8 % of GDP
22. Golden years of BOP’s
CA surplus of 0.6% of GDP
Foreign exchange reserve surplus
Period of Indira Gandhi
23. Severe BOP difficulties
Loan from IMF, 5Billion SDR in 1981 but
took 3.9Billion
Deficit in external trade
Widening trade deficit due to import
requirement
Decline in invisibles
Reduction in concessional assistance &
market rate
Disintegration of USSR &Gulf War
CAD 2.2% of GDP
24. BOP crisis reached its climax in 1990-
91 it is 3% of GDP
25. Preference to non-debt creating
capital flows
Liberalise the current account &
gradual liberalisation of Capital
account
Fiscal&Monetary disciple Devaluation of Rupee by
20%-1991
Exchange rate change (LERMS-92,UER-93& FULL
CONVERIBILITY OF CURRENCY IN THE CURRENT CCOUNT)
Import restrictions on capital account & raw materials,
Structural reforms aims at attracting FDI & Portfolio investments
Reduction in tariff,
As A result improvement in both CA & CAd
26. Again Trade deficit Due to;
Impact of liberalization, Increasing
manufacturing activity, surplus in
invisible, pvt enterprises
• Capital account surplus to solve the
BOP problem
o Due to foreign exchange reserves,
through FDI
o Overall surplus
27. Growing import intensity
Net surplus on invisibles
Mounting burden of external debt
servicing
Rising oil import
Commercial borrowing
Nature of FDI
Management of capital account
Inflow of concessional aid