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The Functional Art: Design and Infographics | Journalism Interactive Conference 2013 | journalisminteractive.com/2013/
The document discusses the correlation between educational attainment and obesity rates across various U.S. states, noting that regions with higher percentages of college graduates tend to have lower obesity rates. It highlights Brazil's demographic changes, emphasizing the potential challenges and opportunities resulting from a declining fertility rate and an aging population. Additionally, the document addresses the importance of effective storytelling in journalism and data representation through infographics.
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The Functional Art: Design and Infographics | Journalism Interactive Conference 2013 | journalisminteractive.com/2013/
- 1. Population with a Percentage of BA degree or higher obese people DC 45% States with a larger percentage of people with higher education than with obesity States with a larger percentage of obese people than of people with a higher education US average 27.2% BA or higher 27.0% Obese 40% MA CO NH MD 35% NJ CT VT MS A Functional Art VI MN WV AL SC KY CA LA TX MI UT TN NY MO OK KS AR 30% WA GA how to embrace and teach IN KS OH PA IA SD MO IL ND AZ DE MD GA NC infographics and visualization NE FL IL ME OR RI OR WI DE FL AK HI ID MT WI SD VA PA RI ND WA NM NM 25% SC WY NE NH OH MN NV AK TX AZ MI CA IA NY TN NJ ME VT ID NC MA OK MT WY HI LA CT Alberto Cairo AL IN UT KY CO NV DC MS 20% AR University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com 15% WV Twitter: @albertocairo
- 2. An infographic isa visual representation of evidence, a tool for analysis, communication, and understanding
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- 4. Throughout the yearsI’ve become concerned about the way we teach what evidence is in J-Schools
- 5. http://ilovecharts.tumblr.com/ “How silly. I’dnever fall for that one!”
- 6. Homeopathy, autism andvaccines... We bite baits too easily
- 7. “It got worseafter the zero-alcohol law was approved. Deaths in car accidents have not stopped growing!”
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- 9. “Our world isnot about ideology anymore. It’s about complexity” Matt Taibbi, Griftopia
- 10. Are we teachingstudents and learn ourselves how to deal with that complexity?
- 11. Moreover... We talk alot about storytelling, but are we really sure that we understand what the challenges and limits of storytelling may be? Do we teach them to our students?
- 12. POPULATION CHANGE Above Average +9.4% DIAGRAM Below +0.1% I am a journalist and a NEWS IN PERSPECTIVE -0,1% No data -9,4% available Brazil’s Demographic Opportunity How Brazil can take advantage of a future with fewer children designer: Storytelling is part of my life per couple. Alberto Cairo, Francine Lima, Marco Vergotti PRELIMINARY DATA FROM THE 2010 CENSUS create an interesting picture of the changes 2000 2010 Change that the Brazilian population has gone through AP 477,032 648,553 36.0% in the past ten years. Brazil’s population RR 324,397 425,398 31.1% grew, on average, 10% between 2000 and AC 557,526 707,125 26.8% 2010, but the fertility rate is below 2.1 children DF 2,051,146 2,469,489 20.4% per woman, the minimum to keep a PA 6,192,307 7,443,904 20.2% population from shrinking. According to AM 2,812,557 3,350,773 19.1% César Marques, a demographer from the TO 1,157,098 1,373,551 18.7% University of Campinas, the main challenge MT 2,504,353 2,954,625 18.0% Brazil will face in the future is how to maintain GO 5,003,228 5,849,105 16.9% a healthy Social Security system if the MS 2,078,001 2,404,256 15.7% number of older and retired people will SC 5,356,360 6,178,603 15.4% likely be much larger than it is today. SE 1,784,475 2,036,277 14.1% Read on to learn about all the variables at play MA 5,651,475 6,424,340 13.7% RN 2,776,782 3,121,451 12.4% in this story. RO 1,379,787 1,535,625 11.3% CE 7,430,661 8,180,087 10.1% Above AL 2,822,621 3,093,994 9.6% average 1 BRAZIL’S POPULATION IS BIGGER ES 3,097,232 3,392,775 9.5% (Data updated on November 4, 2010) PB 3,443,825 3,753,633 9.0% The map shows the change in population The 2010 Census has revealed a 9.4% in Brazilian municipalities. Between PI 2,843,278 3,086,448 8.6% population increase between Below PE 7,918,344 8,541,250 7.9% average 2000 and 2010, 1,630 cities and towns, 2000 and 2010. The differences between SP 37,032,403 39,924,091 7.8% from a total of 5,506, lost population. Rio states, as you can see on the chart PR 9,563,458 10,266,737 7.4% Grande do Sul is the state with a the largest on the right, are noticeable. Most rich MG 17,891,494 19,159,260 7.1% number of municipalities that lost inhabitants, states, such as São Paulo and Rio, didn’t RJ 14,391,282 15,180,636 5.5% due to a significant drop in fertility rates grow as fast as the ones in the north east. BA 13,070,250 13,633,969 4.3% and domestic migration RS 10,187,798 10,576,758 3.8% 2000 169.799.170 2010 190,732,694 AVERAGE +9.4% Sources: IBGE, UN, World Bank, César Marques (UNICAMP) 2 —BUT THE FERTILITY RATE IS MUCH LOWER THAN EXPECTED 3 AS A CONSEQUENCE, POPULATION WILL STOP GROWING— A study in 2004 estimated that in 2010, the fertility rate would be 2.4 children Forecasts made in 2004 anticipated that Brazil’s population per woman, on average. But new data collected by the IBGE prove that would stop growing in 2040. But the most recent data from the fertility rate is already 1.9, below the threshold called “replacement rate”. the IBGE suggests that this could happen much earler, in 2030. When the fertility rate drops below this number, the population of a country will eventually start to shrink and grow older. New population 250 million people peak: moment when population will stop growing Number of children per woman Each line 125 represents Former population a country peak (calculated in 2004) or continent 0 1950 2030 2040 2050 8 4 —AND IT WILL BECOME OLDER Men Women 75 years NIGERIA Comparing the current 7 population pyramid with the 65 one predicted for 2050 50 30 2005 20 6 Forecast for 2050 2 1 0 1 2 Millions of people per age group But many distrust YEMEN 5 How Brazil can transform the África population challenge into an opportunity As the population ages, the proportion of people of working age increases. 4 The country will therefore have more people producing wealth (if the labor WORLD market can absorb them) and fewer children to consume investments. It is a storytelling for very AVERAGE window of opportunity, because in some cases the number of people of working age to fall back when older people are leaving the market. 3 The population under 15 years of age is falling today. A smaller number of INDIA student in public schools will facilitate the quality of teaching, if the amount Australia invested in education stays the same. Asia Latin America Educational policy focused on low-income youth favors the formation of more good reasons... North America skilled workforce and greater social mobility. 2 BRAZIL Replacement level: average of In the future, Brazil will reach the stage of Europe and Japan, which struggle Europe 2.1 children per woman to support their elders. This is why it’s so important to prepare a more balanced retirement system, which will include retirement at a later age. CHINA 1 Years
- 13. “Power”, “Impact”, “Captivate”,“Convince”, “Inspire”, “Persuade”, “Connect”... You may say that these are secondary values for journalists but are you really sure about that?
- 14. The human braintends to impose linear patterns to non-linear phenomena to make sense of them This can lead to “narrative fallacies”: Seeing connections and causation where there’s none; oversimplification of complex phenomena. Journalists are not aware of brain bugs and biases, in general
- 15. I don’t evenneed to remind you of this, right? Many said that the main sin Lehrer committed was to make up quotes, but the main problem was not that: His books impose cohesive narrative structures to disperse bits of evidence
- 16. But we cannotavoid stories: The serial structure of stories matches the serial dynamics of the thinking mind In part, we like stories because we create stories in our heads to make sense of the world
- 17. Perhaps we needto rethink how we teach storytelling at J-School and the scientific method in research classes: Less theory and abstraction; less “follow your instincts” BS. Make statistics and qualitative methods fun and exciting, and learn about cognitive biases and shortcomings
- 18.
- 19. Look for “Best Infographics” inGoogle and you’ll find things like this
- 20. Look for “Best No structure Infographics” in Google and No context you’ll find things like this It is not a visual representation, but a simple layout with a bunch of unrelated numbers.
- 21. An infographic (orvisualization) should not be just a pretty picture but a structured, accurate visual presentation of evidence
- 22. Graphics and glasses: Withno glasses, the world looks like noise to me; with glasses, chaos becomes signal
- 23. A graphic isa tool. In a very literal sense: It extends our visual brain, it lets us see beyond what we would normally see, the same way a hammer makes us literally stronger
- 24. A graphic isa tool. In a very literal sense: It extends our visual brain, it lets us see beyond what we would normally see, the same way a hammer makes us literally stronger
- 25. Before you evenswitch the computer on, ask yourself what are the questions that readers most likely will want to have answered. Or what tasks your graphic should help readers with Choose graphic forms accordingly Function doesn’t dictate form, but function does restrict the variety of forms it is acceptable to use for each story and set of data (choosing forms is not a matter of personal taste only)
- 26.
- 27. How much you would save if federal income taxes were reduced 20% Income First Second Third Fourth Fifth Quintile (Lowest) (Top) Average -$10 -$192 -$706 -$1,679 -$7,762 tax change SOURCE: The New York Times GRAPHIC: ACME
- 28. How much you would save if federal income taxes were reduced 20% Income First Second Third Fourth Fifth Quintile (Lowest) (Top) Average tax change -$10 -$192 -$706 -$1,679 ? -$7,762 SOURCE: The New York Times GRAPHIC: ACME
- 29. How much you would save if federal income taxes were reduced 20% Income First Second Third Fourth Fifth Quintile (Lowest) (Top) Average -$10 -$192 -$706 -$1,679 -$7,762 tax change SOURCE: The New York Times GRAPHIC: ACME
- 30. How much you would save if federal income taxes were reduced 20% Income First Second Third Fourth Fifth Quintile (Lowest) (Top) Average -$10 -$192 -$706 -$1,679 -$7,762 tax change SOURCE: The New York Times GRAPHIC: ACME How much you would save if federal income taxes were reduced 20% Income Quintile Average tax change First (Lowest) -$10 Second -$192 Third -$706 Fourth -$1,679 Fifth (Top) -$7,762 SOURCE: The New York Times GRAPHIC: ACME
- 31. Infographics should notbe used to simplify stories, but to clarify them
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- 33. Three steps tobecome a visualization/infographics designer First one is to accept that a graphic is a tool for understanding and get used to critically analyzing published examples
- 34. Second step isto start making simple graphics about topics you care about. Tons of them. “Obesity is, on average, inversely proportional to the average education of the population”
- 35.
- 36. This doesn’t work... Percentage with a Percentage of BA degree or higher obese people
- 37. This is alittle bit better, but not much... Percentage with a Percentage of BA degree or higher obese people Lower Higher Lower Higher
- 38. Percentage with a Percentage of BA degree or higher obese people 0 50 100 0 50 100 District of Columbia 45.7 Mississippi 34 Massachusetts 36.7 West Virginia 32.5 Colorado 35.5 Alabama 32.2 New Hampshire 35.4 South Carolina 31.5 Maryland 35.2 Kentucky 31.3 New Jersey 34.6 Louisiana 31 Connecticut 34.5 Texas 31 Vermont 34.2 Michigan 30.9 Virginia 33.1 Tennessee 30.8 Minnesota 32.5 Missouri 30.5 California 31.7 Oklahoma 30.4 Utah 30.8 Arkansas 30.1 New York 30.6 Georgia 29.6 Kansas 30 Indiana 29.6 Washington 29.9 Kansas 29.4 Missouri 28.1 Ohio 29.2 Arizona 28 Pennsylvania 28.6 Georgia 27.6 Iowa 28.4 Illinois 27.4 Illinois 28.2 Rhode Island 27.2 Delaware 28 US AVERAGE 27.2 North Carolina 27.8 Delaware 26.9 South Dakota 27.3 Hawaii 26.6 North Dakota 27.2 F lorida 26 Maryland 27.1 Oregon 25.9 US AVERAGE 27.0 Wisconsin 25.6 Nebraska 26.9 Alaska 25.5 Maine 26.8 Montana 25.5 Oregon 26.8 South Dakota 25.5 Florida 26.6 Pennsylvania 25.3 Idaho 26.5 North Dakota 25.2 Wisconsin 26.3 New Mexico 25.1 Virginia 26 South Carolina 24.9 Rhode Island 25.5 Nebraska 24.8 Washington 25.5 Ohio 24.6 New Mexico 25.1 Nevada 24.5 Wyoming 25.1 Texas 24.5 New Hampshire 25 Michigan 24.4 Minnesota 24.8 Iowa 24.3 Alaska 24.5 Tennessee 24.3 Arizona 24.3 Maine 24.2 California 24 Idaho 23.8 New York 23.9 North Carolina 23.4 New Jersey 23.8 Oklahoma 22.9 Vermont 23.2 Wyoming 22.5 Massachusetts 23 Louisiana 22.4 Montana 23 Alabama 22.3 Hawaii 22.7 Indiana 21.1 Connecticut 22.5 Kentucky 21 Utah 22.5 Mississippi 20.1 Nevada 22.4 Arkansas 18.8 District of Columbia 22.2 West Virginia 15.3 Colorado 21
- 39. US obesity average: 27% 50 DC 45 40 CO MD 35 Percentage of people with 30 a BA degree People with a BA, or higher US average: 27.2% 25 WY 20 AR WV 15 10 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 Percentage of obese people
- 40. Population with a Percentage of BA degree or higher obese people Slopegraph DC 45% States with a larger percentage of people with higher education than with obesity States with a larger percentage of obese people than of people with a higher education US average 27.2% BA or higher 27.0% Obese 40% MA CO NH MD 35% NJ CT VT MS VI MN WV AL SC KY CA LA TX MI UT TN NY MO OK KS AR 30% WA GA IN KS OH PA IA SD MO IL ND AZ DE MD GA NC NE FL IL ME OR RI OR WI DE FL AK HI ID MT WI SD VA PA RI ND WA NM NM 25% SC WY NE NH OH MN NV AK TX AZ MI CA IA NY TN NJ ME VT ID NC MA OK MT WY HI LA CT AL IN UT KY CO NV DC MS 20% AR WV 15%
- 41. Population with a Percentage of BA degree or higher obese people Population with a Percentage of BA degree or higher obese people DC 45% States with a larger percentage of people with higher education than with obesity DC States with a larger percentage of obese people than of people with 45% a higher education US average States with a larger 27.2% BA or higher percentage of people with 27.0% Obese higher education than 40% with obesity States with a larger percentage of obese people than of people with MA a higher education CO NH US average 35% MD 27.2% BA or higher NJ CT 27.0% Obese VT MS VI 40% MN WV AL SC KY CA LA TX MI UT TN NY MO OK KS AR 30% WA GA IN KS OH PA IA SD MO IL ND AZ DE MD NC FL GA IL NE ME MA OR RI OR WI DE FL AK HI ID MT WI SD VA PA RI WA CO ND 25% NM NM NH SC WY MD NE OH NH MN 35% NV TX AK AZ NJ MI IA CA NY CT TN ME NJ VT VT MS ID NC MA OK MT WY HI LA CT AL IN UT KY CO NV DC VI MS 20% MN WV AL SC AR KY CA LA TX MI UT TN NY MO OK KS AR WV 30% 15% WA GA IN KS
- 42. Population with a Percentage of MN BA degree or higher obese people AL SC KY DC CA LA 45% TX States with a larger MI percentage of people with UT TN higher education than with obesity NY MO OK States with a larger KS AR percentage of obese people 30% than of people with a higher education WA GA IN US average KS 27.2% BA or higher 27.0% Obese OH 40% PA IA SD MO IL ND AZ DE MD GA NC NE FL IL ME OR RI OR MA WI DE FL AK HI ID CO MT WI NH MD SD VA 35% NJ PA RI CT VT ND WA MS NM NM 25% VI SC WY MN WV NE NH AL SC KY OH MN CA LA TX NV AK MI TX AZ UT NY TN MO MI CA KS OK AR IA NY 30% WA GA TN NJ IN KS ME VT OH ID PA NC MA IA MO IL DE SD ND OK MT AZ GA NC MD NE WY HI FL OR IL RI ME OR LA CT WI AK DE HI FL ID AL IN UT MT WI VA KY CO NV SD PA RI WA DC ND NM NM 25% WY MS SC NE OH NH MN 20% NV AK TX AZ MI CA IA NY TN NJ ME VT ID NC OK MA MT AR WY HI LA CT AL IN UT KY CO NV DC MS 20% AR WV WV 15% 15%
- 43. Third step isto educate yourself in creating hierarchies, narratives, stories, etc., that make your presentations understandable and useful. Don’t just throw data at readers ENEM test
- 44.
- 45. Show me whatI’d not be able to see otherwise
- 46. Population with a Percentage of BA degree or higher obese people DC 45% States with a larger percentage of people with higher education than with obesity States with a larger percentage of obese people than of people with a higher education US average 27.2% BA or higher 27.0% Obese 40% MA CO NH MD 35% NJ Thank you! CT VT MS VI MN WV AL SC KY CA LA TX MI UT TN NY MO OK KS AR 30% WA GA IN KS OH PA IA SD MO IL ND AZ DE MD GA NC NE FL IL ME OR RI OR WI DE FL AK HI ID MT WI SD VA PA RI ND WA NM NM 25% SC WY NE NH OH MN NV AK TX AZ MI CA IA NY TN NJ ME VT ID NC MA OK MT WY HI LA CT Alberto Cairo AL IN UT KY CO NV DC MS 20% AR University of Miami www.thefunctionalart.com 15% WV Twitter: @albertocairo