AUTONOMA - Stefanos Levidis - Embassy for the Displaced: Islanding in the Shadows of Citadel Europe
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The first half of the decade saw warfare escalate all the way from the Maghreb, to the Middle East, into Europe, thus positioning the issue of displaced people in the centre of public discourse. This forceful displacement urged people to seek refuge on European soil, with the Greek islands neighbouring the Turkish coast becoming the informal gate for people on their way to the greek mainland and then westward into the European Union, while at the same time acquiring particularities of a war front, an extension of the warzone, through human bodies and stories that arrive on their shores. European authorities have taken to an increasingly militarized management of their respective sovereign borders, while the division between the European core and its periphery has become all the more acute. The fortification of the border, both literal and symbolic, heightens a sense of national space in a Europe in crisis. National space is ‘protected’ by exotic invaders, the displaced, the unwanted, the new enemy. Even though -exceptions aside- humanitarian etiquette would not permit such a bold statement on the authorities’ part, razor fences are erected in a domino-like effect and treaties that have been standing for decades are put to test in an attempt to shore up state sovereignty, as European states externalise their bordering and carceral practices. This is a crisis to be understood and examined in territorial terms. The space within which this flow occurs-the 'Refugeescape'- is the site of this intervention. As new narratives establish themselves across Europe, the emerging architectures of bordering are to be examined afresh. The migrant corridor assumes qualities of an archipelago of exception, with conflicting agents making for the emergence of places of ‘legislative void’ within the borderscape. Extraterritorial islands, where notions of sovereignty and citizenship for refugees and locals alike are open for negotiation. Such a displaced reality could not be examined in linear means. Established between London, Athens and Lesvos island, the Embassy for the Displaced initiative is deployed as a vessel that aims at occupying these extraterritorial sites in an effort to document and examine this displacement of historic proportions, and establish the criteria that allow for a subversive insertion of practices that negotiate issues of citizenship, space, and autonomy for displaced people. In the present proposal this will be attempted through an archaeological archiving process of objects, visual stimuli and testimonies, the decoding of a series of design interventions and the use of new representational media, such as three dimensional scanning and Virtual Reality environments. From the body, to the camp, and, eventually, the landscape, an inventory of the potential of design to formule new bordering and citizenship strategies for a project of autonomy is to be drafted.
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AUTONOMA - Swati Pujari - Community Responses to the 2015 Gorakha Earthquake ...
On 25 April 2015, central Nepal was shaken by an earthquake of magnitude 7.6 which resulted in more than 8,000 causalities and more than 22,000 injuries. As with all such disasters, disproportionate negative effects towards the most marginalized groups were experienced. More than eight million lives, about one-third of the country’s population, were affected by the earthquake.
In the situation of such disaster, it was observed that the centralized government of Nepal was not prepared to deal with such a catastrophe. The statutory plans of the government were impeded by both structural and political factors. However, this disaster triggered many local citizen-led groups to activate and provide support. This paper observes the development of citizen-led groups in two historic settlements of the Kathmandu Valley – Sankhu and Bungamati, both of which were severely damaged by the earthquake. Although these citizen groups have already been formalize, their origins lie in informal self-organized actions, this paper explores the evolution of these groups and their decision making processes, and critiques them through the lens of urban governance theories.
An important factor in this paper is also the history of communal living and self-organization in the traditional settlements of Nepal guided by socio-cultural entities. Community based groups have evolved through centuries, therefore this paper studies their history and current stage, especially in the aftermaths of this major disaster. In some instances these local groups were able to find and mobilize resources and also work in collaboration with the government and other organizations, particularly UN-Habitat in Bungamati and UNESCO in Sankhu. The role of such groups in the development of collaborative governance and bottom-up decision making processes, increasing the resilience of the community and to find solutions to issues caused by the crisis, is further explored in this paper.
AUTONOMA - Guerilla Architects - Stadt:Symbiont
INITIAL STATUS
The creative industry becomes more and more a flexible working model of neoliberalism. Designers should in consequence be flexible enough to get involved with short-time jobs or precarious freelance work. But for lots of architects the self-employed work means also a dream of an independent and autonomous working, detached from authoritarian management structures. As there is no regular income it is often not possible to rent a proper office space for longer periods, cause the costs can't be covered permanently.
STADT:SYMBIONT
Stadt:Symbiont is a guideline for the autonomous creation of a central, durable and cost-effective working space in the city. Through re-interpretation of the parking regulations we adapt the space and reuse it as building site for our office.
According to german law, the parking of caravans is possible for a period of 2 weeks:
„Road traffic act (RTA) §12 Stopping and Parking
(2) Leaving your vehicle or stopping for more than 3 minutes means Stopping
(3b) Trailers without driving vehicle aren't allowed to park longer than 2 weeks. This applies to all regular marked parking areas.“
With the flexible office it is possible to tap this potential and to activate the public space. The periodic relocation enables a permanent examination of the surrounding urban space. Small-scale working space and large-scale city merge. The mobility enables to settle project-related at different locations. The strong visibility in the city and the hacking of its given infrastructure leads to a growing social network.
HACKING THE CITY
We understand the city itself as an existing network of diverse infrastructures, that everyone can use. Free Wifi, public canteens and sanitary facilities complete the Stadt:Symbiont and connect the small-scale office to the large-scale city.
AUTONOMA - Giulia Testori - Save the Comunas! They have what 'we' are strugg...
Alternative land property, autonomy in the decision-making, coproduction of space, direct democracy, safeguarding of the commons…may look like essential components of recent post-capitalist postulations. However, these characterizations have been typical features of an Ecuadorian administrative unit called comuna for more than 500 years.
During the past 50 years, the number of comunas within the Metropolitan District of Quito has been reduced by one fifth and Santa Clara de San Millan is one of the few surviving. Located on the slopes of the Pichincha Mountains could be described as a rural settlement, but simultaneously central in relation to Quito's commercial urban core.
Even if it is declared legal since 1911, it is protected by the Communes’ Law (Ley de Comuna 1937 and 2004) and it is recognized as a ‘Basic Participation Unit’ by the Ecuadorian Constitution (art. 248, 2008), Santa Clara’s existence is under threat, as its incorporation to the municipality’s jurisdiction would signify an increase of tax revenues and valuable ground for new investments.
It is here considered that instead, its very particular self-management far from top-down homogeneous urban planning, should be valorized through technical support and internal economy enforcement. Moreover, thanks to its ability to safeguard itself from contemporary issues as gentrification, market pressure on land and the totalitarian control of the State, it could become an exceptional driver of change also for other contexts of Quito.
This paper initially will retrace the history of this specific case, giving particular attention to the pillars of this organizational form, as the collaborative work of the minga and the democratic decision making of the asambleas. A second part will look at its legal framework and the pressure it is suffering and finally it considers the multiple potentialities and limits this peculiar 'administrative structure' holds vis à vis the richness that the Ecuadorian Constitution of the Buen Vivir has in store.
AUTONOMA - Orestes Kolokouris & Sofia Nikolaidou - Transition Movements in Gr...
Transition movements in cities are broadly emerging worldwide as new forms of alternative citizen-driven practices and socio-political participation addressing the raising awareness of environmental, economic, social, planning and food issues. Resistance initiatives for food and space justice discuss the growing concerns about the achievement of long-term security and resilience of food system especially in crisis contexts, about who has access and power to land or who is marginalized or excluded and how can community-based initiatives build self-reliant systems founded on ecological principles.
In Greece, the collapse of the consumption and construction-led growth after the period of economic euphoria and rapid GDP growth in the early 2000's and the consequent financial crisis that unfolded in mid-2008, have radically changed Greek society, politics and the economy. While the current depression and the dramatic humanitarian crisis have shifted politicians’ attention away from the climate and ecology, “transition and recovery movements” work hard to keep the environment on the agenda. In a time when traditional green movements and civil society actors are receding due to depression and uncertainty, alternative social movements related to urban agriculture or guerilla gardening initiatives, access to open/public space, solidarity economy, de-growth or real democracy, progress due to the crisis. In particular, initiatives that deal with issues such as urban poverty, food delocalization and environmental constraints favor the emergence of localised consumer-producer networks and spontaneous civic or pubic initiatives aiming at reintegrating agriculture into the city. In this article we focus on the development of new forms of social movements and solidarity initiatives that we consider to be part of the green ideals and could help the Greek society to get out of depression. We describe those social movements as “transition and recovery movements” for they address social and spatial injustices through new forms of space appropriation and decision-making which can redefine livelihoods in today’s Greek cities, create political space for civil society and build an enabling environment for new forms of democratic practice.
AUTONOMA - M. Kikidou, M. Patelida & G. Somarakis - Imagine the City
Public space, and especially public urban space has been recognised by many scientists as a part of “commons” for local communities. From this perspective, space and society are connected through a reciprocal relationship and residents are not only receivers, but also creators of public space. This consideration appeared during the previous century and constituted the core of the controversy about the “top-down” approach of urban planning, where decision-makers and experts decide about the future of a city without public participation. One of the planning approaches, which emerged from the aforementioned criticism, was the participatory approach, which can be conducted through different methods and techniques. A technique, used for public information or interaction, is “exhibits”, which consists of exposed plans, designs, photographs, drawings or other visual displays with certain topic or audience at a specific location.
In this context, Imagine the City (ITC) developed as a series of exhibitions aiming to sparkle the dialogue among different local groups of interest (public authorities, city experts and citizens) and to fill the gap between decision-making and the plentiness of regeneration proposals for the city. Since 2010, when it was launched in the city of Chalkida, it has been a living and open network, which explores new ways and procedures to experience and shape the urban landscape. There have already been such exhibitions in 13 cities, with the participation of 632 researchers and more than 40.000 citizens.
This paper seeks to investigate ITC’s local teams’ development and to analyse whether the exhibitions impacted local communities and decision-making. What was the internal structure of local teams and how each of them collaborated with the core team? Τo what extent, have the exhibitions raised public awareness about citizens’ potential role in urban planning, encouraged groups of local citizens, and affected the decision-making processes in cities?
AUTONOMA - Stefania Gyftopoulou, Asimina Paraskevopoulou - Towards co-product...
Crisis does not predefine a specific response. It is the act and the outcome of the critique; the mental act that leads to a response. Through the act of critique, crisis has the potential to produce different realities (knowledge, values and truths). Roitman (2011) elaborately explains that “crisis is constructed as an object of knowledge” creating a new ‘normalcy’ that in its turn influences our understanding not only of ourselves but also of the position we hold in our societies. Thus crisis is about becoming.
This paper by examining the case of Athens tries to explain the relationship among grassroots practicing their emancipating autonomy and collective political action in response to crisis and municipalities’ political agendas. Crisis, being both destructive and productive gradually educates the citizens to live with the loss of the city’s contested nature resulting in the establishment of a new social imaginary and form of citizenship.
We argue that the space of grassroots movements for addressing claims through revolutionary urban practices has shifted from the public realm to academic circles to local governments’ political agendas in the municipal level though participatory design projects. Citizenship conceptualized through its substantive aspects (Staeheli, 1999: 69) underlines the significance of peoples’ ability to function with autonomy, formulating political ideas, which in the Greek context are being reconfigured by collective and participatory processes.
Public consultations, participatory methodologies and design are introduced in the production of urban space, de-constructing the dipole expert (policy makers) – non expert (citizens), promoting a collaborative model of governance. This is perceived as democratization and co-production of knowledge in order to achieve equitable urban settings, discovering a new social consciousness in design and planning.
However, does this institutionalization of participatory processes expand the field for forming new realities, socially and spatially, or does it subtract the radical aspect of grassroots’ actions by appeasing public discontent?
AUTONOMA - David Birge, Kairav Shroff, Daniel Fink - Potential for Collective...
This document presents a spatial-financial model and test scenarios for collective ownership of industrial land in Somerville, MA. Scenario 1 models a minimum income group with $25,000 annual income per person. It shows positive cash flow and affordable housing costs. Scenario 2 models a maximum expansion group with $50,000 annual income and shows the collective can pay off development costs within 30 years. A third scenario models adding children and balanced savings. The document concludes collective land ownership shows potential to provide affordable and sustainable housing.
AUTONOMA - Godofredo Pereira, Platon Issaias -
The presentation will introduce the methodology of Architectural Design Studio 7 at the Royal College of Art, an educational platform that proposes to think space, subjectivity and life beyond the capitalist rationale. The focus on Ecologies of Existence aims to bring together material, environmental, technical, social and mental domains. In doing so it promotes a way to think and design ecologically, not so much by protecting existing ecologies, but as a project of generating conditions for different ones to emerge and affirm themselves. We argue that only in these terms can a properly ecological project take place. We understand architecture as a practice that has the ability to give consistency, or even to formalise, modes of living. In our view architecture gains its political relevance precisely when it is able to think space and its configurations in terms of living. And it is in this sense that we argue that architecture is a significant category of ecological struggle. Addressing the relations between space, subjectivity and modes of social organisation we aim to explore how collectives of living can become constituent political and spatial actors of the city by affirming through architecture their radical difference. Set against a background of neoliberal forms of urbanization and city making, the ADS7 studio has as its priority the speculation about alternative forms of social and spatial organisation. In the occasion of Autonoma conference, we will present a series of case studies and projects that envision new institutional forms, proposing alternative practices of governance and modes of living.
Recommended
AUTONOMA - Swati Pujari - Community Responses to the 2015 Gorakha Earthquake ...
On 25 April 2015, central Nepal was shaken by an earthquake of magnitude 7.6 which resulted in more than 8,000 causalities and more than 22,000 injuries. As with all such disasters, disproportionate negative effects towards the most marginalized groups were experienced. More than eight million lives, about one-third of the country’s population, were affected by the earthquake.
In the situation of such disaster, it was observed that the centralized government of Nepal was not prepared to deal with such a catastrophe. The statutory plans of the government were impeded by both structural and political factors. However, this disaster triggered many local citizen-led groups to activate and provide support. This paper observes the development of citizen-led groups in two historic settlements of the Kathmandu Valley – Sankhu and Bungamati, both of which were severely damaged by the earthquake. Although these citizen groups have already been formalize, their origins lie in informal self-organized actions, this paper explores the evolution of these groups and their decision making processes, and critiques them through the lens of urban governance theories.
An important factor in this paper is also the history of communal living and self-organization in the traditional settlements of Nepal guided by socio-cultural entities. Community based groups have evolved through centuries, therefore this paper studies their history and current stage, especially in the aftermaths of this major disaster. In some instances these local groups were able to find and mobilize resources and also work in collaboration with the government and other organizations, particularly UN-Habitat in Bungamati and UNESCO in Sankhu. The role of such groups in the development of collaborative governance and bottom-up decision making processes, increasing the resilience of the community and to find solutions to issues caused by the crisis, is further explored in this paper.
AUTONOMA - Guerilla Architects - Stadt:Symbiont
INITIAL STATUS
The creative industry becomes more and more a flexible working model of neoliberalism. Designers should in consequence be flexible enough to get involved with short-time jobs or precarious freelance work. But for lots of architects the self-employed work means also a dream of an independent and autonomous working, detached from authoritarian management structures. As there is no regular income it is often not possible to rent a proper office space for longer periods, cause the costs can't be covered permanently.
STADT:SYMBIONT
Stadt:Symbiont is a guideline for the autonomous creation of a central, durable and cost-effective working space in the city. Through re-interpretation of the parking regulations we adapt the space and reuse it as building site for our office.
According to german law, the parking of caravans is possible for a period of 2 weeks:
„Road traffic act (RTA) §12 Stopping and Parking
(2) Leaving your vehicle or stopping for more than 3 minutes means Stopping
(3b) Trailers without driving vehicle aren't allowed to park longer than 2 weeks. This applies to all regular marked parking areas.“
With the flexible office it is possible to tap this potential and to activate the public space. The periodic relocation enables a permanent examination of the surrounding urban space. Small-scale working space and large-scale city merge. The mobility enables to settle project-related at different locations. The strong visibility in the city and the hacking of its given infrastructure leads to a growing social network.
HACKING THE CITY
We understand the city itself as an existing network of diverse infrastructures, that everyone can use. Free Wifi, public canteens and sanitary facilities complete the Stadt:Symbiont and connect the small-scale office to the large-scale city.
AUTONOMA - Giulia Testori - Save the Comunas! They have what 'we' are strugg...
Alternative land property, autonomy in the decision-making, coproduction of space, direct democracy, safeguarding of the commons…may look like essential components of recent post-capitalist postulations. However, these characterizations have been typical features of an Ecuadorian administrative unit called comuna for more than 500 years.
During the past 50 years, the number of comunas within the Metropolitan District of Quito has been reduced by one fifth and Santa Clara de San Millan is one of the few surviving. Located on the slopes of the Pichincha Mountains could be described as a rural settlement, but simultaneously central in relation to Quito's commercial urban core.
Even if it is declared legal since 1911, it is protected by the Communes’ Law (Ley de Comuna 1937 and 2004) and it is recognized as a ‘Basic Participation Unit’ by the Ecuadorian Constitution (art. 248, 2008), Santa Clara’s existence is under threat, as its incorporation to the municipality’s jurisdiction would signify an increase of tax revenues and valuable ground for new investments.
It is here considered that instead, its very particular self-management far from top-down homogeneous urban planning, should be valorized through technical support and internal economy enforcement. Moreover, thanks to its ability to safeguard itself from contemporary issues as gentrification, market pressure on land and the totalitarian control of the State, it could become an exceptional driver of change also for other contexts of Quito.
This paper initially will retrace the history of this specific case, giving particular attention to the pillars of this organizational form, as the collaborative work of the minga and the democratic decision making of the asambleas. A second part will look at its legal framework and the pressure it is suffering and finally it considers the multiple potentialities and limits this peculiar 'administrative structure' holds vis à vis the richness that the Ecuadorian Constitution of the Buen Vivir has in store.
AUTONOMA - Orestes Kolokouris & Sofia Nikolaidou - Transition Movements in Gr...
Transition movements in cities are broadly emerging worldwide as new forms of alternative citizen-driven practices and socio-political participation addressing the raising awareness of environmental, economic, social, planning and food issues. Resistance initiatives for food and space justice discuss the growing concerns about the achievement of long-term security and resilience of food system especially in crisis contexts, about who has access and power to land or who is marginalized or excluded and how can community-based initiatives build self-reliant systems founded on ecological principles.
In Greece, the collapse of the consumption and construction-led growth after the period of economic euphoria and rapid GDP growth in the early 2000's and the consequent financial crisis that unfolded in mid-2008, have radically changed Greek society, politics and the economy. While the current depression and the dramatic humanitarian crisis have shifted politicians’ attention away from the climate and ecology, “transition and recovery movements” work hard to keep the environment on the agenda. In a time when traditional green movements and civil society actors are receding due to depression and uncertainty, alternative social movements related to urban agriculture or guerilla gardening initiatives, access to open/public space, solidarity economy, de-growth or real democracy, progress due to the crisis. In particular, initiatives that deal with issues such as urban poverty, food delocalization and environmental constraints favor the emergence of localised consumer-producer networks and spontaneous civic or pubic initiatives aiming at reintegrating agriculture into the city. In this article we focus on the development of new forms of social movements and solidarity initiatives that we consider to be part of the green ideals and could help the Greek society to get out of depression. We describe those social movements as “transition and recovery movements” for they address social and spatial injustices through new forms of space appropriation and decision-making which can redefine livelihoods in today’s Greek cities, create political space for civil society and build an enabling environment for new forms of democratic practice.
AUTONOMA - M. Kikidou, M. Patelida & G. Somarakis - Imagine the City
Public space, and especially public urban space has been recognised by many scientists as a part of “commons” for local communities. From this perspective, space and society are connected through a reciprocal relationship and residents are not only receivers, but also creators of public space. This consideration appeared during the previous century and constituted the core of the controversy about the “top-down” approach of urban planning, where decision-makers and experts decide about the future of a city without public participation. One of the planning approaches, which emerged from the aforementioned criticism, was the participatory approach, which can be conducted through different methods and techniques. A technique, used for public information or interaction, is “exhibits”, which consists of exposed plans, designs, photographs, drawings or other visual displays with certain topic or audience at a specific location.
In this context, Imagine the City (ITC) developed as a series of exhibitions aiming to sparkle the dialogue among different local groups of interest (public authorities, city experts and citizens) and to fill the gap between decision-making and the plentiness of regeneration proposals for the city. Since 2010, when it was launched in the city of Chalkida, it has been a living and open network, which explores new ways and procedures to experience and shape the urban landscape. There have already been such exhibitions in 13 cities, with the participation of 632 researchers and more than 40.000 citizens.
This paper seeks to investigate ITC’s local teams’ development and to analyse whether the exhibitions impacted local communities and decision-making. What was the internal structure of local teams and how each of them collaborated with the core team? Τo what extent, have the exhibitions raised public awareness about citizens’ potential role in urban planning, encouraged groups of local citizens, and affected the decision-making processes in cities?
AUTONOMA - Stefania Gyftopoulou, Asimina Paraskevopoulou - Towards co-product...
Crisis does not predefine a specific response. It is the act and the outcome of the critique; the mental act that leads to a response. Through the act of critique, crisis has the potential to produce different realities (knowledge, values and truths). Roitman (2011) elaborately explains that “crisis is constructed as an object of knowledge” creating a new ‘normalcy’ that in its turn influences our understanding not only of ourselves but also of the position we hold in our societies. Thus crisis is about becoming.
This paper by examining the case of Athens tries to explain the relationship among grassroots practicing their emancipating autonomy and collective political action in response to crisis and municipalities’ political agendas. Crisis, being both destructive and productive gradually educates the citizens to live with the loss of the city’s contested nature resulting in the establishment of a new social imaginary and form of citizenship.
We argue that the space of grassroots movements for addressing claims through revolutionary urban practices has shifted from the public realm to academic circles to local governments’ political agendas in the municipal level though participatory design projects. Citizenship conceptualized through its substantive aspects (Staeheli, 1999: 69) underlines the significance of peoples’ ability to function with autonomy, formulating political ideas, which in the Greek context are being reconfigured by collective and participatory processes.
Public consultations, participatory methodologies and design are introduced in the production of urban space, de-constructing the dipole expert (policy makers) – non expert (citizens), promoting a collaborative model of governance. This is perceived as democratization and co-production of knowledge in order to achieve equitable urban settings, discovering a new social consciousness in design and planning.
However, does this institutionalization of participatory processes expand the field for forming new realities, socially and spatially, or does it subtract the radical aspect of grassroots’ actions by appeasing public discontent?
AUTONOMA - David Birge, Kairav Shroff, Daniel Fink - Potential for Collective...
This document presents a spatial-financial model and test scenarios for collective ownership of industrial land in Somerville, MA. Scenario 1 models a minimum income group with $25,000 annual income per person. It shows positive cash flow and affordable housing costs. Scenario 2 models a maximum expansion group with $50,000 annual income and shows the collective can pay off development costs within 30 years. A third scenario models adding children and balanced savings. The document concludes collective land ownership shows potential to provide affordable and sustainable housing.
AUTONOMA - Godofredo Pereira, Platon Issaias -
The presentation will introduce the methodology of Architectural Design Studio 7 at the Royal College of Art, an educational platform that proposes to think space, subjectivity and life beyond the capitalist rationale. The focus on Ecologies of Existence aims to bring together material, environmental, technical, social and mental domains. In doing so it promotes a way to think and design ecologically, not so much by protecting existing ecologies, but as a project of generating conditions for different ones to emerge and affirm themselves. We argue that only in these terms can a properly ecological project take place. We understand architecture as a practice that has the ability to give consistency, or even to formalise, modes of living. In our view architecture gains its political relevance precisely when it is able to think space and its configurations in terms of living. And it is in this sense that we argue that architecture is a significant category of ecological struggle. Addressing the relations between space, subjectivity and modes of social organisation we aim to explore how collectives of living can become constituent political and spatial actors of the city by affirming through architecture their radical difference. Set against a background of neoliberal forms of urbanization and city making, the ADS7 studio has as its priority the speculation about alternative forms of social and spatial organisation. In the occasion of Autonoma conference, we will present a series of case studies and projects that envision new institutional forms, proposing alternative practices of governance and modes of living.
AUTONOMA - Quirino Spinelli - Refugee Spaces within the Contemporary European...
The increase of asylum seekers in Europe determines the demand for new spaces that must firstly fulfill the reception in response to emergency conditions. The regulation of the phenomenon is at the center of the Agenda of the European Union that, on September 22 2015, scheduled to place hundred and twenty thousand refugees. What I would like to point out here is that this issue is deeply urban because it is changing the city through the new ways in which the city is inhabited.
In Turin, the phenomenon assumes particularly interesting characters. Immigration policies, operating within the institutional programs, come up beside the initiatives promoted by the political activism that is attempting to build a parallel model of self-managed care and protection. Both the forms face the same condition of poverty alongside the many other dimensions of poverty that are now strongly visible again within the city. Self-managed initiatives, however, appear to have a greater ability to occupy abandoned or hardly used spaces.
The Olympic Village is one of these spaces: for its size and characteristics, it is now a real urban camp. The Village hosts a sort of self-managed enclave whose spaces are governed and regulated to ensure protection and safety. Here, commercial activities are regulated by a micro-credit system, cultural and recreational activities are promoted through specific programs, there is a school, a space dedicated to legal advice, to health care and professional training.
Within the framework of policies for refugees, the Olympic Village seems to stage a poor way of living that aims to be exemplary as it expresses so many virtues in managing conditions of scarcity and exhibiting economic emancipation. Observing this contradictory place can help us to reflect about the European City, the ways it is changing and its ability to integrate and exclude.
AUTONOMA - Haris Biskos, Martha Giannakopoulou, Clelia Thermou - Traces of Co...
While most of the cities in the world lack space, the city of Athens, an urban context severely hit by the financial crisis, has 30% of its building reserve empty. The city’s ground-floor network, once the steaming engine of its urban welfare, has now become a redundant landscape of empty pocket spaces. Within this pragmatic context of emerging decay, «TRACES OF COMMERCE» is organized as an initiative aiming to bring back to a state of activity a symbolic vacant space of Athens, «Stoa Emporon» (Arcade of Merchants). A dead zone in the heart of Athens city center which remained stagnant, with its small shops being empty, with no activity during the last decade. The vision of the initiative was the re-birth of this symbolic public space through the establishment of a productive platform with interdisciplinary synergies that opens up to the city.
«TRACES OF COMMERCE» initiative first begun in May 2014 hosting 12 diverse creative collaborations who experimented on the dipole theme «old-new commerce» generating an environment of participatory activities with the engagement of local community agents into open collaborative workshops.
The program launched its 2nd phase in December 2014 under the umbrella «NEW CREATIVE CELLS OF EXCHANGE». Following an open call for proposals, 10 shops of Stoa Emporon were assigned for free, for a period of 8 months, to creative start-ups and small entrepreneurial collaborations who transformed the empty shops of the arcade into a transparent laboratory for the exchange of knowledge.
AUTONOMA - Cameron Tonkinwise - Being Shared: Designing with Transitions in M...
Though they share the word design, the practices of urban design and product design share little in principles and processes. The technologies underlying ‘Smart Cities’ enable a convergence around the ‘Interaction Design’ of connected devices and environments. The focus of Social Practice Theory also points to the importance of these mid-sized mediators for determining the regimes of urban life as lived. How then should we do urban scale interaction design?
This is not merely a pragmatic question. What is at issue in the politics of autonomia in the context of collective cities is a choice about scale, mediating between the resistant smallness of subsistence and acceding to global flows of capital. To use an old language, how to interaction design ways of dwelling in cities no longer structured by grand narratives?
These practical and theoretical issues will be discussed through a case study of Sharing Economies and the way these initiatives quickly switched from resistant systems for product sharing to appropriate systems of labor cooption.
AUTONOMA - Ceyda Sungur & Emmy Ifigeneia Karimali - Urbanization in the Confl...
More than three decades of Kurdish struggle, “the Peace Process” could only progress in recent years under the rule of Justice and Development Party (AKP). However the success of pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Democratic Party (Halkların Demokratik Partisi, HDP) in June 2015 election of Turkey, and gains of Kurdish struggle in Syrian-Turkey border against ISIS, state violence sparkled anew in Kurdish cities of Turkey. In August, the declaration of self-governance (öz yönetim) in Kurdish districts of Turkey faced with an extensive and brutal state military operation and state of siege. Accordingly, government’s declaration for the need of urban renewal and urgent expropriation of corresponding districts released as a gloss over of approximately 300 civilians’ death by curfews held in 20 districts of 7 cities by state armed forces with heavy artillery evacuation and bombarded buildings and houses. At least 1 million 377 thousand residents have been affected by, almost 60 time imposed, curfews and up to half million people where displaced. We argue that operations’ ultimate aim is to marginalize and debilitate the opponent self-governance paradigm of Kurdish movement through re-construction of central districts profitable and amenable to state control. Urban planning emerges as the new means of population politics of Turkish state not only on the behalf of spatial control but also assimilation and denial of a specific Kurdish identity that is shaped within Kurdish movement’s political paradigm. Moreover, escalating state violence as a response to declaration of self-governance caused destruction in urban centers Cizre, Sur and Silopi, which depicts the urbanization of state’s Kurdish policies through accumulation by dispossession. This paper seeks to elaborate on conflicting socio-spatial production relations of Kurdish self-governance’s promises with state institutions. Furthermore, we will focus on planning policies as a tool to wash away the trail of destruction & struggle and dispossession in Sur - known as one of the ancient centers of Mesopotamia. Urban regeneration policies of AKP government in last 15 years, regulations, declarations of party representatives, parliamentary minutes and interviews will be used to narrate aforementioned socio-spatial production relations. As a result we hope this paper will raise voice for the current struggle of peace in Turkey.
AUTONOMA - Dalia Munenzon - Continental Islands: Ceuta and Gibraltar A typolo...
Continental Islands (CIs) are a geomorphologic formation of land disconnected from the mainland while maintaining the same on continental shelf. This characteristic of connectivity and remoteness blurs the CIs relation to the geopolitical territory of the ‘mainland’. The geographical constraints & geopolitical ambiguity sets the CIs in an important infrastructural role in global political economy as spaces of exchange, trade and circulation. Consequently this multilayered aspect attracts competition over political and economic resources, which results in a social and urban spatial re-organization. The CIs discussed in this paper located on both banks of the Strait of Gibraltar in the Mediterranean. They are divided between Africa and Europe: Ceuta, a Spanish autonomous city surrounded by Morocco; and Gibraltar, a British overseas territory surrounded by Spain. Thus both territories are separated from their hinterlands and mainland. This paper explores the CIs as a typology of operational, transactional and infrastructural spaces and develops a design strategy, which will lead to the fulfillment of the autonomic potential of these territories.
Historically, both Ceuta and Gibraltar maintain extensive military infrastructure across their territories and are both dependent on their respective mainlands. This fact is a clear sign of their strategic geopolitical importance - an imperialistic manifestation of power and control. As a result of this relationship civilian and social infrastructures are marginalized and neglected by the mainland policymakers. Following the reduction of the military involvement in Gibraltar, the territory accepted it’s partial emancipation and used the new status as a tool for attraction of undisclosed and lucrative economic activities. On the other hand Ceuta is currently fully supported by Spain and functions as a black commodity market, transport hub and geopolitical territorial currency, while sustaining 32% of unemployment and a large immigrant community. In this paper the CI strategy will be examined by applying a new contrarian scenario of extended emancipation, which will suggest a future where local sociopolitical movements will transform Ceuta and Gibraltar and will set them as important nodes in the global economic nexus.
AUTONOMA - Anselmo Canha, Sara Moreira - Neither public nor private: “Baldio”
This paper presents the case of a group of non-profit associations, co-ops and researchers from Porto, Portugal, aimed at retrieving in an urban area the ancestral dynamics of communal property management – the “Baldio” (common land).
The group gathers alternative networks of production, consumption and distribution of food, social currency, artistic projects and independent platforms of communication, critical thinking and activism.
The group got together by the need for a physical space, the affinity between their activities and the shared will to experiment ways of producing the commons in common – providing alternatives to current forms of association and production that deprive the collective of the management of resources and shared future.
In the rural traditions of Galicia and Northern Portugal, “Baldio” is a communal property status applied to lands that belong neither to the formal public domain nor the private: they are based on a title in which “compartes” (counterparts) self-organize to meet their needs together.
In a city currently committed to a narrow and short-term survival mode, based on tourism and entertainment, reflecting trends in the globalized world, the group elected “Baldio” as an inheritance to seed and nourish a joint path of unrest and divergence.
The process, the research and the paper address four starting dilemmas:
How to cultivate autonomy before the enclosure of privatization?
How to assure survival and vitality while remaining aside from mercantilist logic?
How to envisage identity and language as tools of change, which means, without curtailing future possibilities?
In short, how to maintain a fruitful, rooted state of questioning, that does not deplete itself as an entrenched result, model, dead law?
The methodology is divided into documental research, dialogue with contexts currently operating in Baldio regime, dialogue between the group members, and the recognition of empathies in the city of Porto.
AUTONOMA - Casa-Comuna Cooperativa, Asociación Cooperativa Taller de Arquitec...
In only three decades, Mesoamerica shifted from a traditional agro-export economic model to one based on services, trade and transnational finance—especially dependent on migrant remittances and global corporate capital. In a much tormented region with a stubborn history of rebellions and failures in making a less unjust society, Casa-Comuna Cooperativa was conceived in the context of the 2015 Guatemalan citizen uprising as a self-managed cooperative platform grounded on the non-speculative social production of housing. Mixed-income dwellers are supported by a crossed-contributions financial mechanism to counter urban segregation and income inequality. The project is based on a ‘right of use’ cooperative model for the collective ownership of housing in central urban areas. Within and against capital, an insurance-based data-mining cuasi-algorithm provides the backing for a communal investment trust that allows for collective financing—including migrant remittances—as a vehicle to productively link urban and rural members in the region. The cooperative is constituted by four modes of memberships—dweller-member, migrant-member, collaborator-member and investor-member—each participating with different co-responsibilities, and contributing in distinct capacities to the established communal trust. Dweller-members self-manage their living quarters and benefit from a work insurance and collective relief fund. Migrant-members, while not necessarily living within the housing cooperative, participate as long-distance collaborators and benefit from time-sharing a housing unit and the optionality for becoming dweller-members. Collaborator-members benefit from the cooperative’s cultural and self-education activities. And finally, investor-members have access to fair-economy investment possibilities linked to productive spaces within the cooperative’s quarters. Architecture and design are ultimately deployed as a self-management apparatus for the social inclusion and the production of communal living and working spaces.
AUTONOMA - Laura Williams - The 'New' Frontiers
At this moment, California is in economic, political, and developmental turmoil. Leading economic sectors are changing, the segregation between California’s coastal hubs and its middle land is undeniable, and its transport network is both clogged and deteriorating. However, California is still a productive cornucopia of resources: valuable land for development, the agriculturally fertile central valley, and an increasingly skilled work force. Embedded in these two Californias, the deteriorating and the prosperous, are low density residential units that extend in every direction but the ocean. The northern edge of Los Angeles, though, is so geologically extreme that this sprawl has not leapt across the San Gabriel Mountains. Instead, urban expansion on the edge has founded stand-in towns, staging and production areas for the Los Angeles Basin and gateway to the Central Valley. Simultaneously, this is the ground of exchange between the glamour and mythos of Los Angeles and the wholly separate agrarian societies of the Central Valley and High Desert.
There are two potentials here, the first is in reinventing the way in which cities are expanded: a replicable typology that takes advantage of robust infrastructures but reimagines their connections with embedded focus points. The second is to acknowledge the history and character of northern Los Angeles as gateway to the High Desert and Central Valley, and reimagine a way in which inhabitants of these more rural societies can be connected to new economies and opportunities through existing logistics spaces.
In the years since the American financial crisis there has been a rise in temporary employment, not just in the traditional sectors of the farmworker or seasonal salesman, but across industries from manufacturing to business. These workers come from a variety of backgrounds and operate in any number of sectors and locations, but are connected through their constant condition of domestic transience. In rethinking the edges of cities we must also interrogate the territories they are encroaching upon, and can perhaps begin to imagine a new system of shared domestic spaces that operates opportunistically within existing infrastructural and logistics spaces. This paper will interrogate the territories between cities, those simultaneously on the edge and in the middle, and reimagine how the mobile workforce can take advantage of infrastructural connectivity to enhance their personal autonomy.
AUTONOMA - Jason Rebillot - Environmentalism and the Postindustrial Neoprolet...
This document discusses the relationship between postindustrial economies, personal autonomy, environmentalism, and decentralization. It argues that technological advances can increase personal and collective autonomy, but only if coupled with decentralization. Decentralization promotes self-sufficiency and minimizes societies' impacts on ecosystems. The document advocates for smaller-scale, ecologically-focused communities and neighborhoods as a more sustainable model of urban development and administration compared to centralized systems.
AUTONOMA - Matina Kapsali / Maria Karagianni - Experimenting with urban garde...
This document discusses two urban gardening initiatives in Thessaloniki, Greece: Kipos3 and PERKA. Kipos3 was formed in 2014 in an urban area near the city center by architects and an agriculturist, and aims to transform unused urban spaces into common gardening areas. PERKA was formed in 2011 at a former military camp by citizens seeking to cultivate the land organically based on principles of solidarity and self-sufficiency. The document analyzes the initiatives through the theoretical frameworks of urban political ecology and urban commons, examining their imaginaries and everyday practices. It finds that while Kipos3 introduces new public spaces through expertise, PERKA more strongly challenges social and spatial norms through collective decision
AUTONOMA - Konstantinos Christodoulidis - Agroecology, Market and Autonomy
Agroecology as a term stands for an integrated approach to farming and environmental management practices for the emergence of regenerative, agro-productive ecosystems. It is becoming increasingly prominent within the ecological discourse, as it conceptualizes human habitat with terms of ecosystem flows and thus subtends concepts from farming to urban metabolism and from contemporary life sciences to timeless traditions. This paper aims to provide a brief presentation of agroecology's core concepts and will focus on their prospects for economic autonomy and how this is irrevocably linked to trade.
Manuel DeLanda's discource on “markets and antimarkets” (large, competing oligopolies and self-organized meshworks of small firms), as well as other writings of political ecologists, have described the historicity of cities as agglomerations for consumers of a much broader network of organic flows (amongst other flows), and how links to urban markets have proven indispensable for rural life. Furthermore, researchers (notably Altieri) have dealt with the interrelation between agroecology and autonomy in the context of contemporary Latin America and regard agroecology as being between a merely scientific approach and a political struggle for territory. Last but not least, many ecological projects carry a message of betterment, that results from a set of practices mediated as a cultural and political participation to the urban condition, that either tries to reform and mitigate it's impact or tries to abolish it's very content and establish a direct alternative outside it's physical boundaries.
Contemplating on these differences and forming links, between the urge to “naturalize” processes and to “rationalize” agroproduction, between conceptions of autonomy as symbolic challenges within the urban condition and as actual manifestations of insular communities and between nature as a relational discourse and an external “law of the need”, consists of the prime expediency of this study.
AUTONOMA - Nikos Anastasopoulos - Autonomy: Reflections on Scale and Complexity
This document discusses autonomy and complexity through examples from Greece and Ecuador. It examines initiatives and projects in both countries that explore bottom-up and top-down approaches to governance, including universities, research centers, parks, and communities working on open knowledge, rights to land, and sustainable living. Case studies highlighted include Yachay and IKIAM in Ecuador, Navarinou Park and Elpidohori in Greece, and how they investigate autonomous and complex social systems through both grassroots and institutional frameworks.
AUTONOMA - Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée - Co-Producing the City: The Acti...
Co-production has become a buzzword in our times of austerity: it posits the necessity to engage citizens in the provision of public services in a context where these services have become inefficient and need reforming, and where the welfare state is no longer there to organise them. If co-production is currently seen as an economic and social solution to this problem, we also understand it as a shift in the power relationships revolving around services and production. In a context of urban transformation, co-production is also able to become a political project rooted in Lefebvre’s idea of the ‘social production of space’. It is not only about the manner in which public needs are to be met, but also about citizens’ rights. In this case, the citizens’ right to the city does not only mean the right to occupy urban space, but also means to decide how the city is developed, managed and used. Also, given the imperative to adapt and find solutions to the long term environmental and economic crises societies face today, our cities need to become more resilient, need to organise in order to adjust and thrive in rapidly changing circumstances. This need for resilience, which cities have little capacity to deal with at this moment in time, in fact comes with a ‘right to resilience for all citizens’, a right to be informed about, decide, act upon and manage the future of cities. This would be an ambitious co-production project that should involve the entire urban population and a project that needs ideas, tools and spaces, time and agency.
Atelier d’architecture autogérée (aaa) believes that architects can be such reforming activators. aaa’s participatory projects presented at the exhibition are EcoBox – a network of temporary and mobile self-managed spaces in La Chapelle area (Paris 18e), Passage 56 – an ecological and cultural urban interstice located in St. Blaise area (Paris 20e), and R-Urban – a bottom-up strategy of resilient regeneration through everyday life eco-practices, shared uses, collective governance, local and trans-local networks and collective hubs co-produced by the city dwellers, currently implemented in Colombes, a suburban town in the North West of Paris, and in Hackney Wick, London.
AUTONOMA - Stavros Stavrides - Common spaces as potential spaces of autonomy:...
This document discusses common spaces and autonomy through commoning practices. It argues that common spaces are social relations between groups and their environments, not just physical things. Commoning practices shape emerging collective identities and produce shared values. Threshold commons that belong to all and none could emancipate by inventing institutions open to negotiation between open identities. Commoning initiatives today prefigure more just societies by transforming lives and rethinking politics through practices of sharing and cooperation. True autonomy is a process where new social organizations emerge that are independent of the state.
AUTONOMA - Maria Kaika - The Alchemy of Water… or… how fighting for the urban...
Over the last three decades, the promise for a better environment and a better life turned from a collective affair into a private affair. When Bush, Blair, Sarkozy, etc. promised better environment, education, housing, and health for all, the real promise was one of enabling everybody to become deeply indebted in order to purchase their future welfare credits. It was a promise which enrolled livelihoods, bodies, and the future labour of whole nations into global financial speculative mechanisms, and turned millions of people across the globe into Indebted Wo/men (Lazzarato 2007), a new bio-political subject whose future depends on the performance of global financial markets. The paper focuses on two movements (SOSte-to-nero and 136) that questioned this process. The movements (both with close links to the water company’s trade union in Thessaloniki, Greece) instituted a radical gesture which took citizens outside the cadre of defining themselves as indebted subjects whose sole option is to sell their commons to global speculators. Instead of simply protesting against privatization, they raised funds (136-euros-per-citizen) and bid against global giants like Suez for buying back the water company when it came up for sale. This turned powerless indebted citizens into potentially powerful decision makers, through an alchemy that turned their money from mere purchasing power, into real capital, i.e. into ability to control decisions and allocate resources. This radical gesture opens up a politics against a pending ‘anthropological catastrophe’ (Castoriadis 1987), i.e. of establishing the indebted wo/man as the inevitable anthropological category for financial capitalism.
AUTONOMA - Leopold Lambert - Political Friendships: Arhipelic Autonomies
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
AUTONOMA - Rafi Segal - Architecture of Collective Living
Technology, changing habits of living, emerging economies of sharing, have all contributed to new notions of community. Collectiveness re-appears not necessarily as a political ideology,
dictated top-down by the institution or state, but rather a voluntarily adapted sustainable - social principle, environmentally conscious and more so a means to recover a sense of belonging and human connection
within our global and technologically driven world.
My presentation will discuss two projects of contemporary collective forms of living – one set within a semi-rural (agro-urban) environment of a kibbutz in Israel and the other within the dense mid-town of NYC. Both cases combine pre-designed and self-organizing aspects within a single architectural-urban project, and reveal the role of design in envisioning alternative spatial relationships between the private and public, individual and collective space.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadership
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
Updated diagnosis. Cause and treatment of hypothyroidism
Types, classification, causes, diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism
Presentatie 4. Jochen Cremer - TU Delft 28 mei 2024
Dutch Power Event
“AI – Navigeren naar de toekomst?”
Op 28 mei 2024 bij Info Support.
2024-05-30_meetup_devops_aix-marseille.pdf
Slides de notre meetup DevOps AixMarseille du 30 mai 2024 chez SmarTribune
Sujets: platform engineering / terragrunt / test containers
Tom tresser burning issue.pptx My Burning issue
Addressing the status of black home ownership in America. and what actions are taken to impact these trends.
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AUTONOMA - Quirino Spinelli - Refugee Spaces within the Contemporary European...
The increase of asylum seekers in Europe determines the demand for new spaces that must firstly fulfill the reception in response to emergency conditions. The regulation of the phenomenon is at the center of the Agenda of the European Union that, on September 22 2015, scheduled to place hundred and twenty thousand refugees. What I would like to point out here is that this issue is deeply urban because it is changing the city through the new ways in which the city is inhabited.
In Turin, the phenomenon assumes particularly interesting characters. Immigration policies, operating within the institutional programs, come up beside the initiatives promoted by the political activism that is attempting to build a parallel model of self-managed care and protection. Both the forms face the same condition of poverty alongside the many other dimensions of poverty that are now strongly visible again within the city. Self-managed initiatives, however, appear to have a greater ability to occupy abandoned or hardly used spaces.
The Olympic Village is one of these spaces: for its size and characteristics, it is now a real urban camp. The Village hosts a sort of self-managed enclave whose spaces are governed and regulated to ensure protection and safety. Here, commercial activities are regulated by a micro-credit system, cultural and recreational activities are promoted through specific programs, there is a school, a space dedicated to legal advice, to health care and professional training.
Within the framework of policies for refugees, the Olympic Village seems to stage a poor way of living that aims to be exemplary as it expresses so many virtues in managing conditions of scarcity and exhibiting economic emancipation. Observing this contradictory place can help us to reflect about the European City, the ways it is changing and its ability to integrate and exclude.
AUTONOMA - Haris Biskos, Martha Giannakopoulou, Clelia Thermou - Traces of Co...
While most of the cities in the world lack space, the city of Athens, an urban context severely hit by the financial crisis, has 30% of its building reserve empty. The city’s ground-floor network, once the steaming engine of its urban welfare, has now become a redundant landscape of empty pocket spaces. Within this pragmatic context of emerging decay, «TRACES OF COMMERCE» is organized as an initiative aiming to bring back to a state of activity a symbolic vacant space of Athens, «Stoa Emporon» (Arcade of Merchants). A dead zone in the heart of Athens city center which remained stagnant, with its small shops being empty, with no activity during the last decade. The vision of the initiative was the re-birth of this symbolic public space through the establishment of a productive platform with interdisciplinary synergies that opens up to the city.
«TRACES OF COMMERCE» initiative first begun in May 2014 hosting 12 diverse creative collaborations who experimented on the dipole theme «old-new commerce» generating an environment of participatory activities with the engagement of local community agents into open collaborative workshops.
The program launched its 2nd phase in December 2014 under the umbrella «NEW CREATIVE CELLS OF EXCHANGE». Following an open call for proposals, 10 shops of Stoa Emporon were assigned for free, for a period of 8 months, to creative start-ups and small entrepreneurial collaborations who transformed the empty shops of the arcade into a transparent laboratory for the exchange of knowledge.
AUTONOMA - Cameron Tonkinwise - Being Shared: Designing with Transitions in M...
Though they share the word design, the practices of urban design and product design share little in principles and processes. The technologies underlying ‘Smart Cities’ enable a convergence around the ‘Interaction Design’ of connected devices and environments. The focus of Social Practice Theory also points to the importance of these mid-sized mediators for determining the regimes of urban life as lived. How then should we do urban scale interaction design?
This is not merely a pragmatic question. What is at issue in the politics of autonomia in the context of collective cities is a choice about scale, mediating between the resistant smallness of subsistence and acceding to global flows of capital. To use an old language, how to interaction design ways of dwelling in cities no longer structured by grand narratives?
These practical and theoretical issues will be discussed through a case study of Sharing Economies and the way these initiatives quickly switched from resistant systems for product sharing to appropriate systems of labor cooption.
AUTONOMA - Ceyda Sungur & Emmy Ifigeneia Karimali - Urbanization in the Confl...
More than three decades of Kurdish struggle, “the Peace Process” could only progress in recent years under the rule of Justice and Development Party (AKP). However the success of pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Democratic Party (Halkların Demokratik Partisi, HDP) in June 2015 election of Turkey, and gains of Kurdish struggle in Syrian-Turkey border against ISIS, state violence sparkled anew in Kurdish cities of Turkey. In August, the declaration of self-governance (öz yönetim) in Kurdish districts of Turkey faced with an extensive and brutal state military operation and state of siege. Accordingly, government’s declaration for the need of urban renewal and urgent expropriation of corresponding districts released as a gloss over of approximately 300 civilians’ death by curfews held in 20 districts of 7 cities by state armed forces with heavy artillery evacuation and bombarded buildings and houses. At least 1 million 377 thousand residents have been affected by, almost 60 time imposed, curfews and up to half million people where displaced. We argue that operations’ ultimate aim is to marginalize and debilitate the opponent self-governance paradigm of Kurdish movement through re-construction of central districts profitable and amenable to state control. Urban planning emerges as the new means of population politics of Turkish state not only on the behalf of spatial control but also assimilation and denial of a specific Kurdish identity that is shaped within Kurdish movement’s political paradigm. Moreover, escalating state violence as a response to declaration of self-governance caused destruction in urban centers Cizre, Sur and Silopi, which depicts the urbanization of state’s Kurdish policies through accumulation by dispossession. This paper seeks to elaborate on conflicting socio-spatial production relations of Kurdish self-governance’s promises with state institutions. Furthermore, we will focus on planning policies as a tool to wash away the trail of destruction & struggle and dispossession in Sur - known as one of the ancient centers of Mesopotamia. Urban regeneration policies of AKP government in last 15 years, regulations, declarations of party representatives, parliamentary minutes and interviews will be used to narrate aforementioned socio-spatial production relations. As a result we hope this paper will raise voice for the current struggle of peace in Turkey.
AUTONOMA - Dalia Munenzon - Continental Islands: Ceuta and Gibraltar A typolo...
Continental Islands (CIs) are a geomorphologic formation of land disconnected from the mainland while maintaining the same on continental shelf. This characteristic of connectivity and remoteness blurs the CIs relation to the geopolitical territory of the ‘mainland’. The geographical constraints & geopolitical ambiguity sets the CIs in an important infrastructural role in global political economy as spaces of exchange, trade and circulation. Consequently this multilayered aspect attracts competition over political and economic resources, which results in a social and urban spatial re-organization. The CIs discussed in this paper located on both banks of the Strait of Gibraltar in the Mediterranean. They are divided between Africa and Europe: Ceuta, a Spanish autonomous city surrounded by Morocco; and Gibraltar, a British overseas territory surrounded by Spain. Thus both territories are separated from their hinterlands and mainland. This paper explores the CIs as a typology of operational, transactional and infrastructural spaces and develops a design strategy, which will lead to the fulfillment of the autonomic potential of these territories.
Historically, both Ceuta and Gibraltar maintain extensive military infrastructure across their territories and are both dependent on their respective mainlands. This fact is a clear sign of their strategic geopolitical importance - an imperialistic manifestation of power and control. As a result of this relationship civilian and social infrastructures are marginalized and neglected by the mainland policymakers. Following the reduction of the military involvement in Gibraltar, the territory accepted it’s partial emancipation and used the new status as a tool for attraction of undisclosed and lucrative economic activities. On the other hand Ceuta is currently fully supported by Spain and functions as a black commodity market, transport hub and geopolitical territorial currency, while sustaining 32% of unemployment and a large immigrant community. In this paper the CI strategy will be examined by applying a new contrarian scenario of extended emancipation, which will suggest a future where local sociopolitical movements will transform Ceuta and Gibraltar and will set them as important nodes in the global economic nexus.
AUTONOMA - Anselmo Canha, Sara Moreira - Neither public nor private: “Baldio”
This paper presents the case of a group of non-profit associations, co-ops and researchers from Porto, Portugal, aimed at retrieving in an urban area the ancestral dynamics of communal property management – the “Baldio” (common land).
The group gathers alternative networks of production, consumption and distribution of food, social currency, artistic projects and independent platforms of communication, critical thinking and activism.
The group got together by the need for a physical space, the affinity between their activities and the shared will to experiment ways of producing the commons in common – providing alternatives to current forms of association and production that deprive the collective of the management of resources and shared future.
In the rural traditions of Galicia and Northern Portugal, “Baldio” is a communal property status applied to lands that belong neither to the formal public domain nor the private: they are based on a title in which “compartes” (counterparts) self-organize to meet their needs together.
In a city currently committed to a narrow and short-term survival mode, based on tourism and entertainment, reflecting trends in the globalized world, the group elected “Baldio” as an inheritance to seed and nourish a joint path of unrest and divergence.
The process, the research and the paper address four starting dilemmas:
How to cultivate autonomy before the enclosure of privatization?
How to assure survival and vitality while remaining aside from mercantilist logic?
How to envisage identity and language as tools of change, which means, without curtailing future possibilities?
In short, how to maintain a fruitful, rooted state of questioning, that does not deplete itself as an entrenched result, model, dead law?
The methodology is divided into documental research, dialogue with contexts currently operating in Baldio regime, dialogue between the group members, and the recognition of empathies in the city of Porto.
AUTONOMA - Casa-Comuna Cooperativa, Asociación Cooperativa Taller de Arquitec...
In only three decades, Mesoamerica shifted from a traditional agro-export economic model to one based on services, trade and transnational finance—especially dependent on migrant remittances and global corporate capital. In a much tormented region with a stubborn history of rebellions and failures in making a less unjust society, Casa-Comuna Cooperativa was conceived in the context of the 2015 Guatemalan citizen uprising as a self-managed cooperative platform grounded on the non-speculative social production of housing. Mixed-income dwellers are supported by a crossed-contributions financial mechanism to counter urban segregation and income inequality. The project is based on a ‘right of use’ cooperative model for the collective ownership of housing in central urban areas. Within and against capital, an insurance-based data-mining cuasi-algorithm provides the backing for a communal investment trust that allows for collective financing—including migrant remittances—as a vehicle to productively link urban and rural members in the region. The cooperative is constituted by four modes of memberships—dweller-member, migrant-member, collaborator-member and investor-member—each participating with different co-responsibilities, and contributing in distinct capacities to the established communal trust. Dweller-members self-manage their living quarters and benefit from a work insurance and collective relief fund. Migrant-members, while not necessarily living within the housing cooperative, participate as long-distance collaborators and benefit from time-sharing a housing unit and the optionality for becoming dweller-members. Collaborator-members benefit from the cooperative’s cultural and self-education activities. And finally, investor-members have access to fair-economy investment possibilities linked to productive spaces within the cooperative’s quarters. Architecture and design are ultimately deployed as a self-management apparatus for the social inclusion and the production of communal living and working spaces.
AUTONOMA - Laura Williams - The 'New' Frontiers
At this moment, California is in economic, political, and developmental turmoil. Leading economic sectors are changing, the segregation between California’s coastal hubs and its middle land is undeniable, and its transport network is both clogged and deteriorating. However, California is still a productive cornucopia of resources: valuable land for development, the agriculturally fertile central valley, and an increasingly skilled work force. Embedded in these two Californias, the deteriorating and the prosperous, are low density residential units that extend in every direction but the ocean. The northern edge of Los Angeles, though, is so geologically extreme that this sprawl has not leapt across the San Gabriel Mountains. Instead, urban expansion on the edge has founded stand-in towns, staging and production areas for the Los Angeles Basin and gateway to the Central Valley. Simultaneously, this is the ground of exchange between the glamour and mythos of Los Angeles and the wholly separate agrarian societies of the Central Valley and High Desert.
There are two potentials here, the first is in reinventing the way in which cities are expanded: a replicable typology that takes advantage of robust infrastructures but reimagines their connections with embedded focus points. The second is to acknowledge the history and character of northern Los Angeles as gateway to the High Desert and Central Valley, and reimagine a way in which inhabitants of these more rural societies can be connected to new economies and opportunities through existing logistics spaces.
In the years since the American financial crisis there has been a rise in temporary employment, not just in the traditional sectors of the farmworker or seasonal salesman, but across industries from manufacturing to business. These workers come from a variety of backgrounds and operate in any number of sectors and locations, but are connected through their constant condition of domestic transience. In rethinking the edges of cities we must also interrogate the territories they are encroaching upon, and can perhaps begin to imagine a new system of shared domestic spaces that operates opportunistically within existing infrastructural and logistics spaces. This paper will interrogate the territories between cities, those simultaneously on the edge and in the middle, and reimagine how the mobile workforce can take advantage of infrastructural connectivity to enhance their personal autonomy.
AUTONOMA - Jason Rebillot - Environmentalism and the Postindustrial Neoprolet...
This document discusses the relationship between postindustrial economies, personal autonomy, environmentalism, and decentralization. It argues that technological advances can increase personal and collective autonomy, but only if coupled with decentralization. Decentralization promotes self-sufficiency and minimizes societies' impacts on ecosystems. The document advocates for smaller-scale, ecologically-focused communities and neighborhoods as a more sustainable model of urban development and administration compared to centralized systems.
AUTONOMA - Matina Kapsali / Maria Karagianni - Experimenting with urban garde...
This document discusses two urban gardening initiatives in Thessaloniki, Greece: Kipos3 and PERKA. Kipos3 was formed in 2014 in an urban area near the city center by architects and an agriculturist, and aims to transform unused urban spaces into common gardening areas. PERKA was formed in 2011 at a former military camp by citizens seeking to cultivate the land organically based on principles of solidarity and self-sufficiency. The document analyzes the initiatives through the theoretical frameworks of urban political ecology and urban commons, examining their imaginaries and everyday practices. It finds that while Kipos3 introduces new public spaces through expertise, PERKA more strongly challenges social and spatial norms through collective decision
AUTONOMA - Konstantinos Christodoulidis - Agroecology, Market and Autonomy
Agroecology as a term stands for an integrated approach to farming and environmental management practices for the emergence of regenerative, agro-productive ecosystems. It is becoming increasingly prominent within the ecological discourse, as it conceptualizes human habitat with terms of ecosystem flows and thus subtends concepts from farming to urban metabolism and from contemporary life sciences to timeless traditions. This paper aims to provide a brief presentation of agroecology's core concepts and will focus on their prospects for economic autonomy and how this is irrevocably linked to trade.
Manuel DeLanda's discource on “markets and antimarkets” (large, competing oligopolies and self-organized meshworks of small firms), as well as other writings of political ecologists, have described the historicity of cities as agglomerations for consumers of a much broader network of organic flows (amongst other flows), and how links to urban markets have proven indispensable for rural life. Furthermore, researchers (notably Altieri) have dealt with the interrelation between agroecology and autonomy in the context of contemporary Latin America and regard agroecology as being between a merely scientific approach and a political struggle for territory. Last but not least, many ecological projects carry a message of betterment, that results from a set of practices mediated as a cultural and political participation to the urban condition, that either tries to reform and mitigate it's impact or tries to abolish it's very content and establish a direct alternative outside it's physical boundaries.
Contemplating on these differences and forming links, between the urge to “naturalize” processes and to “rationalize” agroproduction, between conceptions of autonomy as symbolic challenges within the urban condition and as actual manifestations of insular communities and between nature as a relational discourse and an external “law of the need”, consists of the prime expediency of this study.
AUTONOMA - Nikos Anastasopoulos - Autonomy: Reflections on Scale and Complexity
This document discusses autonomy and complexity through examples from Greece and Ecuador. It examines initiatives and projects in both countries that explore bottom-up and top-down approaches to governance, including universities, research centers, parks, and communities working on open knowledge, rights to land, and sustainable living. Case studies highlighted include Yachay and IKIAM in Ecuador, Navarinou Park and Elpidohori in Greece, and how they investigate autonomous and complex social systems through both grassroots and institutional frameworks.
AUTONOMA - Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée - Co-Producing the City: The Acti...
Co-production has become a buzzword in our times of austerity: it posits the necessity to engage citizens in the provision of public services in a context where these services have become inefficient and need reforming, and where the welfare state is no longer there to organise them. If co-production is currently seen as an economic and social solution to this problem, we also understand it as a shift in the power relationships revolving around services and production. In a context of urban transformation, co-production is also able to become a political project rooted in Lefebvre’s idea of the ‘social production of space’. It is not only about the manner in which public needs are to be met, but also about citizens’ rights. In this case, the citizens’ right to the city does not only mean the right to occupy urban space, but also means to decide how the city is developed, managed and used. Also, given the imperative to adapt and find solutions to the long term environmental and economic crises societies face today, our cities need to become more resilient, need to organise in order to adjust and thrive in rapidly changing circumstances. This need for resilience, which cities have little capacity to deal with at this moment in time, in fact comes with a ‘right to resilience for all citizens’, a right to be informed about, decide, act upon and manage the future of cities. This would be an ambitious co-production project that should involve the entire urban population and a project that needs ideas, tools and spaces, time and agency.
Atelier d’architecture autogérée (aaa) believes that architects can be such reforming activators. aaa’s participatory projects presented at the exhibition are EcoBox – a network of temporary and mobile self-managed spaces in La Chapelle area (Paris 18e), Passage 56 – an ecological and cultural urban interstice located in St. Blaise area (Paris 20e), and R-Urban – a bottom-up strategy of resilient regeneration through everyday life eco-practices, shared uses, collective governance, local and trans-local networks and collective hubs co-produced by the city dwellers, currently implemented in Colombes, a suburban town in the North West of Paris, and in Hackney Wick, London.
AUTONOMA - Stavros Stavrides - Common spaces as potential spaces of autonomy:...
This document discusses common spaces and autonomy through commoning practices. It argues that common spaces are social relations between groups and their environments, not just physical things. Commoning practices shape emerging collective identities and produce shared values. Threshold commons that belong to all and none could emancipate by inventing institutions open to negotiation between open identities. Commoning initiatives today prefigure more just societies by transforming lives and rethinking politics through practices of sharing and cooperation. True autonomy is a process where new social organizations emerge that are independent of the state.
AUTONOMA - Maria Kaika - The Alchemy of Water… or… how fighting for the urban...
Over the last three decades, the promise for a better environment and a better life turned from a collective affair into a private affair. When Bush, Blair, Sarkozy, etc. promised better environment, education, housing, and health for all, the real promise was one of enabling everybody to become deeply indebted in order to purchase their future welfare credits. It was a promise which enrolled livelihoods, bodies, and the future labour of whole nations into global financial speculative mechanisms, and turned millions of people across the globe into Indebted Wo/men (Lazzarato 2007), a new bio-political subject whose future depends on the performance of global financial markets. The paper focuses on two movements (SOSte-to-nero and 136) that questioned this process. The movements (both with close links to the water company’s trade union in Thessaloniki, Greece) instituted a radical gesture which took citizens outside the cadre of defining themselves as indebted subjects whose sole option is to sell their commons to global speculators. Instead of simply protesting against privatization, they raised funds (136-euros-per-citizen) and bid against global giants like Suez for buying back the water company when it came up for sale. This turned powerless indebted citizens into potentially powerful decision makers, through an alchemy that turned their money from mere purchasing power, into real capital, i.e. into ability to control decisions and allocate resources. This radical gesture opens up a politics against a pending ‘anthropological catastrophe’ (Castoriadis 1987), i.e. of establishing the indebted wo/man as the inevitable anthropological category for financial capitalism.
AUTONOMA - Leopold Lambert - Political Friendships: Arhipelic Autonomies
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
AUTONOMA - Rafi Segal - Architecture of Collective Living
Technology, changing habits of living, emerging economies of sharing, have all contributed to new notions of community. Collectiveness re-appears not necessarily as a political ideology,
dictated top-down by the institution or state, but rather a voluntarily adapted sustainable - social principle, environmentally conscious and more so a means to recover a sense of belonging and human connection
within our global and technologically driven world.
My presentation will discuss two projects of contemporary collective forms of living – one set within a semi-rural (agro-urban) environment of a kibbutz in Israel and the other within the dense mid-town of NYC. Both cases combine pre-designed and self-organizing aspects within a single architectural-urban project, and reveal the role of design in envisioning alternative spatial relationships between the private and public, individual and collective space.
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AUTONOMA - Konstantinos Christodoulidis - Agroecology, Market and Autonomy
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AUTONOMA - Nikos Anastasopoulos - Autonomy: Reflections on Scale and Complexity
AUTONOMA - Nikos Anastasopoulos - Autonomy: Reflections on Scale and Complexity
AUTONOMA - Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée - Co-Producing the City: The Acti...
AUTONOMA - Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée - Co-Producing the City: The Acti...
AUTONOMA - Stavros Stavrides - Common spaces as potential spaces of autonomy:...
AUTONOMA - Stavros Stavrides - Common spaces as potential spaces of autonomy:...
AUTONOMA - Maria Kaika - The Alchemy of Water… or… how fighting for the urban...
AUTONOMA - Maria Kaika - The Alchemy of Water… or… how fighting for the urban...
AUTONOMA - Leopold Lambert - Political Friendships: Arhipelic Autonomies
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AUTONOMA - Stefanos Levidis - Embassy for the Displaced: Islanding in the Shadows of Citadel Europe
- 1. Embassy for the Displaced
- 4. fig.3,4 Night Vision imagery from Korakas lookout point, N. Lesvos Source: Lighthouse Relief Migrant flows captured with a drone in night vision, Slovenia, 23 October 2016. Source: www.youtube.com/ watch?v=l3zOCTQpCDs fig.14,15
- 5. fig.3,4 Night Vision imagery from Korakas lookout point, N. Lesvos Source: Lighthouse Relief fig 5. Turkish coast guards attack refugees attempting to cross into Greece with sticks Source: Russia Today (https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=IAaPBK3noGw) Migrant flows captured with a drone in night vision, Slovenia, 23 October 2016. Source: www.youtube.com/ watch?v=l3zOCTQpCDs fig.14,15
- 6. fig.14,15 Migrant flows captured with a drone in night vision, Slovenia, 23 October 2016. Source: www.youtube.com/ watch?v=l3zOCTQpCDs
- 8. 3D Scanning
- 9. Bodies
- 10. 39° 07’ 51.22” N 26° 92’ 47.55” E fig.44 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 30/01/2016 Document_Location. Moria Camp Document_Subject. Portrait Nationality. Pakistani Occupation. N/A Legal_Status. Refugee Time_in_Lesvos. 1 Day
- 11. 39° 08’ 08.05” N 26° 30’ 16.71” E fig.41 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 30/01/2016 Document_Location. Kara Tepe Camp Document_Subject. Portrait Nationality. Syrian (Kurdish) Occupation. N/A Legal_Status. Refugee Time_in_Lesvos. 3 Days 39° 07’ 51.22” N 26° 92’ 47.55” E fig.42 fig.43 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 30/01/2016 Document_Location. Moria Camp Document_Subject. Portrait Nationality. Afghan Occupation. N/A Legal_Status. Refugee Time_in_Lesvos. 1 Day
- 12. 39° 08’ 08.05” N 26° 30’ 16.71” E fig.45 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 27/01/2016 Document_Location. Cape Korakas Document_Subject. Portrait Nationality. UK, USA, Germany, Spain Occupation. Volunteers (CK Team) Legal_Status. NGO Time_in_Lesvos. Avg 1 Month 39° 07’ 51.22” N 26° 92’ 47.55” E fig.46 fig.47 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 24/01/2016 Document_Location. Skala Sykamineas Document_Subject. Portrait Nationality. USA Occupation. Volunteer (Independent) Legal_Status. 5 Year Visa Time_in_Lesvos. 2 Months
- 13. fig.38 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 26/01/2016 Document_Location. Skala Sykamnias Document_Subject. Portrait Nationality. Spanish, Argentinean Occupation. Volunteer Lifeguards (Proactiva Open Arms) Legal_Status. NGO Time_in_Lesvos. 3 months 39° 22’ 24.32” N 26° 18’ 10.82” E Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 29/01/2016 Document_Location. Skala Sykamnias Document_Subject. Portrait Nationality. Portuguese Occupation. FRONTEX Border Police Legal_Status. EU Agency Time_in_Lesvos. N/A fig.39 fig.40 39° 22’ 24.32” N 26° 18’ 10.82” E
- 14. Landscape
- 15. 39° 07’ 51.22” N 26° 92’ 47.55” E fig.48 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 30/01/2016 Document_Location. Moria Camp Document_Subject. Landscape Original_Use. Army Barracks Current_Use. Documentation and Detainment Camp Altitude. 47m
- 16. fig.52 39° 21’ 55.95” N 26° 12’ 03.20” E
- 17. Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 28/01/2016 Document_Location. Molyvos Document_Subject. Landscape Original_Use. Grazing Pasture Current_Use. Lifejacket Disposal Site Altitude. 114m fig.49 fig.50 fig.51 39° 21’ 55.95” N 26° 12’ 03.20” E
- 18. fig.56
- 19. Vessels
- 20. fig.35 Vessel_Type. Fishing Boat Vessel_Name. Concealed Vessel_Number. 1 Vessel_Material. Wood Vessel_Length. 11 Metres Vessel_Engine. N/A Vessel_Arrival_Date. 27/01/2016 Vessel_Arrival_Time. 02:30 Passenger_Number. 60 Passenger_Nationality. Afghan, Morrocan Passenger_Deaths. 0 39° 04’ 44.02” N 26° 34’ 58.34” E Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 27/01/2016 Document_Location. Cape Korakas Document_Subject. Discarded Vessel
- 21. 39° 22’ 24.32” N 26° 18’ 10.82” E fig.17 fig.18 Vessel_Type. Dinghy Vessel_Name. N/A Vessel_Number. 5 Vessel_Material. Rubber Vessel_Length. 9 Metres Vessel_Engine. Yamaha 30hp Vessel_Arrival_Date. 24/01/2016 Vessel_Arrival_Time. 05:00 - 08:30 Passenger_Number. Approx 200 Passenger_Nationality. Aghanistan, Syria, Iraq Passenger_Deaths. 0 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 24/01/2016 Document_Location. Skala Sykamineas Document_Subject. Arriving Vessels fig.19 fig.20
- 22. Vessel_Type. Leisure Vessel_Name. N/A Vessel_Number. 1 Vessel_Material. Metal, Wood Vessel_Length. 29.8 Metres Vessel_Engine. Mitsubishi 1030hp, Diesel Vessel_Arrival_Date. 24/01/2016 Vessel_Arrival_Time. N/A Passenger_Number. Approx 150 Passenger_Nationality. N/A Passenger_Deaths. 0fig.21 39° 21’ 57.29” N 26° 21’ 22.74” E fig.22 Government of the Republic of Turkey, Certificate of Seaworthiness sourced on the site Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 25/01/2016 Document_Location. Tsonia Document_Subject. Vessel Scrapyard
- 23. 39° 21’ 57.29” N 26° 21’ 22.74” E Vessel_Type. Leisure Vessel_Name. N/A Vessel_Number. 1 Vessel_Material. Metal, Wood Vessel_Length. 24 Metres Vessel_Engine. N/A Vessel_Arrival_Date. 29/11/2015 Vessel_Arrival_Time. 04:00 Passenger_Number. Approx 250 Passenger_Nationality. Syria Passenger_Deaths. 0 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 25/01/2016 Document_Location. Tsonia Document_Subject. Vessel Scrapyard fig.26 Arrival source facebook.com/proactivaservice fig.23
- 24. 39° 21’ 55.95” N 26° 12’ 03.20” E fig.31 fig.32 Vessel_Type. Life Boat Vessel_Name. N/A Vessel_Number. 2 Vessel_Material. Wood, Fiberglass Vessel_Length. 8 Metres Vessel_Engine. N/A Vessel_Arrival_Date. 12/10/2015 Vessel_Arrival_Time. 09:30 Passenger_Number. Approx 60 Passenger_Nationality. Syria, Iraq Passenger_Deaths. 0 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 28/01/2016 Document_Location. Molyvos Document_Subject. Discarded Boats fig.33,34. From Arrival to Landfill. source VICE News
- 25. 39° 04’ 44.02” N 26° 34’ 58.34” E fig.27 fig.28 Vessel_Type. Ferry Vessel_Name. Blue Star II Vessel_Number. 1 Vessel_Material. Metal Vessel_Length. 171 Metres Vessel_Engine. 11,120kW at 428rpm Vessel_Arrival_Date. N/A Vessel_Arrival_Time. N/A Passenger_Number. 1600 Passenger_Nationality. Various Passenger_Deaths. 0 Document_Type. 3D Scanned Imagery Document_Date. 30/01/2016 Document_Location. Mytilene Port Document_Subject. Ferry to Athens fig.29 fig.30 Bye Bye Greece source facebook.com/fahd.alawsy
- 26. Towards Autonomy
- 27. Document_Type. Passport/ Laser Cut Document_Date. December 2015 Document_Location. Worldwide Document_Subject. Citizenship Use. Passports for the Displaced Legal_Status. Not Legal Issuing Authority. Embassy for the Displaced Media. Laser Engraving, Printing
- 28. There’s no need to fear or hope, only to look for new weapons G.Deleuze, Postscript on the Societies of Control