1. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed before age 3 characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors.
2. It has a strong genetic basis and prevalence of about 1 in 100 people with males affected more than females.
3. While the exact causes are unknown, genetic factors related to proteins involved in neuron connections are implicated, not environmental factors like vaccines.
This document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS), including what it is, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and how it progresses. MS is a chronic disease that damages the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, causing problems with muscle control, vision, speech and other functions. Common symptoms include weakness, numbness, vision issues, fatigue and cognitive difficulties. Doctors use tests like MRIs and spinal taps to diagnose MS and rule out other conditions. While there is no cure, treatments can help reduce symptoms and slow progression of the disease.
The document discusses autism spectrum disorder and provides information on autistic disorder. It notes that the prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders is 58.7 per 10,000 children. Autistic disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed before age 3 that involves impairments in social interaction, communication, and imagination/play. The cause is unknown but has a strong genetic component. Diagnostic criteria and clinical features of autistic disorder are provided.
The document discusses the diagnostic criteria and clinical features of autism. It notes that autism is diagnosed based on impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. Common early signs include lack of eye contact and abnormalities in social engagement and play. Screening tools can help detect autism early, and a comprehensive evaluation is needed for diagnosis, involving assessment of development, cognition, language, hearing and neurological functioning. Physical exams may also check for physical indicators associated with other conditions.
This document discusses the diagnostic criteria and clinical features of autism. It notes that autism is diagnosed based on impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. Common early signs include lack of eye contact and pretend play skills. Diagnosis involves screening tools to identify at-risk children followed by comprehensive evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. Brain imaging studies have shown differences in brain structure and growth in autistic individuals. Early diagnosis allows for early intervention services.
Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication skills, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. It typically emerges in the first 3 years of life. Males are diagnosed with autism 3-7 times more often than females. While its exact causes are unknown, autism is considered to have a strong genetic component. Diagnosis involves assessing social, communication and behavioral criteria. Treatments aim to improve core symptoms and functions through educational, behavioral and medical interventions.
The document discusses autism, including:
1) California regional centers serving 50,000 people with autism currently, projected to increase to 70,000 by 2012.
2) Autism diagnostic criteria including qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors.
3) Autism is associated with reductions in brain gray and white matter in regions important for social and emotional development.
The document discusses Asperger's syndrome, which is a type of autism spectrum disorder characterized by difficulties with social skills and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Specifically, it provides information on the history and diagnosis of Asperger's, typical symptoms such as struggles with social interaction and narrow, intense interests, and statistics on prevalence. It also gives examples of how Asperger's may present in individuals.
This document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS), including what it is, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and how it progresses. MS is a chronic disease that damages the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, causing problems with muscle control, vision, speech and other functions. Common symptoms include weakness, numbness, vision issues, fatigue and cognitive difficulties. Doctors use tests like MRIs and spinal taps to diagnose MS and rule out other conditions. While there is no cure, treatments can help reduce symptoms and slow progression of the disease.
The document discusses autism spectrum disorder and provides information on autistic disorder. It notes that the prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders is 58.7 per 10,000 children. Autistic disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed before age 3 that involves impairments in social interaction, communication, and imagination/play. The cause is unknown but has a strong genetic component. Diagnostic criteria and clinical features of autistic disorder are provided.
The document discusses the diagnostic criteria and clinical features of autism. It notes that autism is diagnosed based on impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. Common early signs include lack of eye contact and abnormalities in social engagement and play. Screening tools can help detect autism early, and a comprehensive evaluation is needed for diagnosis, involving assessment of development, cognition, language, hearing and neurological functioning. Physical exams may also check for physical indicators associated with other conditions.
This document discusses the diagnostic criteria and clinical features of autism. It notes that autism is diagnosed based on impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. Common early signs include lack of eye contact and pretend play skills. Diagnosis involves screening tools to identify at-risk children followed by comprehensive evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. Brain imaging studies have shown differences in brain structure and growth in autistic individuals. Early diagnosis allows for early intervention services.
Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication skills, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. It typically emerges in the first 3 years of life. Males are diagnosed with autism 3-7 times more often than females. While its exact causes are unknown, autism is considered to have a strong genetic component. Diagnosis involves assessing social, communication and behavioral criteria. Treatments aim to improve core symptoms and functions through educational, behavioral and medical interventions.
The document discusses autism, including:
1) California regional centers serving 50,000 people with autism currently, projected to increase to 70,000 by 2012.
2) Autism diagnostic criteria including qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors.
3) Autism is associated with reductions in brain gray and white matter in regions important for social and emotional development.
The document discusses Asperger's syndrome, which is a type of autism spectrum disorder characterized by difficulties with social skills and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Specifically, it provides information on the history and diagnosis of Asperger's, typical symptoms such as struggles with social interaction and narrow, intense interests, and statistics on prevalence. It also gives examples of how Asperger's may present in individuals.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurological disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. The document discusses the history and diagnostic criteria of ASDs including autism, Asperger's syndrome, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Key features of ASDs include difficulties with social skills, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Diagnosis involves assessing deficits in these areas that emerge before age 3.
This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including its definition, prevalence, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, course, treatment, nursing considerations, and prognosis. Some key points:
- ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors. It is defined by abnormalities present before age 3.
- The prevalence is 2-6 per 1,000 individuals. It is about 4 times more common in boys than girls and occurs across all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.
- The causes are largely unknown but believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves developmental assessments and ruling out other potential causes.
Marrie, a 24 month old, presented with severe deficits in social engagement including ignoring others and increasing physical distance. She had poor memory, difficulty transitioning between tasks, low self-esteem, and was easily overwhelmed. Doctors noticed delays in language, motor skills, self-care, and sensory processing. Autism is a developmental disorder appearing in the first 3 years, affecting social and communication skills through impaired communication, language, motor skills, and thinking abilities. It has a strong genetic basis and higher prevalence in males.
This document provides information on mental retardation and developmental disorders. It discusses:
1) The diagnostic criteria for mental retardation including low intellectual functioning (IQ less than or equal to 70) and deficits in at least two domains of adaptive behavior.
2) The ranges of mental retardation from mild to profound and the characteristics of each.
3) Common causes of mental retardation including genetic conditions like Down syndrome and environmental factors like problems during gestation or delivery.
4) Treatments for mental retardation including education, behavioral treatment, and parent training.
This document defines autism spectrum disorder and its characteristics according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. It discusses the major subcategories of autism including Asperger's disorder, autistic disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder. The document outlines the characteristics associated with autism spectrum disorder in the areas of social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors. It also summarizes the various educational supports used by special education teachers to help students on the autism spectrum academically, behaviorally, and socially.
Autism is a neurological disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. It is diagnosed based on observations of these characteristics. There are different types of autism that vary in symptoms and severity. While the specific causes are unknown, autism is generally thought to involve abnormalities in brain development and genetics. Therapies aim to help those with autism improve communication, social, and life skills.
This document provides an overview of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), which include autism spectrum disorders such as autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. It discusses the defining characteristics, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, pathology, clinical features, medical evaluation, treatment and prognosis of these conditions. PDDs are characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors, with onset in early childhood. Diagnosis involves evaluating developmental history and assessing for deficits in core symptom domains. Treatment involves early behavioral and educational interventions as well as potential medication management of associated symptoms.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties with social communication and interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. ASD can range from mild to severe and is typically diagnosed in childhood. While there is no known cure, early behavioral and educational interventions can help those with ASD develop skills to function more independently.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. The causes involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Symptoms typically emerge between ages 2-3. Treatment involves behavioral therapies like applied behavior analysis to improve skills, as well as medications in some cases to help with related symptoms. Prognosis depends on the individual's symptoms and IQ, though early intervention tends to lead to better outcomes.
A lecture given at the 1st international conference on humanistic and existential psychotherapy, Lima, Peru. I consider whether psychiatric diagnosis is consistent with an existential approach to psychotherapy, using the recent protests against the REMOVAL of the diagnosis Asperger's Syndrome from DSM 5 as an example
Autism spectrum disorders are neurological conditions characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication. The document discusses several types of autism spectrum disorders including Asperger's syndrome, classic autism, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and PDD-NOS. It provides details on symptoms, diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches, and biomedical interventions for autism spectrum disorders.
This document discusses behavior therapy for teenagers and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. It begins by providing credentials for the author, Daniel C. Marston, who has over 15 years of experience providing behavioral health services to individuals with neurological disorders. It then discusses autism spectrum disorders and the diagnostic criteria for autism, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder based on the DSM-IV. The document discusses empirically-based practice in psychology and core principles. It covers neurological and psychological aspects and theories of autism based on research. Finally, it discusses psychological effects of autism, including personality traits, quality of life, gender differences, and anxiety/mood problems in adolescents with autism.
This document discusses autism spectrum disorders and their diagnosis. It describes autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV are outlined, including qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted repetitive behaviors. The different types of pervasive developmental disorders are also listed.
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. It is diagnosed based on criteria from the DSM-V. While the exact causes are unknown, genetic and environmental factors are involved. Treatments include applied behavior analysis, speech therapy, and medications to target specific symptoms, though there is no cure. Nursing care focuses on meeting basic needs, behavior modification, communication skills training, ensuring safety, and supporting parents.
This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, classification, course, prognosis, and treatment of ASD. Some key points include:
- ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors.
- The prevalence of ASD is approximately 1 in 160 children worldwide. Boys are diagnosed with ASD 4 times more often than girls.
- The causes of ASD are complex and not fully understood but likely involve both genetic and environmental factors.
- Treatment aims to reduce disruptive behaviors and promote skills in areas like language, communication, and self-care. Educational, pharmacological, and psychosocial approaches
This document defines intellectual disabilities and describes their causes, characteristics, and treatment approaches. Intellectual disabilities originate before age 18 and involve deficits in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. Common causes include genetic syndromes like Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. Symptoms vary depending on severity but may include impaired language, cognition, memory, and behavioral issues. Treatment focuses on developing skills through education, training programs, managing medical issues, and supporting independence.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It inhibits social skills and causes restricted and repetitive behaviors. ASD can range from mild to severe and includes autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. The symptoms usually appear before age 3 and vary between individuals. There is no known cause, but genetics and environmental factors may play a role. Diagnosis involves evaluating social, communication, and behavioral development through tools like the Childhood Autism Rating Scale and meeting DSM-5 criteria. While ASD is lifelong, early intervention can help children acquire skills to better manage their symptoms.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and interactions and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. It occurs in approximately 1 in 54 children in the US. Boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than girls. While its exact causes are unknown, genetic and environmental factors likely play a role. There is no cure for ASD, but early diagnosis and treatment including behavioral therapies can help children develop skills to better manage their symptoms.
This document provides information about autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including:
- World Autism Awareness Day is celebrated on April 2nd to raise awareness and understanding of autism.
- ASD is characterized by difficulties with social skills, repetitive behaviors, communication, and sensory processing. It exists on a spectrum from mild to severe impairment.
- Challenges for parents of children with ASD include significant financial burden from care costs as well as caregiving burden from around-the-clock responsibilities. Behavior management strategies for students with ASD focus on preparation, consistency, and positive reinforcement.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurological disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. The document discusses the history and diagnostic criteria of ASDs including autism, Asperger's syndrome, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Key features of ASDs include difficulties with social skills, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Diagnosis involves assessing deficits in these areas that emerge before age 3.
This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including its definition, prevalence, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, course, treatment, nursing considerations, and prognosis. Some key points:
- ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors. It is defined by abnormalities present before age 3.
- The prevalence is 2-6 per 1,000 individuals. It is about 4 times more common in boys than girls and occurs across all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.
- The causes are largely unknown but believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves developmental assessments and ruling out other potential causes.
Marrie, a 24 month old, presented with severe deficits in social engagement including ignoring others and increasing physical distance. She had poor memory, difficulty transitioning between tasks, low self-esteem, and was easily overwhelmed. Doctors noticed delays in language, motor skills, self-care, and sensory processing. Autism is a developmental disorder appearing in the first 3 years, affecting social and communication skills through impaired communication, language, motor skills, and thinking abilities. It has a strong genetic basis and higher prevalence in males.
This document provides information on mental retardation and developmental disorders. It discusses:
1) The diagnostic criteria for mental retardation including low intellectual functioning (IQ less than or equal to 70) and deficits in at least two domains of adaptive behavior.
2) The ranges of mental retardation from mild to profound and the characteristics of each.
3) Common causes of mental retardation including genetic conditions like Down syndrome and environmental factors like problems during gestation or delivery.
4) Treatments for mental retardation including education, behavioral treatment, and parent training.
This document defines autism spectrum disorder and its characteristics according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. It discusses the major subcategories of autism including Asperger's disorder, autistic disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder. The document outlines the characteristics associated with autism spectrum disorder in the areas of social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors. It also summarizes the various educational supports used by special education teachers to help students on the autism spectrum academically, behaviorally, and socially.
Autism is a neurological disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. It is diagnosed based on observations of these characteristics. There are different types of autism that vary in symptoms and severity. While the specific causes are unknown, autism is generally thought to involve abnormalities in brain development and genetics. Therapies aim to help those with autism improve communication, social, and life skills.
This document provides an overview of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), which include autism spectrum disorders such as autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. It discusses the defining characteristics, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, pathology, clinical features, medical evaluation, treatment and prognosis of these conditions. PDDs are characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors, with onset in early childhood. Diagnosis involves evaluating developmental history and assessing for deficits in core symptom domains. Treatment involves early behavioral and educational interventions as well as potential medication management of associated symptoms.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties with social communication and interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. ASD can range from mild to severe and is typically diagnosed in childhood. While there is no known cure, early behavioral and educational interventions can help those with ASD develop skills to function more independently.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. The causes involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Symptoms typically emerge between ages 2-3. Treatment involves behavioral therapies like applied behavior analysis to improve skills, as well as medications in some cases to help with related symptoms. Prognosis depends on the individual's symptoms and IQ, though early intervention tends to lead to better outcomes.
A lecture given at the 1st international conference on humanistic and existential psychotherapy, Lima, Peru. I consider whether psychiatric diagnosis is consistent with an existential approach to psychotherapy, using the recent protests against the REMOVAL of the diagnosis Asperger's Syndrome from DSM 5 as an example
Autism spectrum disorders are neurological conditions characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication. The document discusses several types of autism spectrum disorders including Asperger's syndrome, classic autism, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and PDD-NOS. It provides details on symptoms, diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches, and biomedical interventions for autism spectrum disorders.
This document discusses behavior therapy for teenagers and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. It begins by providing credentials for the author, Daniel C. Marston, who has over 15 years of experience providing behavioral health services to individuals with neurological disorders. It then discusses autism spectrum disorders and the diagnostic criteria for autism, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder based on the DSM-IV. The document discusses empirically-based practice in psychology and core principles. It covers neurological and psychological aspects and theories of autism based on research. Finally, it discusses psychological effects of autism, including personality traits, quality of life, gender differences, and anxiety/mood problems in adolescents with autism.
This document discusses autism spectrum disorders and their diagnosis. It describes autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV are outlined, including qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted repetitive behaviors. The different types of pervasive developmental disorders are also listed.
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. It is diagnosed based on criteria from the DSM-V. While the exact causes are unknown, genetic and environmental factors are involved. Treatments include applied behavior analysis, speech therapy, and medications to target specific symptoms, though there is no cure. Nursing care focuses on meeting basic needs, behavior modification, communication skills training, ensuring safety, and supporting parents.
This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, classification, course, prognosis, and treatment of ASD. Some key points include:
- ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors.
- The prevalence of ASD is approximately 1 in 160 children worldwide. Boys are diagnosed with ASD 4 times more often than girls.
- The causes of ASD are complex and not fully understood but likely involve both genetic and environmental factors.
- Treatment aims to reduce disruptive behaviors and promote skills in areas like language, communication, and self-care. Educational, pharmacological, and psychosocial approaches
This document defines intellectual disabilities and describes their causes, characteristics, and treatment approaches. Intellectual disabilities originate before age 18 and involve deficits in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. Common causes include genetic syndromes like Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. Symptoms vary depending on severity but may include impaired language, cognition, memory, and behavioral issues. Treatment focuses on developing skills through education, training programs, managing medical issues, and supporting independence.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It inhibits social skills and causes restricted and repetitive behaviors. ASD can range from mild to severe and includes autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. The symptoms usually appear before age 3 and vary between individuals. There is no known cause, but genetics and environmental factors may play a role. Diagnosis involves evaluating social, communication, and behavioral development through tools like the Childhood Autism Rating Scale and meeting DSM-5 criteria. While ASD is lifelong, early intervention can help children acquire skills to better manage their symptoms.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and interactions and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. It occurs in approximately 1 in 54 children in the US. Boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than girls. While its exact causes are unknown, genetic and environmental factors likely play a role. There is no cure for ASD, but early diagnosis and treatment including behavioral therapies can help children develop skills to better manage their symptoms.
This document provides information about autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including:
- World Autism Awareness Day is celebrated on April 2nd to raise awareness and understanding of autism.
- ASD is characterized by difficulties with social skills, repetitive behaviors, communication, and sensory processing. It exists on a spectrum from mild to severe impairment.
- Challenges for parents of children with ASD include significant financial burden from care costs as well as caregiving burden from around-the-clock responsibilities. Behavior management strategies for students with ASD focus on preparation, consistency, and positive reinforcement.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
4.
• Neurodevelopmental disorder
• A strong genetic basis
• Diagnosed before 3 years old
• Characterized by:
– Impairment in social interaction
– Impairment in communication
– Restricted, perseverative behaviors, interests, and
activities
4
14.
A. A total of 6 (or more) items from (1),(2), and (3), with at least 2 from (1) and 1 each from (2) and (3):
– 1. Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least 2 of the following:
• a. Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors, such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial
expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction
• b. Failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level
• c. Lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a
lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest)
• d. Lack of social or emotional reciprocity
– 2. Qualitative impairments in communication, as manifested by at least 1 of the following:
• a. Delay in, or total lack of, development of spoken language (not accompanied by an attempt to compensate
through alternative modes of communication, such as gesture or mime)
• b. In individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with
others
• c. Stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language
• d. Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level
– 3. Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as
manifested by at least 1 of the following:
• a. Encompassing preoccupation with ≥1 stereotyped and restricted pattern of interest that is abnormal in
either intensity or focus
• b. Apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals
• c. Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting or complex whole
body movements)
• d. Persistent precoccupation with parts of objects
B. Delay or abnormal functioning in at least 1 of the following areas, with onset < age 3 yr:(1) social
interaction,(2) language as used in social communication, or (3) symbolic or imaginative play
C. The disturbance is not better accounted for by Rett disorder or childhood disintegrative disorder
From Parental report of diagnosed autism in children aged 4–17 years—United States, 2003–2004. MMWR 2006;55:481; American Psychiatric Association:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association, 2000. 14
&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x4E0A;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x56E0;&#x4EBA;&#x800C;&#x5F02;&#x7684;&#x3002;\n&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x4E3A;&#x4E09;&#x5927;&#x7C7B;&#x6838;&#x5FC3;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#xFF1A;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3001;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3001;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x548C;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x7684;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;1&#x3001;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x5373;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x79BB;&#x7FA4;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E0E;&#x4EBA;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x7684;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4ECE;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x65F6;&#x671F;&#x8D77;&#x5C31;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x4ECE;&#x5C0F;&#x5C31;&#x548C;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x4EB2;&#x4E0D;&#x4EB2;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x8981;&#x4EBA;&#x62B1;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x4F38;&#x624B;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x8981;&#x88AB;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x627E;&#x5C0F;&#x5B69;&#x73A9;&#xFF0C;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x627E;&#x4ED6;&#x73A9;&#x65F6;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8EB2;&#x907F;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x547C;&#x5524;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x603B;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x73A9;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x4E0D;&#x62D2;&#x7EDD;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E0E;&#x5C0F;&#x670B;&#x53CB;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x627E;&#x5C0F;&#x670B;&#x53CB;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x7A81;&#x7136;&#x62CD;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x63EA;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#x6216;&#x7A81;&#x7136;&#x8FC7;&#x53BB;&#x6402;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5C31;&#x8D70;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x597D;&#x50CF;&#x62CD;&#x4EBA;&#x3001;&#x63EA;&#x4EBA;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x627E;&#x4EBA;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x800C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x8BF4;&#x53EA;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63A5;&#x89E6;&#x7684;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x65E0;&#x63A5;&#x89E6;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x548C;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x201C;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x201D;&#x8FD8;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x5BF9;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x4E0D;&#x5173;&#x5FC3;&#xFF0C;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x662F;&#x542C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x95FB;&#xFF0C;&#x89C6;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x89C1;&#xFF0C;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x613F;&#x610F;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#x5C31;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#xFF0C;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x987E;&#x5FCC;&#xFF0C;&#x65C1;&#x82E5;&#x65E0;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x4E8B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x90FD;&#x4E0E;&#x4ED6;&#x65E0;&#x5173;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x96BE;&#x5F15;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x7684;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x548C;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF0C;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x7ECF;&#x5E38;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x6613;&#x505C;&#x7559;&#x5728;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x4ED6;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x5728;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x5929;&#x5730;&#x91CC;&#x3002;&#x53E6;&#x5916;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E0D;&#x6CE8;&#x89C6;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#xFF0C;&#x5E73;&#x65F6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x65F6;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E5F;&#x6E38;&#x79FB;&#x4E0D;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x65F6;&#x5E38;&#x772F;&#x7740;&#x773C;&#xFF0C;&#x659C;&#x89C6;&#x6216;&#x7528;&#x4F59;&#x5149;&#x7B49;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x6B63;&#x89C6;&#x4E5F;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4ECE;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x548C;&#x4EBA;&#x6253;&#x62DB;&#x547C;&#x3002;\n&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xA0;2&#x3001;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;1&#xFF09;&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5E38;&#x4EE5;&#x54ED;&#x6216;&#x5C16;&#x53EB;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x4E0D;&#x8212;&#x9002;&#x6216;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x3002;&#x7A0D;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4F1A;&#x62C9;&#x7740;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x624B;&#x8D70;&#x5411;&#x4ED6;&#x60F3;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x4E1C;&#x897F;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x9762;&#x90E8;&#x8868;&#x60C5;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x60C5;&#x4E5F;&#x5E38;&#x663E;&#x5F97;&#x6F20;&#x7136;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x7528;&#x70B9;&#x5934;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x5934;&#x3001;&#x6446;&#x624B;&#x7B49;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x6765;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x613F;&#x3002;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;2&#xFF09;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E25;&#x91CD;&#x7684;&#x75C5;&#x4F8B;&#x51E0;&#x4E4E;&#x7EC8;&#x751F;&#x4E0D;&#x8BED;&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#x4F1A;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x8BCD;&#x6C47;&#x6709;&#x9650;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x5373;&#x4F7F;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x4E0D;&#x613F;&#x8BF4;&#x8BDD;&#x800C;&#x5B81;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x624B;&#x52BF;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x5F88;&#x5C0F;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x4F4E;&#x6216;&#x81EA;&#x8A00;&#x81EA;&#x8BED;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x53EA;&#x4F1A;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x8BF4;&#x8FC7;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x7528;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4EA4;&#x8C08;&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x63D0;&#x95EE;&#x6216;&#x56DE;&#x7B54;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x8BDD;&#x3002;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7684;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD8;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x6DF7;&#x6DC6;&#x98A0;&#x5012;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x201C;&#x4F60;&#x201D;&#x548C;&#x201C;&#x4ED6;&#x201D;&#x6765;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x4ED6;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;3&#x3001;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x53CA;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x5728;&#x8F83;&#x957F;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x91CC;&#x4E13;&#x6CE8;&#x4E8E;&#x67D0;&#x79CD;&#x6216;&#x51E0;&#x79CD;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x6216;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x7740;&#x8FF7;&#x4E8E;&#x65CB;&#x8F6C;&#x9505;&#x76D6;&#xFF0C;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x5730;&#x6446;&#x653E;&#x79EF;&#x6728;&#x5757;&#xFF0C;&#x70ED;&#x8877;&#x4E8E;&#x89C2;&#x770B;&#x7535;&#x89C6;&#x5E7F;&#x544A;&#x548C;&#x5929;&#x6C14;&#x9884;&#x62A5;&#xFF0C;&#x9762;&#x5BF9;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x4EEC;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x753B;&#x7247;&#xFF0C;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x7535;&#x89C6;&#xFF0C;&#x7535;&#x5F71;&#x5219;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5929;&#x5929;&#x8981;&#x5403;&#x540C;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x996D;&#x83DC;&#xFF0C;&#x51FA;&#x95E8;&#x8981;&#x8D70;&#x76F8;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x8DEF;&#x7EBF;&#xFF0C;&#x6392;&#x4FBF;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4FBF;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x6709;&#x53D8;&#x52A8;&#x5219;&#x5927;&#x54ED;&#x5927;&#x95F9;&#xFF0C;&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x9002;&#x5E94;&#x65B0;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x8FD8;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x65E0;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#xFF0C;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x5730;&#x8E66;&#x8DF3;&#x3001;&#x62CD;&#x624B;&#x3001;&#x6325;&#x624B;&#x3001;&#x5954;&#x8DD1;&#x65CB;&#x8F6C;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x81EA;&#x4F24;&#x81EA;&#x6B8B;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x6316;&#x9F3B;&#x5B54;&#x3001;&#x62A0;&#x5634;&#x3001;&#x54AC;&#x5507;&#x3001;&#x5438;&#x542E;&#x7B49;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;4&#x3001;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x843D;&#x540E;&#x53CA;&#x4E0D;&#x5747;&#x8861;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x591A;&#x6570;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x6BD4;&#x540C;&#x9F84;&#x513F;&#x8FDF;&#x949D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x6709;20-25%&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x6216;&#x63A5;&#x8FD1;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x3002;&#x4F46;&#x5176;&#x5728;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E00;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x53C8;&#x51FA;&#x5947;&#x5730;&#x597D;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE4;&#x4EBA;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x601D;&#x8BAE;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x68B0;&#x8BB0;&#x5FC6;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x5F88;&#x5F3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x5BF9;&#x6587;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x7684;&#x8BB0;&#x5FC6;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x6709;&#x4F4D;3&#x3001;4&#x5C81;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x8BA4;&#x5B57;&#xFF0C;&#x89C1;&#x5B57;&#x5C31;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x95EE;&#x5FF5;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x53EA;&#x95EE;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x5C31;&#x8BB0;&#x4F4F;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3A;&#x6B64;&#x4ED6;&#x80FD;&#x6BEB;&#x4E0D;&#x8D39;&#x529B;&#x5730;&#x6D41;&#x5229;&#x5730;&#x9605;&#x8BFB;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x6545;&#x4E8B;&#x4E66;&#xFF0C;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4ED6;&#x638C;&#x63E1;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x8BCD;&#x6C47;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5F53;&#x4ED6;&#x8981;&#x7528;&#x8BCD;&#x6765;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x601D;&#x65F6;&#x5219;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x660E;&#x663E;&#x7684;&#x56F0;&#x96BE;&#xFF0C;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x548C;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x635F;&#x5BB3;&#x3002;\nAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the clinical presentation can vary with the severity of the impairment. Despite the variability in the clinical pattern, all children with autism manifest some degree of impairment in the areas of reciprocal social interaction, communication, and restrictive and repetitive stereotypical patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Although there is no pathognomonic symptom or behavior seen in all children with autism, most children have some impairment in joint attention or pretend play. Joint attention is the ability to use eye contact and pointing for the purposes of sharing experiences with others. It is a skill that typically develops by 18 mo. Other precursor skills to joint attention that are often absent in children with autism are protoimperative pointing (the use of pointing to obtain an object of desire) and protodeclarative pointing (the use of pointing to an object of interest simply to have another share in the interest with him or her). The symptoms of autism can vary in the severity of their presentation. Some children with autism may make no eye contact and seem totally aloof, whereas others may show intermittent engagement with their environment and may make inconsistent eye contact, smile, and hug. These social behaviors often come on the child's own terms, and are difficult to elicit from another person. Children with autism may also present with varying verbal abilities. They can range from being nonverbal to having advanced speech, capable of imitating songs, rhymes, or television commercials. What is most notable in children with autism is the quality of their speech and language. The speech may have an odd prosody or intonation and may be characterized by echolalia, pronoun reversal, nonsense rhyming, and other idiosyncratic language forms. Intellectual functioning can vary from mental retardation to superior intellectual functioning in select areas. Some children with autism show typical development in certain skills and may even show areas of strength in specific areas, such as puzzles, art, or music. Play skills in children with autism are typically aberrant, characterized by little symbolic play, ritualistic rigidity, and preoccupation with parts of objects. Stereotypical body movements, a marked need for sameness, and a very narrow range of interests are also common. The autistic child is often withdrawn and spends hours in solitary play. Ritualistic behavior prevails, reflecting the child's need to maintain a consistent, predictable environment. Tantrum-like rages may accompany disruptions of routine. Eye contact is typically minimal or absent. Visual scanning of hand and finger movements, mouthing of objects, and rubbing of surfaces may indicate a heightened awareness of and sensitivity to some stimuli, whereas diminished responses to pain and lack of startle responses to sudden loud noises reflect lowered sensitivity to other stimuli.\n&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#x793E;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x52A8;\n&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x666E;&#x904D;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x6027;&#x4E92;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x666E;&#x904D;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x613F;&#x610F;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#x5C31;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#xFF0C;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x987E;&#x5FCC;&#xFF0C;&#x65C1;&#x82E5;&#x65E0;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x96BE;&#x4E0E;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x540C;&#x6B65;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#xFF0C;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x529B;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x8005;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x5728;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x6216;&#x7269;&#x54C1;&#x4E0A;&#x3002;\n&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4ECE;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x65F6;&#x671F;&#x8D77;&#x5C31;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x8868;&#x73B0; &#x51FA;&#x201C;&#x9ECF;&#x4EBA;&#x201D;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x591A;&#x662F;&#x8868;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x4F9D;&#x9644;&#xFF0C;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x771F;&#x6B63;&#x4EB2;&#x8FD1;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x6BCD;&#x4EB2;&#x7684;&#x6402;&#x62B1;&#x3001;&#x4EB2;&#x543B;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4E0D;&#x4F38;&#x624B;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;&#xFF1B;&#x957F;&#x5927;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x627E;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x5C0F;&#x5B69;&#x73A9;&#xFF0C;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x627E;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8EB2;&#x907F;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x547C;&#x5524;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x603B;&#x662F;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x73A9;&#x3002;\n&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E0D;&#x6CE8;&#x89C6;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#xFF0C;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#xFF0C;&#x5E73;&#x65F6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x65F6;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E5F;&#x6E38;&#x79FB;&#x4E0D;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x65F6;&#x5E38;&#x772F;&#x7740;&#x773C;&#x3001;&#x659C;&#x89C6;&#x6216;&#x7ED9;&#x4EBA;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x4F59;&#x5149;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x6B63;&#x89C6;&#x3001;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4ECE;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x548C;&#x4EBA;&#x6253;&#x62DB;&#x547C;&#x3002;\n\n&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x8D28;&#x7684;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x548C;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;\n&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x671F;&#xFF1A;&#x6BCD;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x65F6;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5BF9;&#x89C6;&#x548C;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;\n&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x65F6;&#x53D1;&#x633A;,&#x4E0D;&#x613F;&#x4E0E;&#x4EBA;&#x8D34;&#x8FD1;\n&#x5BF9;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x3001;\n&#x53EB;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x5C11;\n&#x8FC7;&#x5206;&#x5B89;&#x9759;&#x3001;&#x88AB;&#x52A8;\n&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x3001;&#x7B11;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x3001;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x9002;&#x5F53;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x60C5;\n&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x88AB;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;\n&#x4E0D;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x6447;&#x5934;&#x6216;&#x7528;&#x5934;&#x649E;&#x5E8A;\n&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x4E0D;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#xFF08;&#x53F3;&#x4FA7;&#xFF09;\n&#x5E7C;&#x513F;&#x671F;&#x540E;\n&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x76EE;&#x5149;\n&#x5BF9;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x65E0;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;\n&#x5BF9;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x4E0D;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x4F9D;&#x604B;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x3001;&#x613F;&#x671B;\n&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;,&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x793E;&#x4EA4;&#x60C5;&#x666F;&#x8C03;&#x6574;\n &#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5206;&#x4EAB;&#x6B22;&#x4E50;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5BFB;&#x6C42;&#x5B89;&#x6170;&#x6216;&#x5B89;&#x6170;&#x4EBA;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x60F3;&#x8C61;&#x6027;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x7B49; \n&#x5C11;&#x5E74;&#x671F;&#x540E;\n&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x5BF9;&#x89C6;&#x6539;&#x5584;\n&#x5BF9;&#x5BB6;&#x4EBA;&#x53CB;&#x597D;&#x800C;&#x6709;&#x611F;&#x60C5;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;\n&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x53CB;&#x8C0A;\n\n\n&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#xFF08;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x548C;&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#xFF09;\n&#x53E3;&#x8BED;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x8FDF;&#x7F13;&#x6216;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F; ;\n&#x867D;&#x6709;&#x8DB3;&#x591F;&#x7684;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x6216;&#x7EF4;&#x6301;&#x4E00;&#x6BB5;&#x4EA4;&#x8C08; ;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x5730;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x6216;&#x5947;&#x602A;&#x7684;&#x8A00;&#x8BED; ;\n&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD8;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x201C;&#x53CD;&#x8F6C;&#x201D;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x63D0;&#x95EE;&#x6216;&#x56DE;&#x7B54;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x662F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x8BDD;\n\n&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x8868;&#x60C5;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x8F83;&#x5C11;&#x3001;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x65E0;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;\n &#x62C9;&#x7740;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x624B;&#x8D70;&#x5411;&#x6240;&#x8981;&#x7269;&#x54C1;\n &#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x624B;&#x52BF;\n &#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x59FF;&#x52BF; &#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x70B9;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x5934;\n&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x529B;&#x53D7;&#x635F;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x7F13;&#x6216;&#x4E0D;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x53CA;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n &#x8BED;&#x8C03;&#x3001;&#x8BED;&#x901F;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#xFF0C;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;\n &#x523B;&#x677F;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8BEF;&#x7528;&#x7B49;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x53D7;&#x635F;\n &#x8BDD;&#x5C11;&#x3001;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x3001;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x3001;&#x4E66;&#x9762;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x8FDE;&#x8D2F;&#x5DEE;\n &#x4E0E;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E0D;&#x9002; &#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x6216;&#x62D3;&#x5C55;&#x8BDD;&#x9898; \n\n&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x3001;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;\n&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#xFF0C;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x5F3A;&#x70C8;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x7EF4;&#x6301;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E0D;&#x53D8;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x613F;&#x3002;\n&#x56FA;&#x6267;&#x4E8E;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x5177;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x5E38;&#x89C4;&#x6216;&#x4EEA;&#x5F0F;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; ;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; (&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x524D;&#x540E;&#x6446;&#x52A8;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x6643;&#x5934;&#x90E8;&#x3001;&#x5BA4;&#x5185;&#x7ED5;&#x5708;&#x7B49;) ;\n&#x6301;&#x7EED;&#x4E13;&#x6CE8;&#x4E8E;&#x7269;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x90E8;&#x4EFD;&#x3002;\n&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x3001;&#x602A;&#x7656;\n&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x602A;&#x5F02;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; \n\n&#x4E09;&#x5927;&#x7C7B;&#x6838;&#x5FC3;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;\\\nOther&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#xFF08;&#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x89C6;&#x89C9;&#xFF09;\n&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x6982;&#x5FF5;&#x3001;&#x60F3;&#x6CD5;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x7269;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x4EF6;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#xFF08;tiger woods)&#x2014;&#x7834;&#x788E;&#x7684;&#x4E16;&#x754C;\n&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x6027;&#x5DEE;&#xFF08;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x3001;&#x601D;&#x7EF4;&#xFF09;\n&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x529B;&#x53CA;&#x62BD;&#x8C61;&#x601D;&#x7EF4;&#x5DEE;&#xFF08;&#x8C1A;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#xFF09;\n&#x6392;&#x5E8F;&#x5DEE;\n&#x6CDB;&#x5316;&#x5DEE;\n&#x60C5;&#x611F;&#x4E0D;&#x534F;&#x8C03;\n&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n &#x8FC7;&#x5206;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x7269;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x6C14;&#x5473;&#x3001;&#x5473;&#x9053;&#x3001;&#x8D28;&#x5730;&#x7B49;\n &#x75DB;&#x89C9;&#x51CF;&#x9000;\n &#x542C;&#x89C9;&#x51CF;&#x9000;&#xFF08;1.6&#xFF0D;7.9%)\n &#x542C;&#x89C9;&#x8D85;&#x654F;&#xFF08;18&#xFF05;&#xFF09;\n&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x6EDE;\n 3/4 &#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x6EDE;\n &#x8BA4;&#x77E5;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x4E0D;&#x5E73;&#x8861;(&#x6587;&#x5B57;&#x3001;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x3001;&#x97F3;&#x4E50;&#xFF09;\n &#x5668;&#x8D28;&#x6027;&#x75C5;&#x56E0;\n &#x8106;&#x6027;X&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n 21&#x4E09;&#x4F53;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n &#x7ED3;&#x8282;&#x6027;&#x786C;&#x5316;&#x75C7;\n &#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x76AE;&#x80A4;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n &#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;&#x548C;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n\n&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x548C;&#x591A;&#x52A8;\n 64&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n 36&#xFF0D;48&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;\n&#x766B;&#x75EB;\n 4-42%&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x766B;&#x75EB;\n\n&#x81EA;&#x4F24;\n 24&#xFF0D;43&#xFF05;&#x6709;&#x81EA;&#x4F24;&#x53F2;\n&#x53D1;&#x813E;&#x6C14;&#x6216;&#x653B;&#x51FB;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n &#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x5DEE;\n&#x7761;&#x7720;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n 11&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7761;&#x7720;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x5165;&#x7761;&#x96BE;&#xFF0C;&#x591C;&#x9192;&#x6B21;&#x6570;&#x591A;&#x3001;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x957F;&#xFF0C; \n &#x7761;&#x7720;&#x5C11;&#xFF0C;&#x65E9;&#x9192;\n&#x5927;&#x5934; \n 17.3%&#x5B58;&#x5728; \n &#x5927;&#x8111;&#x3001;&#x5C0F;&#x8111;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#x751F;&#x957F;&#x6240;&#x81F4;\n &#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#xFF1A;&#x5C0F;&#x8111;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#xFF0C;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x7070;&#x3001;&#x767D;&#x8D28;\n &#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x989D;&#x53F6;\n&#x8111;&#x762B;\n 2.9%&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x8111;&#x762B;\n 10.5&#xFF05;&#x8111;&#x762B;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F34;&#x6709;ASD\n
&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x4E0A;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x56E0;&#x4EBA;&#x800C;&#x5F02;&#x7684;&#x3002;\n&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x4E3A;&#x4E09;&#x5927;&#x7C7B;&#x6838;&#x5FC3;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#xFF1A;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3001;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3001;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x548C;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x7684;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;1&#x3001;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x5373;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x79BB;&#x7FA4;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E0E;&#x4EBA;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x7684;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4ECE;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x65F6;&#x671F;&#x8D77;&#x5C31;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x4ECE;&#x5C0F;&#x5C31;&#x548C;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x4EB2;&#x4E0D;&#x4EB2;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x8981;&#x4EBA;&#x62B1;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x4F38;&#x624B;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x8981;&#x88AB;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x627E;&#x5C0F;&#x5B69;&#x73A9;&#xFF0C;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x627E;&#x4ED6;&#x73A9;&#x65F6;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8EB2;&#x907F;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x547C;&#x5524;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x603B;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x73A9;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x4E0D;&#x62D2;&#x7EDD;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E0E;&#x5C0F;&#x670B;&#x53CB;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x627E;&#x5C0F;&#x670B;&#x53CB;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x7A81;&#x7136;&#x62CD;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x63EA;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#x6216;&#x7A81;&#x7136;&#x8FC7;&#x53BB;&#x6402;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5C31;&#x8D70;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x597D;&#x50CF;&#x62CD;&#x4EBA;&#x3001;&#x63EA;&#x4EBA;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x627E;&#x4EBA;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x800C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x8BF4;&#x53EA;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63A5;&#x89E6;&#x7684;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x65E0;&#x63A5;&#x89E6;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x548C;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x201C;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x201D;&#x8FD8;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x5BF9;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x4E0D;&#x5173;&#x5FC3;&#xFF0C;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x662F;&#x542C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x95FB;&#xFF0C;&#x89C6;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x89C1;&#xFF0C;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x613F;&#x610F;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#x5C31;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#xFF0C;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x987E;&#x5FCC;&#xFF0C;&#x65C1;&#x82E5;&#x65E0;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x4E8B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x90FD;&#x4E0E;&#x4ED6;&#x65E0;&#x5173;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x96BE;&#x5F15;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x7684;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x548C;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF0C;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x7ECF;&#x5E38;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x6613;&#x505C;&#x7559;&#x5728;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x4ED6;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x5728;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x5929;&#x5730;&#x91CC;&#x3002;&#x53E6;&#x5916;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E0D;&#x6CE8;&#x89C6;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#xFF0C;&#x5E73;&#x65F6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x65F6;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E5F;&#x6E38;&#x79FB;&#x4E0D;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x65F6;&#x5E38;&#x772F;&#x7740;&#x773C;&#xFF0C;&#x659C;&#x89C6;&#x6216;&#x7528;&#x4F59;&#x5149;&#x7B49;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x6B63;&#x89C6;&#x4E5F;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4ECE;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x548C;&#x4EBA;&#x6253;&#x62DB;&#x547C;&#x3002;\n&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xA0;2&#x3001;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;1&#xFF09;&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5E38;&#x4EE5;&#x54ED;&#x6216;&#x5C16;&#x53EB;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x4E0D;&#x8212;&#x9002;&#x6216;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x3002;&#x7A0D;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4F1A;&#x62C9;&#x7740;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x624B;&#x8D70;&#x5411;&#x4ED6;&#x60F3;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x4E1C;&#x897F;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x9762;&#x90E8;&#x8868;&#x60C5;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x60C5;&#x4E5F;&#x5E38;&#x663E;&#x5F97;&#x6F20;&#x7136;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x7528;&#x70B9;&#x5934;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x5934;&#x3001;&#x6446;&#x624B;&#x7B49;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x6765;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x613F;&#x3002;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;2&#xFF09;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E25;&#x91CD;&#x7684;&#x75C5;&#x4F8B;&#x51E0;&#x4E4E;&#x7EC8;&#x751F;&#x4E0D;&#x8BED;&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#x4F1A;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x8BCD;&#x6C47;&#x6709;&#x9650;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x5373;&#x4F7F;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x4E0D;&#x613F;&#x8BF4;&#x8BDD;&#x800C;&#x5B81;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x624B;&#x52BF;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x5F88;&#x5C0F;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x4F4E;&#x6216;&#x81EA;&#x8A00;&#x81EA;&#x8BED;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x53EA;&#x4F1A;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x8BF4;&#x8FC7;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x7528;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4EA4;&#x8C08;&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x63D0;&#x95EE;&#x6216;&#x56DE;&#x7B54;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x8BDD;&#x3002;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7684;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD8;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x6DF7;&#x6DC6;&#x98A0;&#x5012;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x201C;&#x4F60;&#x201D;&#x548C;&#x201C;&#x4ED6;&#x201D;&#x6765;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x4ED6;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;3&#x3001;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x53CA;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x5728;&#x8F83;&#x957F;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x91CC;&#x4E13;&#x6CE8;&#x4E8E;&#x67D0;&#x79CD;&#x6216;&#x51E0;&#x79CD;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x6216;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x7740;&#x8FF7;&#x4E8E;&#x65CB;&#x8F6C;&#x9505;&#x76D6;&#xFF0C;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x5730;&#x6446;&#x653E;&#x79EF;&#x6728;&#x5757;&#xFF0C;&#x70ED;&#x8877;&#x4E8E;&#x89C2;&#x770B;&#x7535;&#x89C6;&#x5E7F;&#x544A;&#x548C;&#x5929;&#x6C14;&#x9884;&#x62A5;&#xFF0C;&#x9762;&#x5BF9;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x4EEC;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x753B;&#x7247;&#xFF0C;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x7535;&#x89C6;&#xFF0C;&#x7535;&#x5F71;&#x5219;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5929;&#x5929;&#x8981;&#x5403;&#x540C;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x996D;&#x83DC;&#xFF0C;&#x51FA;&#x95E8;&#x8981;&#x8D70;&#x76F8;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x8DEF;&#x7EBF;&#xFF0C;&#x6392;&#x4FBF;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4FBF;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x6709;&#x53D8;&#x52A8;&#x5219;&#x5927;&#x54ED;&#x5927;&#x95F9;&#xFF0C;&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x9002;&#x5E94;&#x65B0;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x8FD8;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x65E0;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#xFF0C;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x5730;&#x8E66;&#x8DF3;&#x3001;&#x62CD;&#x624B;&#x3001;&#x6325;&#x624B;&#x3001;&#x5954;&#x8DD1;&#x65CB;&#x8F6C;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x81EA;&#x4F24;&#x81EA;&#x6B8B;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x6316;&#x9F3B;&#x5B54;&#x3001;&#x62A0;&#x5634;&#x3001;&#x54AC;&#x5507;&#x3001;&#x5438;&#x542E;&#x7B49;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;4&#x3001;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x843D;&#x540E;&#x53CA;&#x4E0D;&#x5747;&#x8861;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x591A;&#x6570;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x6BD4;&#x540C;&#x9F84;&#x513F;&#x8FDF;&#x949D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x6709;20-25%&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x6216;&#x63A5;&#x8FD1;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x3002;&#x4F46;&#x5176;&#x5728;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E00;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x53C8;&#x51FA;&#x5947;&#x5730;&#x597D;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE4;&#x4EBA;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x601D;&#x8BAE;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x68B0;&#x8BB0;&#x5FC6;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x5F88;&#x5F3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x5BF9;&#x6587;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x7684;&#x8BB0;&#x5FC6;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x6709;&#x4F4D;3&#x3001;4&#x5C81;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x8BA4;&#x5B57;&#xFF0C;&#x89C1;&#x5B57;&#x5C31;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x95EE;&#x5FF5;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x53EA;&#x95EE;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x5C31;&#x8BB0;&#x4F4F;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3A;&#x6B64;&#x4ED6;&#x80FD;&#x6BEB;&#x4E0D;&#x8D39;&#x529B;&#x5730;&#x6D41;&#x5229;&#x5730;&#x9605;&#x8BFB;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x6545;&#x4E8B;&#x4E66;&#xFF0C;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4ED6;&#x638C;&#x63E1;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x8BCD;&#x6C47;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5F53;&#x4ED6;&#x8981;&#x7528;&#x8BCD;&#x6765;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x601D;&#x65F6;&#x5219;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x660E;&#x663E;&#x7684;&#x56F0;&#x96BE;&#xFF0C;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x548C;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x635F;&#x5BB3;&#x3002;\nAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the clinical presentation can vary with the severity of the impairment. Despite the variability in the clinical pattern, all children with autism manifest some degree of impairment in the areas of reciprocal social interaction, communication, and restrictive and repetitive stereotypical patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Although there is no pathognomonic symptom or behavior seen in all children with autism, most children have some impairment in joint attention or pretend play. Joint attention is the ability to use eye contact and pointing for the purposes of sharing experiences with others. It is a skill that typically develops by 18 mo. Other precursor skills to joint attention that are often absent in children with autism are protoimperative pointing (the use of pointing to obtain an object of desire) and protodeclarative pointing (the use of pointing to an object of interest simply to have another share in the interest with him or her). The symptoms of autism can vary in the severity of their presentation. Some children with autism may make no eye contact and seem totally aloof, whereas others may show intermittent engagement with their environment and may make inconsistent eye contact, smile, and hug. These social behaviors often come on the child's own terms, and are difficult to elicit from another person. Children with autism may also present with varying verbal abilities. They can range from being nonverbal to having advanced speech, capable of imitating songs, rhymes, or television commercials. What is most notable in children with autism is the quality of their speech and language. The speech may have an odd prosody or intonation and may be characterized by echolalia, pronoun reversal, nonsense rhyming, and other idiosyncratic language forms. Intellectual functioning can vary from mental retardation to superior intellectual functioning in select areas. Some children with autism show typical development in certain skills and may even show areas of strength in specific areas, such as puzzles, art, or music. Play skills in children with autism are typically aberrant, characterized by little symbolic play, ritualistic rigidity, and preoccupation with parts of objects. Stereotypical body movements, a marked need for sameness, and a very narrow range of interests are also common. The autistic child is often withdrawn and spends hours in solitary play. Ritualistic behavior prevails, reflecting the child's need to maintain a consistent, predictable environment. Tantrum-like rages may accompany disruptions of routine. Eye contact is typically minimal or absent. Visual scanning of hand and finger movements, mouthing of objects, and rubbing of surfaces may indicate a heightened awareness of and sensitivity to some stimuli, whereas diminished responses to pain and lack of startle responses to sudden loud noises reflect lowered sensitivity to other stimuli.\n&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#x793E;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x52A8;\n&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x666E;&#x904D;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x6027;&#x4E92;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x666E;&#x904D;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x613F;&#x610F;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#x5C31;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#xFF0C;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x987E;&#x5FCC;&#xFF0C;&#x65C1;&#x82E5;&#x65E0;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x96BE;&#x4E0E;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x540C;&#x6B65;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#xFF0C;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x529B;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x8005;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x5728;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x6216;&#x7269;&#x54C1;&#x4E0A;&#x3002;\n&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4ECE;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x65F6;&#x671F;&#x8D77;&#x5C31;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x8868;&#x73B0; &#x51FA;&#x201C;&#x9ECF;&#x4EBA;&#x201D;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x591A;&#x662F;&#x8868;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x4F9D;&#x9644;&#xFF0C;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x771F;&#x6B63;&#x4EB2;&#x8FD1;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x6BCD;&#x4EB2;&#x7684;&#x6402;&#x62B1;&#x3001;&#x4EB2;&#x543B;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4E0D;&#x4F38;&#x624B;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;&#xFF1B;&#x957F;&#x5927;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x627E;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x5C0F;&#x5B69;&#x73A9;&#xFF0C;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x627E;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8EB2;&#x907F;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x547C;&#x5524;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x603B;&#x662F;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x73A9;&#x3002;\n&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E0D;&#x6CE8;&#x89C6;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#xFF0C;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#xFF0C;&#x5E73;&#x65F6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x65F6;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E5F;&#x6E38;&#x79FB;&#x4E0D;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x65F6;&#x5E38;&#x772F;&#x7740;&#x773C;&#x3001;&#x659C;&#x89C6;&#x6216;&#x7ED9;&#x4EBA;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x4F59;&#x5149;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x6B63;&#x89C6;&#x3001;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4ECE;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x548C;&#x4EBA;&#x6253;&#x62DB;&#x547C;&#x3002;\n\n&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x8D28;&#x7684;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x548C;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;\n&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x671F;&#xFF1A;&#x6BCD;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x65F6;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5BF9;&#x89C6;&#x548C;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;\n&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x65F6;&#x53D1;&#x633A;,&#x4E0D;&#x613F;&#x4E0E;&#x4EBA;&#x8D34;&#x8FD1;\n&#x5BF9;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x3001;\n&#x53EB;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x5C11;\n&#x8FC7;&#x5206;&#x5B89;&#x9759;&#x3001;&#x88AB;&#x52A8;\n&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x3001;&#x7B11;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x3001;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x9002;&#x5F53;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x60C5;\n&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x88AB;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;\n&#x4E0D;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x6447;&#x5934;&#x6216;&#x7528;&#x5934;&#x649E;&#x5E8A;\n&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x4E0D;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#xFF08;&#x53F3;&#x4FA7;&#xFF09;\n&#x5E7C;&#x513F;&#x671F;&#x540E;\n&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x76EE;&#x5149;\n&#x5BF9;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x65E0;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;\n&#x5BF9;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x4E0D;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x4F9D;&#x604B;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x3001;&#x613F;&#x671B;\n&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;,&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x793E;&#x4EA4;&#x60C5;&#x666F;&#x8C03;&#x6574;\n &#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5206;&#x4EAB;&#x6B22;&#x4E50;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5BFB;&#x6C42;&#x5B89;&#x6170;&#x6216;&#x5B89;&#x6170;&#x4EBA;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x60F3;&#x8C61;&#x6027;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x7B49; \n&#x5C11;&#x5E74;&#x671F;&#x540E;\n&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x5BF9;&#x89C6;&#x6539;&#x5584;\n&#x5BF9;&#x5BB6;&#x4EBA;&#x53CB;&#x597D;&#x800C;&#x6709;&#x611F;&#x60C5;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;\n&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x53CB;&#x8C0A;\n\n\n&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#xFF08;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x548C;&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#xFF09;\n&#x53E3;&#x8BED;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x8FDF;&#x7F13;&#x6216;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F; ;\n&#x867D;&#x6709;&#x8DB3;&#x591F;&#x7684;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x6216;&#x7EF4;&#x6301;&#x4E00;&#x6BB5;&#x4EA4;&#x8C08; ;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x5730;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x6216;&#x5947;&#x602A;&#x7684;&#x8A00;&#x8BED; ;\n&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD8;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x201C;&#x53CD;&#x8F6C;&#x201D;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x63D0;&#x95EE;&#x6216;&#x56DE;&#x7B54;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x662F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x8BDD;\n\n&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x8868;&#x60C5;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x8F83;&#x5C11;&#x3001;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x65E0;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;\n &#x62C9;&#x7740;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x624B;&#x8D70;&#x5411;&#x6240;&#x8981;&#x7269;&#x54C1;\n &#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x624B;&#x52BF;\n &#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x59FF;&#x52BF; &#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x70B9;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x5934;\n&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x529B;&#x53D7;&#x635F;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x7F13;&#x6216;&#x4E0D;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x53CA;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n &#x8BED;&#x8C03;&#x3001;&#x8BED;&#x901F;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#xFF0C;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;\n &#x523B;&#x677F;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8BEF;&#x7528;&#x7B49;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x53D7;&#x635F;\n &#x8BDD;&#x5C11;&#x3001;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x3001;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x3001;&#x4E66;&#x9762;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x8FDE;&#x8D2F;&#x5DEE;\n &#x4E0E;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E0D;&#x9002; &#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x6216;&#x62D3;&#x5C55;&#x8BDD;&#x9898; \n\n&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x3001;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;\n&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#xFF0C;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x5F3A;&#x70C8;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x7EF4;&#x6301;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E0D;&#x53D8;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x613F;&#x3002;\n&#x56FA;&#x6267;&#x4E8E;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x5177;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x5E38;&#x89C4;&#x6216;&#x4EEA;&#x5F0F;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; ;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; (&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x524D;&#x540E;&#x6446;&#x52A8;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x6643;&#x5934;&#x90E8;&#x3001;&#x5BA4;&#x5185;&#x7ED5;&#x5708;&#x7B49;) ;\n&#x6301;&#x7EED;&#x4E13;&#x6CE8;&#x4E8E;&#x7269;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x90E8;&#x4EFD;&#x3002;\n&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x3001;&#x602A;&#x7656;\n&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x602A;&#x5F02;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; \n\n&#x4E09;&#x5927;&#x7C7B;&#x6838;&#x5FC3;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;\\\nOther&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#xFF08;&#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x89C6;&#x89C9;&#xFF09;\n&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x6982;&#x5FF5;&#x3001;&#x60F3;&#x6CD5;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x7269;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x4EF6;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#xFF08;tiger woods)&#x2014;&#x7834;&#x788E;&#x7684;&#x4E16;&#x754C;\n&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x6027;&#x5DEE;&#xFF08;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x3001;&#x601D;&#x7EF4;&#xFF09;\n&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x529B;&#x53CA;&#x62BD;&#x8C61;&#x601D;&#x7EF4;&#x5DEE;&#xFF08;&#x8C1A;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#xFF09;\n&#x6392;&#x5E8F;&#x5DEE;\n&#x6CDB;&#x5316;&#x5DEE;\n&#x60C5;&#x611F;&#x4E0D;&#x534F;&#x8C03;\n&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n &#x8FC7;&#x5206;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x7269;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x6C14;&#x5473;&#x3001;&#x5473;&#x9053;&#x3001;&#x8D28;&#x5730;&#x7B49;\n &#x75DB;&#x89C9;&#x51CF;&#x9000;\n &#x542C;&#x89C9;&#x51CF;&#x9000;&#xFF08;1.6&#xFF0D;7.9%)\n &#x542C;&#x89C9;&#x8D85;&#x654F;&#xFF08;18&#xFF05;&#xFF09;\n&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x6EDE;\n 3/4 &#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x6EDE;\n &#x8BA4;&#x77E5;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x4E0D;&#x5E73;&#x8861;(&#x6587;&#x5B57;&#x3001;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x3001;&#x97F3;&#x4E50;&#xFF09;\n &#x5668;&#x8D28;&#x6027;&#x75C5;&#x56E0;\n &#x8106;&#x6027;X&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n 21&#x4E09;&#x4F53;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n &#x7ED3;&#x8282;&#x6027;&#x786C;&#x5316;&#x75C7;\n &#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x76AE;&#x80A4;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n &#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;&#x548C;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n\n&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x548C;&#x591A;&#x52A8;\n 64&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n 36&#xFF0D;48&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;\n&#x766B;&#x75EB;\n 4-42%&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x766B;&#x75EB;\n\n&#x81EA;&#x4F24;\n 24&#xFF0D;43&#xFF05;&#x6709;&#x81EA;&#x4F24;&#x53F2;\n&#x53D1;&#x813E;&#x6C14;&#x6216;&#x653B;&#x51FB;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n &#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x5DEE;\n&#x7761;&#x7720;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n 11&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7761;&#x7720;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x5165;&#x7761;&#x96BE;&#xFF0C;&#x591C;&#x9192;&#x6B21;&#x6570;&#x591A;&#x3001;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x957F;&#xFF0C; \n &#x7761;&#x7720;&#x5C11;&#xFF0C;&#x65E9;&#x9192;\n&#x5927;&#x5934; \n 17.3%&#x5B58;&#x5728; \n &#x5927;&#x8111;&#x3001;&#x5C0F;&#x8111;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#x751F;&#x957F;&#x6240;&#x81F4;\n &#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#xFF1A;&#x5C0F;&#x8111;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#xFF0C;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x7070;&#x3001;&#x767D;&#x8D28;\n &#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x989D;&#x53F6;\n&#x8111;&#x762B;\n 2.9%&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x8111;&#x762B;\n 10.5&#xFF05;&#x8111;&#x762B;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F34;&#x6709;ASD\n
&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x4E0A;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x56E0;&#x4EBA;&#x800C;&#x5F02;&#x7684;&#x3002;\n&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x4E3A;&#x4E09;&#x5927;&#x7C7B;&#x6838;&#x5FC3;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#xFF1A;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3001;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3001;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x548C;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x7684;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;1&#x3001;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x5373;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x79BB;&#x7FA4;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E0E;&#x4EBA;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x7684;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4ECE;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x65F6;&#x671F;&#x8D77;&#x5C31;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x4ECE;&#x5C0F;&#x5C31;&#x548C;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x4EB2;&#x4E0D;&#x4EB2;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x8981;&#x4EBA;&#x62B1;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x4F38;&#x624B;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x8981;&#x88AB;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x627E;&#x5C0F;&#x5B69;&#x73A9;&#xFF0C;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x627E;&#x4ED6;&#x73A9;&#x65F6;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8EB2;&#x907F;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x547C;&#x5524;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x603B;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x73A9;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x4E0D;&#x62D2;&#x7EDD;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E0E;&#x5C0F;&#x670B;&#x53CB;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x627E;&#x5C0F;&#x670B;&#x53CB;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x7A81;&#x7136;&#x62CD;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x63EA;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#x6216;&#x7A81;&#x7136;&#x8FC7;&#x53BB;&#x6402;&#x4EBA;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5C31;&#x8D70;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x597D;&#x50CF;&#x62CD;&#x4EBA;&#x3001;&#x63EA;&#x4EBA;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x627E;&#x4EBA;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x800C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x8BF4;&#x53EA;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63A5;&#x89E6;&#x7684;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x65E0;&#x63A5;&#x89E6;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x548C;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x201C;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x201D;&#x8FD8;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x5BF9;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x4E0D;&#x5173;&#x5FC3;&#xFF0C;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x662F;&#x542C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x95FB;&#xFF0C;&#x89C6;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x89C1;&#xFF0C;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x613F;&#x610F;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#x5C31;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#xFF0C;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x987E;&#x5FCC;&#xFF0C;&#x65C1;&#x82E5;&#x65E0;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x4E8B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x90FD;&#x4E0E;&#x4ED6;&#x65E0;&#x5173;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x96BE;&#x5F15;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x7684;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x548C;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF0C;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x7ECF;&#x5E38;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x6613;&#x505C;&#x7559;&#x5728;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x4ED6;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x5728;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x5929;&#x5730;&#x91CC;&#x3002;&#x53E6;&#x5916;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E0D;&#x6CE8;&#x89C6;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#xFF0C;&#x5E73;&#x65F6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x65F6;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E5F;&#x6E38;&#x79FB;&#x4E0D;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x65F6;&#x5E38;&#x772F;&#x7740;&#x773C;&#xFF0C;&#x659C;&#x89C6;&#x6216;&#x7528;&#x4F59;&#x5149;&#x7B49;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x6B63;&#x89C6;&#x4E5F;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4ECE;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x548C;&#x4EBA;&#x6253;&#x62DB;&#x547C;&#x3002;\n&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xA0;2&#x3001;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;1&#xFF09;&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5E38;&#x4EE5;&#x54ED;&#x6216;&#x5C16;&#x53EB;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x4E0D;&#x8212;&#x9002;&#x6216;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x3002;&#x7A0D;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4F1A;&#x62C9;&#x7740;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x624B;&#x8D70;&#x5411;&#x4ED6;&#x60F3;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x4E1C;&#x897F;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x9762;&#x90E8;&#x8868;&#x60C5;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x60C5;&#x4E5F;&#x5E38;&#x663E;&#x5F97;&#x6F20;&#x7136;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x7528;&#x70B9;&#x5934;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x5934;&#x3001;&#x6446;&#x624B;&#x7B49;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x6765;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x613F;&#x3002;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;2&#xFF09;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E25;&#x91CD;&#x7684;&#x75C5;&#x4F8B;&#x51E0;&#x4E4E;&#x7EC8;&#x751F;&#x4E0D;&#x8BED;&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#x4F1A;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x8BCD;&#x6C47;&#x6709;&#x9650;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x5373;&#x4F7F;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x4E0D;&#x613F;&#x8BF4;&#x8BDD;&#x800C;&#x5B81;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x624B;&#x52BF;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BF4;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x5F88;&#x5C0F;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x4F4E;&#x6216;&#x81EA;&#x8A00;&#x81EA;&#x8BED;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x53EA;&#x4F1A;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x8BF4;&#x8FC7;&#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x7528;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4EA4;&#x8C08;&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x63D0;&#x95EE;&#x6216;&#x56DE;&#x7B54;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x8BDD;&#x3002;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7684;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD8;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x6DF7;&#x6DC6;&#x98A0;&#x5012;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x201C;&#x4F60;&#x201D;&#x548C;&#x201C;&#x4ED6;&#x201D;&#x6765;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x4ED6;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;3&#x3001;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x53CA;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x5728;&#x8F83;&#x957F;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x91CC;&#x4E13;&#x6CE8;&#x4E8E;&#x67D0;&#x79CD;&#x6216;&#x51E0;&#x79CD;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x6216;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x7740;&#x8FF7;&#x4E8E;&#x65CB;&#x8F6C;&#x9505;&#x76D6;&#xFF0C;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x5730;&#x6446;&#x653E;&#x79EF;&#x6728;&#x5757;&#xFF0C;&#x70ED;&#x8877;&#x4E8E;&#x89C2;&#x770B;&#x7535;&#x89C6;&#x5E7F;&#x544A;&#x548C;&#x5929;&#x6C14;&#x9884;&#x62A5;&#xFF0C;&#x9762;&#x5BF9;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x4EEC;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x753B;&#x7247;&#xFF0C;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x7535;&#x89C6;&#xFF0C;&#x7535;&#x5F71;&#x5219;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5929;&#x5929;&#x8981;&#x5403;&#x540C;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x996D;&#x83DC;&#xFF0C;&#x51FA;&#x95E8;&#x8981;&#x8D70;&#x76F8;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x8DEF;&#x7EBF;&#xFF0C;&#x6392;&#x4FBF;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4FBF;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x6709;&#x53D8;&#x52A8;&#x5219;&#x5927;&#x54ED;&#x5927;&#x95F9;&#xFF0C;&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x9002;&#x5E94;&#x65B0;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x8FD8;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x65E0;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#xFF0C;&#x5355;&#x8C03;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x5730;&#x8E66;&#x8DF3;&#x3001;&#x62CD;&#x624B;&#x3001;&#x6325;&#x624B;&#x3001;&#x5954;&#x8DD1;&#x65CB;&#x8F6C;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x81EA;&#x4F24;&#x81EA;&#x6B8B;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x6316;&#x9F3B;&#x5B54;&#x3001;&#x62A0;&#x5634;&#x3001;&#x54AC;&#x5507;&#x3001;&#x5438;&#x542E;&#x7B49;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x3002;\n&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;4&#x3001;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x843D;&#x540E;&#x53CA;&#x4E0D;&#x5747;&#x8861;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#x591A;&#x6570;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x6BD4;&#x540C;&#x9F84;&#x513F;&#x8FDF;&#x949D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x6709;20-25%&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x6216;&#x63A5;&#x8FD1;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x3002;&#x4F46;&#x5176;&#x5728;&#x667A;&#x529B;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E00;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x53C8;&#x51FA;&#x5947;&#x5730;&#x597D;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE4;&#x4EBA;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x601D;&#x8BAE;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x68B0;&#x8BB0;&#x5FC6;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x5F88;&#x5F3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x5BF9;&#x6587;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x7684;&#x8BB0;&#x5FC6;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x6709;&#x4F4D;3&#x3001;4&#x5C81;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x559C;&#x6B22;&#x8BA4;&#x5B57;&#xFF0C;&#x89C1;&#x5B57;&#x5C31;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x95EE;&#x5FF5;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x53EA;&#x95EE;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x5C31;&#x8BB0;&#x4F4F;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3A;&#x6B64;&#x4ED6;&#x80FD;&#x6BEB;&#x4E0D;&#x8D39;&#x529B;&#x5730;&#x6D41;&#x5229;&#x5730;&#x9605;&#x8BFB;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x6545;&#x4E8B;&#x4E66;&#xFF0C;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4ED6;&#x638C;&#x63E1;&#x4E0D;&#x5C11;&#x8BCD;&#x6C47;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5F53;&#x4ED6;&#x8981;&#x7528;&#x8BCD;&#x6765;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x601D;&#x65F6;&#x5219;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x660E;&#x663E;&#x7684;&#x56F0;&#x96BE;&#xFF0C;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x548C;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x635F;&#x5BB3;&#x3002;\nAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the clinical presentation can vary with the severity of the impairment. Despite the variability in the clinical pattern, all children with autism manifest some degree of impairment in the areas of reciprocal social interaction, communication, and restrictive and repetitive stereotypical patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Although there is no pathognomonic symptom or behavior seen in all children with autism, most children have some impairment in joint attention or pretend play. Joint attention is the ability to use eye contact and pointing for the purposes of sharing experiences with others. It is a skill that typically develops by 18 mo. Other precursor skills to joint attention that are often absent in children with autism are protoimperative pointing (the use of pointing to obtain an object of desire) and protodeclarative pointing (the use of pointing to an object of interest simply to have another share in the interest with him or her). The symptoms of autism can vary in the severity of their presentation. Some children with autism may make no eye contact and seem totally aloof, whereas others may show intermittent engagement with their environment and may make inconsistent eye contact, smile, and hug. These social behaviors often come on the child's own terms, and are difficult to elicit from another person. Children with autism may also present with varying verbal abilities. They can range from being nonverbal to having advanced speech, capable of imitating songs, rhymes, or television commercials. What is most notable in children with autism is the quality of their speech and language. The speech may have an odd prosody or intonation and may be characterized by echolalia, pronoun reversal, nonsense rhyming, and other idiosyncratic language forms. Intellectual functioning can vary from mental retardation to superior intellectual functioning in select areas. Some children with autism show typical development in certain skills and may even show areas of strength in specific areas, such as puzzles, art, or music. Play skills in children with autism are typically aberrant, characterized by little symbolic play, ritualistic rigidity, and preoccupation with parts of objects. Stereotypical body movements, a marked need for sameness, and a very narrow range of interests are also common. The autistic child is often withdrawn and spends hours in solitary play. Ritualistic behavior prevails, reflecting the child's need to maintain a consistent, predictable environment. Tantrum-like rages may accompany disruptions of routine. Eye contact is typically minimal or absent. Visual scanning of hand and finger movements, mouthing of objects, and rubbing of surfaces may indicate a heightened awareness of and sensitivity to some stimuli, whereas diminished responses to pain and lack of startle responses to sudden loud noises reflect lowered sensitivity to other stimuli.\n&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n&#x793E;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x52A8;\n&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x666E;&#x904D;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x6027;&#x4E92;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x666E;&#x904D;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x613F;&#x610F;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#x5C31;&#x600E;&#x6837;&#x505A;&#xFF0C;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x987E;&#x5FCC;&#xFF0C;&#x65C1;&#x82E5;&#x65E0;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x96BE;&#x4E0E;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x540C;&#x6B65;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#xFF0C;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x529B;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x8005;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x5728;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#x6216;&#x7269;&#x54C1;&#x4E0A;&#x3002;\n&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4ECE;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x65F6;&#x671F;&#x8D77;&#x5C31;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x8868;&#x73B0; &#x51FA;&#x201C;&#x9ECF;&#x4EBA;&#x201D;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x591A;&#x662F;&#x8868;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x4F9D;&#x9644;&#xFF0C;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x771F;&#x6B63;&#x4EB2;&#x8FD1;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x6BCD;&#x4EB2;&#x7684;&#x6402;&#x62B1;&#x3001;&#x4EB2;&#x543B;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x4EBA;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4E0D;&#x4F38;&#x624B;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x8981;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;&#xFF1B;&#x957F;&#x5927;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x627E;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x5C0F;&#x5B69;&#x73A9;&#xFF0C;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x627E;&#x4ED6;&#x65F6;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x8EB2;&#x907F;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x547C;&#x5524;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x603B;&#x662F;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x73A9;&#x3002;\n&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E0D;&#x6CE8;&#x89C6;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#xFF0C;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x5BF9;&#x65B9;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#xFF0C;&#x5E73;&#x65F6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x65F6;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x4E5F;&#x6E38;&#x79FB;&#x4E0D;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x65F6;&#x5E38;&#x772F;&#x7740;&#x773C;&#x3001;&#x659C;&#x89C6;&#x6216;&#x7ED9;&#x4EBA;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x4F59;&#x5149;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x6B63;&#x89C6;&#x3001;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x4ECE;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x4E3B;&#x52A8;&#x548C;&#x4EBA;&#x6253;&#x62DB;&#x547C;&#x3002;\n\n&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x8D28;&#x7684;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x548C;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;\n&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x671F;&#xFF1A;&#x6BCD;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x65F6;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5BF9;&#x89C6;&#x548C;&#x5FAE;&#x7B11;\n&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x65F6;&#x53D1;&#x633A;,&#x4E0D;&#x613F;&#x4E0E;&#x4EBA;&#x8D34;&#x8FD1;\n&#x5BF9;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x3001;\n&#x53EB;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x5C11;\n&#x8FC7;&#x5206;&#x5B89;&#x9759;&#x3001;&#x88AB;&#x52A8;\n&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x3001;&#x7B11;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x770B;&#x4EBA;&#x3001;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x9002;&#x5F53;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x60C5;\n&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x671F;&#x5F85;&#x88AB;&#x62B1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x59FF;&#x52BF;\n&#x4E0D;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x6447;&#x5934;&#x6216;&#x7528;&#x5934;&#x649E;&#x5E8A;\n&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x4E0D;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#xFF08;&#x53F3;&#x4FA7;&#xFF09;\n&#x5E7C;&#x513F;&#x671F;&#x540E;\n&#x56DE;&#x907F;&#x76EE;&#x5149;\n&#x5BF9;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x65E0;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;\n&#x5BF9;&#x7236;&#x6BCD;&#x4E0D;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x4F9D;&#x604B;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x3001;&#x613F;&#x671B;\n&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;,&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x793E;&#x4EA4;&#x60C5;&#x666F;&#x8C03;&#x6574;\n &#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5206;&#x4EAB;&#x6B22;&#x4E50;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5BFB;&#x6C42;&#x5B89;&#x6170;&#x6216;&#x5B89;&#x6170;&#x4EBA;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x60F3;&#x8C61;&#x6027;&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x7B49; \n&#x5C11;&#x5E74;&#x671F;&#x540E;\n&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x5BF9;&#x89C6;&#x6539;&#x5584;\n&#x5BF9;&#x5BB6;&#x4EBA;&#x53CB;&#x597D;&#x800C;&#x6709;&#x611F;&#x60C5;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;\n&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x6280;&#x5DE7;\n&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x53CB;&#x8C0A;\n\n\n&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#xFF08;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x548C;&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#xFF09;\n&#x53E3;&#x8BED;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x8FDF;&#x7F13;&#x6216;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F; ;\n&#x867D;&#x6709;&#x8DB3;&#x591F;&#x7684;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x6216;&#x7EF4;&#x6301;&#x4E00;&#x6BB5;&#x4EA4;&#x8C08; ;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x5730;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x6216;&#x5947;&#x602A;&#x7684;&#x8A00;&#x8BED; ;\n&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD8;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x201C;&#x53CD;&#x8F6C;&#x201D;\n&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x63D0;&#x95EE;&#x6216;&#x56DE;&#x7B54;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x591A;&#x662F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x522B;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x8BDD;\n\n&#x975E;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x8868;&#x60C5;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x8F83;&#x5C11;&#x3001;&#x76EE;&#x5149;&#x65E0;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;\n &#x62C9;&#x7740;&#x4ED6;&#x4EBA;&#x624B;&#x8D70;&#x5411;&#x6240;&#x8981;&#x7269;&#x54C1;\n &#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x624B;&#x52BF;\n &#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x59FF;&#x52BF; &#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x70B9;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x5934;\n&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x529B;&#x53D7;&#x635F;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x7F13;&#x6216;&#x4E0D;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x53CA;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n &#x8BED;&#x8C03;&#x3001;&#x8BED;&#x901F;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#xFF0C;&#x6A21;&#x4EFF;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;\n &#x523B;&#x677F;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x4EE3;&#x8BCD;&#x8BEF;&#x7528;&#x7B49;\n &#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x8FD0;&#x7528;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x53D7;&#x635F;\n &#x8BDD;&#x5C11;&#x3001;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x3001;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x3001;&#x4E66;&#x9762;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x8FDE;&#x8D2F;&#x5DEE;\n &#x4E0E;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E0D;&#x9002; &#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x6216;&#x62D3;&#x5C55;&#x8BDD;&#x9898; \n\n&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x3001;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;\n&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#xFF0C;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x5F3A;&#x70C8;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x7EF4;&#x6301;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E0D;&#x53D8;&#x7684;&#x610F;&#x613F;&#x3002;\n&#x56FA;&#x6267;&#x4E8E;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x5177;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x5E38;&#x89C4;&#x6216;&#x4EEA;&#x5F0F;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; ;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x52A8;&#x4F5C;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; (&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x524D;&#x540E;&#x6446;&#x52A8;&#x8EAB;&#x4F53;&#x3001;&#x6447;&#x6643;&#x5934;&#x90E8;&#x3001;&#x5BA4;&#x5185;&#x7ED5;&#x5708;&#x7B49;) ;\n&#x6301;&#x7EED;&#x4E13;&#x6CE8;&#x4E8E;&#x7269;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x90E8;&#x4EFD;&#x3002;\n&#x5174;&#x8DA3;&#x72ED;&#x7A84;&#x3001;&#x602A;&#x7656;\n&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;\n&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x602A;&#x5F02;&#x884C;&#x4E3A; \n\n&#x4E09;&#x5927;&#x7C7B;&#x6838;&#x5FC3;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;\\\nOther&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#xFF08;&#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x89C6;&#x89C9;&#xFF09;\n&#x96BE;&#x4EE5;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x6982;&#x5FF5;&#x3001;&#x60F3;&#x6CD5;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x7269;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x4EF6;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#xFF08;tiger woods)&#x2014;&#x7834;&#x788E;&#x7684;&#x4E16;&#x754C;\n&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x6027;&#x5DEE;&#xFF08;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x3001;&#x601D;&#x7EF4;&#xFF09;\n&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x529B;&#x53CA;&#x62BD;&#x8C61;&#x601D;&#x7EF4;&#x5DEE;&#xFF08;&#x8C1A;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#xFF09;\n&#x6392;&#x5E8F;&#x5DEE;\n&#x6CDB;&#x5316;&#x5DEE;\n&#x60C5;&#x611F;&#x4E0D;&#x534F;&#x8C03;\n&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n &#x8FC7;&#x5206;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x7269;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x6C14;&#x5473;&#x3001;&#x5473;&#x9053;&#x3001;&#x8D28;&#x5730;&#x7B49;\n &#x75DB;&#x89C9;&#x51CF;&#x9000;\n &#x542C;&#x89C9;&#x51CF;&#x9000;&#xFF08;1.6&#xFF0D;7.9%)\n &#x542C;&#x89C9;&#x8D85;&#x654F;&#xFF08;18&#xFF05;&#xFF09;\n&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x6EDE;\n 3/4 &#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8FDF;&#x6EDE;\n &#x8BA4;&#x77E5;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x4E0D;&#x5E73;&#x8861;(&#x6587;&#x5B57;&#x3001;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x3001;&#x97F3;&#x4E50;&#xFF09;\n &#x5668;&#x8D28;&#x6027;&#x75C5;&#x56E0;\n &#x8106;&#x6027;X&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n 21&#x4E09;&#x4F53;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n &#x7ED3;&#x8282;&#x6027;&#x786C;&#x5316;&#x75C7;\n &#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x76AE;&#x80A4;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;\n &#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;&#x548C;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;\n\n&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x548C;&#x591A;&#x52A8;\n 64&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n 36&#xFF0D;48&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;\n&#x766B;&#x75EB;\n 4-42%&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x766B;&#x75EB;\n\n&#x81EA;&#x4F24;\n 24&#xFF0D;43&#xFF05;&#x6709;&#x81EA;&#x4F24;&#x53F2;\n&#x53D1;&#x813E;&#x6C14;&#x6216;&#x653B;&#x51FB;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;\n &#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x5DEE;\n&#x7761;&#x7720;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n 11&#xFF05;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7761;&#x7720;&#x969C;&#x788D;\n &#x5165;&#x7761;&#x96BE;&#xFF0C;&#x591C;&#x9192;&#x6B21;&#x6570;&#x591A;&#x3001;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x957F;&#xFF0C; \n &#x7761;&#x7720;&#x5C11;&#xFF0C;&#x65E9;&#x9192;\n&#x5927;&#x5934; \n 17.3%&#x5B58;&#x5728; \n &#x5927;&#x8111;&#x3001;&#x5C0F;&#x8111;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#x751F;&#x957F;&#x6240;&#x81F4;\n &#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#xFF1A;&#x5C0F;&#x8111;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#xFF0C;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x7070;&#x3001;&#x767D;&#x8D28;\n &#x5C24;&#x5176;&#x989D;&#x53F6;\n&#x8111;&#x762B;\n 2.9%&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x8111;&#x762B;\n 10.5&#xFF05;&#x8111;&#x762B;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4F34;&#x6709;ASD\n
&#x53D1;&#x75C5;&#x7387;&#x662F;&#x4E07;&#x5206;&#x4E4B;0.12-34&#xFF0C;&#x8FD1;&#x5E74;&#x6765;&#x53D1;&#x75C5;&#x7387;&#x6709;&#x6240;&#x4E0A;&#x5347;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x662F;&#x7531;&#x4E8E;&#x5BF9;&#x5176;&#x7684;&#x8BC6;&#x522B;&#x7387;&#x63D0;&#x9AD8;&#xFF0C;&#x53E6;&#x4E00;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x7531;&#x4E8E;&#x8BCA;&#x65AD;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x3002;\n&#x7537;&#x5973;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x5E73;&#x5747;4&#xFF1A;1&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5973;&#x6027;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x635F;&#x5BB3;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#x66F4;&#x91CD;&#xFF0C;&#x66F4;&#x591A;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x766B;&#x75EB;&#x3002;\n\nThe prevalence rate of all pervasive developmental disorders appears to be 58.7 per 10,000 children. This prevalence rate includes autism (22/10,000), Asperger syndrome (11/10,000), Pervasive Developmental Disorder not otherwise specified (24.8/10,000), and child disintegrative disorder (0.9/10,000). This is consistent with previous research that identified the prevalence of all pervasive developmental disorders as 60/10,000. The incidence of the diagnosis of autism may have increased. There is evidence that the increase in the number of children identified with autism is likely related to changes in the definition of and diagnostic criteria for autism, as well as improvements in the recognition of autism at younger ages. An increase in the availability of diagnostic services, treatment facilities, and professionals trained in childhood development disorders has greatly increased the capacity of the health care system to identify and treat children with autistic spectrum disorders at younger ages.\n\n&#x5973;&#x6027;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x635F;&#x5BB3;&#x66F4;&#x91CD;\n &#xFF08;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#x66F4;&#x91CD;&#xFF0C;&#x66F4;&#x591A;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x766B;&#x75EB;&#xFF09;\n
neuroligin&#x8D1F;&#x8D23;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x4F20;&#x5BFC;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;neuroligin&#x7F3A;&#x5931;&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x53D1;&#x6325;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x529F;&#x80FD;\n&#x9EBB;&#x75B9;-&#x816E;&#x817A;&#x708E;-&#x98CE;&#x75B9;&#x4E09;&#x8054;&#x75AB;&#x82D7;\nThe exact cause of autism is unknown, but is believed to be multifactorial, with a strong genetic influence. There is a 60&#x2013;90% concordance rate for monozygotic twins and a 0% concordance rate for dizygotic twins. There is a 92% concordance rate for monozygotic twins and a 30% concordance rate for dizygotic twins for the broader spectrum of social and communication difficulties. The genetic component of autism is believed to be heterogeneous, attributed to as many as 100 genes, and genetic abnormalities in autism have been identified in mitochondrial genes and in all chromosomes except 14 and 20. It is believed that multiple genes interact with varied environmental causes to produce the disorder, and that the causative genes may vary from one population to another. Because of the complex heterogeneity and the variable behavioral phenotype of autism, linkage studies have not identified specific chromosomal regions that are universally believed to harbor the genes causing autism. Compared with other disorders of a similar behavioral phenotype, certain genes are believed to be more strongly implicated in the heritability of autism, including chromosome 7q (seen in the similar behavioral phenotype of specific language impairment disorder), chromosome 2q, and chromosome 15q11&#x2013;13 (seen in Prader-Willi syndrome [see Chapter 108 ] and Angelman syndrome [see Chapter 81 ], both of which manifest traits of rigidity and stereotypical behaviors). Autism and Asperger disorder are 4 and 8 times more prevalent in males than in females, respectively, suggesting a strong X-linked component. Autism has also been linked with other neurodevelopmental disorders, including seizure disorder, fragile X syndrome (see Chapter 81 ), and tuberous sclerosis (see Chapter 596.2 ). Various environmental factors have been explored as causative agents in autism. Despite previously held notions, autism is not associated with certain emotionally distant parenting styles (&#x201C;refrigerator mothers&#x201D;). Many excellent epidemiologic studies have established that there is no association between the administration of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the development of autism.\n\n&#x4E00;&#x76F4;&#x5230;&#x4E0A;&#x4E16;&#x7EAA;&#x4E2D;&#x53F6;&#xFF0C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x90FD;&#x8BA4;&#x4E3A;&#x6BCD;&#x4EB2;&#x7684;&#x51B7;&#x60C5;&#x7EEA;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF08;cold&#xA0;&#xA0;emotional&#xA0;&#xA0;behaviour&#xFF09;&#x662F;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x60A3;&#x6709;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#xFF1B;&#x4E0A;&#x4E16;&#x7EAA;90&#x5E74;&#x4EE3;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x201C;&#x7535;&#x51B0;&#x7BB1;&#x5988;&#x5988;&#x201D;&#xFF08;refrigerator&#xA0;&#xA0;mom&#xFF09;&#x7406;&#x8BBA;&#x88AB;&#x201C;&#x9EBB;&#x75B9;&#x3001;&#x816E;&#x817A;&#x708E;&#x548C;&#x98CE;&#x75B9;&#x75AB;&#x82D7;&#x5F15;&#x53D1;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x201D;&#x89C2;&#x70B9;&#x53D6;&#x4EE3;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x89C2;&#x70B9;&#x4F9D;&#x7136;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x79D1;&#x5B66;&#x4F9D;&#x636E;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x8FD1;&#x666E;&#x904D;&#x63A5;&#x53D7;&#x7684;&#x89C2;&#x70B9;&#x662F;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x4E0E;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x3002;&#x540C;&#x5375;&#x53CC;&#x751F;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x8BC1;&#x5B9E;&#xFF1A;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x5375;&#x53CC;&#x751F;&#x540C;&#x80DE;&#xFF0C;&#x60A3;&#x6709;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x51E0;&#x7387;&#x662F;80&#xFF0D;95&#xFF05;&#x3002; \n\nMax&#xA0;&#xA0;Planck&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x6700;&#x8FD1;&#x8BC1;&#x5B9E;&#x4E86;&#x201C;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#x201D;&#x4E0E;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x4F20;&#x5BFC;&#x5931;&#x8D25;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x3002;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x5728;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x5F15;&#x53D1;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x5C5E;&#x4E8E;&#x7F16;&#x7801;neuroligin&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x5BB6;&#x65CF;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#xFF0C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x516C;&#x5E03;&#x4E8E;9&#x6708;21&#x65E5;&#x300A;Neuron&#x300B;&#x3002;neuroligin&#x8D1F;&#x8D23;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x4F20;&#x5BFC;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;neuroligin&#x7F3A;&#x5931;&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x63A5;&#x89E6;&#x70B9;&#x2014;&#x2014;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x53D1;&#x6325;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#xFF0C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x63A8;&#x6D4B;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#xFF08;autistic&#xFF09;&#x4E0E;&#x6B64;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x3002; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x5E38;&#x89C1;&#x7684;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x75BE;&#x75C5;&#xFF0C;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x5EF6;&#x7F13;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x6839;&#x672C;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x793E;&#x4EA4;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x4E27;&#x5931;&#xFF0C;&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x4EF6;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x4E9B;&#x4F34;&#x968F;&#x6709;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;&#x73B0;&#x5B9E;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x50CF;&#x7535;&#x5F71;&#x300A;&#x96E8;&#x4EBA;&#x300B;&#x4E2D;&#x4E3B;&#x4EBA;&#x516C;&#x90A3;&#x6837;&#x667A;&#x5546;&#x8F83;&#x9AD8;&#x3001;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x8D85;&#x7FA4;&#x3001;&#x7ECF;&#x5E38;&#x5728;&#x67D0;&#x4E2A;&#x9886;&#x57DF;&#x4E2D;&#x88AB;&#x6210;&#x4E3A;&#x201C;&#x4E13;&#x5BB6;&#x201D;&#x7684;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x662F;&#x5C11;&#x4E4B;&#x53C8;&#x5C11;&#x3002; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#x4E00;&#x76F4;&#x5230;&#x4E0A;&#x4E16;&#x7EAA;&#x4E2D;&#x53F6;&#xFF0C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x90FD;&#x8BA4;&#x4E3A;&#x6BCD;&#x4EB2;&#x7684;&#x51B7;&#x60C5;&#x7EEA;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF08;cold&#xA0;&#xA0;emotional&#xA0;&#xA0;behaviour&#xFF09;&#x662F;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x60A3;&#x6709;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#xFF1B;&#x4E0A;&#x4E16;&#x7EAA;90&#x5E74;&#x4EE3;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x201C;&#x7535;&#x51B0;&#x7BB1;&#x5988;&#x5988;&#x201D;&#xFF08;refrigerator&#xA0;&#xA0;mom&#xFF09;&#x7406;&#x8BBA;&#x88AB;&#x201C;&#x9EBB;&#x75B9;&#x3001;&#x816E;&#x817A;&#x708E;&#x548C;&#x98CE;&#x75B9;&#x75AB;&#x82D7;&#x5F15;&#x53D1;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x201D;&#x89C2;&#x70B9;&#x53D6;&#x4EE3;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x89C2;&#x70B9;&#x4F9D;&#x7136;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x79D1;&#x5B66;&#x4F9D;&#x636E;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x8FD1;&#x666E;&#x904D;&#x63A5;&#x53D7;&#x7684;&#x89C2;&#x70B9;&#x662F;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x4E0E;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x3002;&#x540C;&#x5375;&#x53CC;&#x751F;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x8BC1;&#x5B9E;&#xFF1A;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x5375;&#x53CC;&#x751F;&#x540C;&#x80DE;&#xFF0C;&#x60A3;&#x6709;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x51E0;&#x7387;&#x662F;80&#xFF0D;95&#xFF05;&#x3002; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;2003&#x5E74;&#x6CD5;&#x56FD;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x5B66;&#x4E13;&#x5BB6;Thomas&#xA0;&#xA0;Bourgeron&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5BF9;&#x6709;&#x4E25;&#x91CD;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x7684;&#x5BB6;&#x5EAD;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#xFF0C;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;NLGN3&#x548C;NLGN4X&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x4F1A;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x3002; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;Bourgeron&#x7684;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x4E3A;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x79D1;&#x5B66;&#x9886;&#x57DF;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x5E26;&#x6765;&#x4E00;&#x80A1;&#x5F3A;&#x70C8;&#x7684;&#x51B2;&#x51FB;&#x6CE2;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;NLGN3&#x548C;NLGN4X&#x6240;&#x7F16;&#x7801;&#x7684;&#x4E24;&#x79CD;&#x86CB;&#x767D;hadneuroligin-3&#x548C;&#xA0;&#xA0;neuroligin-4&#x5728;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x4E2D;&#x53D1;&#x6325;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x4E92;&#x76F8;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x3002;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x524D;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x53D7;&#x5230;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x540E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x9012;&#x8D28;&#xFF0C;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x9012;&#x8D28;&#x5230;&#x8FBE;&#x53D7;&#x4F53;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x540E;&#x819C;&#x540E;&#x8FDB;&#x5165;&#x53D7;&#x4F53;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x53D7;&#x4F53;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x7684;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#xFF0C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x63A8;&#x6D4B;&#x5047;&#x5982;neuroligins&#x7F3A;&#x5931;&#xFF0C;&#x6B64;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4F1A;&#x88AB;&#x7EC8;&#x6B62;&#x3002; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#x5728;Bourgeron&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x4E0A;&#x8FF0;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;Max&#xA0;&#xA0;Planck&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x6240;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;Nils&#xA0;&#xA0;Brose&#xA0;&#xA0;&#x548C;Frederique&#xA0;&#xA0;Varoqueaux&#x4E0E;&#x9644;&#x8FD1;&#x5927;&#x5B66;&#x533B;&#x5B66;&#x9662;&#x540C;&#x4E8B;&#x5F20;&#x536B;&#x9F50;&#xFF08;Weiqi&#xA0;&#xA0;Zhang&#xFF0C;&#x97F3;&#x8BD1;&#xFF09;&#x3001;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x5B66;&#x5BB6;Thomas&#xA0;&#xA0;S&#xFC;dhof&#x7B49;&#x7EC4;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x5C0F;&#x7EC4;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x5728;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x4E2D;&#x5BF9;neuroligin&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4E86;10&#x5E74;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3002;Brose&#x8BF4;&#xFF1A;&#x201C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x5F97;&#x5230;&#x4E86;neuroligin-3&#x6216;neuroligin-4&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x5B66;&#x89D2;&#x5EA6;&#x8BB2;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x643A;&#x5E26;&#x4E86;&#x540C;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x7684;&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x201D;&#x3002;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x4E0A;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x4E8E;Brose&#x7B49;&#x7684;&#x5B9E;&#x9A8C;&#x5BA4;&#x3002; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;Brose&#x3001;Varoqueaux&#xA0;&#xA0;&#x548C;Zhang&#x5728;&#x300A;Neuron&#x300B;&#x53D1;&#x8868;&#x6587;&#x7AE0;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x7684;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x4F20;&#x5BFC;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x3002;Brose&#x4E0E;Varoqueaux&#x7684;&#x5408;&#x4F5C;&#x5F97;&#x5230;&#x4E0D;&#x4EC5;neuroligin-1/neuroligin-2&#x7F3A;&#x5931;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E14;&#x662F;&#x56DB;&#x79CD;&#x5DF2;&#x77E5;neuroligin&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x7F3A;&#x5931;&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x54C1;&#x7CFB;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x54C1;&#x7CFB;&#x6BD4;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x906D;&#x53D7;&#x7684;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#x66F4;&#x4E3A;&#x5267;&#x70C8;&#xFF08;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x53EA;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;neuroligin&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;neuroligin&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#xFF0C;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x4E27;&#x5931;&#xFF0C;&#x51FA;&#x751F;&#x540E;&#x4E0D;&#x4E45;&#x5373;&#x6B7B;&#x4EA1;&#x3002;Brose&#x8BA4;&#x4E3A;&#xFF1A;&#x201C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x7684;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x6240;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x4E0D;&#x4EC5;&#x6709;&#x52A9;&#x4E8E;&#x8111;&#x90E8;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E14;&#x6709;&#x52A9;&#x4E8E;&#x5BFB;&#x627E;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;neuroligin&#x4E0E;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x719F;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#xFF0C;Neuroligin&#x4F7F;&#x53D7;&#x4F53;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x819C;&#x8868;&#x9762;&#x9644;&#x6709;&#x8DB3;&#x591F;&#x7684;&#x53D7;&#x4F53;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x3002;&#x201D; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#x201C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5728;neuroligin&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x4E2D;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x73B0;&#x8C61;&#x662F;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x75C5;&#x60C5;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x52A0;&#x5F3A;&#x6548;&#x679C;&#xFF0C;&#x201D;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;Brose&#x8BF4;&#x201C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x63A8;&#x65AD;&#x4E3A;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x4E0E;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x75BE;&#x75C5;&#x3002;&#x201D;&#xA0;&#xA0;Max&#xA0;&#xA0;Planck&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x6B63;&#x5728;&#x5BF9;&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;neuroligin-3&#x548C;neuroligin-4&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;neuroligin-3&#x548C;neuroligin-4&#x7F3A;&#x4E4F;&#x7684;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0E;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;neuroligin&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x7684;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x5728;&#x5B9E;&#x9A8C;&#x5BA4;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x6BB5;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;Brose&#x8BF4;&#xFF1A;&#x201C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x51E0;&#x4E2A;&#x6708;&#x524D;&#x624D;&#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x5BF9;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3002;&#x201D;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;neuroligin-4&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x793E;&#x4EA4;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x4F34;&#x968F;&#x60CA;&#x60F6;&#x3001;&#x7126;&#x8651;&#x3002; &#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x4ECE;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x5B66;&#x89D2;&#x5EA6;&#x51FA;&#x53D1;&#xFF0C;&#x5F97;&#x5230;&#x72EC;&#x5B64;&#x75C7;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x800C;&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x503C;&#x5F97;&#x8003;&#x8651;&#x5230;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF1A;&#x53EA;&#x6709;&#x6781;&#x5C11;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x662F;&#x7531;&#x4E8E;neuroligin&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x5F15;&#x53D1;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x9057;&#x4F20;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x672A;&#x77E5;&#x7684;&#x3002;\n&#x82F1;&#x6587;&#x539F;&#x6587;&#xFF1A;\nWhen nerve cells can&#x2019;t make contact\nMax Planck scientists have decoded the molecular details of a genetic defect that disrupts signal transmission in the brain and causes autism&#xA0;\nUsing an animal model, brain researchers in G&#xF6;ttingen have examined the effects of mutations that cause autism in humans. These are mutations in the genes which carry the building instructions for proteins in the neuroligin family. The study published in the scientific journal Neuron (September 21, 2006) shows that neuroligins ensure that signal transmission between nerve cells functions. In the brain of genetically altered mice without neuroligins, the contact points at which the nerve cells communicate, the synapses, do not mature. The researchers assume that similar malfunctions are experienced by autistic patients.\nAutism is one of the most common psychiatric illnesses. Around 0.5 percent of all young children have a syndrome belonging to the "autistic spectrum". The main symptoms of this developmental malfunction are delayed language development or no language development at all, disturbed social behaviour and repetitive behaviour patterns. In many patients, the disease is accompanied by mental disability. Autistic individuals exhibiting high intelligence or outstanding skills in a particular area, called "savants", such as the main character in the film "Rain Man", are rare.Even up to the middle of the last century, exceptionally cold emotional behaviour on the part of the mother was given as the cause for autism. However, the "refrigerator mom" theory has now been refuted. The belief widely held in the 1990s that the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine could cause autism in small children has no scientific basis at all. Today, it is clear that genetic factors are the major cause of the illness. Studies of identical twins have been particularly convincing in demonstrating this fact - the probability that the identical twin of an autistic person will also be autistic lies between 80 and 95 percent.In 2003, French geneticist Thomas Bourgeron showed in an investigation of families with several autistic children that mutations in the two genes NLGN3 and NLGN4X had lead to a complete loss of function in the genes and triggered autism in affected patients. Bourgeron&#x2019;s work sent a shock wave through neuro-scientific institutes worldwide, as the a NLGN genes were not unknown. They are responsible for the creation of two proteins, neuroligin-3 and neuroligin-4, which are considered to play an important part in the structure of nerve cell contacts. Nerve cells communicate with each other at specialized contact points, the synapses. When stimulated, a transmitting nerve cell emits neurotransmitters. These signal molecules reach the receiving cell and affect its activity status - provided the receiving cell has "aerials" on its synapses - receptors that bind the chemical signals. The scientists speculated that this process could be disrupted if the nerve cells have no neuroligins. At the time of Bourgeron&#x2019;s discovery, Nils Brose and Frederique Varoqueaux, brain researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine in G&#xF6;ttingen, in collaboration with colleagues Weiqi Zhang from the neighbouring University Hospital and US geneticist Thomas S&#xFC;dhof, had already been working on neuroligins for ten years - however in mice, not in humans. "We had even already created mutant mice which, in functional terms, were carrying the same mutations as occur in autistic patients. Our mice were also lacking either neuroligin-3 or neuroligin-4," says Brose. The researchers were in possession of the first genetic animal model for autism.A study published by Brose, Varoqueaux and Zhang in the specialist journal Neuron has shown that this model exhibited a malfunction in the signal transmission between the nerve cells. With his colleague Varoqueaux, Brose has created a mouse line that not only lacked neuroligin-1 or neuroligin-2, both of which have been associated with autism, but were missing all four known variants of the protein simultaneously. The consequences are accordingly more drastic than with autistic patients, who only have one mutated neuroligin gene. Without any neuroligins, the function of the nervous system breaks down completely and the mutant animals die immediately after birth. However, their nerve cells can be examined in detail. According to Brose, "they deliver important findings not only for brain research in general, but also for the possible causes of autism. Our investigations show that the neuroligins regulate the maturation of the synapses. They ensure that there are sufficient receptor proteins on the synaptic membrane of the receiving cell." What was initially a pure basic research project has consequently acquired direct relevance to medicine. "What we see in our neuroligin mutants is a more intensified form of the malfunction that occurs in the brain of autistic people," says Brose. "I believe that autism is a disease of the synapses, a synaptopathy." The Max Planck researchers in G&#xF6;ttingen now want to carry out an analysis of the behavioural biology of mutant mice lacking not all of the neuroligins, but just neuroligin-3 or neuroligin-4, as is the case of autistic patients with neuroligin mutations. The relevant mutant mice have been available in the laboratory for a long time, "but we only started analyzing their behaviour with specialists a few months ago," says Brose. The first results look most promising - neuroligin-4 mutant mice obviously have disturbed social and anxiety behaviour. "If we succeed in measuring robust, autism-relevant behavioural changes in our mutant mice, then at least the step to experimental diagnosis and therapy in the animal model will be possible." From the point of view of the geneticist, the scientists in G&#xF6;ttingen have the best known animal model for autism worldwide. However, there is a limitation: only very few cases of autism are caused by neuroligin mutations and, with few exceptions, nobody knows which genetic defects are present in the abundance of other autism patients. \n
&#x81EA;&#x95ED;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x660E;&#x663E;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x4E8E;&#x5E38;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x3002;&#x79D1;&#x5B66;&#x5BB6;&#x4EEC;&#x4E00;&#x76F4;&#x5728;&#x8BD5;&#x56FE;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#xFF1A;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5F02;&#x4E8E;&#x5E38;&#x4EBA;&#x7684;&#x5DEE;&#x5F02;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x6B63;&#x662F;&#x9020;&#x6210;&#x81EA;&#x95ED;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x5FC3;&#x7406;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x51E0;&#x70B9;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#xFF1A;&#x80FC;&#x80DD;&#x4F53;&#x5219;&#x6BD4;&#x5E38;&#x4EBA;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x5C0F;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4F7F;&#x5F97;&#x81EA;&#x95ED;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x4E0D;&#x5584;&#x4E8E;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x534A;&#x7403;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x533A;&#x57DF;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x53C2;&#x4E0E;&#x7684;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x3002;&#x8F74;&#x7A81;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5C11;&#x3002;\n &#x8111;&#x533A;&#x7684;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x662F;&#x5404;&#x90E8;&#x95E8;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x5F88;&#x5F31;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x65F6;&#x9047;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x6839;&#x672C;&#x65E0;&#x80FD;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x662F;&#x63A5;&#x6536;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#x548C;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x4E0D;&#x9002;&#x5E94;&#x3002;\n\nThe first 2 yr of life are crucial in early brain development, and this period is characterized by tremendous neuronal and axonal growth, synapse formation, and myelination. Retrospective analysis of head circumference in children with autism, in conjunction with MRI studies, has shown differences in the brain structure of children with autism compared with children without autism. The head circumference of children with autism is normal or slightly smaller than normal at birth until 2 mo of age. Longitudinal studies of children with autism showed an abnormally rapid increase in head circumference from 6&#x2013;14 mo of age, which was largely concluded by the end of the 2nd yr of life. MRI studies done at 2&#x2013;4 yr of age show that autistic toddlers have increased brain volume characterized by increased volume of the cerebellum, cerebrum, and amygdala compared with normal volumes. The abnormal growth in the first 2 yr is most marked in the frontal, temporal, cerebellar, and limbic regions of the brain, the areas of the brain responsible for higher-order cognitive, language, emotional, and social functions, which are most impaired in autism. It is believed that the early abnormal growth processes in the brain in the first 2 yr of life underlie the emergence of preclinical behavioral abnormalities seen in autism. This period of early, accelerated brain growth appears to stop early in childhood and is followed by abnormally slow or arrested growth, resulting in areas of underdeveloped and abnormal circuitry in parts of the brain. It is hypothesized that the postnatal growth of the brain is in response to adverse prenatal events; this association remains speculative.\nAdditional studies of neuroanatomy in children with autism have demonstrated anatomic changes in the anterior cingulate gyrus, an area of the brain associated with decision-making and the ascription of feelings and thoughts. Deficits in the reticular activating system, structural cerebellar changes, forebrain hippocampal lesions, and neuroradiologic abnormalities in the prefrontal and temporal lobe areas have been documented, and abnormal neurochemical findings have also been associated with autism; in addition, the dopamine, catecholamine, and serotonin levels or pathways have been implicated.\n
&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x79D1;&#x7684;&#x91CF;&#x8868;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8BC4;&#x4F30;\n\nAberrant social skill development is the hallmark of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and early social skill deficits may include abnormal eye contact, failure to orient to name, failure to use gestures to point or show, a lack of interactive play, failure to smile, lack of sharing, and lack of interest in other children. Combined language and social delays and regression in language or social milestones are important early red flags for an ASD, and should prompt an immediate evaluation. Early signs include unusual use of language or loss of language skills, nonfunctional rituals, inability to adapt to new settings, lack of imitation, and absence of imaginary play. Retrospective analysis of home videos shows that deviations in social and emotional development, such as decreased eye contact, failure to orient to name, and lack of joint attention, are often detected by 1 yr of age. The absence of expected social, communication, and play behaviors often precedes the emergence of odd or stereotypical behaviors or the unusual language usage that is seen in autism in the later years.\nSeveral screening tools have been developed to aid in the early detection of children with ASDs. The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) is a screening tool designed for use with 18 mo old children in primary care settings. The CHAT combines parent responses to a brief interview with direct observation in the clinic setting. Although its positive predictive value was high, it showed low sensitivity. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) is a 23-item parent questionnaire modified from the CHAT. It has shown good sensitivity and specificity (0.87% and 0.99%, respectively), which suggests its utility as a screening tool. The Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test (PDDST) is a parent-completed survey that targets children from birth&#x2013;3 yr of age and incorporates a 3-tiered approach: 1 for the primary care clinic, 1 for the developmental clinic, and 1 for the multidisciplinary autism clinic. All 3 tiers contain items that measure various aspects of language, social skills, pretend play, attachment, sensory responses, and motor stereotypies.\nIn children with ASDs, intelligence, as measured by conventional psychologic testing, usually falls in the functionally retarded range; the deficits in language and socialization make it difficult to obtain an accurate estimate of the autistic child's intellectual potential. Some autistic children perform adequately in nonverbal tests, and those with developed speech may show adequate intellectual capacity. Autistic children also show deficits in their understanding of what the other person might be feeling or thinking, a so-called lack of a theory of mind. On some psychologic tests, children with autism pay more attention to specific details while overlooking the entire gestalt of the object, demonstrating a lack of central coherence.\nA comprehensive evaluation should always include a thorough physical examination, with special attention paid to head circumference. Twenty-five percent of children with an ASD can have macrocephaly, but enlarged head size may not be apparent until after the 2nd yr of life. In the absence of dysmorphic features or focal neurologic signs, additional neuroimaging for investigation of the macrocephaly is not usually indicated. The presence of other physical stigmata should be noted, and examination of the skin with a Wood lamp should be performed to look for hypopigmented lesions that can be seen in tuberous sclerosis. Special attention should be paid to identify the dysmorphic features of fragile X syndrome (long face, large ears, large testes) and Angelman syndrome (ataxic gait, broad mouth). An audiologic evaluation and a comprehensive speech and language evaluation should be undertaken in any child with language delays. The lead level should be checked if the child shows signs of pica or lives in a high-risk environment. Chromosomal analysis should be performed if the child has evidence of mental retardation and dysmorphic features; an electroencephalogram should be performed in children with ASDs who have symptoms of developmental regression or suspicion of seizures.\n&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x800C;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x75C5;&#x53F2;&#x8D44;&#x6599;\n&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x7684;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;\n&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#x53CA;&#x5FC3;&#x7406;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x8BC4;&#x5B9A;\n&#x8EAF;&#x4F53;&#x548C;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;\n&#x8F85;&#x52A9;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;\n &#x65E0;&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x8BCA;&#x65AD;&#x4F9D;&#x636E;\n
1&#x3001;&#x836F;&#x7269;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;\n&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x65E0;&#x7279;&#x6548;&#x836F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6CBB;&#x6108;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0B;&#x836F;&#x7269;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x6709;&#x5229;&#x4E8E;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x7684;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x3002;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#xFF1A;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;1&#xFF09;&#x6297;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x75C5;&#x836F;&#xFF1A;&#x53EF;&#x51CF;&#x8F7B;&#x591A;&#x52A8;&#x3001;&#x51B2;&#x52A8;&#x3001;&#x81EA;&#x8BED;&#x3001;&#x81EA;&#x4F24;&#x548C;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x7A33;&#x5B9A;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x60C5;&#x7EEA;&#xFF1B;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x5B64;&#x50FB;&#x3001;&#x9000;&#x7F29;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x6D3B;&#x8DC3;&#x3001;&#x8A00;&#x8BED;&#x91CF;&#x589E;&#x591A;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x60C5;&#x7EEA;&#x3002;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;2&#xFF09;&#x6297;&#x6291;&#x90C1;&#x836F;&#xFF1A;&#x8BE5;&#x7C7B;&#x836F;&#x53EF;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x60C5;&#x7EEA;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x7F13;&#x89E3;&#x5F3A;&#x8FEB;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#x3002;\n&#xA0;&#xA0;&#xA0; &#xFF08;3&#xFF09;&#x4E2D;&#x67A2;&#x5174;&#x594B;&#x836F;&#x6216;&#x53EF;&#x4E50;&#x5B9A;&#x53CA;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#xFF1A;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x4F34;&#x6709;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x53CA;&#x591A;&#x52A8;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#x7684;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x5982;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x548C;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x8111;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x836F;&#x3001;&#x7EF4;&#x751F;&#x7D20;B6&#x548C;&#x9541;&#x5242;&#x4EA6;&#x53EF;&#x914C;&#x60C5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;\n2&#x3001; &#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;\n&#x56E0;&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5728;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x3001;&#x4EA4;&#x6D41;&#x3001;&#x8BA4;&#x77E5;&#x3001;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x81EA;&#x7406;&#x7B49;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x52A0;&#x5F3A;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x4EE5;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x4E0A;&#x8FF0;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x7684;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#x53CA;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#x4E25;&#x91CD;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x5F3A;&#x8C03;&#x4E2A;&#x522B;&#x5316;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x7684;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x3002;&#x4E3A;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x524D;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x5BF9;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5168;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x8BC4;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x8BC4;&#x5B9A;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#xFF0C;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x5236;&#x5B9A;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x8BA1;&#x5212;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x6309;&#x7167;&#x8BA1;&#x5212;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x3002;&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x5728;&#x6211;&#x56FD;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x5B64;&#x72EC;&#x75C7;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x7684;&#x4E13;&#x4E1A;&#x673A;&#x6784;&#x8F83;&#x5C11;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x533B;&#x751F;&#x6307;&#x5BFC;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x7531;&#x5BB6;&#x957F;&#x5BF9;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x5373;&#x53D8;&#x5F97;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x3002;\n3&#x3001; &#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;\n&#x8BE5;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x8F83;&#x591A;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x5176;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x9002;&#x5E94;&#x6216;&#x5371;&#x5BB3;&#x81EA;&#x8EAB;&#x7684;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#xFF1A;&#x523B;&#x677F;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x3001;&#x81EA;&#x4F24;&#x3001;&#x4E25;&#x91CD;&#x504F;&#x98DF;&#x7B49;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x5408;&#x7406;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x77EB;&#x6B63;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x5BF9;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x77EB;&#x6B63;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x3002;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x77EB;&#x6B63;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x7684;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x826F;&#x597D;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x3002;\n4&#x3001; &#x5BB6;&#x5EAD;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x8BA1;&#x5212;\n&#x6B64;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x5BF9;&#x5BB6;&#x957F;&#x7684;&#x5FC3;&#x7406;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x548C;&#x54A8;&#x8BE2;&#x6307;&#x5BFC;&#xFF0C;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x5728;&#x4E8E;&#x4F7F;&#x5BB6;&#x957F;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x826F;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x5FC3;&#x6001;&#xFF0C;&#x4E86;&#x89E3;&#x8BE5;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#x53CA;&#x5B69;&#x5B50;&#x53D1;&#x80B2;&#x7684;&#x7279;&#x70B9;&#xFF0C;&#x638C;&#x63E1;&#x7167;&#x7BA1;&#x3001;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x53CA;&#x77EB;&#x6B63;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x672C;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x66F4;&#x597D;&#x5730;&#x4E0E;&#x533B;&#x751F;&#x914D;&#x5408;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x5728;&#x5BB6;&#x5EAD;&#x4E2D;&#x5BF9;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x77EB;&#x6B63;&#x548C;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x8BAD;&#x7EC3;&#x3002;\n5&#x3001; &#x5176;&#x4ED6;\n&#x97F3;&#x4E50;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x3001;&#x542C;&#x529B;&#x7EDF;&#x5408;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x3001;&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#x7EDF;&#x5408;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x5BF9;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x75C7;&#x72B6;&#xFF0C;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x60A3;&#x513F;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x3001;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EA4;&#x5F80;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x7B49;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x4E5F;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x5B9A;&#x5E2E;&#x52A9;&#x3002;&#x98DF;&#x7269;&#x6DFB;&#x52A0;&#x5242;&#x7B49;&#x53EF;&#x4FC3;&#x4F7F;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x7684;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#xFF0C;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x8FC7;&#x5EA6;&#x548C;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x56F0;&#x96BE;&#x3002;&#x4E3A;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x513F;&#x7AE5;&#x7684;&#x98DF;&#x7269;&#x5E94;&#x907F;&#x514D;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x542B;&#x6DFB;&#x52A0;&#x5242;&#x3001;&#x8272;&#x7D20;&#x548C;&#x6C34;&#x6768;&#x9178;&#x7B49;&#x7684;&#x98DF;&#x7269;&#x3002;\n\n\nThere is compelling evidence that intensive behavioral therapy, beginning before 3 yr of age and targeted toward speech and language development, is successful in improving both language capacity and later social functioning. Controlled studies of early intensive interventions involving 40 hr/wk of intensive 1:1 behavioral training (applied behavioral analysis) with young children for 2 yr have shown significant cognitive and behavioral gains. The training method focuses on the acquisition of compliance behavior, imitation activities, language acquisition, and integration with peers. Treatment is most successful when geared toward the individual's particular behavior patterns and language function. Parent education, training, and support are always indicated, and pharmacotherapy for certain target symptoms may be helpful.\nWorking with the family of an autistic child is vital to the child's overall care. Children with autism require alternate educational approaches, even when language capacity is near normal. Such services in general have not yet been sufficiently developed to provide adequate support and continuity of care. One successful educational model is the program for the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH). The following treatment principles are emphasized: use of objective measures, such as the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), to measure behavior and behavioral change; enhancement of skills and acceptance by the environment of autism-related deficits; use of interventions based on cognitive and behavioral theories; use of visual structures for optimal education; and multidisciplinary training for all professionals working with autistic children. Educational programming should begin as early as possible, preferably by age 2&#x2013;4 yr.\nOlder children and adolescents with relatively higher intelligence, but with poor social skills and psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder) may require psychotherapy, behavioral or cognitive behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy. Typically, behavior modification is a major part of the overall treatment for older children with autism. These procedures include enhancement (rewards emphasizing appropriate choice) and reduction (extinction, time-out, punishment). Ethical concerns about vigorous aversive therapy approaches have led to specific guidelines. Social skill training is also currently used as a treatment modality, and it appears effective, especially in a group format.\nUnfortunately, there are unfounded claims of beneficial results from many unproven therapies for autism, almost all of which have not been subjected to scientific study. Those studies that have been done have discredited the technique of facilitated communication and have shown that auditory integration therapy has no positive effect. Claims of beneficial results from the use of secretin, a peptide hormone that stimulates pancreatic secretion, have not been substantiated. Similarly, the dietary supplement N,N-dimethylglycine has no benefit.\nBecause a subgroup of autistic children presents with psychiatric symptoms, pharmacotherapy is sometimes used to ameliorate target behaviors. The behaviors include hyperactivity, tantrums, physical aggression, self-injurious behavior, stereotypies, and anxiety symptoms, especially obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The older neuroleptics were limited in their usefulness because of their tendency to produce extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Open-label trials of atypical neuroleptics (risperidone, olanzapine) have shown effectiveness in treating these behaviors, and in some instances, have also improved social relatedness (see Chapter 20.1 ).\nNaltrexone, an opiate antagonist, was also originally touted as useful, especially for self-injurious behavior, but its utility has not yet been proven. Clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant that inhibits serotonin reuptake, has demonstrated usefulness in reducing compulsions and stereotypies in autistic children. However, it does lower the seizure threshold, can cause agranulocytosis, and has cardiotoxic and behavior toxicity effects. Other medications used to treat psychiatric symptoms in autistic children include stimulants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and clonidine. The SSRIs, in particular, appear to be somewhat effective in diminishing hyperactive, agitated, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors, although there have not yet been sufficient, controlled studies regarding their utility (see Chapter 20.1 ).\n
\n
\n
&#x4F1A;&#x7ED9;&#x5BB6;&#x5EAD;&#x5E26;&#x6765;&#x6C89;&#x91CD;&#x7684;&#x8D1F;&#x62C5;&#x3002;\n\nSome children, especially those with speech, may grow up to live self-sufficient, employed, albeit isolated, lives in the community. Many others remain dependent on their family for their everyday lives or require placement in facilities outside the home. Because early, intensive therapy may improve language and social function, delayed diagnosis may lead to a poor outcome. There is no increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood, but the cost of delayed diagnosis across the life span is high. A better prognosis is associated with higher intelligence, functional speech, and less bizarre symptoms and behavior. The symptom profile for some children may change as they grow older and seizures or self-injurious behavior becomes more common.\n\nWith appropriate and intensive educational and treatment services, children with autism show improvements. The preschool years are typically the most difficult, because children with autism tend to be the least social, least communicative, and have the most behavioral difficulties. The severity of the social and communicative deficits tends to diminish as children grow older. Learning continues throughout childhood and adolescence, as long as children are receiving appropriate services and environmental supports. Adolescence can be a difficult time for some individuals with autism, because of increased social and organizational demands. In addition, some high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism may experience depressed mood.\nA number of followup studies have been conducted with autistic individuals. These studies typically are based on samples of individuals who did not receive the intensive treatment services that are available today, and may therefore underestimate positive outcomes. These studies suggest that 5&#x2013;17% of individuals with autism can work and live independently as adults. The most important positive prognostic indicators are functional (i.e., useful) language before age 5 and cognitive abilities above the mentally retarded range (i.e., IQ > 70). In addition, individuals with autism appear to do best in environments that are well suited to their specific needs.\nThe good news is that in today&#x2019;s culture of early intensive interventions, it appears that a number of children with autism grow up to have unexpectedly positive outcomes.\n