The document discusses three audience effects theories: 1) The Hypodermic Needle Model which suggests directors manipulate audiences with loud noises and scenes to provoke reactions. It analyzes jump scenes in the film "The Descent." 2) The Uses and Gratification Model which says audiences choose to watch films they personally enjoy like horror or comedy. 3) The Two-Step Flow Model where hardcore horror fans review films for other potential viewers outside of the film industry perspective.

1. Thomas Phillips
Audience Effects: The Descent
The Hypodermic Needle Model is the theory that affects people while watching a
film; the director of a film does this to get a good reaction from the passive
audience watching the film. The beginning of The Descent it has a scene with a
car crash, the affect that when the cars hit it creates a very loud bang which
makes the people watching jump to the shock of it. A better scene, which uses
this, is the introduction of the crawlers, it starts incredibly quiet but when the
crawlers come into the frame, the sound is a high pitched screech and crashes,
these are on purpose to make the person watching the film really jump after
getting so into the scene because of how quite it was previously.
The Uses And Gratification Model tell us that we watch films at our own choice,
we watch a horror or a comedy because we like to watch them and those are the
types of films we prefer to watch to any other film.
The Two-Step Flow Model is the viewpoint of the audience; major horror fans
that write reviews about a film have an opinion on the people who are thinking
about seeing it, almost like a 3rd party outside the professional side of the film
industry; it is purposely just fans of the genre giving their views on how they
good they think a film is for its genre.