This document summarizes a study that measured levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in petroleum products and waste materials from Egypt and Kuwait. Samples of crude oil, scale, sludge, water and sand were collected from oil wells and tested using a gamma ray spectrometer to measure concentrations of uranium-238, thorium-232 and potassium-40. The average concentrations found in Egyptian samples were 21.1 Bq/kg for radium-226, 7.6 Bq/kg for thorium-232 and 88.4 Bq/kg for potassium-40. For Kuwaiti samples, the averages were 25.2 Bq/kg, 6.1 Bq/kg and
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1 and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively .The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to
measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated
hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore
sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average
value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1
and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively
.The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment
samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity
varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies
from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with
the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average
value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual
outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor
effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
A collaborative project case study evaluation for a confidential client with assets in Australasia: mercury chemical decontamination (total mass removal in preparation for decommissioning vs near total mercury mass removal from high value equipment. ISCT manufactured and provided the chemistry, experience and technical know-how to jam out these state of the art chemical decontamination projects using the latest performance based measurement technologies. ISCT also provided environmentally safe spent fluids processing chemistries and technology.
This document discusses NORM (naturally occurring radioactive material) in waste derived from oil and gas production. It covers several key points:
1. NORM originates in subsurface formations and is brought to the surface through oil/gas extraction, concentrating in produced water, scales, sludges, and contaminated equipment.
2. The types of wastes generated include produced water, scales (which form on pipes and contain radium), and sludges (oily loose material containing radium that settles in tanks).
3. Regulations provide guidance on controlling occupational exposures to radiation and managing radioactive waste from oil/gas operations.
Studies on the Nuclear Activities Effects and it’s Impact on the Marine Life ...Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud
Paper in the work presents the first comprehensive and complete report on the concentration of on natural radioactivity measurements, other fissionable isotopes and the hazard parameters in the NORM samples from different marine environment Samples of the Arabian Gulf region (Beach Muddy/Sands, Arabian Gulf Water, Shells and Different types of Marine Fish) collected along the eastern coastline of the State of Kuwait. All samples were measured using gamma spectrometry technique, with high purity germanium detector. The results show that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples are lower than the worldwide average value. The worldwide average values (32, 45 and 420) for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples ranged between [(0.18 - 10.43) Bq/kg with average of 3.26 ± 0.80 Bq/kg, (-0.23–3.63) Bq/kg with average of 1.15 ± 0.67 Bq/kg, (1.27-110.92) Bq/kg with average of 43.62 ± 1.7 Bq/kg, (0.50 - 10.61) Bq/kg with average of 3.11 ± 0.34 Bq/kg and (ND – 0.35) Bq/kg with average of 0.01 ± 0.01 Bq/kg] respectively. Marine Environment Samples of the Arabian Gulf region in Kuwait have been investigated. Samples were collected along the eastern coastline of the State of Kuwait. All samples were collected from different beach sites in Kuwait. These samples were collected randomly from different locations in these sites (from north to south along the eastern coastline of Arabian Gulf). According to the Kuwaiti samples, the estimated range for (Radium Equivalent Rate, External Hazard Index, Internal Hazard Index, Absorbed Dose, annual effective dose, Gamma Index, Alpha Index) is [(0.79 – 21.80) Bq/kg with average of 8.26 ± 1.90 Bq/kg, (0.00 – 0.06) Bq/kg with average of 0.02 ± 0.01 Bq/kg, (0.00–0.09) Bq/kg with average of 0.03 ± 0.01 Bq/kg,(0.36 - 10.68) Bq/kg with average of 4.04 ± 0.86 Bq/kg, (0.44 – 13.10) Bq/kg with average of 4.96 ± 1.06 Bq/kg, (0.00–0.08) Bq/kg with average of 0.03 ± 0.01 Bq/kg and (0.00 – 0.05) Bq/kg with average of 0.02 ± 0.00 Bq/kg], respectively. The estimated hazard parameters in all Kuwaiti samples are lower than the recommended limits for occupationally worker. From this study, it was noticed that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra series, 232Th series, 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples are lower than the worldwide average value. Results obtained are discussed and compared with the international recommended data.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1 and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively .The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL IN SHORE SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM NASS...ijbesjournal
Thirty shore sediment samples taken from the side beach of Lake Nasser in south Arab Republic of Egypt to
measuring the terrestrial radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40 and its associated
hazard indices. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra,232Th and 40k in shore
sediments samples under investigation are ranged from 1.92±0.077 to 17.55±0.676 Bqkg-1 with average
value of 5.02±0.194 Bqkg-1, 5.62±0.281 to 28.77±1.441 Bqkg-1 with average value of 13.15±0.641 Bqkg-1
and 123.27±10.604 to 277.38±23.861 Bqkg-1 with average value of 200.26±17.054 Bqkg-1respectively
.The radiation hazard indices which resulting from the presence of natural radionuclides in shore sediment
samples were calculated and the obtained results indicate that the values of radium equivalent activity
varies from 21.85 to 80.04 Bq/kg with average value of 39.25 Bq/kg, representative level index Iˠr varies
from 0.16 to 0.58 with average value of 0.29.Absorbed dose rate varies from 10.63 to 37.541 nGy.h−1 with
the average value of 18.83 nGy.h−1 . External hazard index Hix varies from 0.059 to 0.216 with average
value of 0.105, internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.070 to 0.263 with average value of 0.119, annual
outdoor effective dose varied from 0.013 to 0.046 mSvy-1 with average values 0.023 mSvy-1andThe indoor
effective dose ranged from 0.052 to 0.184 mSvy-1, with average values 0.092 mSvy-1.
A collaborative project case study evaluation for a confidential client with assets in Australasia: mercury chemical decontamination (total mass removal in preparation for decommissioning vs near total mercury mass removal from high value equipment. ISCT manufactured and provided the chemistry, experience and technical know-how to jam out these state of the art chemical decontamination projects using the latest performance based measurement technologies. ISCT also provided environmentally safe spent fluids processing chemistries and technology.
This document discusses NORM (naturally occurring radioactive material) in waste derived from oil and gas production. It covers several key points:
1. NORM originates in subsurface formations and is brought to the surface through oil/gas extraction, concentrating in produced water, scales, sludges, and contaminated equipment.
2. The types of wastes generated include produced water, scales (which form on pipes and contain radium), and sludges (oily loose material containing radium that settles in tanks).
3. Regulations provide guidance on controlling occupational exposures to radiation and managing radioactive waste from oil/gas operations.
Studies on the Nuclear Activities Effects and it’s Impact on the Marine Life ...Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud
Paper in the work presents the first comprehensive and complete report on the concentration of on natural radioactivity measurements, other fissionable isotopes and the hazard parameters in the NORM samples from different marine environment Samples of the Arabian Gulf region (Beach Muddy/Sands, Arabian Gulf Water, Shells and Different types of Marine Fish) collected along the eastern coastline of the State of Kuwait. All samples were measured using gamma spectrometry technique, with high purity germanium detector. The results show that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples are lower than the worldwide average value. The worldwide average values (32, 45 and 420) for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples ranged between [(0.18 - 10.43) Bq/kg with average of 3.26 ± 0.80 Bq/kg, (-0.23–3.63) Bq/kg with average of 1.15 ± 0.67 Bq/kg, (1.27-110.92) Bq/kg with average of 43.62 ± 1.7 Bq/kg, (0.50 - 10.61) Bq/kg with average of 3.11 ± 0.34 Bq/kg and (ND – 0.35) Bq/kg with average of 0.01 ± 0.01 Bq/kg] respectively. Marine Environment Samples of the Arabian Gulf region in Kuwait have been investigated. Samples were collected along the eastern coastline of the State of Kuwait. All samples were collected from different beach sites in Kuwait. These samples were collected randomly from different locations in these sites (from north to south along the eastern coastline of Arabian Gulf). According to the Kuwaiti samples, the estimated range for (Radium Equivalent Rate, External Hazard Index, Internal Hazard Index, Absorbed Dose, annual effective dose, Gamma Index, Alpha Index) is [(0.79 – 21.80) Bq/kg with average of 8.26 ± 1.90 Bq/kg, (0.00 – 0.06) Bq/kg with average of 0.02 ± 0.01 Bq/kg, (0.00–0.09) Bq/kg with average of 0.03 ± 0.01 Bq/kg,(0.36 - 10.68) Bq/kg with average of 4.04 ± 0.86 Bq/kg, (0.44 – 13.10) Bq/kg with average of 4.96 ± 1.06 Bq/kg, (0.00–0.08) Bq/kg with average of 0.03 ± 0.01 Bq/kg and (0.00 – 0.05) Bq/kg with average of 0.02 ± 0.00 Bq/kg], respectively. The estimated hazard parameters in all Kuwaiti samples are lower than the recommended limits for occupationally worker. From this study, it was noticed that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra series, 232Th series, 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples are lower than the worldwide average value. Results obtained are discussed and compared with the international recommended data.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document reviews the escaping radioactivity from coal-fired power plants due to coal burning and the associated radiation hazards. It discusses the following key points:
1) Coal naturally contains trace amounts of radioactive elements like uranium, thorium, and potassium. Burning coal releases this radioactivity, primarily in the form of very fine particles escaping from plant smokestacks.
2) Measurements of Greek coals and fly ashes from coal plants found variable but elevated levels of radioactive elements like uranium, radium, lead, and thorium. About 5% of ash is used in building materials like concrete.
3) Radiation exposures to nearby populations can occur through inhalation of airborne fly ash or
This document provides an overview of extracting shale resources. It begins with introducing India's energy scenario and dependence on foreign oil imports. Shale oil and gas are presented as a potential viable alternative energy source. The document then discusses the origin and formation of petroleum in shales. It explains the processes of diagenesis and catagenesis that convert organic matter in shales into kerogen and then liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Extraction of shales involves two main processes - hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and retorting. Retorting converts kerogen into shale oil and upgrading is needed to transform shale oil into synthetic crude. The document provides details on these extraction and upgrading processes.
EL-NAKHEIL OIL SHALE: A PROMISING RESOURCE OF UNCONVENTIONAL RAW MATERIAL FOR...Ahmed Abd el-Ghany
The document discusses oil shale samples from the El-Nakheil mine in Egypt that show promise as an unconventional energy resource. Analysis found the samples have very good organic richness with total organic carbon ranging from 24.8% to 35% and good hydrocarbon generation potential. The kerogen is type II/I and thermally immature. Experiments suggest the oil shale could produce 35-110 liters of oil per ton. The El-Nakheil shale has characteristics making it suitable for surface retorting and power generation, potentially providing a competitive energy source for Egypt.
Evaluation of Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due To...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the radiation hazard indices and excess lifetime cancer risk from natural radioactivity in mined tailings from 14 locations in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. Samples were analyzed using gamma spectroscopy and the average concentrations of Ra226, Th232 and K40 were found to be far above world averages. Various hazard indices like annual gonadal equivalent dose, radium equivalent, external hazard index, internal hazard index, representative gamma index, annual effective dose equivalent (outdoor and indoor) and excess lifetime cancer risk were calculated. The values obtained were far above world recommended levels, indicating significant health hazards for miners, processors and nearby residents from radiation exposure. The results show the need to investigate radiation levels in other environmental samples from the area like
Environmental Impact Assessment of Kota Super Thermal Power Station IJSRP Journal
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important management tool for ensuring optimal use of natural resources for sustainable development. A beginning in this direction was made in our country with the impact assessment of river valley projects in 1978-79 and the scope has subsequently been enhanced to cover other developmental sectors such as industries, thermal power projects, mining schemes etc. To facilitate collection of environmental data and preparation of management plans, guidelines have been evolved and circulated to the concerned Central and State Government Departments. EIA has now been made mandatory under the Environmental (Protection Act, 1986 for 29 categories of developmental activities involving investments of Rs. 50 crores and above. In present study we have studied environmental aspects of kota super thermal power on Kota city.The KSTPS in Rajasthan was commissioned in 1983 and presently operating at 1045MW capacity,The Kota Super Thermal Power Station came in five stages and a total of 7 units have been commissioned.KSTPS is situated at the left bank of “Chambal River” in Rajasthan principal industrial city Kota.The present total area covered under KSTPS is 688 ha.The power generation system comprises mainly boiler, turbine, generator and transformers with accessories all arranged to operate as complementary parts of a common monolithic set.The allowable limits for discharge of water as specified in Schedule 4 of Environmental Protection Act And Amendment 1983 isAmmonical Nitrogen 50,Arsenic-0.2,Biochemical oxygen demand-30,Cadmium -2, Chemical oxygen demand -250, Chromium hexavalent-0.1, Chromium total-2, Copper-3,Cyanide-0.1,Fluoride-2,PH-5.5-9.0Phenols-1,Dissolve Phosphate -5,Residual Chloride 1,Sulphide 2,Total Suspended Solid 100,Zinc 5.0 . Various effluent samples are analysed to assess the effluent quality from KSTPS.Any major industrial activity have tendency to degrade the environment viz. air environment, water, noise, land and biological also. It is duty of every industry it should have its own environmental unit that allow to minimum quantity of pollutants emit into environmental and keep this pollutant range with in permissible limit described according to central and state pollution control board and MOEF. So we should think in the terms of sustainable development means development without destruction.
Health Risk Assessment of Radon-222 Concentration in Some Imported Cosmetics ...Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud
Abstract
The health hazards of the radioactive gas radon on general public are well known. In this paper, I studied
the concentration of radon gas in some imported cosmetics samples in order to understand the level and distribution
of 222Rn concentrations in imported cosmetics samples from different origins (original & non-original famous brands)
from local beauty centers in Kuwait by using alpha-emitters registrations that emitted from radon gas in CR-39 nuclear
track detector. The obtained results have shown that the highest value of radon gas concentration in imported cosmetics
samples which recorded (17.83 Bq.m-3) for FLORMAR - (Loose Powder) sample, while the lowest value of radon gas
concentration in imported cosmetics samples was (3.66 Bq.m-3) for MAX FACTOR X - (Translucent Loose Face Powder)
sample. The present results show that the radon gas concentration in all imported cosmetics samples is below the allowed
limit from International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) agency.
Offshore jack ups middle east 2014 01-finalLim Allister
The document discusses various sources of waste discharge from offshore oil and gas activities and their potential impacts. It covers waste from drilling activities like drilling muds and cuttings, produced water, emissions from production and processing. Seismic surveys are also mentioned as a source of underwater noise that can harm marine life. The objectives are to protect the environment, ecosystems, and endangered species while preventing toxic discharge into the oceans from offshore oil and gas operations.
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
Here are presented the data of GC / MS, ICP / MS, UV, STA studies of Azerbaijanoil from the Gunashli field in the Caspian Sea. According to the data of chromatography-mass spectroscopy, the relative distribution of n-alkanes of oil was determined to calculate the naphthenic oil passport from various horizons and depths. It is shown that oil is of paraffin-naphthenic type, hydrocarbon composition of oil samples varies depending on the horizon and the depth of occurrence. Oil is characterized as light, average catagenetic transformation and refers to the glandular type. Mother rock of sedimentary type are of the clay type. The studied geochemical characteristics of oil indicate a biogenic genesis and differentiation of oils by characteristic biomarker indicators, and also make it possible to predict the composition and type of oils in deposits with a simular geological structure
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) updated the drill results from the winter/spring drill program at the Ashram Rare Earth Deposit in northern Quebec. In one of the drill holes, the Company intersected the strongest heavy rare earth element mineralization to date from the project.
Activation of Spent Bleaching Earth for Dehumidification Application World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes research on activating spent bleaching earth (SBE) for use in dehumidification applications. The researchers conducted experiments to regenerate SBE through three steps: 1) solvent extraction with hexane to remove entrained oil, extracting up to 25% of oil; 2) oxidation with hydrogen peroxide to remove remaining carbonaceous materials; and 3) heat reactivation at 550°C to remove hydrocarbons and open clay adsorption sites. Batch experiments tested the regenerated SBE and found sorption capacities of 27.07-26.63% at activation temperatures of 550-650°C, higher than commercial clay desiccants. The regenerated SBE shows potential as a low-
Assessment of Air Quality in and Around Raichur Thermal Power Station, RaichurIRJET Journal
The study assessed ambient air quality around the Raichur Thermal Power Station in Raichur, Karnataka, India. Air quality was monitored at three locations for 45 days. Stack emissions were also monitored from all 8 units. The study found that particulate matter concentrations were highest near the hospital area due to wind patterns. Concentrations decreased with distance from the power plant. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide concentrations from the stacks did not meet standards. The electrostatic precipitators operating on the units were found to have over 99.8% efficiency in reducing particulate emissions. However, concentrations of pollutants around the plant still exceeded national air quality standards in some locations.
Assessment of Air Quality in and Around Raichur Thermal Power Station, RaichurIRJET Journal
The study assessed ambient air quality around the Raichur Thermal Power Station in Raichur, Karnataka, India. Air quality was monitored at three locations for 45 days. Stack emissions were also monitored from all 8 units. The study found that particulate matter concentrations were highest near the hospital area due to wind patterns. Concentrations decreased with distance from the power plant. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide concentrations from the stacks did not meet standards. The electrostatic precipitators operating on the units were found to have over 99.8% efficiency in reducing particulate emissions. However, concentrations of pollutants around the plant still exceeded national air quality standards in some locations.
The document summarizes a study measuring indoor radon concentration levels in selected factories in northern and central Iraq. Radon levels were measured using LR-115 Type II nuclear track detectors exposed for 60 days. Radon concentrations ranged from 36.36 to 125.10 Bq/m3, with an average of 59.93 Bq/m3. The average potential alpha energy concentration was 6.5 working levels. The average absorbed effective dose was 1.43 mSv/year and the estimated average lung cancer risk was 25.65 cases per million people per year. Radon levels in most factories were within internationally recommended limits of 50-150 Bq/m3, though some locations exceeded this.
Acetylation of Corn Cobs Using Iodine Catalyst, For Oil Spills Remediationtheijes
This study investigated the process of cleaning oil spills using both raw corn cobs (RCC) and acetylated corn cobs (ACC). The corn cobs were acetylated in a solvent free system using acetic anhydride, in the presence of Iodine, under mild reaction conditions. The acetylation was carried out at 100oC for 2 hours using 1% iodine. The system conditions played significant roles on the extent of acetylation expressed as Weight Percent Gain (WPG). The weight percent gain (WPG) due to acetylation was found to be 17.6%. Sorption studies were also carried out on both RCC and ACC. The result of the analysis showed higher values of oil sorption capacities (g/g) for ACC than RCC. This goes to prove that acetylation increased the oil sorption capacity of the corn cobs. It was found that particle size, sorption time, sorbent dosage and temperature has very significant effects on the oil sorption capacities of the modified corn cobs. To investigate the acetylation reaction, functional analysis of the RCC and ACC were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The FTIR data showed a clear evidence of successful acetylation. ACC are therefore recommended for oil spillage clean up, as well as for further development.
Radionuclide content of sands used for construction inAlexander Decker
This document presents the results of a study measuring the natural radioactivity in construction sand samples from Kakamega County, Kenya. The concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy. Concentrations ranged from 36.79 to 185.21 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 51.12 to 158.92 Bq/kg for 232Th, and 322.38 to 960.53 Bq/kg for 40K. A computer model was developed to estimate indoor radon concentrations resulting from radon diffusion through walls constructed from these sands. Radiation hazard indexes were also calculated based on the measured radionuclide concentrations in the sands.
This document summarizes a research project on oil pipeline failures in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. The research aims to analyze the causes of pipeline failures in the region, examine the environmental and economic impacts, and make recommendations. It includes a background on oil pipelines and spills in the Niger Delta. The research will use both primary and secondary research methods, including questionnaires and reviewing literature. The objectives are to identify the root causes of pipeline failures in the region and challenges to pipelines, in order to make recommendations.
The document discusses Venezuela's Orinoco Oil Belt, which contains large deposits of heavy crude oil. It provides details on several areas within the belt, including:
- The Zuata area, where exploration has found 79.3 billion cubic meters of oil in place. Production testing of wells found an average of 25 cubic meters per day increased to 200 cubic meters after steam injection.
- The Machete area, estimated to contain 40 billion cubic meters of heavy crude oil, with potentially 4 billion cubic meters recoverable. Production rates are up to 20 cubic meters per day and could be increased tenfold with steam injection.
- The Cerro Negro steam injection area, where a 5.9 hectare section
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
This document reviews the escaping radioactivity from coal-fired power plants due to coal burning and the associated radiation hazards. It discusses the following key points:
1) Coal naturally contains trace amounts of radioactive elements like uranium, thorium, and potassium. Burning coal releases this radioactivity, primarily in the form of very fine particles escaping from plant smokestacks.
2) Measurements of Greek coals and fly ashes from coal plants found variable but elevated levels of radioactive elements like uranium, radium, lead, and thorium. About 5% of ash is used in building materials like concrete.
3) Radiation exposures to nearby populations can occur through inhalation of airborne fly ash or
This document provides an overview of extracting shale resources. It begins with introducing India's energy scenario and dependence on foreign oil imports. Shale oil and gas are presented as a potential viable alternative energy source. The document then discusses the origin and formation of petroleum in shales. It explains the processes of diagenesis and catagenesis that convert organic matter in shales into kerogen and then liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Extraction of shales involves two main processes - hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and retorting. Retorting converts kerogen into shale oil and upgrading is needed to transform shale oil into synthetic crude. The document provides details on these extraction and upgrading processes.
EL-NAKHEIL OIL SHALE: A PROMISING RESOURCE OF UNCONVENTIONAL RAW MATERIAL FOR...Ahmed Abd el-Ghany
The document discusses oil shale samples from the El-Nakheil mine in Egypt that show promise as an unconventional energy resource. Analysis found the samples have very good organic richness with total organic carbon ranging from 24.8% to 35% and good hydrocarbon generation potential. The kerogen is type II/I and thermally immature. Experiments suggest the oil shale could produce 35-110 liters of oil per ton. The El-Nakheil shale has characteristics making it suitable for surface retorting and power generation, potentially providing a competitive energy source for Egypt.
Evaluation of Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due To...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the radiation hazard indices and excess lifetime cancer risk from natural radioactivity in mined tailings from 14 locations in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. Samples were analyzed using gamma spectroscopy and the average concentrations of Ra226, Th232 and K40 were found to be far above world averages. Various hazard indices like annual gonadal equivalent dose, radium equivalent, external hazard index, internal hazard index, representative gamma index, annual effective dose equivalent (outdoor and indoor) and excess lifetime cancer risk were calculated. The values obtained were far above world recommended levels, indicating significant health hazards for miners, processors and nearby residents from radiation exposure. The results show the need to investigate radiation levels in other environmental samples from the area like
Environmental Impact Assessment of Kota Super Thermal Power Station IJSRP Journal
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important management tool for ensuring optimal use of natural resources for sustainable development. A beginning in this direction was made in our country with the impact assessment of river valley projects in 1978-79 and the scope has subsequently been enhanced to cover other developmental sectors such as industries, thermal power projects, mining schemes etc. To facilitate collection of environmental data and preparation of management plans, guidelines have been evolved and circulated to the concerned Central and State Government Departments. EIA has now been made mandatory under the Environmental (Protection Act, 1986 for 29 categories of developmental activities involving investments of Rs. 50 crores and above. In present study we have studied environmental aspects of kota super thermal power on Kota city.The KSTPS in Rajasthan was commissioned in 1983 and presently operating at 1045MW capacity,The Kota Super Thermal Power Station came in five stages and a total of 7 units have been commissioned.KSTPS is situated at the left bank of “Chambal River” in Rajasthan principal industrial city Kota.The present total area covered under KSTPS is 688 ha.The power generation system comprises mainly boiler, turbine, generator and transformers with accessories all arranged to operate as complementary parts of a common monolithic set.The allowable limits for discharge of water as specified in Schedule 4 of Environmental Protection Act And Amendment 1983 isAmmonical Nitrogen 50,Arsenic-0.2,Biochemical oxygen demand-30,Cadmium -2, Chemical oxygen demand -250, Chromium hexavalent-0.1, Chromium total-2, Copper-3,Cyanide-0.1,Fluoride-2,PH-5.5-9.0Phenols-1,Dissolve Phosphate -5,Residual Chloride 1,Sulphide 2,Total Suspended Solid 100,Zinc 5.0 . Various effluent samples are analysed to assess the effluent quality from KSTPS.Any major industrial activity have tendency to degrade the environment viz. air environment, water, noise, land and biological also. It is duty of every industry it should have its own environmental unit that allow to minimum quantity of pollutants emit into environmental and keep this pollutant range with in permissible limit described according to central and state pollution control board and MOEF. So we should think in the terms of sustainable development means development without destruction.
Health Risk Assessment of Radon-222 Concentration in Some Imported Cosmetics ...Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud
Abstract
The health hazards of the radioactive gas radon on general public are well known. In this paper, I studied
the concentration of radon gas in some imported cosmetics samples in order to understand the level and distribution
of 222Rn concentrations in imported cosmetics samples from different origins (original & non-original famous brands)
from local beauty centers in Kuwait by using alpha-emitters registrations that emitted from radon gas in CR-39 nuclear
track detector. The obtained results have shown that the highest value of radon gas concentration in imported cosmetics
samples which recorded (17.83 Bq.m-3) for FLORMAR - (Loose Powder) sample, while the lowest value of radon gas
concentration in imported cosmetics samples was (3.66 Bq.m-3) for MAX FACTOR X - (Translucent Loose Face Powder)
sample. The present results show that the radon gas concentration in all imported cosmetics samples is below the allowed
limit from International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) agency.
Offshore jack ups middle east 2014 01-finalLim Allister
The document discusses various sources of waste discharge from offshore oil and gas activities and their potential impacts. It covers waste from drilling activities like drilling muds and cuttings, produced water, emissions from production and processing. Seismic surveys are also mentioned as a source of underwater noise that can harm marine life. The objectives are to protect the environment, ecosystems, and endangered species while preventing toxic discharge into the oceans from offshore oil and gas operations.
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
Here are presented the data of GC / MS, ICP / MS, UV, STA studies of Azerbaijanoil from the Gunashli field in the Caspian Sea. According to the data of chromatography-mass spectroscopy, the relative distribution of n-alkanes of oil was determined to calculate the naphthenic oil passport from various horizons and depths. It is shown that oil is of paraffin-naphthenic type, hydrocarbon composition of oil samples varies depending on the horizon and the depth of occurrence. Oil is characterized as light, average catagenetic transformation and refers to the glandular type. Mother rock of sedimentary type are of the clay type. The studied geochemical characteristics of oil indicate a biogenic genesis and differentiation of oils by characteristic biomarker indicators, and also make it possible to predict the composition and type of oils in deposits with a simular geological structure
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) updated the drill results from the winter/spring drill program at the Ashram Rare Earth Deposit in northern Quebec. In one of the drill holes, the Company intersected the strongest heavy rare earth element mineralization to date from the project.
Activation of Spent Bleaching Earth for Dehumidification Application World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes research on activating spent bleaching earth (SBE) for use in dehumidification applications. The researchers conducted experiments to regenerate SBE through three steps: 1) solvent extraction with hexane to remove entrained oil, extracting up to 25% of oil; 2) oxidation with hydrogen peroxide to remove remaining carbonaceous materials; and 3) heat reactivation at 550°C to remove hydrocarbons and open clay adsorption sites. Batch experiments tested the regenerated SBE and found sorption capacities of 27.07-26.63% at activation temperatures of 550-650°C, higher than commercial clay desiccants. The regenerated SBE shows potential as a low-
Assessment of Air Quality in and Around Raichur Thermal Power Station, RaichurIRJET Journal
The study assessed ambient air quality around the Raichur Thermal Power Station in Raichur, Karnataka, India. Air quality was monitored at three locations for 45 days. Stack emissions were also monitored from all 8 units. The study found that particulate matter concentrations were highest near the hospital area due to wind patterns. Concentrations decreased with distance from the power plant. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide concentrations from the stacks did not meet standards. The electrostatic precipitators operating on the units were found to have over 99.8% efficiency in reducing particulate emissions. However, concentrations of pollutants around the plant still exceeded national air quality standards in some locations.
Assessment of Air Quality in and Around Raichur Thermal Power Station, RaichurIRJET Journal
The study assessed ambient air quality around the Raichur Thermal Power Station in Raichur, Karnataka, India. Air quality was monitored at three locations for 45 days. Stack emissions were also monitored from all 8 units. The study found that particulate matter concentrations were highest near the hospital area due to wind patterns. Concentrations decreased with distance from the power plant. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide concentrations from the stacks did not meet standards. The electrostatic precipitators operating on the units were found to have over 99.8% efficiency in reducing particulate emissions. However, concentrations of pollutants around the plant still exceeded national air quality standards in some locations.
The document summarizes a study measuring indoor radon concentration levels in selected factories in northern and central Iraq. Radon levels were measured using LR-115 Type II nuclear track detectors exposed for 60 days. Radon concentrations ranged from 36.36 to 125.10 Bq/m3, with an average of 59.93 Bq/m3. The average potential alpha energy concentration was 6.5 working levels. The average absorbed effective dose was 1.43 mSv/year and the estimated average lung cancer risk was 25.65 cases per million people per year. Radon levels in most factories were within internationally recommended limits of 50-150 Bq/m3, though some locations exceeded this.
Acetylation of Corn Cobs Using Iodine Catalyst, For Oil Spills Remediationtheijes
This study investigated the process of cleaning oil spills using both raw corn cobs (RCC) and acetylated corn cobs (ACC). The corn cobs were acetylated in a solvent free system using acetic anhydride, in the presence of Iodine, under mild reaction conditions. The acetylation was carried out at 100oC for 2 hours using 1% iodine. The system conditions played significant roles on the extent of acetylation expressed as Weight Percent Gain (WPG). The weight percent gain (WPG) due to acetylation was found to be 17.6%. Sorption studies were also carried out on both RCC and ACC. The result of the analysis showed higher values of oil sorption capacities (g/g) for ACC than RCC. This goes to prove that acetylation increased the oil sorption capacity of the corn cobs. It was found that particle size, sorption time, sorbent dosage and temperature has very significant effects on the oil sorption capacities of the modified corn cobs. To investigate the acetylation reaction, functional analysis of the RCC and ACC were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The FTIR data showed a clear evidence of successful acetylation. ACC are therefore recommended for oil spillage clean up, as well as for further development.
Radionuclide content of sands used for construction inAlexander Decker
This document presents the results of a study measuring the natural radioactivity in construction sand samples from Kakamega County, Kenya. The concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy. Concentrations ranged from 36.79 to 185.21 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 51.12 to 158.92 Bq/kg for 232Th, and 322.38 to 960.53 Bq/kg for 40K. A computer model was developed to estimate indoor radon concentrations resulting from radon diffusion through walls constructed from these sands. Radiation hazard indexes were also calculated based on the measured radionuclide concentrations in the sands.
This document summarizes a research project on oil pipeline failures in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. The research aims to analyze the causes of pipeline failures in the region, examine the environmental and economic impacts, and make recommendations. It includes a background on oil pipelines and spills in the Niger Delta. The research will use both primary and secondary research methods, including questionnaires and reviewing literature. The objectives are to identify the root causes of pipeline failures in the region and challenges to pipelines, in order to make recommendations.
The document discusses Venezuela's Orinoco Oil Belt, which contains large deposits of heavy crude oil. It provides details on several areas within the belt, including:
- The Zuata area, where exploration has found 79.3 billion cubic meters of oil in place. Production testing of wells found an average of 25 cubic meters per day increased to 200 cubic meters after steam injection.
- The Machete area, estimated to contain 40 billion cubic meters of heavy crude oil, with potentially 4 billion cubic meters recoverable. Production rates are up to 20 cubic meters per day and could be increased tenfold with steam injection.
- The Cerro Negro steam injection area, where a 5.9 hectare section
Similar to ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF USING PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR WASTE (20)
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
2. concentrations in Egyptian petroleum products and
their wastes were compared with their value in
Kuwaiti petroleum products and their wastes and
with the worldwide recommended limits as well.
Moreover, the radiological hazard indices of radium
equivalent activity (Raeq), external (Hex) and internal
hazard indices (Hin), alpha and gamma indices and
annual effective dose were calculated and compared
with the worldwide safety values recommended by
the United Nations Scientific Committee on the
Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample Preparation
The released amount of ionizing radiation from oil
products and their wastes is a very important issue
for radiation protection point of view since it varied
from the oil well to others, depending on the rocks
of the reservoir that have various quantities of nat-
ural radionuclides of 226
Ra (238
U), 232
Th and 40
K.
Several researchers highlight the varied level of
NORM (226
Ra (238
U), 232
Th and 40
K) in oil pro-
ducts and their wastes maintained high-level natural
radionuclides. For example, Abo-Elmagd et al.(9)
,
reported that oil products and their waste from the
South Sinai governorate, Egypt maintained a high
level of NORM, Mansour et al.(13)
, reported that oil
products and their wastes of the Eastern Desert of
Egypt maintained also a high level of natural radio-
nuclides. Also, Hassan et al.(16)
, reported that a high
level of emanated radon from oil products and their
wastes of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Therefore, it
is very important to evaluate the level NORM in oil
products and wastes in all oil wells.
In the present work, eight samples of different types
of oil, one sample of water, three samples of sludge,
one sample of scale and four samples of sand were
collected from the oil wells of Greater Burgan, South
Fuwars and Ratqa located in Kuwait, as shown in
Table 1 and Figure 1. On the other hand, four samples
of different types of oil, one sample of water, five sam-
ples of sludge, one sample of liquid gas and one sam-
ple of sand were collected from the three main oil
provinces in Egypt (Western Desert, Nile Delta and
Gulf of Suez (Ras Gharib)), as shown in Table 2 and
Figure 2. The regions that the samples were collected
from the regions where oil production is actively con-
ducted by the government of Egypt and Kuwait. The
wells mentioned in the current study are used as a
baseline to investigate the radiation levels of all
regions. The work is a continuous work for the previ-
ously published papers for other regions(9, 13, 16)
.
The solid samples were crushed into a fine powder
and then were sieved through a 1-mm mesh size to
remove the larger grain size to be more homogenous.
These solid samples, then were dried in an oven at
110°C for 24 h to ensure complete dryness from
moisture. After moisture removal, the samples were
cooled down to room temperature in a desiccator.
The prepared samples were packed into airtight plas-
tic containers, (6-cm diameter and 8-cm height)
made from polyethylene. The liquid samples were
packed into the same geometry plastic containers.
Table 1. Specific activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in the Kuwaiti petroleum products and wastes materials.
Sample type Location Code Activity concentrations (Bq kg−1
)
226
Ra 232
Th 40
K
Heavy eocene oil Greater Burgan (KO1) ND ND 13.6 ± 1.1
Heavy crude oil Greater Burgan (KO2) 6.8 ± 3.2 4.8 ± 1.3 81.2 ± 10.2
Heavy crude oil South Fuwars (KO3) 17.0 ± 6.4 ND 126 ± 12
Crude oil South Fuwars (kO4) ND ND 56.6 ± 16.7
Crude oil Greater Burgan (KO5) 7.1 ± 4.3 10.5 ± 5.1 89.9 ± 10.2
Crude oil Ratqa (KO6) 16.3 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.6 84.9 ± 1.8
Oil Ratqa (KO7) 5.8 ± 1.3 4.1 ± 2.2 49.8 ± 5.5
Plankton oil Greater Burgan (KP1) 126 ± 3 ND 81.6 ± 6.9
Plankton oil Greater Burgan (KP2) 2.8 ± 0.1 ND 59.6 ± 1.0
Water Ratqa (KWO1) 3.9 ± 2.6 ND 54.2 ± 4.6
Sludge Greater Burgan (KSL1) 94.2 ± 5.3 27.7 ± 0.6 ND
Sludge Ratqa (KSL2) 42.4 ± 11.8 6.0 ± 2.5 81.8 ± 6.8
Sludge Ratqa (KSL3) 13.1 ± 1.7 1.5 ± 1.2 54.8 ± 5.8
Sand South Fuwars (KS1) 55.3 ± 8.9 3.9 ± 3.5 183 ± 14
Sand Greater Burgan (KS2) 3.8 ± 2.1 3.2 ± 2.5 43.4 ± 4.6
Sand Ratqa (KS3) 3.0 ± 1.8 ND 49.5 ± 4.4
Sand Ratqa (KS4) 28.8 ± 2.4 5.4 ± 0.5 69.9 ± 6.2
Average 25.2 ± 3.4 6.1 ± 2.2 67.8 ± 6.4
ND is a non-detectable value.
2
N. M. HASSAN ET AL.
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
3. All containers were carefully sealed with adhesive to
prevent any possibility of escaping of radon (222
Rn)
or thoron (220
Rn)(6, 17)
and stored for 1 month in
order to achieve radioactive secular equilibrium
between 226
Ra and 222
Rn. Simultaneously, an empty
same geometry container was sealed and left in the
same period to be applied for future background
measurement.
Measurement of Radionuclide Concentrations
The natural radionuclide concentrations of 226
Ra,
232
Th and 40
K in the samples of this study were mea-
sured using an High Purity Germanium detector of
vertical closed-end coaxial manufactured by
Canberra. This detector has an accurately measured
efficiency and an energy resolution of 2.1 keV at
Figure 1. The location map of oil fields in Kuwait.
Table 2. Specific activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in the Egyptian Petroleum products and wastes materials
ND is a non-detectable value.
Sample type Location Code Activity concentrations (Bq kg−1
)
226
Ra 232
Th 40
K
Crude oil The Nile Delta (EO1) 14.9 ± 1.2 3.4 ± 1.4 77.3 ± 3.0
Crude oil The Nile Delta (EO2) 10.2 ± 1.9 ND 66.5 ± 10.0
Crude oil Suez (EO3) 13.4 ± 4.4 6.2 ± 2.8 91.8 ± 7.1
Crude oil Suez (EO4) 21.3 ± 5.4 ND 121 ± 15
Liquid gas The Nile Delta (ELG1) 10.8 ± 6.5 ND 143 ± 16
Water Suez (EWO1) 3.7 ± 1.7 ND 50.2 ± 4.5
Sludge The Nile Delta (ESL1) 7.6 ± 2.4 8.4 ± 2.6 52.2 ± 8.7
Sludge The Nile Delta (ESL2) 12.9 ± 1.4 3.1 ± 1.6 54.5 ± 5.4
Sludge The Nile Delta (ESL3) 20.6 ± 2.1 4.4 ± 1.9 51.9 ± 4.9
Sludge Suez (ESL4) 11.3 ± 5.1 14.8 ± 2.8 73.4 ± 14.1
Sludge Suez (ESL5) 123 ± 5 48.3 ± 0.8 241 ± 3
Sand The Nile Delta (ES1) 3.4 ± 1.2 3.1 ± 1.8 37.8 ± 6.7
Average 21.1 ± 3.2 7.6 ± 1.3 88.4 ± 8.2
3
ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF USING PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
4. 1.33 MeV of gamma ray line of 60
Co (located at the
Egyptian Atomic Energy Agency, Cairo, Egypt). In
order to reduce the effects of background measured
by the detector, it is shielded with a cylindrical lead
(Pb) of thickness 10 cm which contains an inner con-
centric cylinder of Cu with a thickness of 8 mm. The
detector is connected to a data acquisition system,
using a personal computer, which has a Multi-
Channel-Analyzer (8192 channels). The data ana-
lysis was carried out via gamma spectroscopy pro-
gram of Genie 2000 spectral analysis software. The
HPGe detector’s peak calibration and efficiency were
carried out using standard point source package (RSS-
8) of eight radionuclides of Cs-137, Ba-133, Cd-109,
Zn-65, Co-60, Co-57, Mn-54 and Na-22 supplied by
the IAEA. For bulk measurements, the 40
K in KCl
standard bulk solution was used as a normalizing fac-
tor. The bulk source was packaged in the same con-
tainer geometric as those used for samples.
The natural radionuclide concentrations of 238
U
(226
Ra), 232
Th and 40
K in each sample were detected
over a time frame of around 24 h. Since 226
Ra and
its progenies produce ~98.5% of radiological effects
of natural uranium series, the contribution of natural
238
U and the precursors of 226
Ra were ignored.
Thus, 226
Ra was considered to be the reference of the
238
U series instead of 238
U(17, 18)
. 226
Ra specific
activity was measured from the gamma rays lines at
the energies of 351.9 keV (36.6%) and 295.2 keV
(18.5%) associated with the decay 214
Pb, and at the
energies of 609.3 keV (46.1%) and 1120 keV (15%)
associated with the decay 214
Bi, as shown in
Figure 3. On the other hand, thorium (232
Th) spe-
cific activity was estimated from the gamma rays of
energies of 911.1 keV (29%) associated with the
decay of 228
Ac, 583.1 keV (84.5%) associated with
the decay of 208
Tl and 238.6 keV (43.6%) associated
with the decay of 212
Pb as shown in Figure 3.
Finally, potassium (40
K) specific activity was esti-
mated from the gamma ray of the energy of
1460.9 keV (10.67%) associated with the decay 40
K
itself(19, 20)
. The self-attenuation and coincidence
summing effects were ignored in this study. The
activity concentrations of natural radionuclides, A,
(Bq kg−1
) are calculated from Eq (1)(19, 21)
.
ρ ε
= ( )
A
C
wt
1
i i
where C is the net count above the background, pi is the
absolute emission probability of each gamma ray (men-
tioned in brackets after gamma rays energies), w is the
net dry sample weight (kg), The samples’ weights were
ranged between 350 and 500 g, t is the measurement
time and εi is the absolute efficiency of the detector is
associated with each gamma rays energy value.
Figure 2. The location map of oil fields in Egypt.
4
N. M. HASSAN ET AL.
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The goal of this work is to measure the activity con-
centrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in some ran-
domly selected materials of different types of oil,
scale, sludge, water and sand from oil wells located in
both Egypt and Kuwait. The results of this study
are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. The activity con-
centrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in petroleum
products and their wastes were varied from ND (non-
detectable value, KO4) to 123 ± 3 (KP1) Bq kg−1
with a
mean value of 25.2 ± 3.4 Bq kg−1
for 226
Ra, ND (KO1)
to 27.7 ± 0.6 (KSL1) Bq kg−1
with a mean value
of 6.1 ± 2.2 Bq kg−1
for 232
Th and ND (KSL1)
to 183.39 ± 13.73 (KS1) Bq kg−1
with a mean value
of 67.8 ± 6.4 Bq kg−1
for 40
K, in the selected samples
from Kuwait, as shown in Figures 4–6 and Tables 1.
On the other hand, the Egyptian samples were varied
from 3.4 ± 1.2 (ES1) to 123 ± 5 (ESL5) Bq kg−1
with a
mean value of 21.1 ± 3.2 Bq kg−1
for 226
Ra, ND
(EO2) to 48.3 ± 0.8 (ESL5) Bq kg−1
with a mean value
of 7.6 ± 1.3 Bq kg−1
for 232
Th and 37.8 ± 6.7
(ES1) to 241 ± 3 (ESL5) Bq kg−1
with a mean value
of 88.4 ± 8.2 Bq kg−1
for 40
K, respectively, as shown
in Figures 4–6 and Tables 2. The maximum activity
levels for all measured radionuclides in selected samples
were 126 ± 3 Bq kg−1
(KP1) of 226
Ra, 27.7 ± 0.6 (KSL1)
Bq kg−1
of 232
Th and 183 ± 14 (ESL5) Bq kg−1
of 40
K for Kuwaiti samples while for Egyptian sam-
ples, they were 123 ± 5 Bq kg−1
(ESL5) of 226
Ra,
48.3 ± 0.8 (ESL5) Bq kg−1
of 232
Th and 241 ± 3
(ESL5) Bq kg−1
of 40
K, respectively. The radionuclide
concentration of Egyptian and Kuwaiti petroleum
products and their wastes were comparable with
almost the same average values. However, specific
activities of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in sludge samples
were higher than their values in crude oil, water and
sand for Egyptian samples. Similarly, the Kuwaiti
radionuclide concentration of 226
Ra in the plankton
oil refinery of greater Burgan oil well was higher
than its value in all other samples, 232
Th in sludge of
greater Burgan oil well was higher than its value in
all other samples and 40
K in sand of south Fuwars
was higher than its value in all other samples. The
obtained results indicate that the specific activity
concentrations in all selected material from Egypt
and Kuwait were comparable or less than the
global median specific activity concentrations in
soil of 35, 30 and 400 Bq kg−1
for 226
Ra, 232
Th and
40
K, respectively, reported by UNSCEAR(21, 22)
.
Moreover, the radionuclide concentrations in the
studied materials were much lower than the exemp-
tion level for NORM of 1 Bq g−1
for uranium and
thorium and 10 Bq g−1
for 40
K recommended by the
IAEA basic safety standards(23, 24)
. Thus, there is no
radiological risk for worker or public dealing with
those materials so that the radiation exposure from
the selected material can be ignored. The values of
natural radionuclides in the present study were
compared with their values in the same material
previously described in the literature, as pictured in
Table 3.
In order to compute the radiation hazards asso-
ciated with materials maintained various levels of
226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in a single quantity, the radium
equivalent activity (Raeq) has been introduced by
UNSCEAR(21, 22, 34)
, Eq. 2.
= + + ( )
Ra A A A
1.43 0.077 2
eq Ra Th K
where, ARa, ATh and AK are activity concentrations
of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K, respectively, in Bq kg−1
.
The radium equivalent index was calculated based
Figure 3. Typical gamma ray spectrum of natural radionuclides of Egyptian (ESL5) and Kuwait (KSL1) sludge waste
materials.
5
ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF USING PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
6. on the assumption that 370 Bq kg−1
of 226
Ra,
259 Bq kg−1
of 232
Th and 4810 Bq kg−1
of 40
K produce
the same equivalent dose of gamma ray. For the
sake of safety, Raeq activity concentration of material
should be <370 Bq kg−1
to keep gamma ray dose below
1.5 mSv y−1(35–37)
. Radium equivalent concentration
in Egyptian petroleum products and wastes was ranged
from 7.5 ± 2.0 Bq kg−1
(EWO1) to 210 ± 7 Bq kg−1
(ESL5) with a mean value 38.8 ± 5.8 Bq kg−1
while for
Kuwaiti samples, it was ranged from 1.7 ± 1.0 Bq kg−1
(KO1) to 134 ± 6 Bq kg−1
(KSL1) with a mean value
of 34.4 ± 5.6 Bq kg−1
, as shown in Figure 7, and
Tables 4 and 5. The Radium equivalent of all investi-
gated petroleum products and wastes was less than the
recommended limit of 370 Bq kg−1
which implies that
these materials have no radiological hazards and can be
safely used in various industries.
Radiation hazard mainly comes from external
gamma rays emitted from natural radionuclides
of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K. The external hazard of gamma
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
EO1 EO2 EO3 EO4 __ __ __ __ __ ELG1 EWO1 ESL1 ESL2 ESL3 ESL4 ESL5 ES1 __ __ __
KO1 KO2 KO3 KO4 KO5 KO6 KO7 KP1 KP2 __ KWO1 KSL1 KSL2 KSL3 __ __ KS1 KS2 KS3 KS4
Activity
Conc.
Bq/Kg
Sample Code
Ra-226 Activity
Egypt Kuwait
Figure 4. Specific activity concentrations of Ra-226 in Egyptian and Kuwaiti samples.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
EO1 EO2 EO3 EO4 __ __ __
__ __ EWO1
EWG1 ESL2
ESL1 ESL3 ESL4 ESL5 ES1 __
__ __
KO1 KO2 KO3 KO4 KO5 KO6 KO7 KP1 KP2 __ KWO1 KSL1 KSL2 KSL3 __ __ KS1 KS2 KS3 KS4
Activity
Conc.
Bq/Kg
Sample Code
Th-232 Activity
Egypt Kuwait
Figure 5. Specific activity concentrations of Th-232 in Egyptian and Kuwaiti samples.
6
N. M. HASSAN ET AL.
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
7. rays can be expressed by the external hazard index
(Hex) which was determined from Eq. (3)(34)
;
= + + ( )
H
A A A
370 259 4810
3
ex
Ra Th K
where, ARa, ATh and AK are the activities of 226
Ra,
232
Th and 40
K, respectively, in Bq kg−1
. Normally,
the external hazard index of a material should be
less than unity in order to limit the external gamma
radiation dose to be <1.5 mSv y−1
. In this study, the
average calculated values of external hazard index
for Egyptian and Kuwaiti petroleum products and
wastes were of 0.11 ± 0.02 and 0.09 ± 0.02 (Tables 4
and 5). The external hazard index of all studied sam-
ples was less than the recommended limit which
implies the external radiation hazard could be
ignored.
In addition to the external hazard, another factor
should be taken into account because of radon, and
its progenies as they are hazardous to the respiratory
organs is called an internal hazard index. It is caused
by radionuclides of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in add-
itional to radon and its progenies of 218
Po, 214
Pb,
210
Pb and 210
Bi. The internal hazard index (Hin) can
be defined as(34)
;
= + + ( )
H
A A A
185 259 4810
4
in
Ra Th K
For the safe use of a material, Hin should be less
than unity in order to ignore the hazards of radon
and its products on the respiratory organs. The
average value of the internal hazard index was 0.16
± 0.03 (Table 5) for all of the Egyptian and Kuwaiti
samples, which are lower than the recommended
limit. Thus, the use of Egyptian and Kuwaiti materi-
als has insignificant radiation hazards.
Normally, the petroleum products and wastes,
maintained natural radionuclides; hence they could
be a possible source of radiation exposure for the
public and workers. Thus, regular assessment of their
radiation exposure would be beneficial for the public
and workers health and safety. Radiation exposure is
mainly due to gamma radiation emitted from those
materials. The absorbed dose rate (D) due to gamma
rays in the air at 1 m of air above the selected materi-
als which maintains a uniform distribution of nat-
ural radionuclides of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K, can be
calculated from the following equation(21)
.
( ) = + +
( )
−
D nGy h A A A
0.462 0.621 0.042
5
Ra Th K
1
The absorbed dose rate was calculated for the
samples as shown in Tables 6 and 7. The radiation
absorbed dose rate was varied from 3.8 ± 1.0 nGy
h−1
(EWO1) to 96.4 ± 3.2 nGy h−1
(ESL5) with a
mean value of 18.1 ± 2.7 nGy h−1
for Egyptian pet-
roleum products and wastes. For Kuwaiti samples,
the absorbed dose varied from 0.87 ± 0.48 nGy h−1
(KO1) to 61.2 ± 1.6 nGy h−1
(KP1) with a mean
value of 16.1 ± 2.6 nGy h−1
. All the selected
Egyptian and Kuwaiti materials had an absorbed
radiation dose value lower than the recommended
value by UNSCEAR(21)
, of 59 nGy h−1
except two
0
50
100
150
200
250
EO1 EO2 EO3 __
__ __ __
__ __ EWO1
ELG1 ESL2 ESL3
ESL1 ESL4 ESL5 ES1 __
__ __
KO1 KO2 KO3 KO4 KO5 KO6 KO7 KP1 KP2 __ KWO1 KSL1 KSL2 KSL3 __ __ KS1 KS2 KS3 KS4
Activity
Conc.
Bq/Kg
Sample Code
K-40 Activity
Egypt Kuwait
Figure 6. Specific activity concentrations of K-40 in Egyptian and Kuwaiti samples.
7
ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF USING PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
8. samples of KP1 (61.2 ± 1.6) nGy and KSL1 (60.5 ±
2.8) nGy from Kuwaiti samples and one sample of
ESL5 (96.4 ± 3.2) nGy from Egyptian samples, as
given in Tables 6 and 7. Thus, except for three sam-
ples of KP1, KSL1 and ESL5, all the Egyptian and
Kuwaiti samples have no pose of radiation exposure.
Furthermore, the annual effective dose (E) from
gamma rays emitted from 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
k in
the samples was calculated from Eq. (6)(22, 34)
.
= ( × ( ) × × ( )
( )
− −
E D nGy h h y O C Sv Gy
8760 /
6
1 1
where, O is the occupancy factor and C is the
absorbed to the effective dose conversion factor of
0.7 Sv/Gy(38)
. The annual effective dose due to gam-
ma rays emitted from the radionuclides of 226
Ra,
232
Th and 40
K in the selected materials was calcu-
lated within two scenarios. The first scenario (effect-
ive and actual scenario) is that workers in fields (well
locations) and factories are exposed to petroleum
products/wastes maintained radionuclides of 226
Ra,
232
Th and 40
K, for 1753 hy−1
(outdoor occupancy
factor equals ~0.2, 1753 hy−1
= 0.2 × 8760 hy−1
),
while the other scenario is that a certain population
in houses is exposed for 7012 hy−1
(outdoor occu-
pancy factor equals ~0.8, 7012 hy−1
= 0.2 × 8760 h
y−1
). This scenario is not effective in the present
study, but it was used to show the possible highest
radiological risk.
In the first scenario (effective and actual scenario),
the annual effective dose from gamma rays emitted
by 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
k in the samples varied from
4.6 ± 1.2 μSv y−1
(EWO1) to 118 ± 4 μSv y−1
(ESL5)
with a mean value of 22.2 ± 3.3 μSv y−1
for the
Egyptian samples. On the other side, the Kuwaiti
samples varied from 1.1 ± 0.6 μSv y−1
(KO1) to 75.0
± 2.0 μSv y−1
(KP1) with a mean value of 19.8 ± 3.1
μSv y−1
, as summarized in Tables 6 and 7 and
Figure 8. Whereas in the second scenario, the annual
effective dose ranged from 18.4 ± 4.8 μSv y−1
(EWO1) to 472.8 ± 15.6 μSv y−1
(ESL5) for the
Egyptian samples and from 4.4 ± 2.4 μSv y−1
(KO1)
to 300 ± 7.6 μSv y−1
(KP1) for the Kuwaiti samples,
as seen in Tables 6 and 7. The calculated annual
Table 3. Comparison of activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in petroleum products and wastes materials of
various countries.
Sample type Country Activity concentrations (Bq kg−1
) Reference
226
Ra 232
Th 40
K
Scale Brazil 18–22 19.2–21.9 417–432 (25)
Scale Saudi Arabia 1284–3613 12–27 — (12)
Scale Middle East 12–245.8 1.7–40.1 484.8–9850 (3)
Scale Egypt 9140–285 823 427–34 339 51–1031 (14)
Scale Syria 0.3–1520 0.6–868 — (1)
Scale Tunisia 59 ± 7 82 ± 12 64 ± 10 (26)
Sludge Nigeria 54.5–94.2 33.3–71.2 462.1–712.4 (2)
Sludge Egypt 5.5–1785.8 < LD–885 < LD–125.5 (11)
Sludge Brazil < LLD–413 400 < LLD–117 900 417 000–432 000 (15)
Sludge UK 1.70–8.20 0.03–0.51 — (20)
Sludge Malaysia 123–153 37–42 — (27)
Sludge Iraq 1.5 0.2 2.5 (28)
Sludge Turkey < 1–809.2 < 0.8–302.5 < 3.8–623 (29)
Sludge Egypt 18.032 13.257 1261 (30)
Sludge Albania 18–20 21–22 175–348 (31)
Oil Kuwait 1.8–2.5 1.6–1.8 16.1–27.1 (32)
Heavy oil Syria 77–135 24–42 — (1)
Crude oil Ghana < 0.12–10.14 < 0.11–12.45 < 0.15–34.39 (4)
Crude oil Saudi Arabia < LD 0.05–0.3 0.2–1.8 (5)
Crude oil Turkey < 1– < 5.6 < 1–4.8 < 1– < 11 (29)
Water Egypt 26.5–217 < LD–93 < LD–248.7 (11)
Water Iran 0.1–30 — — (33)
Oil Kuwait ND–17.0 ND–10.5 13.6–126 Present study
Oil Egypt 10.2–21.3 3.4–6.2 66.5–121 Present study
Sludge Kuwait Sludge 1.5–28 ND–54.8 Present study
Sludge Egypt Sludge 3.1–48.3 52–241 Present study
Sand Kuwait 3.8–55.3 3.2–5.4 43–183 Present study
Sand Egypt 3.4 ± 1.2 3.1 ± 1.9 37.8 ± 6.7 Present study
8
N. M. HASSAN ET AL.
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
9. effective dose with both scenarios was less than the
worldwide average annual effective dose of 480 μSv
y−1(22)
. As well, it is much lower than 1 mSv for
the public or 20 mSv for workers recommended by
the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP-103)(35)
.
The gamma ray radiation hazards associated with
the natural radionuclides in materials can be evalu-
ated by means of the radioactivity level index called
gamma index (Iγ). According to the European
Commission guidelines, Iγ should be <1 for a
gamma radiation dose of 1 mSv y−1(23)
. The gamma
ray index (Iγ) can be calculated from Eq. (7).(39)
= + + ( )
γ
I
C C C
300 200 3000
7
Ra Th K
The Iγ of the Egyptian samples varied from 0.03
± 0.01 for (EWO1) to 0.73 ± 0.02 for (ESL5) with
a mean value of 0.14 ± 0.02. For the Kuwaiti sam-
ples, it varied from 0.007 ± 0.004 for (KO1) to
0
20
40
60
80
100
EO1 EO2 EO3 EO4 __ __ __
__ __ EWO1
ELG1 ESL2 ESL3
ESL1 ESL4 ESL5 ES1 __ __
__
KO1 KO2 KO3 KO4 KO5 KO6 KO7 KP1 KP2 __ KWO1 KSL1 KSL2 KSL3 __ __ KS1 KS2 KS3 KS4
Activity
Conc.
Bq/Kg
Sample Code
Specific activities concentrations of Radium Equivalent (Raeq)
Egypt Kuwait
Figure 7. Radium equivalent activity concentrations of Egyptian and Kuwaiti samples.
Table 4. Radium equivalent, external and internal hazard indices of Kuwaiti samples.
Sample code Radium equivalent (Raeq) (Bq Kg−1
) External index (Hex) Internal index (Hin)
(KO1) 1.7 ± 1.0 0.005 ± 0.003 0.006 ± 0.005
(KO2) 14.8 ± 10.9 0.040 ± 0.029 0.058 ± 0.038
(KO3) 26.7 ± 7.3 0.072 ± 0.020 0.118 ± 0.037
(kO4) 4.4 ± 1.3 0.012 ± 0.003 0.012 ± 0.003
(KO5) 29.0 ± 12.4 0.078 ± 0.034 0.098 ± 0.045
(KO6) 26.0 ± 1.4 0.070 ± 0.004 0.114 ± 0.005
(KO7) 15.5 ± 4.8 0.042 ± 0.013 0.058 ± 0.017
(KP1) 132 ± 3 0.356 ± 0.009 0.695 ± 0.017
(KP2) 8.7 ± 0.9 0.024 ± 0.002 0.031 ± 0.003
(KWO1) 8.1 ± 3.0 0.022 ± 0.008 0.032 ± 0.015
(KSL1) 134 ± 6 0.362 ± 0.017 0.616 ± 0.031
(KSL2) 57.2 ± 15.9 0.155 ± 0.043 0.269 ± 0.075
(KSL3) 19.5 ± 3.8 0.053 ± 0.010 0.088 ± 0.015
(KS1) 75.0 ± 14.9 0.203 ± 0.040 0.352 ± 0.064
(KS2) 11.8 ± 6.0 0.032 ± 0.016 0.042 ± 0.022
(KS3) 6.8 ± 2.1 0.018 ± 0.006 0.026 ± 0.010
(KS4) 41.8 ± 3.6 0.113 ± 0.010 0.191 ± 0.016
9
ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF USING PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
11. 0.453 ± 0.021 for (KSL1) with a mean value of
0.121 ± 0.019, as can be seen in Tables 6 and 7. All
the measured samples had a radioactivity level
index <1 so that these samples can be used without
special precautions(39)
.
Alpha radiation due to the released radon from
samples is called alpha index (Iα) which can be com-
puted from Eq. (8),(39)
. The alpha index should be
less than unity to reflect a radium concentration
value <200 Bq kg−1
(the upper recommended value)
which leads to a maximum released radon concen-
tration <200 Bq m-3
.
= ( )
∝
I
A
200
8
Ra
Alpha index of the Egyptian samples varied from
0.017 ± 0.006 (ES1) to 0.613 ± 0.027 (ESL5) with a
mean value of 0.105 ± 0.016. For Kuwaiti samples,
it varied from the ND value (KO4) to 0.628 ± 0.014
(KP1) with a mean value of 0.119 ± 0.016, as seen in
Tables 6 and 7. Accordingly, the values of Alpha
index for Egyptian and Kuwaiti petroleum products
and wastes were much lower than unity which
implies that all the study materials do not have radi-
ation hazard for a worker and the general public.
CONCLUSION
Natural radioactivity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th
and 40
K, in petroleum products and wastes of crude
oil, water, sludge and contaminated sand collected
various petroleum well fields located Egypt and
Kuwait, were ranged from 3.35 ± 1.22 to 122.55 ±
5.42 Bq kg−1
for 226
Ra, ND value to 48.28 ±
0.82 Bq kg−1
for 232
Th and 37.83 ± 6.70 to 240.59 ±
3.42 Bq kg−1
for 40
K Egyptian samples and from
ND to 125.52 ± 2.82 Bq kg−1
for 226
Ra, ND to 27.65 ±
0.63 Bq kg−1
for 232
Th and ND to 183.39 ±
13.73 Bq kg−1
for 40
K, for Kuwaiti samples. The
radionuclides concentrations of Egyptian and Kuwaiti
petroleum products and wastes were less than the
recommended limits of UNSCEAR and ICRP for
earth’s crust and the recommended values of IAEA as
well. Moreover, the radiological hazard indexes, of
radium equivalent activities (Raeq), external and
internal indexes, gamma and alpha indexes and
annual effective doses of the Egyptian and Kuwaiti
petroleum products and wastes were less than
the recommended values of 370 Bq kg−1
, 1, 1 and
480 μSv y−1
. The absorbed dose of all the studied
samples was less than the recommended value of
59 nGy h−1
except only three samples of KP1,
KEL1 and ESL5. Thus, we deduce that the selected
petroleum products and wastes (except KP1, KSL1
and ESL5) have not caused significant radiological
risk on the worker or the public but might need
monitoring for long-term effective evaluation.
REFERENCES
1. Al-Masri, M. S. and Haddad, Kh. NORM emissions
from heavy oil and natural gas-fired power plants in
Syria. Environ. Radioact 104, 71–74 (2012).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
EO1 EO2 EO4
EO3 __ __ __
__ __ EWO1
ELG1 ESL2 ESL3
ESL1 ESL4 ESL5 ES1 __ __
__
KO1 KO2 KO3 KO4 KO5 KO6 KO7 KP1 KP2 __ KWO1 KSL1 KSL2 KSL3 __ __ KS1 KS2 KS3 KS4
Effective
Dose
(µSv/y)
Sample Code
The Annual Effective Dose (Eeff)
Egypt Kuwait
Figure 8. Annual effective dose of gamma rays of Egyptian and Kuwaiti samples.
11
ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF USING PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
12. 2. Agbalagba, E. O., Avwiri, G. O. and Ononugbo, C. P.
Evaluation of naturally occurring radioactivity materials
(NORM) of soil and sediments in oil and gas wells in
western Niger delta region of Nigeria. Environ. Earth
Sci. 70, 2613–2622 (2013).
3. Bassioni, G., Abdulla, F., Morsy, Z. and
El-Faramawy, N. Evaluation of naturally occurring
radioactive materials (NORMs) in inorganic and
organic oilfield scales from the middle East. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 62, 361–368 (2012).
4. Darko, E. O., Kpeglo, D. O., Akaho, E. H. K., Schandorf,
C., Adu, P. A. S., Faanu, A., Abankwah, E., Lawluvi, H.
and Awudu, A. R. Radiation doses and hazards from pro-
cessing of crude oil at the TEMA oil refinery in Ghana.
Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 148, 318–328 (2012).
5. Al-Saleh, F. S. and Al-Harshan, G. A. Measurements of
radiation level in petroleum products and wastes in Riyadh
City refinery. Environ. Radioact 99, 1026–1031 (2008).
6. Hrichi, H., Baccouche, S. and Belgaied, J. E.
Evaluation of radiological impacts of tenorm in the
Tunisian petroleum industry. J. Environ. Radioact. 115,
107–113 (2013).
7. Gazineu, M. H. P. and Hazin, C. A. Radium and
potassium-40 in solid wastes from the oil industry. Appl.
Radiat. Null 66, 90–94 (2008).
8. Al-Masri, M. S. Spatial and monthly variation of
radium isotopes in produced water during oil production.
Appl. Radait. Null 64, 615–623 (2006).
9. Abo-Elmagd, M., Soliman, H.A., Salman, Kh.A. and
El-Masry, N.M. Radiological hazards of TENORM in
the wasted petroleum pipes. J. Environ. Radioact. 101,
51–54 (2010).
10. Bakr, W. F. Assessment of the radiological impact of oil
refining industry. Environ. Radioact. 101, 237–243
(2010).
11. Aksoya, A., Al-Jarallahb, M. and Al-Haddadc, M. N.
Natural radioactivity in the scale of water well pipes.
Environ. Radioact. 61, 33–40 (2002).
12. Otto, G. H. (1989), National survey on naturally occur-
ring radioactive materials (NORM) in petroleum pro-
ducing and gas processing facilities. report of the
American Petroleum Institute, Dallas, Texas, US.
13. Mansour, N. A., Ahmed, T. S., Hassan, M. F., Hassan,
N. M., Gomaa, M. A. and Ali, A. Measurements of
radiation level around the location of NORM in solid
wastes at petroleum companies in Egypt. J. Am. Sci. 8
(6), 252–261 (2012).
14. Gazineua, M. H. P. and Hazin, C. A. Radium and
potassium-40 in solid wastes from the oil industry. Appl.
Radiat. Isotopes 66, 90–94 (2008).
15. Iwaoka, K., Tabe, H. and Yonehara, H. Natural radio-
activity of bedrock bath instruments and hot spring
instruments in Japan. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 295,
817–821 (2013).
16. Hassan, N. M. Radon emanation coefficient and its
exhalation rate of wasted petroleum samples associated
with petroleum industry in Egypt. J. Radioanal. Nucl.
Chem. 299, 111–117 (2014).
17. Hassan, N. M., Mansour, N. A., Fayez-Hassan, M.
and Fares, S. Assessment of radiation hazards due to
exposure to radionuclides in marble and ceramic com-
monly used as decorative building material in Egypt.
Indoor Built Environ. 26(3), 317–326 (2017).
18. Hassan, N. M., Mansour, N. A., Fayez-Hassan, M.
and Sedqy, E. Assessment of natural radioactivity in
fertilizers and phosphate ores in Egypt. J. Taibah Univ.
Med. Sci. 10, 296–306 (2016).
19. Rafique, M., Rehman, H., Malik, F., Rajput, M. U.,
Rahman, S. U. and Rathore, M. H. Assessment of
radiological hazards due to soil and building materials
used in Mirpur Azad Kashmir; Pakistan. Iran J. Radiat.
Res. 9, 77–87 (2011).
20. Garner, J., Cairns, J. and Read, D. NORM in the East
Midlands oil and gas producing region of the UK.
Environ. Radioact. 150, 49–56 (2015).
21. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation. (2000). Sources and Effects of
Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly.
United Nations.
22. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation. (2008). Sources and Effects of
Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly.
United Nations.
23. International Atomic Energy Agency. (1994),
International basic safety standards for the protection
against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radi-
ation sources. GOV/2715/Vienna.
24. International Atomic Energy Agency., (2014),
Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources:
international basic safety, standards. Part 3 No. GSR
Part 3. IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
25. Braga Poggi Claudia, M., Maria Helena, P., Emerson
Emiliano, G., de Farias, G. and Hazin, C. A.,
(2011),226Ra, 228Ra and 40K in Scales Formed in
Boilers of installations, International Nuclear Atlantic
Conference – INAC, ISBN: 978-85-99141-04-5.
26. Hrichi, H., Baccouche, S. and Belgaied, J. E.
Evaluation of radiological impacts of tenorm in the
Tunisian petroleum industry. Environ. Radioact. 115,
107–113 (2013).
27. Puad, H. A. M. and Noor, M. Y. M. Behaviors of 232
Th,
238
U, 228
Ra and 226
Ra on combustion of crude oil terminal
sludge. Environ. Radioact. 73, 289–305 (2003).
28. Mohammad, K. K., Tawfiq, N. F. and Rasheed, E. M.
Natural radioactivity in the petroleum waste from Iraqi
refinery. Int. J. Recent Res. Rev. Vol. VII(Issue 3),
16–22 (2014).
29. Parmaksız, A., Ağus, Y., Bulgurlu, F., Bulur, E.,
Yıldız, Ç. and Öncu, T. Activity concentrations of
224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K radionuclides in refinery
products and the additional radiation dose originated
from oil. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 156, 481–488 (2013).
30. Shawkya, S., Amera, H., Nadab, A. A., Abd El-
Maksoudb, T. M. and Ibrahiema, N. M.
Characteristics of NORM in the oil industry from
Eastern and Western deserts of Egypt. Appl. Radiat.
Isotopes 55, 135–139 (2001).
31. Xhixha, G., Baldoncini, M., Callegari, I., Colonna, T.,
Hasani, F., Mantovani, F., Shala, F., Strati, V. and
Kaçeli, M. X. A century of oil and gas exploration in
Albania: assessment of Naturally Occurring Radioactive
Materials (NORMs). Chemosphere 139, 30–39 (2015).
32. Abdullah, F. H., Saad, H. R., Farhan, A. R. and
Sharma, M. M., (2008), An investigation of naturally
occurring radioactive material (NORM) in oilfields
and oil lakes in Kuwait, SPE International Conference
on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas
12
N. M. HASSAN ET AL.
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019
13. Exploration and production 15-17 April 2008, France,
Vol. 111, 562, pp. 1-6.
33. Khodashenas, A., Roayaei, E., Abtahi, S. M. and
Ardalani, E. Evaluation of naturally occurring radio-
active materials (NORM) in the southwestern oil wells
of Iran. Environ. Radioact. 109, 71–75 (2012).
34. Xhixha, G., Baldoncini, M., Callegari, I., Colonna, T.,
Hasani, F., Mantovani, F., Shala, F., Strati, V. and
Kaçeli, M. X. A century of oil and gas exploration in
Albania: assessment of Naturally Occurring Radioactive
Materials (NORMs). Chemosphere 139, 30–39 (2015).
35. ICRP, International Commission on Radiological
Protection. The 2007 Recommendation of the
International Commission on Radiological Protection
(Oxford: ICRP; ICRP Publication)103 (2007).
36. Hassan, N. M., Ishikawa, T., Hosoda, M., Sorimachi,
A., Tokonami, S., Fukushi, M. and Sahoo, S. K.
Assessment of the natural radioactivity using two techni-
ques for the measurement of radionuclide concentration
in building materials used in Japan. J Radioanal. Nucl.
Chem. 283, 15–21 (2010).
37. Senthilkumar, G., Raghu, Y., Sivakumar, S.,
Chandrasekaran, A., Prem Anand, D. and Ravisankar,
R. Natural radioactivity measurement and evaluation of
radiological hazards in some commercial flooring mate-
rials used in Thiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu, India.
J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci. 7, 116–122 (2014).
38. UNSCEAR. United Nations Scientific Committee on
the Effects of Atomic Radiation (New York: Sources
and effects of ionizing radiation) (1993).
39. Khan, K., Khan, H. M., Tufail, M., Khatibeh, A. J. A.
H. and Ahmed, N. Radiometric analysis of Hazara
phosphate rock and fertilizers in Pakistan. Environ.
Radioact. 38, 77–84 (1998).
13
ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF USING PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS
Downloaded
from
https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz043/5466142
by
guest
on
14
June
2019