This document defines key concepts related to citizenship, nationality, and related legal statuses. It discusses how citizenship can be acquired through birth in a country (jus soli) or descent from citizen parents (jus sanguinis). Citizenship can also be voluntarily acquired through naturalization or lost through voluntary renunciation. The document focuses specifically on Philippine citizenship law, outlining how citizenship is acquired and lost according to the Philippine Constitution. It also defines the rights and duties of Philippine citizens.

1. Article IV
CITIZENS
HIP

2. • Citizenship- A term denoting membership in a political
community with full civil and political privilege and this
membership imply, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the
part of the member and duty of protection on the part of
the state. This legal relationship involves rights and
obligations on the part of both the individual and the state
itself.
• Citizen- A person having the title of citizenship. He is a
member of democratic community who enjoys full civil and
political rights and is accorded protection inside and
outside the territory of the State.

3. CITIZENSHIP NATIONALITY NATIONAL
• membership in a
democratic or political
community
• follows the exercise of civil
and political rights
• implies complete
possession of civil and
political rights in a body
politic
• political affiliation; civil
and political rights
• membership in any
political community
whether monarchial,
autocratic or democratic
• does not necessarily carry
with it the exercise of
political rights
• often times use
synonymously with
Citizenship.
• does not necessarily
confer right like that of a
citizen.
• ethnicity; ethnic in
nature; place of origin
• defined as a person who
owes allegiance to and is
entitled to the protection of
a given state, regardless
of the status under
domestic law
• All persons are nationals,
but not all are citizens of a
state
• A person can be a citizen of one country and a national of another.

4. • WHAT IS A SUBJECT?
• Usually implies membership in a monarchial society.
• not enjoy civil and political rights.
• WHAT IS AN ALIEN?
• citizen of a country who is residing in or passing
through another country. He is particularly called
“foreigner”.
• not given the full rights of citizenship but is entitled to
receive protection as to his person and property

5. • GENERAL WAYS OFACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
• Involuntary Method
• By birth Jus Sanguinis (right of blood)
• Citizenship by virtue of blood relationship.
• The children follow the citizenship of the parents.
• This prevails in the Philippines.
• Jus soli (right of soil)
• Citizenship by virtue of the place of birth.
• A person becomes a citizen of the state where he is born
irrespective of the citizenship of the parents.
• This principle prevails in the United States.

6. • Voluntary Method
• Through marriage which result in the acquisition by the
wife of the citizenship of the husband in case of
difference in citizenship of the parties, except where the
wife is barred from acquiring the citizenship of the
husband by the law of the nation of the latter.
• Through the election which is the acquisition of
citizenship after reaching the age of majority;
• Naturalization of the head of the family which result in
the naturalization of the wife and the minor children living
with him

7. • WHO ARE THE CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES?
• Section 1 provides that the following are deemed citizens
of the Philippines :
• Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution;
• Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines ;
• Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,
who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority; and
• Those who are naturalized in accordance with law

8. • WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CITIZENS UNDER THE
CONSTITUTION?
• Natural-born citizens Section 2 provides that Natural-born citizens are those who
are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to
acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship.
• Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3),
Section 1 of Article 4 of the Philippine Constitution shall be deemed natural-born
citizens.
• PH mother and father
• Only citizens entitled to
• run for public office
• exercise the right to suffrage
• Citizens at the time of the adoption of this Constitution
• Those who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of reason
• Those who are naturalized in accordance with law

9. • WAYS TO ACQUIRE CITIZENSHIP
• Naturalization - legal act of adopting a foreigner into the
political body of the state and clothing him with the rights
and privileges of a citizen.
• Repatriation - Repatriation is the recovery of original
citizenship. If what was lost was naturalized citizenship,
that is what will be reacquired. If natural-born citizenship
was lost, then natural-born citizenship will be reacquired.

10. • HOW FILIPINO CITIZENSHIP MAY BE LOST
• Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any of the following
ways:
• Voluntary
• By Naturalization in a foreign country
• By express renunciation of citizenship (expatriation)
• Opposite repatriation
• By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the
constitution and law of foreign country c.
• By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed
forces of a foreign country

11. • Involuntary
• By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization by the
court
• By having been declared by competent authority a
deserter of the Philippine armed forces in times of war.
• EXPATRIATION
• voluntary loss or
renunciation of one’s
nationality
REPATRIATION
• reacquire citizenship

12. • WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING
LOST PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?
• By naturalization
• By repatriation
• By direct act of congress
• R.A. 9225 otherwise known as the “Citizenship
Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003”
DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP The unmarried child,
whether legitimate, illegitimate or adopted, below 18
years of age, of those who reacquire Philippine
citizenship upon effectivity of the Act shall be deemed
citizens of the Philippines.

13. • WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE OFA CITIZEN TO
AN ALIEN?
• Under Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries an alien does
not automatically lose his or her citizenship, even if his or her
nationality was granted by his or her husband’s or wife’s
country.
• Only by their act or omission are they deemed under the law
to have renounced their citizenship such as taking an oath of
allegiance to a foreign country.
• If a Filipino woman marries an alien and acquires her
husband’s citizenship, she will possess two citizenships,
Philippine citizenship and that of her husband.

14. • ALLEGIANCE
• loyalty owed by a person to his state. Section 5 prohibits
more particularly naturalized Filipinos from practicing what is
called “dual allegiance” declaring it inimical to national
interests.
• Note that what Section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship but
dual allegiance of citizens.
• Dual citizenship arises because our laws cannot control
laws of other states on citizenship but dual allegiance can
be a matter of personal choice or decision.

15. • DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE CITIZENS
• To be loyal to the republic. Loyalty implies faith and confidence
in the republic and love and devotion to the country.
• To defend the State.
• To contribute to the development and welfare of the state.
• To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.
• To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities
• To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the rights of
others.
• To engage in gainful work
• To register and vote

16. END OF
PRESENTATI
ON