This document discusses the mythological/archetypal approach to literary criticism. It explains that Carl Jung believed certain archetypes were innate to human beings and found in myths across different cultures. When using this approach, critics look for recurring themes, characters, and situations that represent universal ideas like creation, life after death, and human failings. Examples of common archetypes include the hero, villain, colors, numbers, and quests. The document instructs readers to identify 4-6 archetypes present in the novel Heart of Darkness using this approach.

1. Mythological/Archetypal
Literary Theory

2. Notes on Mythological/Archetypal
Approach
 Mythological, Archetypal, and
Psychological criticism are all closely
related. This is because Freud formulated
many theories around the idea of the social
archetype, and his pupil, Carl Jung,
expanded and refined Freud’s theories into a
more cross-cultural philosophy.

3. Carl Jung’s Ideas
 Critics who examine texts from a
mythological/archetypal standpoint are
looking for symbols. Jung said that an
archetype is “a figure…that repeats itself in
the course of history wherever creative
fantasy is fully manifested.” He believed
that human beings were born innately
knowing certain archetypes.

4.  The evidence of this, Jung claimed, lay in
the fact that some myths are repeated
throughout history in cultures and eras that
could not possibly have had any contact
with one another. Many stories in Greek
and Roman mythology have counterparts in
Chinese and Celtic mythology, developed
long before the Greek and Roman empires
spread to Asia and northern Europe.

5.  Most of the myths and symbols represent
ideas that human beings could not otherwise
explain(the origins of life, what happens
after death, etc.). Every culture has a
creation story, a life-after-death belief, and a
reason for human failings, and these stories-
when studied comparatively- are far more
similar than different.

6. How to use the
Mythological/Archetypal Approach
 When reading a work looking for archetypes
or myths, critics look for very general
recurring themes, characters, and situations.
 Three main Points of Study
 Archetypal Characters
 Archetypal Images
 Archetypal Situations

7. Archetypal Characters
 The Hero
 The Villain
 The Temptress
 The Scapegoat
 The Loner/Outcast
 The Underdog
 The Damsel in Distress

8. Archetypal Images
 Colors
 Numbers
 Water
 Fire
 Gardens
 Celestial Bodies
 Caves

9. Archetypal Situations
 The Quest
 The Renewal of Life
 Initiation
 The Fall
 Redemptive Sacrifice
 The End of the World
 The Banquet

10. Assignment for Heart of Darkness
 What archetypes do you see present in Heart
of Darkness?
 Identify and explain 4-6 Archetypes which
appear in the novel.