A_process_is_basically_a_programe_in_execution.pptx
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The document lists the names of 10 students in a group and provides responses to questions about operating system concepts. It defines a process as a program in execution and lists the different process states as start, ready, running, waiting, and terminated. It describes the long term, short term, and medium term schedulers and their functions. It explains the conditions that require context switching as multitasking, interrupt handling, and user/kernel mode switching. It discusses the importance of process creation and termination and differences between processes and threads.
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This document discusses process management in operating systems. It describes the attributes of a process, including process ID, program counter, state, priority, registers, and open files/devices. Process states include new, ready, running, waiting, and terminated. Processes move between these states during execution. The document also discusses process queues like job, ready, and waiting queues that the operating system uses to manage processes in different states. It covers process operations like creation, scheduling, execution, and deletion. Finally, it describes long term, short term, and medium term schedulers that help manage processes and resources.
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The document discusses various topics related to process management in operating systems, including:
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The document discusses processes in operating systems. It defines key terms like job, program, task and process. A process has a code section, data section, stack and program counter. It exists in various states like new, ready, running, blocked, and terminated. The operating system uses data structures called process control blocks and queues like ready, blocked to manage processes. It also describes schedulers that manage processes and common process operations like creation, termination and context switching between processes.
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The document discusses process management concepts including processes, threads, process scheduling, and interprocess communication. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms:
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A process is the basic unit of execution in an operating system. It consists of a program in execution along with additional system resources and state. Key aspects of a process include its process control block (PCB) which stores process state and scheduling information, and the different states a process can be in such as running, ready, waiting, etc. Processes communicate and synchronize through interprocess communication which allows sharing data and coordinating work. The operating system performs process scheduling to allocate the CPU to processes and enable multitasking.
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A process represents a program in execution. It progresses sequentially through different states from start to termination. A process has sections for stack, heap, text, and data in memory. Shortest Job First (SJF) scheduling allocates the CPU to the process with the shortest estimated run time remaining. It aims to minimize average waiting times but requires knowing future process durations. First Come First Served (FCFS) scheduling handles processes in the order they arrive without preemption, but is prone to the convoy effect where short jobs wait behind long ones.
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This document discusses different types of process schedulers in an operating system:
1. Long term schedulers determine which programs are admitted to the system and load them into memory.
2. Short term (CPU) schedulers select ready processes and allocate the CPU to one of them.
3. Medium term schedulers handle swapped out processes and can reintroduce processes back into memory.
Context switching allows multiple processes to share the CPU by storing and restoring a process's state from its process control block when switching between processes. This switching is computationally expensive so some hardware uses multiple register sets.
In computing, scheduling is the action .
In computing, scheduling is the action of assigning resources to perform tasks. The resources may be processors, network links or expansion cards. The tasks may be threads, processes or data flows. The scheduling activity is carried out by a process called scheduler.
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This document provides an introduction to different types of operating systems, including serial processing systems, batch operating systems, multi-programming systems, time sharing systems, distributed systems, network systems, and real-time systems. It defines each type and provides one or two examples. Serial and batch systems execute jobs sequentially while multi-programming systems allow multiple programs to run simultaneously. Time sharing systems rapidly switch between programs to give the appearance they are running simultaneously. Distributed and network systems connect multiple processors across a network. Real-time systems have strict time constraints and do not tolerate delays.
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This document discusses process management in operating systems. It covers key topics like process control blocks, scheduling queues, types of schedulers (long-term, short-term, medium-term), context switching, multithreading models (many-to-one, one-to-one, many-to-many), and scheduling algorithms. The document provides details on how operating systems manage processes and computer resources to ensure efficient execution of programs.
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The document discusses process scheduling in operating systems. It defines process scheduling as the activity of selecting which process runs on the CPU. It describes the different queues operating systems use to manage processes, including ready, job, and device queues. It also discusses long-term, short-term, and medium-term schedulers and their roles in managing processes over different timescales. Context switching and cooperating processes are also summarized.
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The document discusses real time kernels and operating systems. It introduces tasks and how they work together in a multitasking system coordinated by an operating system. It describes how tasks can be divided into smaller subtasks that execute concurrently through time sharing of CPU resources. Context switching and scheduling are discussed. The document outlines different types of operating system services like process management, memory management, I/O management, and how they support task execution in embedded systems with real-time constraints.
Lecture 5 inter process communication
Inter-process communication (IPC) allows processes to communicate and synchronize actions. There are two main models - shared memory, where processes directly read/write shared memory, and message passing, where processes communicate by sending and receiving messages. Critical sections are parts of code that access shared resources and must be mutually exclusive to avoid race conditions. Semaphores can be used to achieve mutual exclusion, with operations P() and V() that decrement or increment the semaphore value to control access to the critical section. For example, in the producer-consumer problem semaphores can suspend producers if the buffer is full and consumers if empty, allowing only one process at a time in the critical section.
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The objectives of these slides are -
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- To describe the various features of processes, including scheduling, creation and termination, and communication
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52bf066dbfcc4d739fa99d255dba287a.pptx
This document discusses process management in operating systems. It describes the attributes of a process, including process ID, program counter, state, priority, registers, and open files/devices. Process states include new, ready, running, waiting, and terminated. Processes move between these states during execution. The document also discusses process queues like job, ready, and waiting queues that the operating system uses to manage processes in different states. It covers process operations like creation, scheduling, execution, and deletion. Finally, it describes long term, short term, and medium term schedulers that help manage processes and resources.
Lecture 4 - Process Scheduling (1).pptx
The document discusses process scheduling in operating systems. It covers basic concepts of process management including that only one process can run at a time on a single processor system. It then discusses process scheduling, which involves selecting the next process to run from the queue of ready processes. Various CPU scheduling algorithms are covered, including first-come, first-served (FCFS), shortest job first (SJF), priority-based, and round robin (RR) scheduling. Key criteria for evaluating scheduling algorithms like CPU utilization, throughput, turnaround time and waiting time are also summarized.
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Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
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Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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A_process_is_basically_a_programe_in_execution.pptx
- 1. Group Names • NAKALYANGO JACINTA 2021/ITS/DAY/0829/G • NASASIRA WICKLYFF 2021/ITS/DAY/1595/G • KUTOSI EDDY 2021/ITS/DAY/0820/G • WAMBETTE MARK 2021/ITS/DAY/0818/G • NAMUTOSI ESTHER 2021/ITS/DAY/0157 • MUTUNGI GUMISIRIZA 2021/ITS/DAY/1594/G • SATYA ELIJAH 2021/ITS/DAY/1518/G • OJEKE PETER 2021/ITS/DAY/0151/P • FRIDAY JIMMY 2021/ITS /DAY/1577/G • SSERUYANGE MICHEAL 2021/ITS/DAY/1150/P
- 2. 1.(a)What is a process? (b) What are different process states? • A process is basically a program in execution. The process states includes the following; start; its an initial state when the process is first started or created. Read;is process waiting to be assigned to the processor. They are waiting to have the processor allocated to them so that they can run • Running; once the process has been assigned to the processor by os scheduler, the process state is set running and process executes its instructions. • waiting ; process moves into waiting state if it needs to wait for a resource • Terminated; once the process finishes its execution , or its terminated by os Illustration
- 3. Explain the different schedulers? • Long term scheduler; it determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. • Short term scheduler; it increases he system performance in accordance with certain set of criteria. • Medium term schedule; it removes the processes from memory.
- 4. Explain the conditions that require context switching in os Conditions that require context switching Multitasking: A process is switched out of the CPU so that another can be run. Interrupt handling: It's done when an interrupt occurs and its an automatic process User and Kernel Mode Switching: This is done when a transition between the user mode and kernel mode is required in the operating system. Importance of Process of Creation and Termination in OS The process helps user to start up a computer and logout It enables a user to run and execute a program It is used in initiation of a batch job Difference between process and threads A process is a program under execution while a thread is a lightweight process that can be managed independently by a scheduler. A process requires more time for switching since they are more while a thread requires less time since they are few.
- 5. Differences between a process and thread. process • Heavy weight or resource intensive • Switching needs interaction with os • If one process is blocked then no other process can execute until the first process is unblocked • In multiple process each process operates independently of the others. thread • Light weight or taking lesser resource than process • Does not need to interact with os • While one thread is blocked and waiting , a second thread in the same task can run. • One thread can read write or change another thread’s data.