Application Paper 2.docHCOM100 Application Paper.docx

Application Paper 2.doc
HCOM100
Application Paper II: Chapters 8-11,14-16
Application Paper II OBJECTIVES: (1) To provide you with an
opportunity to integrate concepts from your readings and lecture
notes on Chapter 8-11, 14-16; (2) To present you with a
writing forum to apply some of the communication competence
concepts to yourself or to your presentations/coworkers and
management in an organization you are apart of. Each paper
should be three written pages in length to the bottom of the
page not including cover/references, typed double-spaced pages,
Times New Roman, 12-pt. font 1 inch margins. The paper is
worth 15 points.
Follow same format as Application Paper I, if you have any
questions feel free to contact me.
Some example concepts you may choose or mix and match for
the paper:
Chapter 8: Managing Conflict: How I manage conflict
productively or unproductively with family, work, or dating
relationships. How managing conflict in my life has been
effective or ineffective. How I can improve my own conflict
styles through the chapter concepts.
Chapter 9: Group Communication: The stages of a group, how
groups are formed, the roles I play in groups, past
positive/negative group experiences that relate to the chapter
concepts
Chapter 10: Leadership: sources of power (legitimate, coercive,

reward, expert, referent), leadership styles (directive,
participative, supportive, achievement-oriented), leadership
skills (flexible, accountable, effective communicators), high vs
low context culture, ethical leadership
Chapter 11: Organizations: Classical management, human
relations approach, systems approach and types of metaphors or
analogies associated with each (machine, family, tree), mentors
and protégé relationship, storytelling, peer/coworker
relationships, learning norms
Chapter 14: Delivering Presentations: How to manage PSA
(public speaking anxiety) and CA (communication
apprehension) and the differences between them, anxiety
triggers, speaking from manuscript, oratory, impromptu,
extemporaneously differences, delivery/paralanguage
Chapter 15: Informative Speaking: How I prepared my
informative speech, how I managed my communication anxiety,
what I can improve upon for my future presentations, ideas I
gained from watching other presentations
Chapter 16: Persuasive Speaking: How I will prepare or
prepared for my persuasive speech, ethos/logos/pathos,
attitudes/beliefs/behaviors, proposition of fact/value/policy,
receptive/hostile, neutral audiences, Elaboration Likelihood
Model (Central vs. peripheral processing)
You may choose 3 concepts from one chapter or mix and match
3 concepts across chapters. This list is a good start but you may
choose any concepts from the chapters that you would like!
Paper Format Instructions (contd.):
COVER PAGE: Application Paper II: Give It an Attention-
Grabbing Title
Your NAME, Department Major
Submitted to: Instructor Adrian Toomey,
HCOM100, DATE
INTRODUCTION:

Justify the Importance of the Selected Paper Topic Theme
Describe the Three Concepts that You Will be Using under this
Broad Topic Theme
Describe the Analytical Context (Self, or in a Significant
Relationship) & Explain Why.
BODY:
Define & Explain Concept 1: Provide ample examples how you
will practice this concept in your real-life relationship
situation. Bring in an outside source or quote or new insight to
help you to accomplish this goal.
CONCLUSION:
Identify Some Potential Barriers that might block you from
attaining your communication competence goals. How do you
plan to manage these barriers or roadblocks?
Identify Some Clear Benefits from practicing these three
communication competence concepts or skills.
Finale: What did you learn from writing this paper?

REFERENCES: If applicable, internet sources, journal articles,
or book chapters, APA Style.
Grading Expectations: College-level Paper – High-Quality
Writing Style & Substantive Ideas.
Grading Criteria: A well-organized & well-structured paper/
Well-defined & well-developed communication concepts/ Clear
and meaningful communication examples or actions/ Tight
integration between concepts and applications/ Relevant &
useful outside sources.
Chapter 8 - Conflict.ppt
Chapter 8
Managing Conflict
in Relationships
*
Describe the factors that lead to productive conflict
Identify conflict triggers in yourself and others
Explain the forces that influence how people handle conflict
Chapter Outcomes

*
Evaluate and employ strategies for managing conflict in
different situations
Compare levels of resolution in conflict outcomes
Chapter Outcomes (cont.)
*
A negative interaction
between two or
more interdependent
people, rooted in
some actual or
perceived
disagreement
Conflict
*
*

The way we engage
in conflict and address
disagreements with
our relational
partners
Conflict Management
*
*
Unproductive Conflict
Conflict that is managed poorly
Has a negative impact on the individuals and the relationship
Can lead to health problems
Leads to aggression in the relationship
*
*
Productive Conflict
Conflict that is managed effectively
Fosters healthy debate when people are actively engaged
Leads to better decision making
Spurs relationship growth

*
*
Inaccurate perceptions
Incompatible goals
Unbalanced costs and rewards
Provocation, or the intentional instigation
of conflict
Conflict Triggers
*
*
Power DynamicsDifferences in power related to:
Resources
Feelings
other values
Factors Affecting Conflict
*
*

Culture and Conflict
Individualistic cultures:
Emphasize personal needs,
rights, and identity
“I” attitude
Collectivistic cultures:
Emphasize group identity and needs
“We” attitude
Factors Affecting
Conflict (cont.)
*
*
Communication Climate
Factors Affecting
Conflict (cont.)
*
*

Escapist strategies:
Try to prevent or avoid direct conflict
Used for various reasons,
such as personal
safety, practicality,
strategy
Strategies for
Managing Conflict
*
*
Challenging strategies:
Promote the objectives of the individual who uses them
(assertiveness)
Get what you want without letting anxiety, guilt, or
embarrassment get in the way
Create a winner and a loser
Strategies for

Managing Conflict (cont.)
*
*
Compromise
Both sides give up a little to get a little
Can be arrived at through trading or random selection
Has disadvantages for long-term important relationships
Conflict Outcomes
*
*
Cooperative strategies:
Focus on issues instead of verbal aggressiveness
Consider options and alternatives
Consider the importance of the outcome
Reassure your partner
Strategies for
*

*
Chapter 9 - Group Communication.ppt
Chapter 9
Communicating
in Groups
*
List the characteristics and types of groups and explain how
groups developDescribe ways in which group size affects
communicationIdentify the influence of networks on groups
Chapter Outcomes
*
Understanding GroupsA collection of more than two people who
share some kind of relationshipCommunicate in an
interdependent fashionCollaborate toward a shared purpose

*
*
Characteristics of GroupsGroups possess:A shared
identityidentify as part of the groupCommon goalseither
specific or generalInterdependent relationshipsthe behavior of
each member affects the behavior of every other member
*
*
Group TypesPrimary groups:Family and friendsSupport
groups:Address personal problemsSocial groups:Offer
relationship opportunities
*
*
Group Types (cont.)Problem-solving groups:Address specific
problemsTeams:Carry out a project or specific endeavor

*
Group Development 5 StagesForming stage:Determine who will
be in chargeDefine group’s goalsStorming stage:Determine what
roles members will playDeal with conflicts
*
*
Group Development (cont.)Norming stage:Establish agreed
norms governing expectationsNorms: recurring patterns of
behavior or thinking that become the “usual” way of doing
things in the groupSolidify roles Leader emerges
*
*
Group Development (cont.)Performing stage:Members work
together to achieve goals and overcome hurdlesAdjourning
stage:Members reflect on accomplishments and
failuresDetermine next steps as a group

*
*
Group Size and CommunicationLarger groups lead to…More
formal interactionsLimited opportunities for individual
members to contributeLess intimate communication More time-
consuming interactions More complex relationships
*
*
Group Size and
Social LoafingThe larger the group…the more likely social
loafing is to occurFailing to invest the same level of effort in
the group that you would put in if working aloneAffects
participation and communication in groupsthe more difficult it
is to assess individual contributions to the group
*
*

Understanding Group
Roles (cont.)Role conflict:Occurs when group expectations are
incompatible with a member’s behaviorMakes group
communication challenging
*
Additional Factors Affecting Group
CommunicationGroupthink:When group members strive to
maintain cohesiveness, minimize conflict by refusing to
critically examine ideas, analyze proposals, or test solutions
*
*
Chapter 10 - Leadership.ppt
Chapter 10
Leadership and
Decision Making
in Groups

*
Describe the types of power that effective leaders
employDescribe how leadership styles should be adapted to the
situationIdentify how culture affects appropriate leadership
behaviorList forces that shape a group’s decisions
Chapter Outcomes
*
Explain the six-step group decision processList behaviors to
improve effective leadership in meetingsDemonstrate three
aspects of assessing group performance
*
Understanding
Group Leadership
Leadership is the ability to influence other’s behaviors and

thoughts toward a productive end.Influence comes from a
person’s power or from group members’ admiration and respect
for the individual.
*
*
Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Five Sources of PowerLegitimate
powerCoercive powerReward powerExpert powerReferent
power
*
*
Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Shared LeadershipMembers feel more
satisfied.Members are more motivated to perform.The group is
more likely to achieve its goals.
*

*
Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Leadership StylesDirective: controls
communicationParticipative: views members as
equalsSupportive: attends to members’ emotional
needsAchievement-oriented: sets challenging goals, high
expectations
*
*
Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Competence and Ethics
Skilled leaders are:FlexibleAccountableCredibleCompetent
communicators
*
*

Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Competence and Ethics (cont.)
Unethical leaders are:ControllingAccustomed to using bullying,
criticism, name-calling, gossip, personal attacks, and threats
*
*
Culture and Group Leadership (cont.)Context and Power
DistanceHigh-context cultures use less direct communication
than low-context cultures.Power distance affects the level at
which group members participate.Low power distance cultures
offer ideas easily.High power distance cultures may need
encouragement to off ideas.
*
Decision Making in GroupsCognitive forces:
Group members’ thoughts, beliefs, and emotionsPsychological
forces:
Group members’ personal motives, goals, attitudes, and
valuesSocial forces:

Group standards for behavior which influence decision making
*
*
Chapter 11 - Organizational Communication.ppt
Chapter 11
Communicating
in Organizations
*
Describe and compare approaches to managing an
organizationDescribe ways in which organizational culture is
communicatedContrast relational contexts in
organizationsIdentify the challenges facing today’s
organizations
Chapter Outcomes
*

Groups with a
formal governance
and structure
Organizations
*
*
The interaction necessary to direct a group toward multiple sets
of common goals
Organizational Communication
*
*
Approaches to Managing OrganizationsClassical Management
ApproachOrganizations run like machines.Division of
laborHierarchyCommunication focuses on tasks and orders.
*
*

Approaches to Managing Organizations (cont.)Human Relations
ApproachConsiders the human needs of employees
- Communication focuses on developing employees and
teams.Considers productivity from the workers’
perspectivesFocuses communication on self-esteem and self-
fulfillment of employees
*
*
Approaches to Managing Organizations (cont.)The Systems
ApproachOrganization is a system made up of important
members who
are interdependentOpenness Adaptability
*
*
Communicating Organizational CultureOrganizational culture
is…An organization’s unique set of beliefs, values, norms, and
ways of doing thingsThe way an organization’s communication

shapes and expresses its culture
*
*
Communicating Organizational Culture (cont.)Organizational
Storytelling:Ensures cultural values are sharedPresents stories
and
accountsCreates organizational heroes
Hero's and villians
*
*
Communicating Organizational Culture (cont.)Learning About
Organizational Culture Organizational assimilation occurs as
newcomers learn the culture and if they “fit;” may take the form
of:Orientation programsOrganizational stories
*
*

Relational Contexts in OrganizationsSupervisor-Supervisee
RelationshipsFor supervisor:Schedule time.Minimize
distractions.Ask for suggestions and ideas.Show you’re
listening.For supervisee:Think before you speak;
rehearse; avoid becoming
emotional.Remain open-minded.
*
*
Relational Contexts in Organizations (cont.)Mentor-Protégé
RelationshipsMutually beneficial relationshipPeer
RelationshipsWorkplace friendships can make workers more
productive.There is a danger of sharing too much personal
information at work.
*

Chapter 14 - Delivering Presentations.ppt
Chapter 14
Delivering Presentations
*
Chapter Outcomes
Identify and control your anxieties
Choose a delivery style best suited to you and your speaking
situation
Employ effective vocal cues
Employ effective visual cues
Connect with your audience
Enhance your words with effective presentation aids
Make efficient use of your practice time
Understanding and Addressing Anxiety

Public speaking anxiety (PSA):
Nervousness from knowing we have to communicate publicly to
an audience
May include physical symptoms
Communication apprehension (CA):
General “…fear or anxiety associated with either real or
anticipated communication with another person or persons”
Understanding and Addressing Anxiety (cont.)
Identifying Anxiety Triggers
Upsetting experiences
Fear of evaluation
Distaste for attention
Building Your Confidence
Prepare for the unexpected.
Desensitize yourself.
Visualize your success (performance visualization).
Take care of yourself.
Practice, practice, practice.
Methods of Delivery
Speaking from manuscript
Useful when accuracy is critical
Speaking from memory (oratory)
May feel more like a performance

Methods of Delivery (cont.)
Speaking spontaneously (impromptu)
Think on your feet
Listen to others
Speaking extemporaneously
Uses key-word or phrase outline
Requires advance preparation, an outline, practice
Guidelines for
Effective Delivery
Effective Vocal Delivery (paralanguage)
Vary your pitch (avoid monotone).
Adjust your volume.
Adjust your speaking rate.
Use pauses for effect.
Speak clearly and precisely.
Use correct pronunciation and articulation.
Guidelines for
Effective Delivery (cont.)
Effective Visual Delivery
Dress for the occasion.

Use effective eye behavior.
Use scanning. (oculesics)
Incorporate facial expressions and gestures. (kinesics)
Control body movements.
Watch posture.
Avoid body shifting
Guidelines for
Connecting with Your Audience
Express emotion.
Adapt to your audience.
Create immediacy with your audience.
Effective Presentation Aids
The Function of Presentation Aids
Help listeners process and retain information
Promote interest and motivation
Convey information clearly and concisely
Effective Presentation
Aids (cont.)
Types of Presentation Aids

Props and models
Media clips and images
Graphs and charts
Bar graphs, tables, pie charts display data and facts clearly
Posters and transparencies
Flip charts and marker boards
Presentation software
Practicing Your Speech
Remember Your Speaking Outline
Practice Using Presentation Aids
Eliminate surprises; test facilities in advance.
Write notes to yourself.
Rehearse with a partner.
Have backup plan.
Practicing Your Speech (cont.)
Simulate the Situation
Create similar conditions.
Practice in front of someone.
Keep an eye on the time.
Practice Your Delivery
Focus on your message.
Use mirrors cautiously.
Record a practice session.
Ask for feedback.

Chapter 15 - Informative Speaking.ppt
Chapter 15
Informative Speaking
*
Describe the goals of informative speakingList and describe
each of the eight categories of informative speechesOutline the
four major approaches to informative speechesEmploy strategies
to make your audience hungry for informationStructure your
speech to make it easy to listen to
Chapter Outcomes
*
The Goals of Informative SpeakingMeeting the Audience’s
Informational NeedsGauge what they already know.Decide on
an appropriate approach.Make the topic relevant to each
member of the audience.

*
*
The Goals of Informative Speaking (cont.)Informing, Not
PersuadingKeep the speech objective.Speaking Appropriately
and EthicallyProvide relevant, reliable
information.Be honest and truthful.Avoid plagiarism.
*
*
Topics for Informative PresentationsPoints to consider when
choosing your topic:Make your topic relevant to both the
audience and yourself.Make sure you have some knowledge of
your topic.Make sure your topic does not lend itself to
persuasion.
*
Approaches to

Conveying InformationDescriptions:Paint mental pictures for
listenersDemonstrations:Answer “how” questionsCombine
physical demonstration with explanatory
narration
*
*
Approaches to
Conveying Information (cont.)Explanations: answer “why” or
“what does that mean?” questionsClarify concepts with
elucidating explanationsExplain the big picture with quasi-
scientific explanations Challenge intuition with transformative
explanations
*
*
Guidelines for

Informative SpeechesCreate Information HungerArouse
curiosityWork your topic
*
*
Strategies for
Persuasive Speaking
Forms of rhetorical proofEthos Trust and credibilityLogos
Logical reasoningPathos Feelings and emotions
Strategies for
Persuasive Speaking (cont.)
Ethos (moral
character)CredibilityCharacterTrustworthinessGoodwill
Strategies for
Logos (reasoning)
Inductive reasoning draws general conclusions based on

evidence.Deductive reasoning proceeds from the general to the
specific.
Strategies for
Persuasive Speaking (cont.)Pathos (appeal to listener's
emotions)Should be combined with logical appeals for lasting
effect
Guidelines for
Informative Speeches (cont.)Make It EasyChoose clear
organization and structure.Emphasize important points.Don’t
overwhelm the audience.Build on prior knowledge.Define your
terms.Use appropriate supporting material.Use appropriate
presentation aids.
*
*
RealComm2e_Ch16(1)(1).ppt
Chapter 16

Persuasive Speaking
*
Chapter Outcomes
Define the goals of persuasive speaking
Develop a persuasive topic and thesis
Evaluate your listeners and tailor your speech to them
Explain three forms of rhetorical proof: ethos, logos, and pathos
Identify the logical fallacies, deceptive forms of reasoning
Choose an appropriate organizational strategy for your speech
PersuasionThe process of influencing attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors on a given topic
The Goals of Persuasive Speaking
Influencing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of your audience
Attitudes are evaluations of people, objects, ideas, or events.
Beliefs are how people perceive reality.
Behavior is how people act or function.

Developing a Persuasive
Topic and Thesis (cont.)
A persuasive thesis may be stated as a...
proposition of fact
proposition of value
proposition of policy
Propositions of Fact
Claim what something is or what something is not
Involve issues that have conflicting evidence or beliefs
Goal: Align your audience’s perception or opinion of the fact
with your own.
Propositions of Value
Claim that something meets or does not meet a specific standard
of goodness or quality or right or wrong

Value statements reflect your opinion
Goal: Align your audience’s beliefs and attitudes with your
own.
Propositions of Policy
Make claims about what goal, policy, or course of action should
be pursued
Commonly used during election campaigns
Goal: Persuade your audience that a current policy is or is not
working.
Persuading Your Audience
Understanding Your Audience’s Disposition
Receptive audience
Hostile audience
Neutral audience
Persuading Your
Audience (cont.)
Consider what you would like your audience to do at the
speech’s conclusion.

What is their anchor position at the beginning of the speech?
This determines their latitude of acceptance and rejection.
Persuading Your
Audience (cont.)
Understanding What Is Relevant to Your Audience
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
Central processing (longer lasting)
Peripheral processing
Persuading Your
Audience (cont.)
Determining relevance:
Is your message relevant to listeners?
Did you present the topic at the correct level?
Did you establish your credibility?
Did you create a common bond?
Strategies for
Persuasive Speaking
Forms of rhetorical proof

Ethos
Speaker’s qualifications and personality
Logos
Nature of speech’s message
Pathos
Audience’s feelings
Strategies for
Ethos (moral character)
Credibility
Character
Trustworthiness
Goodwill
Strategies for
Logos (reasoning)
evidence.
Deductive reasoning proceeds from the general to the specific.
syllogism: major premise, minor premise, conclusion

Strategies for
Pathos (appeal to listener's emotions)
Should be combined with logical appeals for lasting effect
Science and art of
persuasionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFdCzN7RYbwSc
ience and Art of persuasion
Application Paper 2.doc
HCOM100
Application Paper II: Chapters 8-11,14-16
Application Paper II OBJECTIVES: (1) To provide you with an
opportunity to integrate concepts from your readings and lecture
notes on Chapter 8-11, 14-16; (2) To present you with a
writing forum to apply some of the communication competence
concepts to yourself or to your presentations/coworkers and
management in an organization you are apart of. Each paper
should be three written pages in length to the bottom of the
page not including cover/references, typed double-spaced pages,
Times New Roman, 12-pt. font 1 inch margins. The paper is
worth 15 points.
Follow same format as Application Paper I, if you have any
questions feel free to contact me.
Some example concepts you may choose or mix and match for
the paper:

Chapter 8: Managing Conflict: How I manage conflict
productively or unproductively with family, work, or dating
relationships. How managing conflict in my life has been
effective or ineffective. How I can improve my own conflict
styles through the chapter concepts.
Chapter 9: Group Communication: The stages of a group, how
groups are formed, the roles I play in groups, past
positive/negative group experiences that relate to the chapter
concepts
Chapter 10: Leadership: sources of power (legitimate, coercive,
reward, expert, referent), leadership styles (directive,
participative, supportive, achievement-oriented), leadership
skills (flexible, accountable, effective communicators), high vs
low context culture, ethical leadership
Chapter 11: Organizations: Classical management, human
relations approach, systems approach and types of metaphors or
analogies associated with each (machine, family, tree), mentors
and protégé relationship, storytelling, peer/coworker
relationships, learning norms
Chapter 14: Delivering Presentations: How to manage PSA
(public speaking anxiety) and CA (communication
apprehension) and the differences between them, anxiety
triggers, speaking from manuscript, oratory, impromptu,
extemporaneously differences, delivery/paralanguage
Chapter 15: Informative Speaking: How I prepared my
informative speech, how I managed my communication anxiety,
what I can improve upon for my future presentations, ideas I
gained from watching other presentations
Chapter 16: Persuasive Speaking: How I will prepare or
prepared for my persuasive speech, ethos/logos/pathos,
attitudes/beliefs/behaviors, proposition of fact/value/policy,
receptive/hostile, neutral audiences, Elaboration Likelihood
Model (Central vs. peripheral processing)

You may choose 3 concepts from one chapter or mix and match
3 concepts across chapters. This list is a good start but you may
choose any concepts from the chapters that you would like!
Paper Format Instructions (contd.):
COVER PAGE: Application Paper II: Give It an Attention-
Grabbing Title
Your NAME, Department Major
Submitted to: Instructor Adrian Toomey,
HCOM100, DATE
INTRODUCTION:
Justify the Importance of the Selected Paper Topic Theme
Describe the Three Concepts that You Will be Using under this
Broad Topic Theme
Describe the Analytical Context (Self, or in a Significant
Relationship) & Explain Why.
BODY:

CONCLUSION:
Identify Some Potential Barriers that might block you from
attaining your communication competence goals. How do you
plan to manage these barriers or roadblocks?
Identify Some Clear Benefits from practicing these three
communication competence concepts or skills.
Finale: What did you learn from writing this paper?
REFERENCES: If applicable, internet sources, journal articles,
or book chapters, APA Style.
Grading Expectations: College-level Paper – High-Quality
Writing Style & Substantive Ideas.
Grading Criteria: A well-organized & well-structured paper/
Well-defined & well-developed communication concepts/ Clear
and meaningful communication examples or actions/ Tight
integration between concepts and applications/ Relevant &
useful outside sources.
Chapter 8 - Conflict.ppt
Chapter 8
Managing Conflict
in Relationships

*
Describe the factors that lead to productive conflict
Identify conflict triggers in yourself and others
Explain the forces that influence how people handle conflict
Chapter Outcomes
*
Evaluate and employ strategies for managing conflict in
different situations
Compare levels of resolution in conflict outcomes
*
A negative interaction
between two or
more interdependent
people, rooted in

some actual or
perceived
disagreement
Conflict
*
*
The way we engage
in conflict and address
disagreements with
our relational
partners
Conflict Management
*
*
Unproductive Conflict
Conflict that is managed poorly
Has a negative impact on the individuals and the relationship
Can lead to health problems
Leads to aggression in the relationship
*

*
Productive Conflict
Conflict that is managed effectively
Fosters healthy debate when people are actively engaged
Leads to better decision making
Spurs relationship growth
*
*
Inaccurate perceptions
Incompatible goals
Unbalanced costs and rewards
Provocation, or the intentional instigation
of conflict
Conflict Triggers
*
*

Power DynamicsDifferences in power related to:
Resources
Feelings
other values
Factors Affecting Conflict
*
*
Culture and Conflict
Individualistic cultures:
Emphasize personal needs,
rights, and identity
“I” attitude
Collectivistic cultures:
Emphasize group identity and needs
“We” attitude
Factors Affecting
Conflict (cont.)
*
*

Communication Climate
Factors Affecting
Conflict (cont.)
*
*
Escapist strategies:
Try to prevent or avoid direct conflict
Used for various reasons,
such as personal
safety, practicality,
strategy
Strategies for
Managing Conflict
*
*

Challenging strategies:
Promote the objectives of the individual who uses them
(assertiveness)
Get what you want without letting anxiety, guilt, or
embarrassment get in the way
Create a winner and a loser
Strategies for
*
*
Compromise
Both sides give up a little to get a little
Can be arrived at through trading or random selection
Has disadvantages for long-term important relationships
Conflict Outcomes
*
*

Cooperative strategies:
Focus on issues instead of verbal aggressiveness
Consider options and alternatives
Consider the importance of the outcome
Reassure your partner
Strategies for
*
*
Chapter 9 - Group Communication.ppt
Chapter 9
Communicating
in Groups
*
List the characteristics and types of groups and explain how
groups developDescribe ways in which group size affects
communicationIdentify the influence of networks on groups
Chapter Outcomes

*
Understanding GroupsA collection of more than two people who
share some kind of relationshipCommunicate in an
interdependent fashionCollaborate toward a shared purpose
*
*
Characteristics of GroupsGroups possess:A shared
identityidentify as part of the groupCommon goalseither
specific or generalInterdependent relationshipsthe behavior of
each member affects the behavior of every other member
*
*
Group TypesPrimary groups:Family and friendsSupport
groups:Address personal problemsSocial groups:Offer
relationship opportunities

*
*
Group Types (cont.)Problem-solving groups:Address specific
problemsTeams:Carry out a project or specific endeavor
*
Group Development 5 StagesForming stage:Determine who will
be in chargeDefine group’s goalsStorming stage:Determine what
roles members will playDeal with conflicts
*
*
Group Development (cont.)Norming stage:Establish agreed
norms governing expectationsNorms: recurring patterns of
behavior or thinking that become the “usual” way of doing
things in the groupSolidify roles Leader emerges

*
*
Group Development (cont.)Performing stage:Members work
together to achieve goals and overcome hurdlesAdjourning
stage:Members reflect on accomplishments and
failuresDetermine next steps as a group
*
*
Group Size and CommunicationLarger groups lead to…More
formal interactionsLimited opportunities for individual
members to contributeLess intimate communication More time-
consuming interactions More complex relationships
*
*
Group Size and

Social LoafingThe larger the group…the more likely social
loafing is to occurFailing to invest the same level of effort in
the group that you would put in if working aloneAffects
participation and communication in groupsthe more difficult it
is to assess individual contributions to the group
*
*
Understanding Group
Roles (cont.)Role conflict:Occurs when group expectations are
incompatible with a member’s behaviorMakes group
communication challenging
*
Additional Factors Affecting Group
CommunicationGroupthink:When group members strive to
maintain cohesiveness, minimize conflict by refusing to
critically examine ideas, analyze proposals, or test solutions
*
*

Chapter 10 - Leadership.ppt
Chapter 10
Leadership and
Decision Making
in Groups
*
Describe the types of power that effective leaders
employDescribe how leadership styles should be adapted to the
situationIdentify how culture affects appropriate leadership
behaviorList forces that shape a group’s decisions
Chapter Outcomes
*
Explain the six-step group decision processList behaviors to
improve effective leadership in meetingsDemonstrate three
aspects of assessing group performance

*
Understanding
Group Leadership
Leadership is the ability to influence other’s behaviors and
thoughts toward a productive end.Influence comes from a
person’s power or from group members’ admiration and respect
for the individual.
*
*
Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Five Sources of PowerLegitimate
powerCoercive powerReward powerExpert powerReferent
power
*
*

Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Shared LeadershipMembers feel more
satisfied.Members are more motivated to perform.The group is
more likely to achieve its goals.
*
*
Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Leadership StylesDirective: controls
communicationParticipative: views members as
equalsSupportive: attends to members’ emotional
needsAchievement-oriented: sets challenging goals, high
expectations
*
*
Understanding

Group Leadership (cont.)Competence and Ethics
Skilled leaders are:FlexibleAccountableCredibleCompetent
communicators
*
*
Understanding
Group Leadership (cont.)Competence and Ethics (cont.)
Unethical leaders are:ControllingAccustomed to using bullying,
criticism, name-calling, gossip, personal attacks, and threats
*
*
Culture and Group Leadership (cont.)Context and Power
DistanceHigh-context cultures use less direct communication
than low-context cultures.Power distance affects the level at
which group members participate.Low power distance cultures
offer ideas easily.High power distance cultures may need
encouragement to off ideas.

*
Decision Making in GroupsCognitive forces:
Group members’ thoughts, beliefs, and emotionsPsychological
forces:
Group members’ personal motives, goals, attitudes, and
valuesSocial forces:
Group standards for behavior which influence decision making
*
*
Chapter 11 - Organizational Communication.ppt
Chapter 11
Communicating
in Organizations
*
Describe and compare approaches to managing an

organizationDescribe ways in which organizational culture is
communicatedContrast relational contexts in
organizationsIdentify the challenges facing today’s
organizations
Chapter Outcomes
*
Groups with a
formal governance
and structure
Organizations
*
*
The interaction necessary to direct a group toward multiple sets
of common goals
Organizational Communication
*
*

Approaches to Managing OrganizationsClassical Management
ApproachOrganizations run like machines.Division of
laborHierarchyCommunication focuses on tasks and orders.
*
*
Approaches to Managing Organizations (cont.)Human Relations
ApproachConsiders the human needs of employees
- Communication focuses on developing employees and
teams.Considers productivity from the workers’
perspectivesFocuses communication on self-esteem and self-
fulfillment of employees
*
*
Approaches to Managing Organizations (cont.)The Systems
ApproachOrganization is a system made up of important
members who
are interdependentOpenness Adaptability

*
*
Communicating Organizational CultureOrganizational culture
is…An organization’s unique set of beliefs, values, norms, and
ways of doing thingsThe way an organization’s communication
shapes and expresses its culture
*
*
Communicating Organizational Culture (cont.)Organizational
Storytelling:Ensures cultural values are sharedPresents stories
and
accountsCreates organizational heroes
Hero's and villians
*
*

Communicating Organizational Culture (cont.)Learning About
Organizational Culture Organizational assimilation occurs as
newcomers learn the culture and if they “fit;” may take the form
of:Orientation programsOrganizational stories
*
*
Relational Contexts in OrganizationsSupervisor-Supervisee
RelationshipsFor supervisor:Schedule time.Minimize
distractions.Ask for suggestions and ideas.Show you’re
listening.For supervisee:Think before you speak;
rehearse; avoid becoming
emotional.Remain open-minded.
*
*

Relational Contexts in Organizations (cont.)Mentor-Protégé
RelationshipsMutually beneficial relationshipPeer
RelationshipsWorkplace friendships can make workers more
productive.There is a danger of sharing too much personal
information at work.
*
Chapter 14 - Delivering Presentations.ppt
Chapter 14
Delivering Presentations
*
Chapter Outcomes
Identify and control your anxieties
Choose a delivery style best suited to you and your speaking
situation
Employ effective vocal cues
Employ effective visual cues

Connect with your audience
Enhance your words with effective presentation aids
Make efficient use of your practice time
Understanding and Addressing Anxiety
Public speaking anxiety (PSA):
Nervousness from knowing we have to communicate publicly to
an audience
May include physical symptoms
Communication apprehension (CA):
General “…fear or anxiety associated with either real or
anticipated communication with another person or persons”
Identifying Anxiety Triggers
Upsetting experiences
Fear of evaluation
Distaste for attention
Building Your Confidence
Prepare for the unexpected.
Desensitize yourself.

Visualize your success (performance visualization).
Take care of yourself.
Practice, practice, practice.
Methods of Delivery
Speaking from manuscript
Useful when accuracy is critical
Speaking from memory (oratory)
May feel more like a performance
Methods of Delivery (cont.)
Speaking spontaneously (impromptu)
Think on your feet
Listen to others
Speaking extemporaneously
Uses key-word or phrase outline
Requires advance preparation, an outline, practice
Guidelines for
Effective Delivery
Effective Vocal Delivery (paralanguage)
Vary your pitch (avoid monotone).
Adjust your volume.
Adjust your speaking rate.
Use pauses for effect.

Speak clearly and precisely.
Use correct pronunciation and articulation.
Guidelines for
Effective Visual Delivery
Dress for the occasion.
Use effective eye behavior.
Use scanning. (oculesics)
Incorporate facial expressions and gestures. (kinesics)
Control body movements.
Watch posture.
Avoid body shifting
Guidelines for
Connecting with Your Audience
Express emotion.
Adapt to your audience.
Create immediacy with your audience.
Effective Presentation Aids
The Function of Presentation Aids

Help listeners process and retain information
Promote interest and motivation
Convey information clearly and concisely
Effective Presentation
Aids (cont.)
Types of Presentation Aids
Props and models
Media clips and images
Graphs and charts
Bar graphs, tables, pie charts display data and facts clearly
Posters and transparencies
Flip charts and marker boards
Presentation software
Practicing Your Speech
Remember Your Speaking Outline
Practice Using Presentation Aids
Eliminate surprises; test facilities in advance.
Write notes to yourself.
Rehearse with a partner.
Have backup plan.
Simulate the Situation
Create similar conditions.

Practice in front of someone.
Keep an eye on the time.
Practice Your Delivery
Focus on your message.
Use mirrors cautiously.
Record a practice session.
Ask for feedback.
Chapter 15 - Informative Speaking.ppt
Chapter 15
Informative Speaking
*
Describe the goals of informative speakingList and describe
each of the eight categories of informative speechesOutline the
four major approaches to informative speechesEmploy strategies
to make your audience hungry for informationStructure your
speech to make it easy to listen to
Chapter Outcomes
*

The Goals of Informative SpeakingMeeting the Audience’s
Informational NeedsGauge what they already know.Decide on
an appropriate approach.Make the topic relevant to each
member of the audience.
*
*
The Goals of Informative Speaking (cont.)Informing, Not
PersuadingKeep the speech objective.Speaking Appropriately
and EthicallyProvide relevant, reliable
information.Be honest and truthful.Avoid plagiarism.
*
*
Topics for Informative PresentationsPoints to consider when
choosing your topic:Make your topic relevant to both the

audience and yourself.Make sure you have some knowledge of
your topic.Make sure your topic does not lend itself to
persuasion.
*
Approaches to
Conveying InformationDescriptions:Paint mental pictures for
listenersDemonstrations:Answer “how” questionsCombine
physical demonstration with explanatory
narration
*
*
Approaches to
Conveying Information (cont.)Explanations: answer “why” or
“what does that mean?” questionsClarify concepts with
elucidating explanationsExplain the big picture with quasi-
scientific explanations Challenge intuition with transformative

explanations
*
*
Guidelines for
Informative SpeechesCreate Information HungerArouse
curiosityWork your topic
*
*
Strategies for
Persuasive Speaking
Forms of rhetorical proofEthos Trust and credibilityLogos
Logical reasoningPathos Feelings and emotions
Strategies for

Ethos (moral
character)CredibilityCharacterTrustworthinessGoodwill
Strategies for
Logos (reasoning)
evidence.Deductive reasoning proceeds from the general to the
specific.
Strategies for
Persuasive Speaking (cont.)Pathos (appeal to listener's
emotions)Should be combined with logical appeals for lasting
effect
Guidelines for
Informative Speeches (cont.)Make It EasyChoose clear
organization and structure.Emphasize important points.Don’t
overwhelm the audience.Build on prior knowledge.Define your
terms.Use appropriate supporting material.Use appropriate
presentation aids.

*
*
RealComm2e_Ch16(1)(1).ppt
Chapter 16
Persuasive Speaking
*
Chapter Outcomes
Define the goals of persuasive speaking
Develop a persuasive topic and thesis
Evaluate your listeners and tailor your speech to them
Explain three forms of rhetorical proof: ethos, logos, and pathos
Identify the logical fallacies, deceptive forms of reasoning
Choose an appropriate organizational strategy for your speech

PersuasionThe process of influencing attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors on a given topic
The Goals of Persuasive Speaking
Influencing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of your audience
Attitudes are evaluations of people, objects, ideas, or events.
Beliefs are how people perceive reality.
Behavior is how people act or function.
A persuasive thesis may be stated as a...
proposition of fact
proposition of value
proposition of policy
Propositions of Fact
Claim what something is or what something is not
Involve issues that have conflicting evidence or beliefs
Goal: Align your audience’s perception or opinion of the fact

with your own.
Propositions of Value
Claim that something meets or does not meet a specific standard
of goodness or quality or right or wrong
Value statements reflect your opinion
Goal: Align your audience’s beliefs and attitudes with your
own.
Propositions of Policy
Make claims about what goal, policy, or course of action should
be pursued
Commonly used during election campaigns
Goal: Persuade your audience that a current policy is or is not
working.
Persuading Your Audience
Understanding Your Audience’s Disposition
Receptive audience

Hostile audience
Neutral audience
Persuading Your
Audience (cont.)
Consider what you would like your audience to do at the
speech’s conclusion.
What is their anchor position at the beginning of the speech?
This determines their latitude of acceptance and rejection.
Persuading Your
Audience (cont.)
Understanding What Is Relevant to Your Audience
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
Central processing (longer lasting)
Peripheral processing
Persuading Your
Audience (cont.)
Determining relevance:
Is your message relevant to listeners?

Did you present the topic at the correct level?
Did you establish your credibility?
Did you create a common bond?
Strategies for
Persuasive Speaking
Forms of rhetorical proof
Ethos
Speaker’s qualifications and personality
Logos
Nature of speech’s message
Pathos
Audience’s feelings
Strategies for
Ethos (moral character)
Credibility
Character
Trustworthiness
Goodwill
Strategies for

Logos (reasoning)
evidence.
Deductive reasoning proceeds from the general to the specific.
syllogism: major premise, minor premise, conclusion
Strategies for
Pathos (appeal to listener's emotions)
Should be combined with logical appeals for lasting effect
Science and art of
persuasionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFdCzN7RYbwSc
ience and Art of persuasion

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