This document presents analysis on the energy performance of the double skin facade for the Okhta Center tower in St. Petersburg. It summarizes findings from simulations of heating and cooling requirements based on 25-year average climate data. Key results include estimated annual heating needs of 27.62 GCAL/hr, lower than initial estimates. Optimizing the facade could reduce both heating and cooling needs. Further analysis is needed to optimize passive heat transfer and manage high buffer zone temperatures during warm periods.
Appendix A5_Summary of Analysis for Okhta Tower Facade Energy PerformanceRichard D. Ochotorena
This document presents an analysis of the energy performance of the double skin facade for the Okhta Centre tower in St. Petersburg. It summarizes heating and cooling requirements based on 25-year average climate data, including wind speed, temperature, solar heat gain, and cloud cover. Charts are provided showing heating needs for buffer zones and offices from levels 6 to 72 and for atriums. The total estimated heating requirement of 27.62 GCAL/hr per day is less than the 46.18 GCAL/hr stated on the project website. The double skin facade provides an option to optimize energy consumption during cold seasons.
El documento describe diferentes medios de transmisión para redes locales, incluyendo medios guiados como pares trenzados, cable coaxial y fibra óptica, así como medios no guiados como microondas. Explica que los medios guiados conducen las ondas a través de un camino físico, mientras que los medios no guiados proporcionan un soporte para la transmisión de ondas sin dirigirlas. También describe características clave de cada medio como su ancho de banda y usos comunes.
This document discusses different types of intellectual property rights that can help organizations protect their intellectual assets. It identifies patents, copyrights, industrial design rights, trademarks, trade dress, and trade secrets as the main intellectual property rights. The document conducts a qualitative analysis of how these different rights secure innovations, creative works, visual designs, brand identities, product appearances, and business processes/formulas. It concludes that intellectual property rights play an important role in protecting creations from copying and securing competitive advantages, and recommends organizations consider various rights and follow relevant laws and regulations while engaging stakeholders.
El documento describe las 6 generaciones de computadoras desde la primera generación en 1938 hasta la actualidad. La primera generación utilizaba tubos de vacío, la segunda usaba transistores, la tercera circuitos integrados, la cuarta el microprocesador, la quinta trajo la computadora personal con IBM y la sexta generación continúa desarrollándose hoy en día.
I. O documento descreve as propriedades e reações do fosgênio, um gás altamente tóxico usado como arma química.
II. Ele pode ser produzido pela reação de monóxido de carbono e cloro e causa danos pulmonares ao reagir com a água nos pulmões.
III. Embora seja encontrado como gás comprimido, é usualmente armazenado em sua forma líquida a baixas temperaturas.
O documento descreve alguns dos dogmas e costumes presentes na Igreja Cristã Maranata, incluindo a "consulta à palavra" através da bibliomancia para tomar decisões, o "culto profético" para receber revelações sobre os cultos, e o batismo nas águas e no Espírito Santo mediante aprovação obtida por meio da bibliomancia.
Appendix A5_Summary of Analysis for Okhta Tower Facade Energy PerformanceRichard D. Ochotorena
This document presents an analysis of the energy performance of the double skin facade for the Okhta Centre tower in St. Petersburg. It summarizes heating and cooling requirements based on 25-year average climate data, including wind speed, temperature, solar heat gain, and cloud cover. Charts are provided showing heating needs for buffer zones and offices from levels 6 to 72 and for atriums. The total estimated heating requirement of 27.62 GCAL/hr per day is less than the 46.18 GCAL/hr stated on the project website. The double skin facade provides an option to optimize energy consumption during cold seasons.
El documento describe diferentes medios de transmisión para redes locales, incluyendo medios guiados como pares trenzados, cable coaxial y fibra óptica, así como medios no guiados como microondas. Explica que los medios guiados conducen las ondas a través de un camino físico, mientras que los medios no guiados proporcionan un soporte para la transmisión de ondas sin dirigirlas. También describe características clave de cada medio como su ancho de banda y usos comunes.
This document discusses different types of intellectual property rights that can help organizations protect their intellectual assets. It identifies patents, copyrights, industrial design rights, trademarks, trade dress, and trade secrets as the main intellectual property rights. The document conducts a qualitative analysis of how these different rights secure innovations, creative works, visual designs, brand identities, product appearances, and business processes/formulas. It concludes that intellectual property rights play an important role in protecting creations from copying and securing competitive advantages, and recommends organizations consider various rights and follow relevant laws and regulations while engaging stakeholders.
El documento describe las 6 generaciones de computadoras desde la primera generación en 1938 hasta la actualidad. La primera generación utilizaba tubos de vacío, la segunda usaba transistores, la tercera circuitos integrados, la cuarta el microprocesador, la quinta trajo la computadora personal con IBM y la sexta generación continúa desarrollándose hoy en día.
I. O documento descreve as propriedades e reações do fosgênio, um gás altamente tóxico usado como arma química.
II. Ele pode ser produzido pela reação de monóxido de carbono e cloro e causa danos pulmonares ao reagir com a água nos pulmões.
III. Embora seja encontrado como gás comprimido, é usualmente armazenado em sua forma líquida a baixas temperaturas.
O documento descreve alguns dos dogmas e costumes presentes na Igreja Cristã Maranata, incluindo a "consulta à palavra" através da bibliomancia para tomar decisões, o "culto profético" para receber revelações sobre os cultos, e o batismo nas águas e no Espírito Santo mediante aprovação obtida por meio da bibliomancia.
What does wind really cost? Modeling Wind Resources In AURORAxmp. EPIS Inc
Ray Bliven, Power Rates Manager for Bonneville Power Administration, describes the practical pitfalls of developing wind resources, how to model wind generation through the EPIS AURORAxmp modeling software, and discusses the issues surrounding wind generation.
This document discusses nuclear power and innovation in nuclear reactor design. It describes several types of nuclear reactors being innovated for Generation IV, including very high temperature reactors that can reach 1000°C for hydrogen production, supercritical water-cooled reactors with improved efficiencies, gas-cooled fast reactors with 850°C outlet temperatures for electricity and hydrogen, and lead-cooled fast reactors that offer safety advantages with molten lead coolant. The goal of nuclear innovation is resource preservation, safety, economic competitiveness, and exclusion of misuse of nuclear materials.
Sarthak Agarwal proposes harnessing tidal energy through a Piezoelectric Electricity Generator (PEG) that uses piezoelectric crystals to generate electricity from tidal pressure. Experiments showed that a small PEG produced 0.5-3 volts from 118 pascals of pressure, and proportional scaling suggests oceans could produce 105.8-634.9 volts. The paper also suggests designs for piezoelectric water turbines and using PEGs in scrap yards. PEGs could be a cost-efficient renewable energy source since piezoelectric infrastructure is similar to solar panels.
Long-Duration Energy Storage and PV: Renewable Energy’s BFFsCraig Horne
This talk provides an overview of storage technologies and focus on how long duration energy storage can significantly increase both the amount of PV deployed and project value. Case studies are used to highlight critical parameters for configuring a PV and storage project to maximize value and returns. Recent activities in the storage market, availability of long-duration storage systems, and the real requirements for storage projects will also be discussed.
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This document discusses a new type of vortex wind turbine that aims to more efficiently capture wind energy through vortex-induced vibrations. The turbine consists of a hollow, flexible cylinder mounted vertically on an elastic rod. As wind passes the cylinder, vortices are shed from the downwind side, causing the cylinder to oscillate. This oscillating motion is then converted to electricity through an attached generator. The document analyzes parameters that influence the energy extraction efficiency of this vortex-induced vibration method, such as mass ratio and mechanical damping. It finds there is an optimal mass-damping value that maximizes efficiency. This new turbine design aims to generate electricity at a lower cost than conventional wind turbines and address issues with their large size,
The document discusses the process of generating electricity from coal at a coal-based power plant. Coal is mined and brought to the plant, where it is burned in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam. The steam spins turbines connected to generators, which produce electricity. The electricity is then distributed through power lines to homes and businesses. Key components of the plant discussed include the coal handling, boiler, turbine, generator and ash handling systems.
This document discusses internal combustion engine combustion chambers. It describes the basic requirements of a good combustion chamber as providing high power output, high thermal efficiency, smooth engine operation, and reduced exhaust pollutants. It also discusses factors that influence combustion chamber design such as compression ratio, turbulence, heat loss, and scavenging. Different combustion chamber types are also enumerated such as T-head, L-head, I-head, and F-head chambers.
This document discusses issues related to spent nuclear fuel and the viability of nuclear energy. It provides an overview of the LA-US MARKAL model and its depiction of the nuclear fuel cycle. The model represents over 4000 energy technologies and allows evaluation of strategies to minimize spent nuclear fuel levels and develop interim waste disposal approaches. It finds that replacing nuclear capacity would require substantial new generation investment and potentially increase fuel prices while still leaving waste to be dealt with.
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This document summarizes a study on performing fatigue analysis of the articulated support for an offshore wind turbine. Articulated supports are well-suited for sea depths around 200 meters. Previous research has not investigated fatigue analysis of articulated joints supporting offshore wind turbines. The objectives of this study are to perform coupled aerohydrodynamic analysis to obtain critical stresses, model the critical joints to get stress variations over time, and use this to perform a fatigue analysis. The methodology involves developing a preliminary model, performing eigen analysis to avoid resonance, coupled dynamic analysis using FAST and NAOS software, and applying time history forces to a joint model to analyze fatigue.
This document discusses a study that explored trade-offs in using low-lift versus high-lift airfoils for the tip region of stall-regulated horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). A blade design optimization method was used to identify the practical lower limit of maximum lift coefficients for tip airfoils between 0.7-1.2. Blades were optimized for both maximum annual energy production and minimum cost of energy. The results indicate that reducing the maximum lift coefficient below upper limits considered increases cost of energy, suggesting higher lift coefficient tip airfoils are preferable as turbine size increases if they have gentle stall characteristics.
These slides present the results from the thesis with the same name as the presentation title. It deals with operational aspects of superconducting (SC) accelerating cavities related to charging the same. It proposes an optimal scheme to charge the SC cavities such that the total reflected energy is minimised. Following which it presents a way of extending the well known Q-circle method to SC cavities for accurate estimation of cavity quality factor (Q0). The measurements reveal the effect of cool down on cavity Q0. Present literature proposed the effect of trapped magnetic field in surface impurities. In the thesis I use the Ginzburg-Landau model of superconductivity to theoretically explain the effect of magnetic field, impurity and temperature gradient. This allows a theoretical model that explains the experimental results.
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The document discusses a new report by researchers at the Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT) in the UK. The CAT has a history of pointing towards a sustainable energy future for Britain. Their new report, called "Zero Carbon Britain 2030", describes in detail how the UK could transition to a zero carbon society as early as 2030. The report models how the UK could achieve this transition through steps like rationalizing energy demand, implementing low/zero carbon supply systems, and employing net-negative carbon processes.
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This document analyzes the performance of a 75MW steam power plant. It uses energy analysis, thermodynamic second law analysis (exergy), and Rankine cycle analysis. Experimental data from the plant was used to calculate various efficiencies. The results showed that increasing the reference environment temperature increases the thermal, Rankine and exergy efficiencies of the plant. Additionally, as the condenser pressure increases, the plant efficiency decreases. The condenser pressure should be reduced to decrease irreversibilities in the system. Operating the plant above 50% capacity also helps minimize energy wastage by generating more steam even when not all is being used. Key components like the boiler, turbine, condenser and pumps were modeled to identify sources of energy and
The document discusses options for managing safety with elderly switchgear. It describes how switchgear is used to safely make, break and withstand fault currents. However, aging switchgear presents increasing risks like lack of knowledge, improper maintenance, and age-related failures. Tests show over 50% of aging oil switchgear have circuit breaker faults or performance issues. The consequences of an arc fault inside switchgear can be severe. Safety upgrades for existing switchgear include replacing oil circuit breakers with vacuum circuit breakers, adding arc-proof doors and end shields, installing three-sided containment, and enabling remote electrical operation. These upgrades improve safety and help extend the life of aging assets.
This presentation discusses creating green environments through energy efficiency. It focuses on reducing global warming and water shortages while cities urbanize. The presentation highlights reducing energy bills and using energy efficiently. It discusses a case study where energy costs were reduced by over 50% for 644 families in apartment towers through various efficiency measures. The presentation promotes wider adoption of these practices to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help industries.
Letter from American Iron and Steel Institute 12.02Obama White House
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) supports President Bush's initiative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 18% by 2012 through a voluntary Business Challenge program. As a trade association representing 70% of U.S. steel production, AISI commits to the following actions to contribute to the program's goals:
1) Committing to an initial energy efficiency goal consistent with AISI's Technology Roadmap.
2) Compiling and reporting greenhouse gas emissions data from member facilities.
3) Partnering with the Department of Energy to facilitate research supporting the Roadmap.
4) Establishing structures to communicate and coordinate with members to advance technologies.
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Sierra provides innovative flow measurement solutions for applications in clean energy and environmental research. This document highlights several case studies where Sierra's flow meters have improved processes in geothermal power, solar photovoltaic manufacturing, solar thermal energy generation, measuring greenhouse gases in Antarctica, and investigating the impact of ocean acidification. Sierra's multivariable mass flow meters and digital mass flow controllers provide accurate measurement, high turndown ratios, and ability to measure multiple gases which has enabled better process control and efficiency gains for customers in these industries.
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1) Committing to an initial energy efficiency goal consistent with AISI's Technology Roadmap.
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Similar to Appendix A3_Presentation of Energy Performance (20)
2. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
Okhta Centre,Okhta Centre, St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg
Tower FacadeTower Facade-- October 2010October 2010
3. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
PART IPART IPART IPART I
THE FOLLOWING ANALYSIS WERE DONE TOTHE FOLLOWING ANALYSIS WERE DONE TOTHE FOLLOWING ANALYSIS WERE DONE TOTHE FOLLOWING ANALYSIS WERE DONE TO
VERIFY THE FAÇADE ENERGY PERFORMANCEVERIFY THE FAÇADE ENERGY PERFORMANCEVERIFY THE FAÇADE ENERGY PERFORMANCEVERIFY THE FAÇADE ENERGY PERFORMANCE
BASED ON CURRENT PROEKT (PROJECTBASED ON CURRENT PROEKT (PROJECTBASED ON CURRENT PROEKT (PROJECTBASED ON CURRENT PROEKT (PROJECTBASED ON CURRENT PROEKT (PROJECTBASED ON CURRENT PROEKT (PROJECTBASED ON CURRENT PROEKT (PROJECTBASED ON CURRENT PROEKT (PROJECT
STAGE CONCEPT) DESIGN DOCUMENTS.STAGE CONCEPT) DESIGN DOCUMENTS.STAGE CONCEPT) DESIGN DOCUMENTS.STAGE CONCEPT) DESIGN DOCUMENTS.
TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONTO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONTO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONTO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
AND ANSWERS TO SOME QUESTIONS WHICHAND ANSWERS TO SOME QUESTIONS WHICHAND ANSWERS TO SOME QUESTIONS WHICHAND ANSWERS TO SOME QUESTIONS WHICH
WERE NOT PREVIOUSLY CLEAR ORWERE NOT PREVIOUSLY CLEAR ORWERE NOT PREVIOUSLY CLEAR ORWERE NOT PREVIOUSLY CLEAR OR
ANSWERED DURING THE DESIGN REVIEW.ANSWERED DURING THE DESIGN REVIEW.ANSWERED DURING THE DESIGN REVIEW.ANSWERED DURING THE DESIGN REVIEW.
4. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
ANALYSIS FOLLOWS WHAT WASANALYSIS FOLLOWS WHAT WASANALYSIS FOLLOWS WHAT WASANALYSIS FOLLOWS WHAT WAS
PREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED AND YETPREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED AND YETPREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED AND YETPREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED AND YET
WILL PROVIDE INFORMATION THATWILL PROVIDE INFORMATION THATWILL PROVIDE INFORMATION THATWILL PROVIDE INFORMATION THAT
WILL BE A GUIDE TO THE NEXT STAGEWILL BE A GUIDE TO THE NEXT STAGEWILL BE A GUIDE TO THE NEXT STAGEWILL BE A GUIDE TO THE NEXT STAGEWILL BE A GUIDE TO THE NEXT STAGEWILL BE A GUIDE TO THE NEXT STAGEWILL BE A GUIDE TO THE NEXT STAGEWILL BE A GUIDE TO THE NEXT STAGE
OF THE DESIGN WORKS.OF THE DESIGN WORKS.OF THE DESIGN WORKS.OF THE DESIGN WORKS.
5. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
WHAT HAS BEEN CONSIDERED IN THISWHAT HAS BEEN CONSIDERED IN THISWHAT HAS BEEN CONSIDERED IN THISWHAT HAS BEEN CONSIDERED IN THIS
CURRENT CLIMATE ANALYSIS?CURRENT CLIMATE ANALYSIS?CURRENT CLIMATE ANALYSIS?CURRENT CLIMATE ANALYSIS?
6. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
25 YEAR AVERAGE DAILY WIND SPEED25 YEAR AVERAGE DAILY WIND SPEED25 YEAR AVERAGE DAILY WIND SPEED25 YEAR AVERAGE DAILY WIND SPEED
7. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
SUN EXPOSURE AND SHADESUN EXPOSURE AND SHADESUN EXPOSURE AND SHADESUN EXPOSURE AND SHADE
8. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
25 YEAR AVERAGE TEMPERATURE, SOLAR HEAT25 YEAR AVERAGE TEMPERATURE, SOLAR HEAT25 YEAR AVERAGE TEMPERATURE, SOLAR HEAT25 YEAR AVERAGE TEMPERATURE, SOLAR HEAT
GAIN AND CLOUD COVERGAIN AND CLOUD COVERGAIN AND CLOUD COVERGAIN AND CLOUD COVER
9. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
SUMMARIZING TH E ABOVE, SOME OF THESUMMARIZING TH E ABOVE, SOME OF THESUMMARIZING TH E ABOVE, SOME OF THESUMMARIZING TH E ABOVE, SOME OF THE
RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS SPREADSHEETS WERERESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS SPREADSHEETS WERERESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS SPREADSHEETS WERERESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS SPREADSHEETS WERE
PROVIDED BELOWPROVIDED BELOWPROVIDED BELOWPROVIDED BELOW
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SUMMARY OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS IN THE
BUFFER ZONES FROM L6 TO L72BUFFER ZONES FROM L6 TO L72BUFFER ZONES FROM L6 TO L72BUFFER ZONES FROM L6 TO L72
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SUMMARY OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS IN THE
BUFFER ZONES FROM L6 TO L72BUFFER ZONES FROM L6 TO L72BUFFER ZONES FROM L6 TO L72BUFFER ZONES FROM L6 TO L72
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SUMMARY OF COOLING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF COOLING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF COOLING REQUIREMENTS IN THESUMMARY OF COOLING REQUIREMENTS IN THE
OFFICES FROM L6 TO L72OFFICES FROM L6 TO L72OFFICES FROM L6 TO L72OFFICES FROM L6 TO L72
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TOTAL HEATING/COOLING REQUIREMENTS INTOTAL HEATING/COOLING REQUIREMENTS INTOTAL HEATING/COOLING REQUIREMENTS INTOTAL HEATING/COOLING REQUIREMENTS IN
THE OFFICES FROM L6 TO L72THE OFFICES FROM L6 TO L72THE OFFICES FROM L6 TO L72THE OFFICES FROM L6 TO L72
17. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
SUMMARY OF HEATING/COOLING IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING/COOLING IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING/COOLING IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING/COOLING IN THE
ATRIUMS, L1 TO L5 AND L72 TO TOP OF TOWERATRIUMS, L1 TO L5 AND L72 TO TOP OF TOWERATRIUMS, L1 TO L5 AND L72 TO TOP OF TOWERATRIUMS, L1 TO L5 AND L72 TO TOP OF TOWER
18. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
SUMMARY OF HEATING/COOLING IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING/COOLING IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING/COOLING IN THESUMMARY OF HEATING/COOLING IN THE
ATRIUMS, L1 TO L5 AND L72 TO TOP OF TOWERATRIUMS, L1 TO L5 AND L72 TO TOP OF TOWERATRIUMS, L1 TO L5 AND L72 TO TOP OF TOWERATRIUMS, L1 TO L5 AND L72 TO TOP OF TOWER
19. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
TOTAL HEATING/COOLING REQUIREMENTS INTOTAL HEATING/COOLING REQUIREMENTS INTOTAL HEATING/COOLING REQUIREMENTS INTOTAL HEATING/COOLING REQUIREMENTS IN
THE ATRIUMS (INCLUDING BUFFER ZONES), L1THE ATRIUMS (INCLUDING BUFFER ZONES), L1THE ATRIUMS (INCLUDING BUFFER ZONES), L1THE ATRIUMS (INCLUDING BUFFER ZONES), L1
TO TOP OF THE TOWERTO TOP OF THE TOWERTO TOP OF THE TOWERTO TOP OF THE TOWER
CONVERSION TO STEAM UNITS 4.1868W PERCONVERSION TO STEAM UNITS 4.1868W PERCONVERSION TO STEAM UNITS 4.1868W PERCONVERSION TO STEAM UNITS 4.1868W PER
CALCALCALCALITITITIT/sec/sec/sec/sec
20. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
OBSERVATIONS BASED ON THE CURRENTOBSERVATIONS BASED ON THE CURRENTOBSERVATIONS BASED ON THE CURRENTOBSERVATIONS BASED ON THE CURRENT
ANALYSIS:ANALYSIS:ANALYSIS:ANALYSIS:
CURRENT HEATING REQUIREMENTS FOR THECURRENT HEATING REQUIREMENTS FOR THECURRENT HEATING REQUIREMENTS FOR THECURRENT HEATING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
WHOLE PROJECT WAS ESTIMATED ATWHOLE PROJECT WAS ESTIMATED ATWHOLE PROJECT WAS ESTIMATED ATWHOLE PROJECT WAS ESTIMATED AT 46.1846.1846.1846.18WHOLE PROJECT WAS ESTIMATED ATWHOLE PROJECT WAS ESTIMATED ATWHOLE PROJECT WAS ESTIMATED ATWHOLE PROJECT WAS ESTIMATED AT 46.1846.1846.1846.18
GCAL/hrGCAL/hrGCAL/hrGCAL/hr. (THE VALUE ABOVE WAS TAKEN FROM. (THE VALUE ABOVE WAS TAKEN FROM. (THE VALUE ABOVE WAS TAKEN FROM. (THE VALUE ABOVE WAS TAKEN FROM
OKHTA CENTER WEBSITE)OKHTA CENTER WEBSITE)OKHTA CENTER WEBSITE)OKHTA CENTER WEBSITE)
TO COMPARE WITH THE CURRENT ANALYSIS ATTO COMPARE WITH THE CURRENT ANALYSIS ATTO COMPARE WITH THE CURRENT ANALYSIS ATTO COMPARE WITH THE CURRENT ANALYSIS AT
32.122 MW/4.1868 W PER CAL/sec = 7.67232.122 MW/4.1868 W PER CAL/sec = 7.67232.122 MW/4.1868 W PER CAL/sec = 7.67232.122 MW/4.1868 W PER CAL/sec = 7.672
MCAL/sec or atMCAL/sec or atMCAL/sec or atMCAL/sec or at 27.62 GCAL/hr27.62 GCAL/hr27.62 GCAL/hr27.62 GCAL/hr IN ONE DAYIN ONE DAYIN ONE DAYIN ONE DAY
21. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
THE DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE PROVIDES ANTHE DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE PROVIDES ANTHE DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE PROVIDES ANTHE DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE PROVIDES AN
OPTION FOR THE HEATING REQUIREMENTS TOOPTION FOR THE HEATING REQUIREMENTS TOOPTION FOR THE HEATING REQUIREMENTS TOOPTION FOR THE HEATING REQUIREMENTS TO
BE MANAGED IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE THEBE MANAGED IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE THEBE MANAGED IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE THEBE MANAGED IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE THE
ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING COLD SEASON.ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING COLD SEASON.ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING COLD SEASON.ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING COLD SEASON.ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING COLD SEASON.ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING COLD SEASON.ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING COLD SEASON.ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING COLD SEASON.
IF OPTIMIZED, THE TOWER WILL EXPERIENCE AIF OPTIMIZED, THE TOWER WILL EXPERIENCE AIF OPTIMIZED, THE TOWER WILL EXPERIENCE AIF OPTIMIZED, THE TOWER WILL EXPERIENCE A
MINIMUM OF 4 MONTHS OF COLD SEASONMINIMUM OF 4 MONTHS OF COLD SEASONMINIMUM OF 4 MONTHS OF COLD SEASONMINIMUM OF 4 MONTHS OF COLD SEASON
INSTEAD OF THE NORMAL 6 MOTNHS. LESSINSTEAD OF THE NORMAL 6 MOTNHS. LESSINSTEAD OF THE NORMAL 6 MOTNHS. LESSINSTEAD OF THE NORMAL 6 MOTNHS. LESS
MONTHS MEANS LESSER CONSUMPTION OFMONTHS MEANS LESSER CONSUMPTION OFMONTHS MEANS LESSER CONSUMPTION OFMONTHS MEANS LESSER CONSUMPTION OF
ENERGY FROM THE ONE PROVIDED IN THEENERGY FROM THE ONE PROVIDED IN THEENERGY FROM THE ONE PROVIDED IN THEENERGY FROM THE ONE PROVIDED IN THE
CURRENT ANALYSIS.CURRENT ANALYSIS.CURRENT ANALYSIS.CURRENT ANALYSIS.
22. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
IF OPTIMIZED, THE TOWER WILL REQUIREIF OPTIMIZED, THE TOWER WILL REQUIREIF OPTIMIZED, THE TOWER WILL REQUIREIF OPTIMIZED, THE TOWER WILL REQUIRE
COOLING TO A MINIMUM OF 6 MONTHS PERCOOLING TO A MINIMUM OF 6 MONTHS PERCOOLING TO A MINIMUM OF 6 MONTHS PERCOOLING TO A MINIMUM OF 6 MONTHS PER
YEAR ON WHERE MINIMUM ENERGYYEAR ON WHERE MINIMUM ENERGYYEAR ON WHERE MINIMUM ENERGYYEAR ON WHERE MINIMUM ENERGY
CONSUMPTION WILL COME FROM THECONSUMPTION WILL COME FROM THECONSUMPTION WILL COME FROM THECONSUMPTION WILL COME FROM THE
CIRCULATION OF USED AND FRESH AIR IN THECIRCULATION OF USED AND FRESH AIR IN THECIRCULATION OF USED AND FRESH AIR IN THECIRCULATION OF USED AND FRESH AIR IN THECIRCULATION OF USED AND FRESH AIR IN THECIRCULATION OF USED AND FRESH AIR IN THECIRCULATION OF USED AND FRESH AIR IN THECIRCULATION OF USED AND FRESH AIR IN THE
OFFICES.OFFICES.OFFICES.OFFICES.
TO OPTIMIZE, THE NEED TO TRANSFER HEATTO OPTIMIZE, THE NEED TO TRANSFER HEATTO OPTIMIZE, THE NEED TO TRANSFER HEATTO OPTIMIZE, THE NEED TO TRANSFER HEAT
FROM SUN EXPOSURE (SOLAR GAIN) FROM THEFROM SUN EXPOSURE (SOLAR GAIN) FROM THEFROM SUN EXPOSURE (SOLAR GAIN) FROM THEFROM SUN EXPOSURE (SOLAR GAIN) FROM THE
SOUTHERN TO THE NORTHERN SIDES TOSOUTHERN TO THE NORTHERN SIDES TOSOUTHERN TO THE NORTHERN SIDES TOSOUTHERN TO THE NORTHERN SIDES TO
EQUALIZE THE TEMPERATURE IN THE BUFFEREQUALIZE THE TEMPERATURE IN THE BUFFEREQUALIZE THE TEMPERATURE IN THE BUFFEREQUALIZE THE TEMPERATURE IN THE BUFFER
ZONE DURING COLD MONTHS.ZONE DURING COLD MONTHS.ZONE DURING COLD MONTHS.ZONE DURING COLD MONTHS.
23. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
BLINDS WILL BE REQUIRED TO CONTROLBLINDS WILL BE REQUIRED TO CONTROLBLINDS WILL BE REQUIRED TO CONTROLBLINDS WILL BE REQUIRED TO CONTROL
GLARE DUE TO LOW SUN ANGLE FROM THEGLARE DUE TO LOW SUN ANGLE FROM THEGLARE DUE TO LOW SUN ANGLE FROM THEGLARE DUE TO LOW SUN ANGLE FROM THE
HORIZON DURING COLD MONTHS.HORIZON DURING COLD MONTHS.HORIZON DURING COLD MONTHS.HORIZON DURING COLD MONTHS.
FURTHER ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED TO COOLFURTHER ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED TO COOLFURTHER ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED TO COOLFURTHER ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED TO COOLFURTHER ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED TO COOLFURTHER ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED TO COOLFURTHER ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED TO COOLFURTHER ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED TO COOL
DOWN THE BUFFER ZONES AT THE SEALEDDOWN THE BUFFER ZONES AT THE SEALEDDOWN THE BUFFER ZONES AT THE SEALEDDOWN THE BUFFER ZONES AT THE SEALED
BUFFER (BLAST) ZONE LEVELS OF THE TOWERBUFFER (BLAST) ZONE LEVELS OF THE TOWERBUFFER (BLAST) ZONE LEVELS OF THE TOWERBUFFER (BLAST) ZONE LEVELS OF THE TOWER
FAÇADE SINCE DURING WARM SEASON THEFAÇADE SINCE DURING WARM SEASON THEFAÇADE SINCE DURING WARM SEASON THEFAÇADE SINCE DURING WARM SEASON THE
ACCUMULATED TEMPERATURE IN THE BUFFERACCUMULATED TEMPERATURE IN THE BUFFERACCUMULATED TEMPERATURE IN THE BUFFERACCUMULATED TEMPERATURE IN THE BUFFER
ZONES WILL BE HIGH.ZONES WILL BE HIGH.ZONES WILL BE HIGH.ZONES WILL BE HIGH.
24. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
THE AMOUNT OF AIR EXCHANGE AT SEALEDTHE AMOUNT OF AIR EXCHANGE AT SEALEDTHE AMOUNT OF AIR EXCHANGE AT SEALEDTHE AMOUNT OF AIR EXCHANGE AT SEALED
BUFFER ZONE LEVELS WILL DETERMINE THEBUFFER ZONE LEVELS WILL DETERMINE THEBUFFER ZONE LEVELS WILL DETERMINE THEBUFFER ZONE LEVELS WILL DETERMINE THE
SIZE/CAPACITY OF THE AIR HANDLING UNITS.SIZE/CAPACITY OF THE AIR HANDLING UNITS.SIZE/CAPACITY OF THE AIR HANDLING UNITS.SIZE/CAPACITY OF THE AIR HANDLING UNITS.SIZE/CAPACITY OF THE AIR HANDLING UNITS.SIZE/CAPACITY OF THE AIR HANDLING UNITS.SIZE/CAPACITY OF THE AIR HANDLING UNITS.SIZE/CAPACITY OF THE AIR HANDLING UNITS.
AT THE ATRIUM ZONES, THE ANALYSISAT THE ATRIUM ZONES, THE ANALYSISAT THE ATRIUM ZONES, THE ANALYSISAT THE ATRIUM ZONES, THE ANALYSIS
FOLLOWS REQUIREMENTS THAT THEFOLLOWS REQUIREMENTS THAT THEFOLLOWS REQUIREMENTS THAT THEFOLLOWS REQUIREMENTS THAT THE
TEMPERATURE IS MAINTAINED AT 18ºCTEMPERATURE IS MAINTAINED AT 18ºCTEMPERATURE IS MAINTAINED AT 18ºCTEMPERATURE IS MAINTAINED AT 18ºC
MINIMUM.MINIMUM.MINIMUM.MINIMUM.
25. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
RECOMMENDATIONS:RECOMMENDATIONS:RECOMMENDATIONS:RECOMMENDATIONS:
THE ANALYSIS CONSIDERED HEATING THETHE ANALYSIS CONSIDERED HEATING THETHE ANALYSIS CONSIDERED HEATING THETHE ANALYSIS CONSIDERED HEATING THE
BUFFER ZONES ONLY TO AVOIDBUFFER ZONES ONLY TO AVOIDBUFFER ZONES ONLY TO AVOIDBUFFER ZONES ONLY TO AVOID
CONDENSATION AT THE INSIDE SURFACE OFCONDENSATION AT THE INSIDE SURFACE OFCONDENSATION AT THE INSIDE SURFACE OFCONDENSATION AT THE INSIDE SURFACE OFCONDENSATION AT THE INSIDE SURFACE OFCONDENSATION AT THE INSIDE SURFACE OFCONDENSATION AT THE INSIDE SURFACE OFCONDENSATION AT THE INSIDE SURFACE OF
THE EXTERNAL SKIN.THE EXTERNAL SKIN.THE EXTERNAL SKIN.THE EXTERNAL SKIN.
HEATING THE BUFFER ZONES AT A MAINTAINEDHEATING THE BUFFER ZONES AT A MAINTAINEDHEATING THE BUFFER ZONES AT A MAINTAINEDHEATING THE BUFFER ZONES AT A MAINTAINED
TEMPERATURES AS REQUIRED IN GOSTs ANDTEMPERATURES AS REQUIRED IN GOSTs ANDTEMPERATURES AS REQUIRED IN GOSTs ANDTEMPERATURES AS REQUIRED IN GOSTs AND
SNiPs WILL RESULT TO COOLING CONSUMPTIONSNiPs WILL RESULT TO COOLING CONSUMPTIONSNiPs WILL RESULT TO COOLING CONSUMPTIONSNiPs WILL RESULT TO COOLING CONSUMPTION
IN THE OFFICES DURING COLD SEASON.IN THE OFFICES DURING COLD SEASON.IN THE OFFICES DURING COLD SEASON.IN THE OFFICES DURING COLD SEASON.
26. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF USINGCOMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF USINGCOMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF USINGCOMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF USING
DOUBLE GLAZING UNITS (DGU) OVER TRIPLEDOUBLE GLAZING UNITS (DGU) OVER TRIPLEDOUBLE GLAZING UNITS (DGU) OVER TRIPLEDOUBLE GLAZING UNITS (DGU) OVER TRIPLE
GLAZING UNITS (TGU).GLAZING UNITS (TGU).GLAZING UNITS (TGU).GLAZING UNITS (TGU).
THE ANALYSIS USE THE SAME INFORMATION ASTHE ANALYSIS USE THE SAME INFORMATION ASTHE ANALYSIS USE THE SAME INFORMATION ASTHE ANALYSIS USE THE SAME INFORMATION AS
APPLIED TO THE DGU ANALYSIS FOR THEAPPLIED TO THE DGU ANALYSIS FOR THEAPPLIED TO THE DGU ANALYSIS FOR THEAPPLIED TO THE DGU ANALYSIS FOR THE
DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE SYSTEM ABOVE.DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE SYSTEM ABOVE.DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE SYSTEM ABOVE.DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE SYSTEM ABOVE.
27. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
IN USING TGU FOR THE EXTERNAL SKIN, THEIN USING TGU FOR THE EXTERNAL SKIN, THEIN USING TGU FOR THE EXTERNAL SKIN, THEIN USING TGU FOR THE EXTERNAL SKIN, THE
SECOND SKIN IS ASSUMED TO BE DELETED.SECOND SKIN IS ASSUMED TO BE DELETED.SECOND SKIN IS ASSUMED TO BE DELETED.SECOND SKIN IS ASSUMED TO BE DELETED.
THE TEMPERATURE IN THE INTERIOR WILL BETHE TEMPERATURE IN THE INTERIOR WILL BETHE TEMPERATURE IN THE INTERIOR WILL BETHE TEMPERATURE IN THE INTERIOR WILL BETHE TEMPERATURE IN THE INTERIOR WILL BETHE TEMPERATURE IN THE INTERIOR WILL BETHE TEMPERATURE IN THE INTERIOR WILL BETHE TEMPERATURE IN THE INTERIOR WILL BE
MAINTAINED AT 21ºC AS REQUIRED IN GOSTsMAINTAINED AT 21ºC AS REQUIRED IN GOSTsMAINTAINED AT 21ºC AS REQUIRED IN GOSTsMAINTAINED AT 21ºC AS REQUIRED IN GOSTs
AND SNiPsAND SNiPsAND SNiPsAND SNiPs
28. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
PREVIOUS CONCEPTUAL WINTER OPERATIONPREVIOUS CONCEPTUAL WINTER OPERATIONPREVIOUS CONCEPTUAL WINTER OPERATIONPREVIOUS CONCEPTUAL WINTER OPERATION
29. Presentation on Energy Performance and Requirements
THE CURRENT ANALYSIS AGREES ON THETHE CURRENT ANALYSIS AGREES ON THETHE CURRENT ANALYSIS AGREES ON THETHE CURRENT ANALYSIS AGREES ON THE
WINTER OPERATION PREVIOUSLY PROVIDED INWINTER OPERATION PREVIOUSLY PROVIDED INWINTER OPERATION PREVIOUSLY PROVIDED INWINTER OPERATION PREVIOUSLY PROVIDED IN
THE CONCEPT DESIGN.THE CONCEPT DESIGN.THE CONCEPT DESIGN.THE CONCEPT DESIGN.
THE LOUVRES DISCHARGING AIR FROM THETHE LOUVRES DISCHARGING AIR FROM THETHE LOUVRES DISCHARGING AIR FROM THETHE LOUVRES DISCHARGING AIR FROM THE
OFFICES WILL BE REQUIRED BUT WILL BEOFFICES WILL BE REQUIRED BUT WILL BEOFFICES WILL BE REQUIRED BUT WILL BEOFFICES WILL BE REQUIRED BUT WILL BE
ATTACHED TO A DUCT FORCING HOT AIR FROMATTACHED TO A DUCT FORCING HOT AIR FROMATTACHED TO A DUCT FORCING HOT AIR FROMATTACHED TO A DUCT FORCING HOT AIR FROM
THE OFFICE TO THE BUFFER ZONE DURINGTHE OFFICE TO THE BUFFER ZONE DURINGTHE OFFICE TO THE BUFFER ZONE DURINGTHE OFFICE TO THE BUFFER ZONE DURING
COOL MONTHS. PROVIDING FULL LOUVREDCOOL MONTHS. PROVIDING FULL LOUVREDCOOL MONTHS. PROVIDING FULL LOUVREDCOOL MONTHS. PROVIDING FULL LOUVRED
OPENING ON THE SECOND SKIN WILL DEFEATOPENING ON THE SECOND SKIN WILL DEFEATOPENING ON THE SECOND SKIN WILL DEFEATOPENING ON THE SECOND SKIN WILL DEFEAT
THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE SECONDTHE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE SECONDTHE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE SECONDTHE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE SECOND
SKIN.SKIN.SKIN.SKIN.