For Mrs. Dixion's first period A.P Literary Class, Terms featured here: Metonymy Synecdoche Extended Metaphor Apostrophe Onomatopoeia

2.  By simple definition it is a changed label. Or substitute name, usually
replacing a world with a subject that is closely associated with it.
 Literary Example:" The pen is mightier than the sword” This was a
suggestion that diplomacy and laterally power were greater than military
power
Source: Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy 1839,

3.  By general definition it is part of something to represent a
whole, unlike Metonymy which is only dealing with a
single united object.
 Literary example: In Charles Dickens’s Little Dorrit Mrs.
Merdie was referred to as “the bosom”. Charles Dickens
was naming one of the characters after her breasts.
 Another Example: “White Hairs” as a term to label the
elderly

4.  By general definition an Extended Metonymy is an metaphor
that is present throughout the entire literary work as
opposed to a single metaphor.
 A good example of this is the road not taken, by Robert
Frost, in the poem he compares a life span to a converged
road in a wood.

5.  By general definition is an absent or imaginary person in an abstraction, it is
often an solution or an anesthetic to a character’s problem that they cannot be
resolved
Literary Example: in Richard III, Elizabeth addresses the Tower of London
Pity you ancient stones, those tended babes.
Whom envy hath immured within your walls.

6.  By General Definition, this a figure of speech where natural sounds are imitated by
words
 A literary example of this can be found in Bells by Edgar Allan Poe, the example in
the stanza is underlined
And who tolling, tolling, tolling,
In that muffled monotone,
Feel a glory in so rolling
On the human heart a stone...
 If you look behind this text you will see a good way to remember this